Chapter 35

[854]Acts and Laws of His Majestie's Colony of Connecticut, 229 (1730 probably).[855]Province Laws of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1725;Province Laws of Pennsylvania, 325.[856]Laws of North Carolina, 89 (1741);Ibid., 371 (1779).[857]Acts of Province of New York, 77 (1705);Laws of Province of New York, 218 (1715); Marion G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, 8.[858]Plymouth Colony Records, IX, 5; Marion G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, 7.[859]Peter Force, on the Ordinance of 1787, in theNational Intelligencer, 1847. See also E. B. Chase's volume, entitledTeachings of Patriots and Statesmen, or the "Founders of the Republic" on Slavery, 1860, pp. 155, 160, 161, 169.[860]E. B. Chase,Teachings of Patriots and Statesmen ... on Slavery, p. 9.[861]Alexander Johnston's careful survey of the subject in theNew Princeton Review, Vol. IV, p. 183; J. H. Merriam,Legislative History of the Ordinance of 1787, Worcester, 1888; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 64.[862]These views are quoted by E. B. Chase, in hisTeachings of Patriots and Statesmen ... on Slavery.[863]Ibid.See also Elliot'sDebates, Vol. III, 182, 277.[864]Appendix B, p. 367, 6. First recorded case of rescue (Quincy's case, Boston).[865]Appendix B, p. 367. Washington's fugitive, October, 1796.[866]Chapter II, p. 22; Chapter V, p. 120.[867]Ibid.[868]William Goodell,Slavery and Anti-Slavery, pp. 231, 232.[869]House Journal, Fourth Congress, Second Session, p. 65;Annals of Congress, pp. 1741, 1767.[870]House Journal, Sixth Congress, Second Session, p. 220;Annals of Congress, p. 1053;House Journal, Seventh Congress, First Session, p. 34;Annals of Congress, p. 317.[871]House Journal, Seventh Congress, First Session, p. 125;Annals of Congress, pp. 422, 423.[872]The vote stood 46 to 43.[873]House Journal, Seventh Congress, First Session, pp. 125, 128;Annals of Congress, pp. 423, 425.[874]W. E. B. Du Bois,The Suppression of the American Slave Trade, pp. 105-109.[875]House Journal, Fifteenth Congress, First Session, pp. 50, 86, 182, 186, 189, pp. 193, 198;Annals of Congress, pp. 446, 447, 513, 829-831, 838, 840, 1339, 1393.Senate Journal, Fifteenth Congress, First Session, pp. 128, 135, 174, 202, 227, 228, 233;House Journal, p. 328;Annals of Congress, pp. 165, 210, 259, 262, 1339, 1716; T. H. Benton,Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, Vol. VI, pp. 35, 36, 37, 110; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, pp. 21-23; Lalor'sCyclopædia, Vol. II, pp. 315, 316; Schouler,History of the United States, Vol. III, p. 144.[876]McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 23.[877]Chapter II, pp. 21, 22.[878]Annals of Congress, Sixteenth Congress, First Session, pp. 1469, 1587. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 23. It will be remembered that according to the compromise Missouri was to be admitted into the Union as a slave state, while slavery was to be prohibited in all other territory gained from France north of 36 degrees 30 minutes. See Appendix A, p. 361.[879]House Journal, Sixteenth Congress, First Session, p. 427.[880]Senate Journal, Sixteenth Congress, First Session, pp. 319, 326;Annals of Congress, p. 618;House Journal, Seventeenth Congress, First Session, p. 143;Annals of Congress, pp. 553, 558, 710.Annals of Congress, Seventeenth Congress, First Session, pp. 1379, 1415, 1444; Benton,Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, Vol. VI, p. 296; McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, pp. 23, 24.[881]Niles'Weekly Register, Vol. XXXV, pp. 289-291; S. G. Howe,The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West, pp. 12-14; William Goodell,Slavery and Anti-Slavery, p. 264; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 25.[882]Chapter II, p. 37.[883]Ibid., pp. 37, 38.[884]William Birney,James G. Birney and His Times, p. 435.[885]Chapter II, p. 27.[886]James Monroe,Oberlin Thursday Lectures, Addresses, and Essays, 1897, p. 116. See Appendix B, pp. 367-377, for cases under the Slave laws.[887]These quotations are taken from the summary of Bourne'sThe Book and Slavery Irreconcilable, given in theBoston Commonwealth, July 25, 1885, since the original was inaccessible to the present writer. The summary is known to be trustworthy. SeeThe Life of Garrison, by his children, Vol. I, postscript to the Preface, and the references to the original there given.[888]Preface, p. viii.[889]Preface, pp. vii, viii.[890]A Treatise on Slavery, reprinted by the American Anti-Slavery Society, 1840, p. 59.[891]Ibid., p. 107. In advocating political action Mr. Duncan said, "The practice of slaveholding in a slave state need not deter emancipators or others from the privilege of voting for candidates to the legislative bodies, or from using their best endeavors to have men placed in office that would be favorable to the cause of freedom, and who may be best qualified to govern the state or commonwealth, but it ought to prevent any from officiating as a magistrate, when his commission authorizes him to issue a warrant to apprehend the slave when he is guilty of no other crime than that of running away from unmerited bondage." This was not the first time political action was proposed, for Mr. Bourne declared in his work (The Book and Slavery Irreconcilable): "Every voter for a public officer who will not destroy the system, is as culpable as if he participated in the evil, and is responsible for the protraction of the crime." See theBoston Commonwealth, July 25, 1885.[892]A Treatise on Slavery, p. 123.[893]Ibid., pp. 21, 32-40, 82, 84, 87-94, 96, 107. Mr. Duncan held that slavery was "directly contrary to the Federal Constitution." See pp. 110, 111.[894]Letters on American Slavery, Preface, p. iii.[895]Ibid., p. 20.[896]Letters on American Slavery, pp. 104, 107.[897]Chapter IV, p. 109.[898]The Life of Garrison, by his children, Vol. 1, p. 306.[899]Ibid., postscript to Preface.[900]Ibid., p. 207.[901]The Life of Garrison, Vol. I, p. 140.[902]Memoir of S. J. May, by George B. Emerson and others, pp. 76, 78, 87, 139, 140. See alsoLife of Garrison, Vol. I, p. 213, foot-note.[903]Life of Garrison, Vol. I, pp. 305, 306; Vol. III, pp. 379, 380.[904]G. M. Weston,Progress of Slavery in the United States, p. 22.[905]McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, pp. 38, 39.[906]J. W. Schuckers,The Life and Public Service of Samuel Portland Chase, p. 52. For portrait see plate facing p. 254.[907]Congressional Globe, Twenty-fifth Congress, Third Session, p. 34.[908]Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. I, pp. 552, 553.[909]Ibid., p. 563.[910]"The wonder is how such an Act came to pass, even by so lean a vote as it received; for it was voted for by less than half of the Senate, and by six less than the number of senators from the slave states alone. It is a wonder how it passed at all; and the wonder increases on knowing that, of the small number that voted for it, many were against it, and merely went along with those who had constituted themselves the particular guardians of the rights of the slave states, and claimed a lead in all that concerned them. These self-instituted guardians were permitted to have their own way, some voting with them unwillingly, others not voting at all. It was a part of the plan of 'compromise and pacification' which was then deemed essential to save the Union; under the fear of danger to the Union on one hand, and the charms of pacification and compromise on the other, a few heated spirits got the control and had things their own way." Benton'sThirty Years' View, Vol. II, p. 780.[911]See Rhodes'History of the United States, Vol. I, pp. 130-136, for a discussion of the question whether the Union was in danger in 1850.[912]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, First Session, Appendix, p. 1583.[913]Life and Speeches of Henry Clay, Vol. II, pp. 641, 643. The speech from which the above quotations are made was delivered Feb. 5 and 6, 1850.[914]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, Second Session, Appendix, p. 1051; McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 31.[915]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, First Session, Appendix, p. 1615.[916]Ibid., p. 1592.[917]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, First Session, Appendix, pp. 1622, 1623.[918]Ibid.[919]Webster's Works, Vol. V, pp. 354, 355, 357, 358, 361.[920]Von Holst,Constitutional and Political History of the United States, Vol. IV, pp. 18, 19. The hundred and thirty-six Northern members comprised seventy-six Whigs and fifty Democrats.[921]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, Second Session, Appendix, p. 324. See also Von Holst's work, Vol. IV, p. 27.[922]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, Second Session, pp. 15, 16. Von Holst,Constitutional and Political History of the United States, Vol. IV, p. 15.[923]McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 53.[924]"These prosecutions attracted more attention to the slavery question in a few months than the abolitionists had been able to arouse in twenty years." Professor Edward Channing,The United States of America, 1765-1865, p. 241.[925]F. W. Seward,Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State, 1891, Vol. I, pp. 169, 170. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, pp. 44, 47-51, 58, 59.[926]Boston Atlas, Dec. 17, 1850.[927]For references see Appendix B, 53, Christiana case, p. 373.[928]S. J. May,Some Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict, p. 349.[929]Ibid., pp. 373-384; Frothingham,Life of Gerrit Smith, p. 117; McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, pp. 48, 49; Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, pp. 327, 328.[930]C. E. Stowe,Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe, pp. 71, 72.[931]A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, p. 5; Charles Dudley Warner inThe Atlantic Monthly, September, 1896, p. 312.[932]A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, p. 23; C. E. Stowe,Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe, p. 93;Uncle Tom's Cabin; Howe,Historical Collections of Ohio, Vol. II, pp. 102, 103; J. W. Shuckers,Life of Chase, p. 53.[933]A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, p. 54.[934]Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, pp. 147-151; Howe,Historical Collections of Ohio, Vol. II, p. 104; see also article on "Early Cincinnati," by Judge Joseph Cox in theCincinnati Times-Star, Feb. 6, 1891; a report of "The Story of Eliza," as told by the Rev. S. G. W. Rankin, printed in theBoston Transcript, Nov. 30, 1895, an article on Harriet Beecher Stowe, in theCincinnati Enquirer, Nov. 3, 1895, p. 17.[935]Quoted by Charles Dudley Warner inThe Atlantic Monthly, September, 1896, p. 315.[936]Ibid.[937]Life of George Ticknor, Vol. I, p. 286.[938]History of the United States, Vol. I, pp. 284, 285.[939]Peirce,Life of Sumner, Vol. III, p. 283.[940]Ibid., p. 289.[941]Ibid., p. 292.[942]Peirce,Life of Sumner, Vol. III, pp. 296, 297;Congressional Globe, Vol. XXV, p. 1112.[943]Congressional Globe, Vol. XXV, p. 1112; Peirce,Life of Sumner, Vol. III, p. 297.In a public speech made in 1850 Mr. Garrison had this to say, "Who are among our ablest speakers? Who are the best qualified to address the public mind on the subject of slavery? Your fugitive slaves,—your Douglasses, Browns and Bibbs,—who are astonishing all with the cogency of their words and the power of their reasoning."Life of Garrison, Vol. III, p. 311.[944]Peirce,Life of Sumner, Vol. III, p. 309, foot-note; Vol. IV, pp. 71, 175-177.[945]S. J. May,Some Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict, pp. 380, 381. Mr. May says another convention was held ten days later to condemn the action of the rescuers, and did so, but not without dissent.[946]See the reports after 1850.[947]For selected cases see Appendix B, p. 372.[948]The Kansas-Nebraska legislation, repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which was at this time before Congress, is here referred to.[949]Vroman Mason on "The Fugitive Slave Law in Wisconsin, with Reference to Nullification Sentiment," in theProceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1895, pp. 122, 123.[950]Ablemanvs.Booth; for references see Appendix B, 62, Glover rescue case, p. 374.[951]This account of Booth's case is in the main a condensation of the excellent and exhaustive discussion given by Mr. Vroman Mason in theProceedings of the State Historical Society, 1895, pp. 117-144. Other material will be found inThe Story of Wisconsin, 1890, by R. G. Thwaites, pp. 247-254;A Complete Record of the John Olin Family, 1893, by C. C. Olin, pp. liii-lxxiv; theLiberator, April 7 and 24, 1854; 3Wisconsin Reports, pp. 1-64; 21Howard's Reports, p. 506 et seq.; Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, pp. 444-446.[952]T. W. Higginson inThe Atlantic Monthly, for March, 1897, p. 349-354; Rhodes,History of the United States, Vol. I, pp. 500-506; Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, pp. 434, 444.[953]John Reynolds'History of Illinois, 1855, pp. 269-271.[954]TheCincinnati Enquirer, the leading Democratic paper of southern Ohio at the time, said of the contention arising out of the attempted arrest of Addison White: "The designation of the attorney-general by Governor Chase to aid the lawyer retained by the sheriff of Clark County, is equivalent to a declaration of war on the part of Chase and his abolition crew against the United States Courts. Let war come, the sooner the better." Quoted in theLife of Chase, by J. W. Schuckers, p. 179, foot-note. Material relating to the Addison White case will be found in Shuckers,Life of Chase, pp. 177-182; Warden,Life of Chase, pp. 350, 351; Beer,History of Clark County, Ohio; the same quoted by Henry Howe in hisHistorical Collections of Ohio, Vol. I, pp. 384-386. The writer has also had the advantage of a conversation with Mrs. Amanda Shepherd (the daughter of Udney Hyde), who was an eye-witness of the attempts to capture White at her father's house.[955]J. R. Shipherd,History of the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue. The resolutions appear at pp. 253, 254.[956]Ibid., pp. 231-235.[957]ThePlain Dealer, July 6, 1859, quoted by Shipherd, p. 267.[958]Shipherd,History of the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue, pp. 253, 254.[959]TheCleveland Herald, June 3, 1859.[960]Chapter IX, p. 282.[961]Joel Parker,Personal Liberty Laws and Slavery in the Territories, 1861, pp. 10, 11.[962]J. B. Robinson,Pictures of Slavery and Anti-Slavery, 1863, pp. 332, 333; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 70; Rhodes,History of the United States, Vol. II, p. 74. Mr. Rhodes says of the personal liberty bills: "They were dangerously near the nullification of a United States law, and had not the provocation seemed great, would not have been adopted by people who had drunk in with approval Webster's idea of nationality.... While they were undeniably conceived in a spirit of bad faith towards the South, they were a retaliation for the grossly bad faith involved in the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. Nullification cannot be defended, but in a balancing of the wrongs of the South and the North, it must be averred that in this case the provocation was vastly greater than the retaliation."[963]Hinton,John Brown and His Men, pp. 31, 32.[964]Ibid., p. 30.[965]History of the Negro Race in America, Vol. II, pp. 58, 59.[966]Benton'sAbridgment of the Debates of Congress, Vol. VII, p. 296.[967]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, First Session, Appendix, p. 1601.[968]Ibid., p. 1603.[969]Ibid., p. 1605.[970]Von Holst,Constitutional and Political History of the United States, Vol. III, p. 552.[971]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, First Session, p. 202. See also Von Holst's work, Vol. III, p. 552, foot-note.[972]J. F. H. Claiborne,Life and Correspondence of John A. Quitman, Vol. II, p. 28.[973]J. F. H. Claiborne,Life and Correspondence of John A. Quitman, Vol. II, p. 30. His figures are, of course, not correct.[974]Census of 1860, pp. 11, 12. See Table A, Appendix C, p. 378.[975]See Tables B and C, Appendix C, p. 379.[976]This computation was first printed by the writer in theAmerican Historical Review, April, 1896, pp. 462, 463.[977]Conversation with M. J. Benedict, L. A. Benedict and others, Alum Creek Settlement, Ohio, Dec. 2, 1893.[978]E. M. Pettit,Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad, Introduction, p. xi. Wilson gives an account of the American Colonization Society in hisRise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. I, pp. 208-222; see also theLife of Garrison, by his children, Index.[979]McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 71.[980]Congressional Globe, Thirty-sixth Congress, Second Session, p. 356; see alsoibid., Appendix, p. 197.[981]Accounts of Anderson's case will be found in a collection of pamphlets in the Boston Public Library; in theLiberator, Dec. 3, 1860 and Jan. 22, 1861; inA Woman's Life Work, by Laura S. Haviland, pp. 207, 208; in theHistory of Canada, by J. M. McMullen, Vol. II, p. 259; in theHistory of Canada, by John MacMullen, p. 553; and inFugitive Slaves, by M. G. McDougall, pp. 25, 26.[982]Journal of the Senate, Thirty-sixth Congress, Second Session, p. 10.[983]Journal of the Senate, Thirty-sixth Congress, Second Session, p. 18.

[854]Acts and Laws of His Majestie's Colony of Connecticut, 229 (1730 probably).

[855]Province Laws of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1725;Province Laws of Pennsylvania, 325.

[856]Laws of North Carolina, 89 (1741);Ibid., 371 (1779).

[857]Acts of Province of New York, 77 (1705);Laws of Province of New York, 218 (1715); Marion G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, 8.

[858]Plymouth Colony Records, IX, 5; Marion G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, 7.

[859]Peter Force, on the Ordinance of 1787, in theNational Intelligencer, 1847. See also E. B. Chase's volume, entitledTeachings of Patriots and Statesmen, or the "Founders of the Republic" on Slavery, 1860, pp. 155, 160, 161, 169.

[860]E. B. Chase,Teachings of Patriots and Statesmen ... on Slavery, p. 9.

[861]Alexander Johnston's careful survey of the subject in theNew Princeton Review, Vol. IV, p. 183; J. H. Merriam,Legislative History of the Ordinance of 1787, Worcester, 1888; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 64.

[862]These views are quoted by E. B. Chase, in hisTeachings of Patriots and Statesmen ... on Slavery.

[863]Ibid.See also Elliot'sDebates, Vol. III, 182, 277.

[864]Appendix B, p. 367, 6. First recorded case of rescue (Quincy's case, Boston).

[865]Appendix B, p. 367. Washington's fugitive, October, 1796.

[866]Chapter II, p. 22; Chapter V, p. 120.

[867]Ibid.

[868]William Goodell,Slavery and Anti-Slavery, pp. 231, 232.

[869]House Journal, Fourth Congress, Second Session, p. 65;Annals of Congress, pp. 1741, 1767.

[870]House Journal, Sixth Congress, Second Session, p. 220;Annals of Congress, p. 1053;House Journal, Seventh Congress, First Session, p. 34;Annals of Congress, p. 317.

[871]House Journal, Seventh Congress, First Session, p. 125;Annals of Congress, pp. 422, 423.

[872]The vote stood 46 to 43.

[873]House Journal, Seventh Congress, First Session, pp. 125, 128;Annals of Congress, pp. 423, 425.

[874]W. E. B. Du Bois,The Suppression of the American Slave Trade, pp. 105-109.

[875]House Journal, Fifteenth Congress, First Session, pp. 50, 86, 182, 186, 189, pp. 193, 198;Annals of Congress, pp. 446, 447, 513, 829-831, 838, 840, 1339, 1393.Senate Journal, Fifteenth Congress, First Session, pp. 128, 135, 174, 202, 227, 228, 233;House Journal, p. 328;Annals of Congress, pp. 165, 210, 259, 262, 1339, 1716; T. H. Benton,Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, Vol. VI, pp. 35, 36, 37, 110; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, pp. 21-23; Lalor'sCyclopædia, Vol. II, pp. 315, 316; Schouler,History of the United States, Vol. III, p. 144.

[876]McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 23.

[877]Chapter II, pp. 21, 22.

[878]Annals of Congress, Sixteenth Congress, First Session, pp. 1469, 1587. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 23. It will be remembered that according to the compromise Missouri was to be admitted into the Union as a slave state, while slavery was to be prohibited in all other territory gained from France north of 36 degrees 30 minutes. See Appendix A, p. 361.

[879]House Journal, Sixteenth Congress, First Session, p. 427.

[880]Senate Journal, Sixteenth Congress, First Session, pp. 319, 326;Annals of Congress, p. 618;House Journal, Seventeenth Congress, First Session, p. 143;Annals of Congress, pp. 553, 558, 710.Annals of Congress, Seventeenth Congress, First Session, pp. 1379, 1415, 1444; Benton,Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, Vol. VI, p. 296; McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, pp. 23, 24.

[881]Niles'Weekly Register, Vol. XXXV, pp. 289-291; S. G. Howe,The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West, pp. 12-14; William Goodell,Slavery and Anti-Slavery, p. 264; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 25.

[882]Chapter II, p. 37.

[883]Ibid., pp. 37, 38.

[884]William Birney,James G. Birney and His Times, p. 435.

[885]Chapter II, p. 27.

[886]James Monroe,Oberlin Thursday Lectures, Addresses, and Essays, 1897, p. 116. See Appendix B, pp. 367-377, for cases under the Slave laws.

[887]These quotations are taken from the summary of Bourne'sThe Book and Slavery Irreconcilable, given in theBoston Commonwealth, July 25, 1885, since the original was inaccessible to the present writer. The summary is known to be trustworthy. SeeThe Life of Garrison, by his children, Vol. I, postscript to the Preface, and the references to the original there given.

[888]Preface, p. viii.

[889]Preface, pp. vii, viii.

[890]A Treatise on Slavery, reprinted by the American Anti-Slavery Society, 1840, p. 59.

[891]Ibid., p. 107. In advocating political action Mr. Duncan said, "The practice of slaveholding in a slave state need not deter emancipators or others from the privilege of voting for candidates to the legislative bodies, or from using their best endeavors to have men placed in office that would be favorable to the cause of freedom, and who may be best qualified to govern the state or commonwealth, but it ought to prevent any from officiating as a magistrate, when his commission authorizes him to issue a warrant to apprehend the slave when he is guilty of no other crime than that of running away from unmerited bondage." This was not the first time political action was proposed, for Mr. Bourne declared in his work (The Book and Slavery Irreconcilable): "Every voter for a public officer who will not destroy the system, is as culpable as if he participated in the evil, and is responsible for the protraction of the crime." See theBoston Commonwealth, July 25, 1885.

[892]A Treatise on Slavery, p. 123.

[893]Ibid., pp. 21, 32-40, 82, 84, 87-94, 96, 107. Mr. Duncan held that slavery was "directly contrary to the Federal Constitution." See pp. 110, 111.

[894]Letters on American Slavery, Preface, p. iii.

[895]Ibid., p. 20.

[896]Letters on American Slavery, pp. 104, 107.

[897]Chapter IV, p. 109.

[898]The Life of Garrison, by his children, Vol. 1, p. 306.

[899]Ibid., postscript to Preface.

[900]Ibid., p. 207.

[901]The Life of Garrison, Vol. I, p. 140.

[902]Memoir of S. J. May, by George B. Emerson and others, pp. 76, 78, 87, 139, 140. See alsoLife of Garrison, Vol. I, p. 213, foot-note.

[903]Life of Garrison, Vol. I, pp. 305, 306; Vol. III, pp. 379, 380.

[904]G. M. Weston,Progress of Slavery in the United States, p. 22.

[905]McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, pp. 38, 39.

[906]J. W. Schuckers,The Life and Public Service of Samuel Portland Chase, p. 52. For portrait see plate facing p. 254.

[907]Congressional Globe, Twenty-fifth Congress, Third Session, p. 34.

[908]Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. I, pp. 552, 553.

[909]Ibid., p. 563.

[910]"The wonder is how such an Act came to pass, even by so lean a vote as it received; for it was voted for by less than half of the Senate, and by six less than the number of senators from the slave states alone. It is a wonder how it passed at all; and the wonder increases on knowing that, of the small number that voted for it, many were against it, and merely went along with those who had constituted themselves the particular guardians of the rights of the slave states, and claimed a lead in all that concerned them. These self-instituted guardians were permitted to have their own way, some voting with them unwillingly, others not voting at all. It was a part of the plan of 'compromise and pacification' which was then deemed essential to save the Union; under the fear of danger to the Union on one hand, and the charms of pacification and compromise on the other, a few heated spirits got the control and had things their own way." Benton'sThirty Years' View, Vol. II, p. 780.

[911]See Rhodes'History of the United States, Vol. I, pp. 130-136, for a discussion of the question whether the Union was in danger in 1850.

[912]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, First Session, Appendix, p. 1583.

[913]Life and Speeches of Henry Clay, Vol. II, pp. 641, 643. The speech from which the above quotations are made was delivered Feb. 5 and 6, 1850.

[914]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, Second Session, Appendix, p. 1051; McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 31.

[915]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, First Session, Appendix, p. 1615.

[916]Ibid., p. 1592.

[917]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, First Session, Appendix, pp. 1622, 1623.

[918]Ibid.

[919]Webster's Works, Vol. V, pp. 354, 355, 357, 358, 361.

[920]Von Holst,Constitutional and Political History of the United States, Vol. IV, pp. 18, 19. The hundred and thirty-six Northern members comprised seventy-six Whigs and fifty Democrats.

[921]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, Second Session, Appendix, p. 324. See also Von Holst's work, Vol. IV, p. 27.

[922]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, Second Session, pp. 15, 16. Von Holst,Constitutional and Political History of the United States, Vol. IV, p. 15.

[923]McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 53.

[924]"These prosecutions attracted more attention to the slavery question in a few months than the abolitionists had been able to arouse in twenty years." Professor Edward Channing,The United States of America, 1765-1865, p. 241.

[925]F. W. Seward,Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State, 1891, Vol. I, pp. 169, 170. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, pp. 44, 47-51, 58, 59.

[926]Boston Atlas, Dec. 17, 1850.

[927]For references see Appendix B, 53, Christiana case, p. 373.

[928]S. J. May,Some Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict, p. 349.

[929]Ibid., pp. 373-384; Frothingham,Life of Gerrit Smith, p. 117; McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, pp. 48, 49; Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, pp. 327, 328.

[930]C. E. Stowe,Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe, pp. 71, 72.

[931]A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, p. 5; Charles Dudley Warner inThe Atlantic Monthly, September, 1896, p. 312.

[932]A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, p. 23; C. E. Stowe,Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe, p. 93;Uncle Tom's Cabin; Howe,Historical Collections of Ohio, Vol. II, pp. 102, 103; J. W. Shuckers,Life of Chase, p. 53.

[933]A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, p. 54.

[934]Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, pp. 147-151; Howe,Historical Collections of Ohio, Vol. II, p. 104; see also article on "Early Cincinnati," by Judge Joseph Cox in theCincinnati Times-Star, Feb. 6, 1891; a report of "The Story of Eliza," as told by the Rev. S. G. W. Rankin, printed in theBoston Transcript, Nov. 30, 1895, an article on Harriet Beecher Stowe, in theCincinnati Enquirer, Nov. 3, 1895, p. 17.

[935]Quoted by Charles Dudley Warner inThe Atlantic Monthly, September, 1896, p. 315.

[936]Ibid.

[937]Life of George Ticknor, Vol. I, p. 286.

[938]History of the United States, Vol. I, pp. 284, 285.

[939]Peirce,Life of Sumner, Vol. III, p. 283.

[940]Ibid., p. 289.

[941]Ibid., p. 292.

[942]Peirce,Life of Sumner, Vol. III, pp. 296, 297;Congressional Globe, Vol. XXV, p. 1112.

[943]Congressional Globe, Vol. XXV, p. 1112; Peirce,Life of Sumner, Vol. III, p. 297.In a public speech made in 1850 Mr. Garrison had this to say, "Who are among our ablest speakers? Who are the best qualified to address the public mind on the subject of slavery? Your fugitive slaves,—your Douglasses, Browns and Bibbs,—who are astonishing all with the cogency of their words and the power of their reasoning."Life of Garrison, Vol. III, p. 311.

[943]Congressional Globe, Vol. XXV, p. 1112; Peirce,Life of Sumner, Vol. III, p. 297.

In a public speech made in 1850 Mr. Garrison had this to say, "Who are among our ablest speakers? Who are the best qualified to address the public mind on the subject of slavery? Your fugitive slaves,—your Douglasses, Browns and Bibbs,—who are astonishing all with the cogency of their words and the power of their reasoning."Life of Garrison, Vol. III, p. 311.

[944]Peirce,Life of Sumner, Vol. III, p. 309, foot-note; Vol. IV, pp. 71, 175-177.

[945]S. J. May,Some Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict, pp. 380, 381. Mr. May says another convention was held ten days later to condemn the action of the rescuers, and did so, but not without dissent.

[946]See the reports after 1850.

[947]For selected cases see Appendix B, p. 372.

[948]The Kansas-Nebraska legislation, repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which was at this time before Congress, is here referred to.

[949]Vroman Mason on "The Fugitive Slave Law in Wisconsin, with Reference to Nullification Sentiment," in theProceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1895, pp. 122, 123.

[950]Ablemanvs.Booth; for references see Appendix B, 62, Glover rescue case, p. 374.

[951]This account of Booth's case is in the main a condensation of the excellent and exhaustive discussion given by Mr. Vroman Mason in theProceedings of the State Historical Society, 1895, pp. 117-144. Other material will be found inThe Story of Wisconsin, 1890, by R. G. Thwaites, pp. 247-254;A Complete Record of the John Olin Family, 1893, by C. C. Olin, pp. liii-lxxiv; theLiberator, April 7 and 24, 1854; 3Wisconsin Reports, pp. 1-64; 21Howard's Reports, p. 506 et seq.; Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, pp. 444-446.

[952]T. W. Higginson inThe Atlantic Monthly, for March, 1897, p. 349-354; Rhodes,History of the United States, Vol. I, pp. 500-506; Wilson,Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. II, pp. 434, 444.

[953]John Reynolds'History of Illinois, 1855, pp. 269-271.

[954]TheCincinnati Enquirer, the leading Democratic paper of southern Ohio at the time, said of the contention arising out of the attempted arrest of Addison White: "The designation of the attorney-general by Governor Chase to aid the lawyer retained by the sheriff of Clark County, is equivalent to a declaration of war on the part of Chase and his abolition crew against the United States Courts. Let war come, the sooner the better." Quoted in theLife of Chase, by J. W. Schuckers, p. 179, foot-note. Material relating to the Addison White case will be found in Shuckers,Life of Chase, pp. 177-182; Warden,Life of Chase, pp. 350, 351; Beer,History of Clark County, Ohio; the same quoted by Henry Howe in hisHistorical Collections of Ohio, Vol. I, pp. 384-386. The writer has also had the advantage of a conversation with Mrs. Amanda Shepherd (the daughter of Udney Hyde), who was an eye-witness of the attempts to capture White at her father's house.

[955]J. R. Shipherd,History of the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue. The resolutions appear at pp. 253, 254.

[956]Ibid., pp. 231-235.

[957]ThePlain Dealer, July 6, 1859, quoted by Shipherd, p. 267.

[958]Shipherd,History of the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue, pp. 253, 254.

[959]TheCleveland Herald, June 3, 1859.

[960]Chapter IX, p. 282.

[961]Joel Parker,Personal Liberty Laws and Slavery in the Territories, 1861, pp. 10, 11.

[962]J. B. Robinson,Pictures of Slavery and Anti-Slavery, 1863, pp. 332, 333; M. G. McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 70; Rhodes,History of the United States, Vol. II, p. 74. Mr. Rhodes says of the personal liberty bills: "They were dangerously near the nullification of a United States law, and had not the provocation seemed great, would not have been adopted by people who had drunk in with approval Webster's idea of nationality.... While they were undeniably conceived in a spirit of bad faith towards the South, they were a retaliation for the grossly bad faith involved in the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. Nullification cannot be defended, but in a balancing of the wrongs of the South and the North, it must be averred that in this case the provocation was vastly greater than the retaliation."

[963]Hinton,John Brown and His Men, pp. 31, 32.

[964]Ibid., p. 30.

[965]History of the Negro Race in America, Vol. II, pp. 58, 59.

[966]Benton'sAbridgment of the Debates of Congress, Vol. VII, p. 296.

[967]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, First Session, Appendix, p. 1601.

[968]Ibid., p. 1603.

[969]Ibid., p. 1605.

[970]Von Holst,Constitutional and Political History of the United States, Vol. III, p. 552.

[971]Congressional Globe, Thirty-first Congress, First Session, p. 202. See also Von Holst's work, Vol. III, p. 552, foot-note.

[972]J. F. H. Claiborne,Life and Correspondence of John A. Quitman, Vol. II, p. 28.

[973]J. F. H. Claiborne,Life and Correspondence of John A. Quitman, Vol. II, p. 30. His figures are, of course, not correct.

[974]Census of 1860, pp. 11, 12. See Table A, Appendix C, p. 378.

[975]See Tables B and C, Appendix C, p. 379.

[976]This computation was first printed by the writer in theAmerican Historical Review, April, 1896, pp. 462, 463.

[977]Conversation with M. J. Benedict, L. A. Benedict and others, Alum Creek Settlement, Ohio, Dec. 2, 1893.

[978]E. M. Pettit,Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad, Introduction, p. xi. Wilson gives an account of the American Colonization Society in hisRise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. I, pp. 208-222; see also theLife of Garrison, by his children, Index.

[979]McDougall,Fugitive Slaves, p. 71.

[980]Congressional Globe, Thirty-sixth Congress, Second Session, p. 356; see alsoibid., Appendix, p. 197.

[981]Accounts of Anderson's case will be found in a collection of pamphlets in the Boston Public Library; in theLiberator, Dec. 3, 1860 and Jan. 22, 1861; inA Woman's Life Work, by Laura S. Haviland, pp. 207, 208; in theHistory of Canada, by J. M. McMullen, Vol. II, p. 259; in theHistory of Canada, by John MacMullen, p. 553; and inFugitive Slaves, by M. G. McDougall, pp. 25, 26.

[982]Journal of the Senate, Thirty-sixth Congress, Second Session, p. 10.

[983]Journal of the Senate, Thirty-sixth Congress, Second Session, p. 18.

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