abduction of free negroes from, under law of 1793,295;vote of members of Congress of, on proposed amendment to slave law of 1793,296;proof of early anti-slavery sentiment in,300;effect of fugitive slaves' appeal in,300-303;effect of Garrisonian movement on resistance to Fugitive Slave Law in,308,309;attitude of population toward fugitives,313;significance of vote on law of 1850,314;era of slave-hunting in,316;Webster's advocacy of obedience to law of 1850 throughout,320;brought face to face with slavery bylaw of 1850,321;effect ofUncle Tom's Cabinon people of,323,324;Mrs. H. B. Stowe, champion of victims of slavery in,323;acceptance of Compromise of 1850 as a substantial political settlement in,324;Sumner on import of the appeal of fugitive slaves to communities in,325;open defiance to Fugitive Slave Law in, (1850-1860,) 326et seq.;confederacy among cities of, proposed to defend fugitives from rendition,328,329;effect of Kansas-Nebraska Act on public feeling in,331;double effect of law of 1850 in,337,338;charge of bad faith on part of, unsustained by statistics on fugitive slaves,342,343;underground operations the basis of important charges against, in crisis of 1850,351,352;efforts of Congress to appease spirit of secession,354;protest against employment of troops from, as slave catchers,355;effect of Underground Road in creating anti-slavery sentiment in,357.Northwest Ordinance,slavery excluded by,17,18;organization of states under,18;fugitive slave clause in, quoted,20,293;alleged repugnancy of law of 1793 to,255,262,263;alleged hostility between law of 1850 and,268;protection afforded slave-owners by,298.Northwest Territory,slavery excluded from,17;study of map of underground lines in,120;multitude of lines within,134,135;appeal to Ordinance of, in effort to overthrow law of 1793,262,263;obligations of a state carved from,263.Norton, Mr.,258.Notable persons among underground helpers,104-112,163-189.Nova Scotia, disappearance of slavery from,191;sea routes to,219;fugitives sent from Boston to Halifax in,248.Nuckolls, escape of slaves of,52.Nullification, spirit of, in the North,326-338.Number, of underground helpers discovered,87;of fugitives befriended by various operators,87-89,111;of fugitives using the valley of the Alleghanies,118n.;of fugitives sent over lines of southeastern Pennsylvania,121;of fugitives aided by E. F. Pennypacker in two months,143n.;of terminal stations along northeastern boundary of Northern states,145;impossibility of estimating, of fugitives emigrating from any one port,146;of fugitives crossing Detroit River,147;of fugitives helped by one man to Canada-bound vessels,147;of deportation places along southwestern shore of Lake Michigan,147;of resorts for refugees in Canada,148,149;of refugee abductors visiting the South annually,152;abducted by Fairfield on one trip,154;of slaves abducted by Fairbank,160;of slaves abducted by Charles T. Torrey,169;abducted by Drayton on thePearlexpedition,172;of a party rescued by Josiah Henson,177;total, abducted by Josiah Henson,178;freed by Elijah Anderson,183;freed by John Mason,184;freed by Harriet Tubman,186;forwarded by abolitionists in southern Ohio before the year 1817,192;of slaves arriving daily at Amherstburg, Ontario, both before and after enactment of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850,194;flocking into Canada,200;of negro communities in Canada,219,220;of refugee population in Canada,220-222,313;estimated, of refugee settlers in Boston and New Bedford,235,236;of fugitive settlers in Northern states,235-237;of arrests of fugitives between 1850 and 1856 recorded,240,241;of fugitives taking flight from Northern states after law of 1850,249,250;in companies transported by boat across Lake Erie by W. W. Brown,252;increase in, of fugitives after passage of the law of 1850,316;of slaves lost by the South through flight and abduction estimated,341,342;of fugitives given in census reports for 1850 and 1860,342;aided by Osborn, as seen in record kept during five months,344-346;of fugitives aided in Lawrence, Kan., during 1855-1859,348;of negroes transported by American Colonization Society,350;of underground operators in Ohio and other states,351.Oberlin, a station,89,97,98,150;multiple routes of,141;sentiment against abductions in,150.Oberlin College,5;anti-slavery influence of,33,115;denomination and work of,97,98;C. Fairbank, abductor, student of,157;interest of, in Oberlin-Wellington rescue,336,337;celebration at, over victory of abolitionists in Oberlin-Wellington case,337.Oberlin-Wellington rescue case, before United States District Court,279;penalties levied in,279;eminent attorneys in,282;account of,335-337.Officers of the U. G. R. R.,67;title of "President" borne by Peter Stewart,69;title of "President" bestowed upon Levi Coffin,111,112;Jacob Bigelow called "general manager" of a route,117;a "general superintendent" mentioned,125;Elijah Anderson designated "general superintendent" of U. G. R. R. in northwestern Ohio,183.Ohio, computation of number of slaves escaping into,10,346;special agents or conductors in,13,69,70,88,89;organized as free state,18;Fugitive Slave Law of,22,47,48,237,238;underground stations on Western Reserve in, 1815,28;anti-slavery sentiment in,31,32,95,96;rise of the U. G. R. R. in,37-40;Clay declares law of 1850 is enforced in,48;night service at stations in,55,56;steam railroad transportation in,78,79;underground operations in southern,87,184,301;underground helpers of Scotch and Scotch-Irish descent in,92;underground centres in,93;denominational relations of operators in,93,95-98;Van Zandt case in,102;prosecution of Rush R. Sloane of Sandusky,102;notable operators in,104-112;U. G. R. R. routes through,113,119;distribution of stations in,114,115;favorable situation of,134;number of underground paths in,135;lines through Morgan County,136,137;direction of routes in,140,141;terminal stations in,146,252;Detroit a receiving station for western routes of,147;abductors along the southern boundaries of,151;Independent, the, on increase in number of passengers of,195;seizure of McQuerry in,241;danger of slave-hunting in,242;Slave Law denounced by meeting of Ashtabula County,244;personal liberty law of,246;dismissal of fugitives from custody at Sandusky,276;Blake of, introduces bill praying for repeal of law of 1850,286;Seward's address in, advising hospitality to fugitives,313;Giddings on impossibility of enforcement of law of 1850 in,315;contests between state and federal authorities in,334;illustrated in Ad. White rescue case,334,335, and in Oberlin-Wellington case,335-337;Oberlin-Wellington rescue commended by mass-meetings in eastern,336;number of underground operators in,351;states urged to repeal personal liberty laws by,354.Ohio River, a thoroughfare for fugitives,82;routes traced northward from,134;crossing-place on,137;initial stations along the,139;escape of Eliza across, at Ripley,322.Oliver, Rev. Thos. Clement, on routes of New Jersey,123-125;on fugitive settlers in New Jersey,236.Olivervs.Weakley, case of,276.Ontario,surviving fugitives in,11;testimony of fugitives in,27,29,76;fugitives conveyed by boat to Collingwood,83;fugitives received by people of Chief Brant in,92;goal of the great majority of runaways,140;Clay on the admission of the refugee class by,201;unsettled condition of, at time of beginning of immigration of fugitives into,203;separate schools for negroes in,229;action of Parliament of, in encouragement of fugitives,233.Ordinance of 1787.SeeNorthwest Ordinance.Organization, of the U. G. R. R.,67-70;U. G. R. R. work by an alleged regular,279;league for self-protection among negroes in southeastern Pennsylvania,280;formal organization of U. G. R. R. in Philadelphia,309.Orton, Prof. Edward,35.Osborn, Daniel, record kept by, as operator at Alum Creek Settlement, O.,345,346.Ottawa, Ill., multiple routes of,141.Paine, Byron, political reward of, for defence of Booth,330.Parish, F. D., fined for assisting runaways,277,278.Parker, Asbury, fugitive,76.Parker, Chief Justice, on searching a citizen's house without warrant for a slave,258.Parker, Prof. L. F., on underground work in Iowa,33,42,43,98.Parker, Theodore, scrap-book of, relating to renditions of Burns and Sims,8;explanation of origin of vigilance committees given by,71;public denunciation of Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 by,90;indictment of, for attempted rescue of Burns,103;journal and letter of, quoted,109,110;supporter of Dr. A. M. Ross,180;on number of fugitives in Boston,235;aid given by, to William and Ellen Craft,317;part in the Burns rendition case, Boston,331,332.Parker, William, leader in Christiana rescue case,10;leader in league among fugitives for self-protection,280.Parliament, action by Ontario, in encouragement of fugitives,233.Patriot, the, Charles T. Torrey, editor of,169.Patriot War, part taken by fugitive slaves in,193.Patterson, Isaac, operator,13.Payne, George J., operator,89.Pearl, the schooner, capture of,172,173.Peirce, I. Newton, message sent by,57;connection with the U. G. R. R.,105,143.Penalties, levied for breaking the Fugitive Slave laws,102,103,110;suffered by Burr, Work and Thompson,156;paid by Calvin Fairbank and Miss Delia Webster for abducting Hayden family,158,159;suffered by Charles T. Torrey for abducting slaves,169;suffered by Capt. Jonathan Walker for abduction of slaves,170;fine and imprisonment of Capt. Drayton,173;suffered by Richard Dillingham,174,175;imposed upon W. L. Chaplin for abduction of slaves,176;suffered by Elijah Anderson,183;created by Slave Law of 1850,265,266;failure of, under law of 1850 to deter resistance to the law,272,273;double penalty under law of 1793,274,275;for hindering arrest of fugitive slaves,279;imposed on Booth for aiding in the Glover rescue,329,330.Pennsylvania, slavery extinguished in,17;anti-slavery sentiment in,31,33;rise of U. G. R. R. in,37;steam railroad transportation in,79,80;operations in Lancaster County,87;in Chester County,88;protest of German Friends in, against slave-dealing,93;numerous underground centres among Quakers of southeastern,94;Presbytery of Mahoning, helps form a new church,96;Presbyterian operators in western,97;Unitarian centre at Meadville,98;prosecution of Daniel Kauffman of Cumberland County,102;Thomas Garrett, native of,110;extent of U. G. R. R. system through,113;favorable condition for U. G. R. R. in western,115;study of map of U. G. R. R. lines in New Jersey, New York and,120;routes of eastern,121,122;routes of western,123;direction of lines in,140;multiple and intricate routes in southeastern,141;broken lines and isolated place-names in,141;terminal stations in,144,145;abductors along southern boundaries of,151;fugitive settlers in northwestern,236;Fugitive Slave Law of,237,238,260;seizure of family of negroes at Uniontown in,241;liberty law of,246,309;exodus of fugitives from, after enactment of law of 1850,250;Prigg case in,260,261;law of, against aiding fugitives in colonial times,292;emancipation by,293;petition of Abolition Society of, for milder slave law,296;Sergeant of, on House Fugitive Slave Bill of 1817,297;complaints against people of, for harboring fugitives,298;early pursuit in eastern,302;Christiana case in,317-319;kidnapping of free negro in,318.Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, Wm. Still, clerk of,3,75;Harriet Tubman, a visitor at office of,187.Pennsylvania Railroad,30.Pennypacker, Elijah F., letter of, relating to fugitives,79n.,143n.;station-keeper,121.Personal liberty laws, object of,245,357;Buchanan's recommendations regarding,286,353,354;of Massachusetts and other states,309;enacted by Wisconsin,330;slave-catchers indicted under,336;characteristic of period 1840-1860,337;induced by Missouri Compromise and law of 1850,338;referred to as a grievance by Jones of Georgia,351.Peterboro, N.Y., station of Gerrit Smith in,127,128;visited by abductor A. M. Ross,180;address to slaves issued from,310.Petersburg, Va., agent in,118.Pettijohn, Amos, reward for abduction of,53.Pettit, Eber M., author ofSketches in the History of the Underground Railroad,2;characterization of his book,4;on number of main routes in New York,125.Philadelphia, Vigilance Committee of,3,71,75,76,80-82,121,145,232;fugitives aided in,10;continuous record of, as an underground centre,34;anti-slavery sentiment among Friends in,93;outlet from,122;receives absconding chattels from Newberne,144,from Baltimore,151;trial of Christiana case in,281,319;counsel for fugitives in,317;computation of fugitives aided in,346,347.Philadelphia and Reading Railroad,79,143.Phillips, Wendell, indictment of,103;address in Faneuil Hall on the occasion of the Burns case,332.Piatt, slaves lost by family of,283.Pickard, S. T., on U. G. R. R. work in Portland, Me.,133.Pickrell, Mahlon, on period of operations in Ohio,39.Pierce, Franklin, meaning of election of,321.Pierce, William S., counsel for fugitive slaves,284.Pinckney, on fugitive slave clause in the Constitution,21,294.Pindall, of Virginia, on a bill for increased security of slave property,296.Pinkerton, Allen, friend of John Brown,165.Place, Maurice,15,16.Platt, Jirch, diary of,9;hiding-place on farm of,63.Poindexter, James,253.Poindexter, a colored abductor of Jackson, O.,151.Poland, Hon. Joseph, operator,107,130.Politics, of underground workers,99-101;Canadian refugees in,232,233.Polk, of Missouri, accusations against the North on account of U. G. R. R.,351,352.Porter, Rev. J., hiding-place in church of,63.Portsmouth, Va., escape of slaves from,81,144; agent in,118.Pratt, of Maryland, on Seward's speech advising hospitality to fugitives,313;on loss sustained by slave-owners of his state,341.Prentiss, Henry J.,103.Presbyterian Church, anti-slavery sentiment in,31,32,95-97;J. J. Rice, missionary among Canadian refugees, minister of,200;Rev. William King, minister of,207;support of Elgin Settlement in Canada by,208;Rev. John Rankin, pastor of a,306.Priggvs.Pennsylvania, case of,259,260,264-267,289,297,309;new class of personal liberty laws following,245,246;effect of decision of,309.Prosecutions, for aiding fugitives,102,103,254;cases of, under laws of 1793 and 1850,273-281;for aiding fugitive slaves,283-285;effect of prosecutions,317;Prof. Edward Channing on importance of,317n.;of Booth for aiding in Glover rescue,329,330.Pro-slavery sentiment in Congress,173.Providence and Worcester Railroad,80,130,143.Pursuit of fugitive slaves,51,52,