[283]Address by J. C. Leggett, in a pamphlet entitledRev. John Rankin, 1892, p. 9.[284]Letter of Mrs. A. M. Buchanan, Savannah, O., 1893; conversation with Thomas L. Smith, Fredericksburg, Wayne Co., O., Aug. 15, 1895.[285]Professor George Churchill, inThe Republican Register, Galesburg, Ill., March 5, 1887.[286]Charles C. Chapman & Co.,History of Knox County, Illinois, p. 210.[287]Joseph S. White, Note-book containing "Some Reminiscences of Slavery Times," New Castle, Pa., March 23, 1891.[288]James H. Fairchild, D.D.,The Underground Railroad, Vol. IV of publications of the Western Reserve Historical Society, Tract No. 87, p. 111.[289]See the general map.[290]James H. Fairchild, D.D.,Oberlin, the Colony and the College, p. 117.[291]Ibid., p. 116. See also Henry Howe,Historical Collections of Ohio, Vol. II, p. 383.[292]Letter of President W. M. Brooks, Tabor, Ia., Oct. 11, 1894.[293]I. B. Richman,John Brown Among the Quakers, and Other Sketches, p. 15.[294]Letter of Professor L. F. Parker, Grinnell, Iowa, Sept. 30, 1894.[295]J. B. Grinnell,Men and Events of Forty Years, p. 87.[296]Letter of Professor L. F. Parker, Grinnell, Iowa, Sept. 30, 1894.[297]Conversation with Professor Henry H. Barber, of Meadville, Pa., in Cambridge, Mass., June, 1897.[298]Theodore Parker'sScrap-book, Boston Public Library.[299]This view agrees with the testimony gathered by correspondence from surviving abolitionists.[300]This statement is based on a mass of correspondence.[301]Professor A. C. Thomas on "The Society of Friends," inAmerican Church History, Vol. XII, 1894, pp. 284, 285.[302]Oliver Johnson,William Lloyd Garrison and His Times, 1879, p. 322.[303]Professor A. C. Thomas, inAmerican Church History, Vol. XII, p. 285.[304]Life of Garrison, by his children, Vol. I, p. 455.[305]Ibid., Vol. III, p. 412.[306]Oliver Johnson,William Lloyd Garrison and His Times, p. 310.[307]History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, Vol. I, p. 75.[308]Letter of N. L. Van Sandt, Clarinda, Iowa. (Mr. N. L. Van Sandt is the son of John Van Zandt.) See also Wilson'sRise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. I, pp. 475, 476; T. R. Cobb,Historical Sketches of Slavery, p. 207; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 42.[309]See pp. 274, 275, Chapter IX.[310]Pamphlet proposing a "Defensive League of Freedom," signed by Ellis Gray Loring and others, of Boston, pp. 5, 6. See Chapter IX, p. 275.[311]Ibid.[312]5 McLean's United States Reports, p. 64et seq.; see alsoThe Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888; account by Rush R. Sloane, pp. 47-49; account by H. F. Paden, pp. 21, 22; Chapter IX, pp. 276, 277.[313]Commonwealth, June 28, 1854; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, pp. 45, 46; Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, pp. 443, 444. See Chapter X, pp. 331-333.[314]Pamphlet proposing a "Defensive League of Freedom," pp. 1, 3, 11 and 12.[315]Letter of Frederick Douglass, Anacostia, D.C., March 27, 1893.[316]Life of Frederick Douglass, 1881, p. 271.[317]Ross,Recollections and Experiences of an Abolitionist, pp. 30-44, 67-71, 121-132; also letters of Alexander M. Ross, Toronto, Ont.[318]Conversations with Professor N. S. Townshend, Columbus, O.[319]Conversation with Miss Mary L. Morse, Poland, O., Aug. 11, 1892; letter of Mrs. Emma Kirtland Hine, Poland, O., Jan. 23, 1897.[320]See Chapter X, pp.[321]Letter of T. W. Higginson, Dublin, N.H., July 24, 1896.[322]Conversation with J. Addison Giddings, Jefferson, O., Aug. 9, 1892.[323]Letter of I. Newton Peirce, Folcroft, Sharon Hill P.O., Pa., Feb. 1, 1893.[324]George W. Julian,The Life of Joshua R. Giddings, 1892, p. 289.[325]Smedley,Underground Railroad, pp. 36, 38, 46.[326]Conversation with the Hon. James M. Ashley, Toledo, O., July, 1894.[327]Conversation with ex-Governor Sidney Edgerton, Akron, O., Aug. 16, 1895.[328]Conversation with Judge J. W. Finney, Detroit, Mich., July 27, 1895.[329]Letter of S. T. Pickard, Portland, Me., Nov. 18, 1893.[330]Letter of Aldis O. Brainerd, St. Albans, Vt., Oct. 21, 1895.[331]Letter of Joseph Poland, Montpelier, Vt., April 7, 1897.[332]O. B. Frothingham,Life of Gerrit Smith; National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Vol. II, pp. 322, 323.[333]Pamphlet of the Rev. D. Heagle, entitledThe Great Anti-Slavery Agitator, Hon. Owen Lovejoy, pp. 16, 17, 34, 35.[334]J. B. Grinnell,Men and Events of Forty Years, p. 207.[335]Ibid., pp. 217, 218.[336]T. W. Barnes,Life of Thurlow Weed, 1884, Vol. II, p. 238.[337]Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, p. 52.[338]William Birney,James G. Birney and His Times, p. 435.[339]J. C. Leggett, in a pamphlet entitledRev. John Rankin, 1892, pp. 8, 9; see alsoHistory of Brown County, Ohio, p. 443.[340]Recollections of theAnti-Slavery Conflict, p. 297.[341]John Weiss,Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker, 1864, p. 95.[342]John Weiss,Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker, 1864, p. 96.[343]Lillie B. C. Wyman, inNew England Magazine, March, 1896, p. 112; William Still,Underground Railroad Records, pp. 623-641; R. C. Smedley,Underground Railroad, pp. 237-245; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 60.[344]Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, 2d ed., p. 694.[345]Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, p. 712.[346]Anti-Slavery Days, p. 81; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 61.[347]Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. II, p. 66.[348]Ibid., p. 68.[349]John Brown and His Men, p. 173.[350]See pp. 123-125, this chapter.[351]Recollections of the Anti-Slavery Conflict, pp. 296, 297.[352]Southern Quakers and Slavery, p. 242.[353]Ibid., p. 242. See alsoReminiscences of Levi Coffin, pp. 12-31.[354]Smedley,Underground Railroad, pp. 238, 244.[355]Ibid., p. 326.[356]Letter of John Hunn, Wyoming, Del., Sept. 16, 1893.[357]In theKey to Uncle Tom's Cabinis the facsimile of a letter addressed to him by a slave, pp. 171, 172.[358]R. C. Smedley,Underground Railroad, p. 355, letter from Robert Purvis printed therein.[359]Chapter III, p. 68.[360]Wm. Still,Underground Railroad, p. 41. "The Underground Railroad brought away large numbers of passengers from Richmond, Petersburg, and Norfolk, and not a few of them lived comparatively within a hair's breadth of the auction block." Wm. Still,Underground Railroad Records, p. 141.[361]Conversation with Mrs. Elizabeth Cooley, a fugitive from Norfolk, Va., Boston, Mass., April 8, 1897.[362]Letter of Frederick Douglass, Anacostia, D.C., March 27, 1893.[363]Conversation with Mrs. Tubman, Boston, Mass., April 8, 1897.[364]R. J. Hinton,John Brown and His Men, pp. 172, 173.[365]Harriet Tubman has told the author that she did not travel by the mountain route. In his book entitledThe Underground Railroad(p. 37), Mr. R. C. Smedley illustrates the value of the Alleghanies to the slaves of the regions through which they extend: "William and Phœbe Wright resided during their entire lives in a very old settlement of Friends, near the southern slope of South Mountain, a spur of the Alleghanies, which extends into Tennessee. This location placed them directly in the way to render great and valuable aid to fugitives, as hundreds, guided by that mountain range northward, came into Pennsylvania, and were directed to their home."[366]Underground Railroad, p. 36.[367]See pp. 33 and 34, Chapter II.[368]R. C. Smedley,Underground Railroad, pp. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. For a description of the routes of this region, our dependence is almost wholly upon Mr. Smedley, whose intimate knowledge of them was obtained by conversation and correspondence with many of the operators.Ibid., Preface, p. x.[369]The special map of these counties will be found in a corner of the general map.[370]The Underground Railroad, p. 209. For a description of the secret paths in southeastern Pennsylvania, see Smedley's book, pp. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 50, 53, 77, 85, 89, 90, 100, 132, 137, 142, 164, 172, 191, 192, 208, 217, 218, 219, etc.[371]Letters of Mrs. Susan L. Crane, Elmira, N.Y., Aug. 27, and Sept. 14 and 23, 1896; letters of John W. Jones, Elmira, N.Y., Dec. 17, 1896, and Jan. 16, 1897.[372]Smedley,Underground Railroad, p. 91.[373]See the general map.[374]Article by Dr. Magill, entitled "When Men were Sold. The Underground Railroad in Bucks County," inThe Bucks County Intelligencer, Feb. 3, 1898. Same article in theFriends' Intelligencer, Feb. 26, 1898.[375]Letter of Horace Brewster, Montrose, Pa., March 20, 1898.[376]Letter of Mr. Jolliffe, Nov. 17, 1895.[377]Letter of John F. Hogue, Greenville, Pa., Nov. 25, 1895; letter of S. P. Stewart, Clark, Mercer Co., Pa., Dec. 26, 1895; letter of W. W. Walker, Makanda, Jackson Co., Ill., March 14, 1896; note-book of Joseph S. White, of New Castle, Pa., containing "Some Reminiscences of Slavery Times."[378]Letters of C. P. Rank, Cush Creek, Indiana Co., Pa., Dec. 25, 1896, and Jan. 4, 1897; letter of William Atcheson, DuBois, Pa., Jan. 11, 1897.[379]Letter of Wyett Perry, Bedford, Pa., Dec. 23, 1895; letter of John W. Rouse, Bedford, Pa., Nov. 25, 1895; letter of William M. Hall, Bedford, Pa., Nov. 30, 1895.[380]Conversation with William Edwards, Amherstburg, Ont., Aug. 3, 1895.[381]Conversation with Mr. Oliver, Windsor, Ont., Aug. 2, 1895.[382]Conversation with Mr. Purvis, Philadelphia, Dec. 23, 1895.[383]Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad, 1879, Preface, p. xvi.[384]Ibid., p. xiv.[385]Ibid., p. 34.[386]Letter of Frederick Douglass, Cedar Hill, Anacostia, D.C., March 27, 1893.[387]Letter of Joseph A. Allen, Medfield, Mass., Aug. 10, 1896.[388]Letter of Florence and Cordelia H. Ray, Woodside, L.I., April 12, 1897. SeeSketch of the Life of Rev. Chas. B. Ray, written by the Misses Ray.[389]Letters of Martin I. Townsend, Troy, N.Y., Sept. 4 and 15, 1896.[390]C. F. Adams,Life of Richard Henry Dana, Vol. I, p. 155;History of Madison County, New York, by Mrs. L. M. Hammond, p. 721.[391]O. B. Frothingham,Life of Gerrit Smith, pp. 113, 114.[392]Letter of O. J. Russell, Pulaski, N.Y., July 29, 1896.[393]Mr. George C. Bragdon writes concerning the runaways harbored by his father, near Port Ontario: "I believe they usually went to Cape Vincent, near the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and were taken over to Canada from there.... I believe some of the slaves received by him were sent on from Peterboro by Gerrit Smith toAsa S. WingorJames C. Jackson(Mexico), and came from them to our house. They steered clear of the villages, as a rule. Our farm was favorably situated for concealing them and helping them on." Letter of George C. Bragdon, Rochester, N.Y., Aug. 11, 1896.[394]The fugitive Jerry McHenry, after his rescue in Syracuse, was hurried to Mexico, thence to Oswego, and from this point was transported across the lake to Kingston. May,Some Recollections of Our Anti-Slavery Conflict, pp. 378, 379.[395]Letters of Mrs. Susan L. Crane, Elmira, N. Y., Sept. 14 and 23, 1896. Mrs. Crane is a daughter of Mr. Jervis Langdon mentioned in the text; letter of John W. Jones, Elmira, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1896.[396]A number of the stations along the lake shore are named in the sketches called "Romances and Realities of the Underground Railroad," by H. U. Johnson, printed in theLakeshore and Home Magazine, 1885-1887.[397]E. M. Pettit, inSketches in the History of the Underground Railroad, pp. 30, 31, 32, gives an instance of the use of this route.[398]See p. 120, this chapter.[399]Letter of Mr. Andrews, Providence, R.I., April, 1895.[400]Pp. 470, 471.[401]Letter of Mr. Gunn, Montague, Mass., Nov. 23, 1895.[402]Letter of Simeon E. Baldwin, New Haven, Conn., Jan. 27, 1896; letter of Simeon D. Gilbert, New Haven, Conn., Feb. 27, 1896.[403]Letter of D. W. C. Pond, New Britain, Conn. Mr. Pond is one of the surviving agents of New Britain.[404]Letters of George B. Wakeman, Montour Falls, N.Y., April 21 and Sept. 26, 1896. Letter of the Rev. Erastus Blakeslee, Boston, Mass., Aug. 28, 1896.[405]The stations, as indicated on the map, are named in letters from L. S. Abell and Charles Parsons, Conway, Mass.; C. Barrus, Springfield, Mass.; Judge D. W. Bond, Cambridge, Mass.; and Arthur G. Hill, Boston, Mass. See also article on "The Underground Railway," by Joseph Marsh, in theHistory of Florence, Massachusetts, pp. 165-167.[406]Letter of Mr. Fisher, Oct. 23, 1893.[407]Anti-Slavery Reminiscences, pp. 27, 28.[408]Letter of Mr. Young, Groton, Mass., April 21, 1893.[409]Letter of Mr. Robinson, Ferrisburg, Vt., Aug. 19, 1896; letter of Mr. Poland, Montpelier, Vt., April 12, 1897.[410]Letter of Mr. Brainerd, St. Albans, Vt., Oct. 21, 1895.[411]Letters of Mrs. Abijah Keith, Chicago, Ill., March 28, and April 4, 1897; letters of Mr. Poland, April 7 and 12, 1897.[412]Letter of James S. Rogers, Chicago, Ill., April 17, 1897.[413]Letters of Joel Fox, Willimantic, Conn., July 30, 1896, and Aug. 3, 1896.[414]Some Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict, p. 297.[415]"In Boston there were many places where fugitives were received and taken care of. Every anti-slavery man was ready to protect them, and among these were some families not known to be anti-slavery." James Freeman Clarke,Anti-Slavery Days, p. 86.[416]Letter of Mr. Bowditch, Boston, April 5, 1893.[417]Letter of Mr. Higginson, Glimpsewood, Dublin, N.H., July 24, 1896.[418]T. W. Higginson,Atlantic Monthly, March, 1897.[419]Article on "The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Workings," inFitchburg Daily Sentinel, Oct. 31, 1893.[420]Letter of Mr. F. B. Sanborn, Concord, Mass., Feb. 1, 1896, states that "Concord was a place of resort for fugitives." Letter of Mr. S. Shurtleff, South Paris, Me., May 25, 1896, states that "The direct line of the Underground Railroad was from Boston through Vermont, via St. Albans."[421]Atlantic Monthly, March, 1897, p. 345;Fitchburg Daily Sentinel, Oct. 31, 1893; letter of Mr. Sanborn, Concord, Mass., Feb. 1, 1896.[422]Letter of Mr. Dodge, March, 1893.[423]Letter of Mr. Putnam, Lynn, Mass., Feb. 14, 1894.[424]Old Anti-Slavery Days, p. 150.[425]Letter of David Mead, Davenport, Mass., Nov. 3, 1893.[426]Letter of Judge Mellen Chamberlain, Chelsea, Mass., Feb. 1, 1896.[427]Letter of C. E. Lord, Franklin, Pa., July 6, 1896.[428]Letter of D. L. Brigham, Manchester, Mass., Nov. 16, 1893; letter of Professor Marshall S. Snow, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., April 28, 1896.
[283]Address by J. C. Leggett, in a pamphlet entitledRev. John Rankin, 1892, p. 9.
[283]Address by J. C. Leggett, in a pamphlet entitledRev. John Rankin, 1892, p. 9.
[284]Letter of Mrs. A. M. Buchanan, Savannah, O., 1893; conversation with Thomas L. Smith, Fredericksburg, Wayne Co., O., Aug. 15, 1895.
[284]Letter of Mrs. A. M. Buchanan, Savannah, O., 1893; conversation with Thomas L. Smith, Fredericksburg, Wayne Co., O., Aug. 15, 1895.
[285]Professor George Churchill, inThe Republican Register, Galesburg, Ill., March 5, 1887.
[285]Professor George Churchill, inThe Republican Register, Galesburg, Ill., March 5, 1887.
[286]Charles C. Chapman & Co.,History of Knox County, Illinois, p. 210.
[286]Charles C. Chapman & Co.,History of Knox County, Illinois, p. 210.
[287]Joseph S. White, Note-book containing "Some Reminiscences of Slavery Times," New Castle, Pa., March 23, 1891.
[287]Joseph S. White, Note-book containing "Some Reminiscences of Slavery Times," New Castle, Pa., March 23, 1891.
[288]James H. Fairchild, D.D.,The Underground Railroad, Vol. IV of publications of the Western Reserve Historical Society, Tract No. 87, p. 111.
[288]James H. Fairchild, D.D.,The Underground Railroad, Vol. IV of publications of the Western Reserve Historical Society, Tract No. 87, p. 111.
[289]See the general map.
[289]See the general map.
[290]James H. Fairchild, D.D.,Oberlin, the Colony and the College, p. 117.
[290]James H. Fairchild, D.D.,Oberlin, the Colony and the College, p. 117.
[291]Ibid., p. 116. See also Henry Howe,Historical Collections of Ohio, Vol. II, p. 383.
[291]Ibid., p. 116. See also Henry Howe,Historical Collections of Ohio, Vol. II, p. 383.
[292]Letter of President W. M. Brooks, Tabor, Ia., Oct. 11, 1894.
[292]Letter of President W. M. Brooks, Tabor, Ia., Oct. 11, 1894.
[293]I. B. Richman,John Brown Among the Quakers, and Other Sketches, p. 15.
[293]I. B. Richman,John Brown Among the Quakers, and Other Sketches, p. 15.
[294]Letter of Professor L. F. Parker, Grinnell, Iowa, Sept. 30, 1894.
[294]Letter of Professor L. F. Parker, Grinnell, Iowa, Sept. 30, 1894.
[295]J. B. Grinnell,Men and Events of Forty Years, p. 87.
[295]J. B. Grinnell,Men and Events of Forty Years, p. 87.
[296]Letter of Professor L. F. Parker, Grinnell, Iowa, Sept. 30, 1894.
[296]Letter of Professor L. F. Parker, Grinnell, Iowa, Sept. 30, 1894.
[297]Conversation with Professor Henry H. Barber, of Meadville, Pa., in Cambridge, Mass., June, 1897.
[297]Conversation with Professor Henry H. Barber, of Meadville, Pa., in Cambridge, Mass., June, 1897.
[298]Theodore Parker'sScrap-book, Boston Public Library.
[298]Theodore Parker'sScrap-book, Boston Public Library.
[299]This view agrees with the testimony gathered by correspondence from surviving abolitionists.
[299]This view agrees with the testimony gathered by correspondence from surviving abolitionists.
[300]This statement is based on a mass of correspondence.
[300]This statement is based on a mass of correspondence.
[301]Professor A. C. Thomas on "The Society of Friends," inAmerican Church History, Vol. XII, 1894, pp. 284, 285.
[301]Professor A. C. Thomas on "The Society of Friends," inAmerican Church History, Vol. XII, 1894, pp. 284, 285.
[302]Oliver Johnson,William Lloyd Garrison and His Times, 1879, p. 322.
[302]Oliver Johnson,William Lloyd Garrison and His Times, 1879, p. 322.
[303]Professor A. C. Thomas, inAmerican Church History, Vol. XII, p. 285.
[303]Professor A. C. Thomas, inAmerican Church History, Vol. XII, p. 285.
[304]Life of Garrison, by his children, Vol. I, p. 455.
[304]Life of Garrison, by his children, Vol. I, p. 455.
[305]Ibid., Vol. III, p. 412.
[305]Ibid., Vol. III, p. 412.
[306]Oliver Johnson,William Lloyd Garrison and His Times, p. 310.
[306]Oliver Johnson,William Lloyd Garrison and His Times, p. 310.
[307]History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, Vol. I, p. 75.
[307]History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, Vol. I, p. 75.
[308]Letter of N. L. Van Sandt, Clarinda, Iowa. (Mr. N. L. Van Sandt is the son of John Van Zandt.) See also Wilson'sRise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. I, pp. 475, 476; T. R. Cobb,Historical Sketches of Slavery, p. 207; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 42.
[308]Letter of N. L. Van Sandt, Clarinda, Iowa. (Mr. N. L. Van Sandt is the son of John Van Zandt.) See also Wilson'sRise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. I, pp. 475, 476; T. R. Cobb,Historical Sketches of Slavery, p. 207; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 42.
[309]See pp. 274, 275, Chapter IX.
[309]See pp. 274, 275, Chapter IX.
[310]Pamphlet proposing a "Defensive League of Freedom," signed by Ellis Gray Loring and others, of Boston, pp. 5, 6. See Chapter IX, p. 275.
[310]Pamphlet proposing a "Defensive League of Freedom," signed by Ellis Gray Loring and others, of Boston, pp. 5, 6. See Chapter IX, p. 275.
[311]Ibid.
[311]Ibid.
[312]5 McLean's United States Reports, p. 64et seq.; see alsoThe Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888; account by Rush R. Sloane, pp. 47-49; account by H. F. Paden, pp. 21, 22; Chapter IX, pp. 276, 277.
[312]5 McLean's United States Reports, p. 64et seq.; see alsoThe Firelands Pioneer, July, 1888; account by Rush R. Sloane, pp. 47-49; account by H. F. Paden, pp. 21, 22; Chapter IX, pp. 276, 277.
[313]Commonwealth, June 28, 1854; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, pp. 45, 46; Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, pp. 443, 444. See Chapter X, pp. 331-333.
[313]Commonwealth, June 28, 1854; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, pp. 45, 46; Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, pp. 443, 444. See Chapter X, pp. 331-333.
[314]Pamphlet proposing a "Defensive League of Freedom," pp. 1, 3, 11 and 12.
[314]Pamphlet proposing a "Defensive League of Freedom," pp. 1, 3, 11 and 12.
[315]Letter of Frederick Douglass, Anacostia, D.C., March 27, 1893.
[315]Letter of Frederick Douglass, Anacostia, D.C., March 27, 1893.
[316]Life of Frederick Douglass, 1881, p. 271.
[316]Life of Frederick Douglass, 1881, p. 271.
[317]Ross,Recollections and Experiences of an Abolitionist, pp. 30-44, 67-71, 121-132; also letters of Alexander M. Ross, Toronto, Ont.
[317]Ross,Recollections and Experiences of an Abolitionist, pp. 30-44, 67-71, 121-132; also letters of Alexander M. Ross, Toronto, Ont.
[318]Conversations with Professor N. S. Townshend, Columbus, O.
[318]Conversations with Professor N. S. Townshend, Columbus, O.
[319]Conversation with Miss Mary L. Morse, Poland, O., Aug. 11, 1892; letter of Mrs. Emma Kirtland Hine, Poland, O., Jan. 23, 1897.
[319]Conversation with Miss Mary L. Morse, Poland, O., Aug. 11, 1892; letter of Mrs. Emma Kirtland Hine, Poland, O., Jan. 23, 1897.
[320]See Chapter X, pp.
[320]See Chapter X, pp.
[321]Letter of T. W. Higginson, Dublin, N.H., July 24, 1896.
[321]Letter of T. W. Higginson, Dublin, N.H., July 24, 1896.
[322]Conversation with J. Addison Giddings, Jefferson, O., Aug. 9, 1892.
[322]Conversation with J. Addison Giddings, Jefferson, O., Aug. 9, 1892.
[323]Letter of I. Newton Peirce, Folcroft, Sharon Hill P.O., Pa., Feb. 1, 1893.
[323]Letter of I. Newton Peirce, Folcroft, Sharon Hill P.O., Pa., Feb. 1, 1893.
[324]George W. Julian,The Life of Joshua R. Giddings, 1892, p. 289.
[324]George W. Julian,The Life of Joshua R. Giddings, 1892, p. 289.
[325]Smedley,Underground Railroad, pp. 36, 38, 46.
[325]Smedley,Underground Railroad, pp. 36, 38, 46.
[326]Conversation with the Hon. James M. Ashley, Toledo, O., July, 1894.
[326]Conversation with the Hon. James M. Ashley, Toledo, O., July, 1894.
[327]Conversation with ex-Governor Sidney Edgerton, Akron, O., Aug. 16, 1895.
[327]Conversation with ex-Governor Sidney Edgerton, Akron, O., Aug. 16, 1895.
[328]Conversation with Judge J. W. Finney, Detroit, Mich., July 27, 1895.
[328]Conversation with Judge J. W. Finney, Detroit, Mich., July 27, 1895.
[329]Letter of S. T. Pickard, Portland, Me., Nov. 18, 1893.
[329]Letter of S. T. Pickard, Portland, Me., Nov. 18, 1893.
[330]Letter of Aldis O. Brainerd, St. Albans, Vt., Oct. 21, 1895.
[330]Letter of Aldis O. Brainerd, St. Albans, Vt., Oct. 21, 1895.
[331]Letter of Joseph Poland, Montpelier, Vt., April 7, 1897.
[331]Letter of Joseph Poland, Montpelier, Vt., April 7, 1897.
[332]O. B. Frothingham,Life of Gerrit Smith; National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Vol. II, pp. 322, 323.
[332]O. B. Frothingham,Life of Gerrit Smith; National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Vol. II, pp. 322, 323.
[333]Pamphlet of the Rev. D. Heagle, entitledThe Great Anti-Slavery Agitator, Hon. Owen Lovejoy, pp. 16, 17, 34, 35.
[333]Pamphlet of the Rev. D. Heagle, entitledThe Great Anti-Slavery Agitator, Hon. Owen Lovejoy, pp. 16, 17, 34, 35.
[334]J. B. Grinnell,Men and Events of Forty Years, p. 207.
[334]J. B. Grinnell,Men and Events of Forty Years, p. 207.
[335]Ibid., pp. 217, 218.
[335]Ibid., pp. 217, 218.
[336]T. W. Barnes,Life of Thurlow Weed, 1884, Vol. II, p. 238.
[336]T. W. Barnes,Life of Thurlow Weed, 1884, Vol. II, p. 238.
[337]Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, p. 52.
[337]Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, p. 52.
[338]William Birney,James G. Birney and His Times, p. 435.
[338]William Birney,James G. Birney and His Times, p. 435.
[339]J. C. Leggett, in a pamphlet entitledRev. John Rankin, 1892, pp. 8, 9; see alsoHistory of Brown County, Ohio, p. 443.
[339]J. C. Leggett, in a pamphlet entitledRev. John Rankin, 1892, pp. 8, 9; see alsoHistory of Brown County, Ohio, p. 443.
[340]Recollections of theAnti-Slavery Conflict, p. 297.
[340]Recollections of theAnti-Slavery Conflict, p. 297.
[341]John Weiss,Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker, 1864, p. 95.
[341]John Weiss,Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker, 1864, p. 95.
[342]John Weiss,Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker, 1864, p. 96.
[342]John Weiss,Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker, 1864, p. 96.
[343]Lillie B. C. Wyman, inNew England Magazine, March, 1896, p. 112; William Still,Underground Railroad Records, pp. 623-641; R. C. Smedley,Underground Railroad, pp. 237-245; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 60.
[343]Lillie B. C. Wyman, inNew England Magazine, March, 1896, p. 112; William Still,Underground Railroad Records, pp. 623-641; R. C. Smedley,Underground Railroad, pp. 237-245; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 60.
[344]Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, 2d ed., p. 694.
[344]Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, 2d ed., p. 694.
[345]Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, p. 712.
[345]Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, p. 712.
[346]Anti-Slavery Days, p. 81; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 61.
[346]Anti-Slavery Days, p. 81; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 61.
[347]Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. II, p. 66.
[347]Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. II, p. 66.
[348]Ibid., p. 68.
[348]Ibid., p. 68.
[349]John Brown and His Men, p. 173.
[349]John Brown and His Men, p. 173.
[350]See pp. 123-125, this chapter.
[350]See pp. 123-125, this chapter.
[351]Recollections of the Anti-Slavery Conflict, pp. 296, 297.
[351]Recollections of the Anti-Slavery Conflict, pp. 296, 297.
[352]Southern Quakers and Slavery, p. 242.
[352]Southern Quakers and Slavery, p. 242.
[353]Ibid., p. 242. See alsoReminiscences of Levi Coffin, pp. 12-31.
[353]Ibid., p. 242. See alsoReminiscences of Levi Coffin, pp. 12-31.
[354]Smedley,Underground Railroad, pp. 238, 244.
[354]Smedley,Underground Railroad, pp. 238, 244.
[355]Ibid., p. 326.
[355]Ibid., p. 326.
[356]Letter of John Hunn, Wyoming, Del., Sept. 16, 1893.
[356]Letter of John Hunn, Wyoming, Del., Sept. 16, 1893.
[357]In theKey to Uncle Tom's Cabinis the facsimile of a letter addressed to him by a slave, pp. 171, 172.
[357]In theKey to Uncle Tom's Cabinis the facsimile of a letter addressed to him by a slave, pp. 171, 172.
[358]R. C. Smedley,Underground Railroad, p. 355, letter from Robert Purvis printed therein.
[358]R. C. Smedley,Underground Railroad, p. 355, letter from Robert Purvis printed therein.
[359]Chapter III, p. 68.
[359]Chapter III, p. 68.
[360]Wm. Still,Underground Railroad, p. 41. "The Underground Railroad brought away large numbers of passengers from Richmond, Petersburg, and Norfolk, and not a few of them lived comparatively within a hair's breadth of the auction block." Wm. Still,Underground Railroad Records, p. 141.
[360]Wm. Still,Underground Railroad, p. 41. "The Underground Railroad brought away large numbers of passengers from Richmond, Petersburg, and Norfolk, and not a few of them lived comparatively within a hair's breadth of the auction block." Wm. Still,Underground Railroad Records, p. 141.
[361]Conversation with Mrs. Elizabeth Cooley, a fugitive from Norfolk, Va., Boston, Mass., April 8, 1897.
[361]Conversation with Mrs. Elizabeth Cooley, a fugitive from Norfolk, Va., Boston, Mass., April 8, 1897.
[362]Letter of Frederick Douglass, Anacostia, D.C., March 27, 1893.
[362]Letter of Frederick Douglass, Anacostia, D.C., March 27, 1893.
[363]Conversation with Mrs. Tubman, Boston, Mass., April 8, 1897.
[363]Conversation with Mrs. Tubman, Boston, Mass., April 8, 1897.
[364]R. J. Hinton,John Brown and His Men, pp. 172, 173.
[364]R. J. Hinton,John Brown and His Men, pp. 172, 173.
[365]Harriet Tubman has told the author that she did not travel by the mountain route. In his book entitledThe Underground Railroad(p. 37), Mr. R. C. Smedley illustrates the value of the Alleghanies to the slaves of the regions through which they extend: "William and Phœbe Wright resided during their entire lives in a very old settlement of Friends, near the southern slope of South Mountain, a spur of the Alleghanies, which extends into Tennessee. This location placed them directly in the way to render great and valuable aid to fugitives, as hundreds, guided by that mountain range northward, came into Pennsylvania, and were directed to their home."
[365]Harriet Tubman has told the author that she did not travel by the mountain route. In his book entitledThe Underground Railroad(p. 37), Mr. R. C. Smedley illustrates the value of the Alleghanies to the slaves of the regions through which they extend: "William and Phœbe Wright resided during their entire lives in a very old settlement of Friends, near the southern slope of South Mountain, a spur of the Alleghanies, which extends into Tennessee. This location placed them directly in the way to render great and valuable aid to fugitives, as hundreds, guided by that mountain range northward, came into Pennsylvania, and were directed to their home."
[366]Underground Railroad, p. 36.
[366]Underground Railroad, p. 36.
[367]See pp. 33 and 34, Chapter II.
[367]See pp. 33 and 34, Chapter II.
[368]R. C. Smedley,Underground Railroad, pp. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. For a description of the routes of this region, our dependence is almost wholly upon Mr. Smedley, whose intimate knowledge of them was obtained by conversation and correspondence with many of the operators.Ibid., Preface, p. x.
[368]R. C. Smedley,Underground Railroad, pp. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. For a description of the routes of this region, our dependence is almost wholly upon Mr. Smedley, whose intimate knowledge of them was obtained by conversation and correspondence with many of the operators.Ibid., Preface, p. x.
[369]The special map of these counties will be found in a corner of the general map.
[369]The special map of these counties will be found in a corner of the general map.
[370]The Underground Railroad, p. 209. For a description of the secret paths in southeastern Pennsylvania, see Smedley's book, pp. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 50, 53, 77, 85, 89, 90, 100, 132, 137, 142, 164, 172, 191, 192, 208, 217, 218, 219, etc.
[370]The Underground Railroad, p. 209. For a description of the secret paths in southeastern Pennsylvania, see Smedley's book, pp. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 50, 53, 77, 85, 89, 90, 100, 132, 137, 142, 164, 172, 191, 192, 208, 217, 218, 219, etc.
[371]Letters of Mrs. Susan L. Crane, Elmira, N.Y., Aug. 27, and Sept. 14 and 23, 1896; letters of John W. Jones, Elmira, N.Y., Dec. 17, 1896, and Jan. 16, 1897.
[371]Letters of Mrs. Susan L. Crane, Elmira, N.Y., Aug. 27, and Sept. 14 and 23, 1896; letters of John W. Jones, Elmira, N.Y., Dec. 17, 1896, and Jan. 16, 1897.
[372]Smedley,Underground Railroad, p. 91.
[372]Smedley,Underground Railroad, p. 91.
[373]See the general map.
[373]See the general map.
[374]Article by Dr. Magill, entitled "When Men were Sold. The Underground Railroad in Bucks County," inThe Bucks County Intelligencer, Feb. 3, 1898. Same article in theFriends' Intelligencer, Feb. 26, 1898.
[374]Article by Dr. Magill, entitled "When Men were Sold. The Underground Railroad in Bucks County," inThe Bucks County Intelligencer, Feb. 3, 1898. Same article in theFriends' Intelligencer, Feb. 26, 1898.
[375]Letter of Horace Brewster, Montrose, Pa., March 20, 1898.
[375]Letter of Horace Brewster, Montrose, Pa., March 20, 1898.
[376]Letter of Mr. Jolliffe, Nov. 17, 1895.
[376]Letter of Mr. Jolliffe, Nov. 17, 1895.
[377]Letter of John F. Hogue, Greenville, Pa., Nov. 25, 1895; letter of S. P. Stewart, Clark, Mercer Co., Pa., Dec. 26, 1895; letter of W. W. Walker, Makanda, Jackson Co., Ill., March 14, 1896; note-book of Joseph S. White, of New Castle, Pa., containing "Some Reminiscences of Slavery Times."
[377]Letter of John F. Hogue, Greenville, Pa., Nov. 25, 1895; letter of S. P. Stewart, Clark, Mercer Co., Pa., Dec. 26, 1895; letter of W. W. Walker, Makanda, Jackson Co., Ill., March 14, 1896; note-book of Joseph S. White, of New Castle, Pa., containing "Some Reminiscences of Slavery Times."
[378]Letters of C. P. Rank, Cush Creek, Indiana Co., Pa., Dec. 25, 1896, and Jan. 4, 1897; letter of William Atcheson, DuBois, Pa., Jan. 11, 1897.
[378]Letters of C. P. Rank, Cush Creek, Indiana Co., Pa., Dec. 25, 1896, and Jan. 4, 1897; letter of William Atcheson, DuBois, Pa., Jan. 11, 1897.
[379]Letter of Wyett Perry, Bedford, Pa., Dec. 23, 1895; letter of John W. Rouse, Bedford, Pa., Nov. 25, 1895; letter of William M. Hall, Bedford, Pa., Nov. 30, 1895.
[379]Letter of Wyett Perry, Bedford, Pa., Dec. 23, 1895; letter of John W. Rouse, Bedford, Pa., Nov. 25, 1895; letter of William M. Hall, Bedford, Pa., Nov. 30, 1895.
[380]Conversation with William Edwards, Amherstburg, Ont., Aug. 3, 1895.
[380]Conversation with William Edwards, Amherstburg, Ont., Aug. 3, 1895.
[381]Conversation with Mr. Oliver, Windsor, Ont., Aug. 2, 1895.
[381]Conversation with Mr. Oliver, Windsor, Ont., Aug. 2, 1895.
[382]Conversation with Mr. Purvis, Philadelphia, Dec. 23, 1895.
[382]Conversation with Mr. Purvis, Philadelphia, Dec. 23, 1895.
[383]Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad, 1879, Preface, p. xvi.
[383]Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad, 1879, Preface, p. xvi.
[384]Ibid., p. xiv.
[384]Ibid., p. xiv.
[385]Ibid., p. 34.
[385]Ibid., p. 34.
[386]Letter of Frederick Douglass, Cedar Hill, Anacostia, D.C., March 27, 1893.
[386]Letter of Frederick Douglass, Cedar Hill, Anacostia, D.C., March 27, 1893.
[387]Letter of Joseph A. Allen, Medfield, Mass., Aug. 10, 1896.
[387]Letter of Joseph A. Allen, Medfield, Mass., Aug. 10, 1896.
[388]Letter of Florence and Cordelia H. Ray, Woodside, L.I., April 12, 1897. SeeSketch of the Life of Rev. Chas. B. Ray, written by the Misses Ray.
[388]Letter of Florence and Cordelia H. Ray, Woodside, L.I., April 12, 1897. SeeSketch of the Life of Rev. Chas. B. Ray, written by the Misses Ray.
[389]Letters of Martin I. Townsend, Troy, N.Y., Sept. 4 and 15, 1896.
[389]Letters of Martin I. Townsend, Troy, N.Y., Sept. 4 and 15, 1896.
[390]C. F. Adams,Life of Richard Henry Dana, Vol. I, p. 155;History of Madison County, New York, by Mrs. L. M. Hammond, p. 721.
[390]C. F. Adams,Life of Richard Henry Dana, Vol. I, p. 155;History of Madison County, New York, by Mrs. L. M. Hammond, p. 721.
[391]O. B. Frothingham,Life of Gerrit Smith, pp. 113, 114.
[391]O. B. Frothingham,Life of Gerrit Smith, pp. 113, 114.
[392]Letter of O. J. Russell, Pulaski, N.Y., July 29, 1896.
[392]Letter of O. J. Russell, Pulaski, N.Y., July 29, 1896.
[393]Mr. George C. Bragdon writes concerning the runaways harbored by his father, near Port Ontario: "I believe they usually went to Cape Vincent, near the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and were taken over to Canada from there.... I believe some of the slaves received by him were sent on from Peterboro by Gerrit Smith toAsa S. WingorJames C. Jackson(Mexico), and came from them to our house. They steered clear of the villages, as a rule. Our farm was favorably situated for concealing them and helping them on." Letter of George C. Bragdon, Rochester, N.Y., Aug. 11, 1896.
[393]Mr. George C. Bragdon writes concerning the runaways harbored by his father, near Port Ontario: "I believe they usually went to Cape Vincent, near the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and were taken over to Canada from there.... I believe some of the slaves received by him were sent on from Peterboro by Gerrit Smith toAsa S. WingorJames C. Jackson(Mexico), and came from them to our house. They steered clear of the villages, as a rule. Our farm was favorably situated for concealing them and helping them on." Letter of George C. Bragdon, Rochester, N.Y., Aug. 11, 1896.
[394]The fugitive Jerry McHenry, after his rescue in Syracuse, was hurried to Mexico, thence to Oswego, and from this point was transported across the lake to Kingston. May,Some Recollections of Our Anti-Slavery Conflict, pp. 378, 379.
[394]The fugitive Jerry McHenry, after his rescue in Syracuse, was hurried to Mexico, thence to Oswego, and from this point was transported across the lake to Kingston. May,Some Recollections of Our Anti-Slavery Conflict, pp. 378, 379.
[395]Letters of Mrs. Susan L. Crane, Elmira, N. Y., Sept. 14 and 23, 1896. Mrs. Crane is a daughter of Mr. Jervis Langdon mentioned in the text; letter of John W. Jones, Elmira, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1896.
[395]Letters of Mrs. Susan L. Crane, Elmira, N. Y., Sept. 14 and 23, 1896. Mrs. Crane is a daughter of Mr. Jervis Langdon mentioned in the text; letter of John W. Jones, Elmira, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1896.
[396]A number of the stations along the lake shore are named in the sketches called "Romances and Realities of the Underground Railroad," by H. U. Johnson, printed in theLakeshore and Home Magazine, 1885-1887.
[396]A number of the stations along the lake shore are named in the sketches called "Romances and Realities of the Underground Railroad," by H. U. Johnson, printed in theLakeshore and Home Magazine, 1885-1887.
[397]E. M. Pettit, inSketches in the History of the Underground Railroad, pp. 30, 31, 32, gives an instance of the use of this route.
[397]E. M. Pettit, inSketches in the History of the Underground Railroad, pp. 30, 31, 32, gives an instance of the use of this route.
[398]See p. 120, this chapter.
[398]See p. 120, this chapter.
[399]Letter of Mr. Andrews, Providence, R.I., April, 1895.
[399]Letter of Mr. Andrews, Providence, R.I., April, 1895.
[400]Pp. 470, 471.
[400]Pp. 470, 471.
[401]Letter of Mr. Gunn, Montague, Mass., Nov. 23, 1895.
[401]Letter of Mr. Gunn, Montague, Mass., Nov. 23, 1895.
[402]Letter of Simeon E. Baldwin, New Haven, Conn., Jan. 27, 1896; letter of Simeon D. Gilbert, New Haven, Conn., Feb. 27, 1896.
[402]Letter of Simeon E. Baldwin, New Haven, Conn., Jan. 27, 1896; letter of Simeon D. Gilbert, New Haven, Conn., Feb. 27, 1896.
[403]Letter of D. W. C. Pond, New Britain, Conn. Mr. Pond is one of the surviving agents of New Britain.
[403]Letter of D. W. C. Pond, New Britain, Conn. Mr. Pond is one of the surviving agents of New Britain.
[404]Letters of George B. Wakeman, Montour Falls, N.Y., April 21 and Sept. 26, 1896. Letter of the Rev. Erastus Blakeslee, Boston, Mass., Aug. 28, 1896.
[404]Letters of George B. Wakeman, Montour Falls, N.Y., April 21 and Sept. 26, 1896. Letter of the Rev. Erastus Blakeslee, Boston, Mass., Aug. 28, 1896.
[405]The stations, as indicated on the map, are named in letters from L. S. Abell and Charles Parsons, Conway, Mass.; C. Barrus, Springfield, Mass.; Judge D. W. Bond, Cambridge, Mass.; and Arthur G. Hill, Boston, Mass. See also article on "The Underground Railway," by Joseph Marsh, in theHistory of Florence, Massachusetts, pp. 165-167.
[405]The stations, as indicated on the map, are named in letters from L. S. Abell and Charles Parsons, Conway, Mass.; C. Barrus, Springfield, Mass.; Judge D. W. Bond, Cambridge, Mass.; and Arthur G. Hill, Boston, Mass. See also article on "The Underground Railway," by Joseph Marsh, in theHistory of Florence, Massachusetts, pp. 165-167.
[406]Letter of Mr. Fisher, Oct. 23, 1893.
[406]Letter of Mr. Fisher, Oct. 23, 1893.
[407]Anti-Slavery Reminiscences, pp. 27, 28.
[407]Anti-Slavery Reminiscences, pp. 27, 28.
[408]Letter of Mr. Young, Groton, Mass., April 21, 1893.
[408]Letter of Mr. Young, Groton, Mass., April 21, 1893.
[409]Letter of Mr. Robinson, Ferrisburg, Vt., Aug. 19, 1896; letter of Mr. Poland, Montpelier, Vt., April 12, 1897.
[409]Letter of Mr. Robinson, Ferrisburg, Vt., Aug. 19, 1896; letter of Mr. Poland, Montpelier, Vt., April 12, 1897.
[410]Letter of Mr. Brainerd, St. Albans, Vt., Oct. 21, 1895.
[410]Letter of Mr. Brainerd, St. Albans, Vt., Oct. 21, 1895.
[411]Letters of Mrs. Abijah Keith, Chicago, Ill., March 28, and April 4, 1897; letters of Mr. Poland, April 7 and 12, 1897.
[411]Letters of Mrs. Abijah Keith, Chicago, Ill., March 28, and April 4, 1897; letters of Mr. Poland, April 7 and 12, 1897.
[412]Letter of James S. Rogers, Chicago, Ill., April 17, 1897.
[412]Letter of James S. Rogers, Chicago, Ill., April 17, 1897.
[413]Letters of Joel Fox, Willimantic, Conn., July 30, 1896, and Aug. 3, 1896.
[413]Letters of Joel Fox, Willimantic, Conn., July 30, 1896, and Aug. 3, 1896.
[414]Some Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict, p. 297.
[414]Some Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict, p. 297.
[415]"In Boston there were many places where fugitives were received and taken care of. Every anti-slavery man was ready to protect them, and among these were some families not known to be anti-slavery." James Freeman Clarke,Anti-Slavery Days, p. 86.
[415]"In Boston there were many places where fugitives were received and taken care of. Every anti-slavery man was ready to protect them, and among these were some families not known to be anti-slavery." James Freeman Clarke,Anti-Slavery Days, p. 86.
[416]Letter of Mr. Bowditch, Boston, April 5, 1893.
[416]Letter of Mr. Bowditch, Boston, April 5, 1893.
[417]Letter of Mr. Higginson, Glimpsewood, Dublin, N.H., July 24, 1896.
[417]Letter of Mr. Higginson, Glimpsewood, Dublin, N.H., July 24, 1896.
[418]T. W. Higginson,Atlantic Monthly, March, 1897.
[418]T. W. Higginson,Atlantic Monthly, March, 1897.
[419]Article on "The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Workings," inFitchburg Daily Sentinel, Oct. 31, 1893.
[419]Article on "The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Workings," inFitchburg Daily Sentinel, Oct. 31, 1893.
[420]Letter of Mr. F. B. Sanborn, Concord, Mass., Feb. 1, 1896, states that "Concord was a place of resort for fugitives." Letter of Mr. S. Shurtleff, South Paris, Me., May 25, 1896, states that "The direct line of the Underground Railroad was from Boston through Vermont, via St. Albans."
[420]Letter of Mr. F. B. Sanborn, Concord, Mass., Feb. 1, 1896, states that "Concord was a place of resort for fugitives." Letter of Mr. S. Shurtleff, South Paris, Me., May 25, 1896, states that "The direct line of the Underground Railroad was from Boston through Vermont, via St. Albans."
[421]Atlantic Monthly, March, 1897, p. 345;Fitchburg Daily Sentinel, Oct. 31, 1893; letter of Mr. Sanborn, Concord, Mass., Feb. 1, 1896.
[421]Atlantic Monthly, March, 1897, p. 345;Fitchburg Daily Sentinel, Oct. 31, 1893; letter of Mr. Sanborn, Concord, Mass., Feb. 1, 1896.
[422]Letter of Mr. Dodge, March, 1893.
[422]Letter of Mr. Dodge, March, 1893.
[423]Letter of Mr. Putnam, Lynn, Mass., Feb. 14, 1894.
[423]Letter of Mr. Putnam, Lynn, Mass., Feb. 14, 1894.
[424]Old Anti-Slavery Days, p. 150.
[424]Old Anti-Slavery Days, p. 150.
[425]Letter of David Mead, Davenport, Mass., Nov. 3, 1893.
[425]Letter of David Mead, Davenport, Mass., Nov. 3, 1893.
[426]Letter of Judge Mellen Chamberlain, Chelsea, Mass., Feb. 1, 1896.
[426]Letter of Judge Mellen Chamberlain, Chelsea, Mass., Feb. 1, 1896.
[427]Letter of C. E. Lord, Franklin, Pa., July 6, 1896.
[427]Letter of C. E. Lord, Franklin, Pa., July 6, 1896.
[428]Letter of D. L. Brigham, Manchester, Mass., Nov. 16, 1893; letter of Professor Marshall S. Snow, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., April 28, 1896.
[428]Letter of D. L. Brigham, Manchester, Mass., Nov. 16, 1893; letter of Professor Marshall S. Snow, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., April 28, 1896.