[574]Col. Le Couteur, 'Journal Roy. Agricult. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 43.[575]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1845, p. 273.[576]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 157.[577]'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 368.[578]'A Review of Reports,' 1808, p. 406.[579]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1853, p. 45.[580]Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. p. 49. On the Cochineal Insect, p. 46.[581]Capt. Marryat, quoted by Blyth in 'Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xxviii. p. 229.[582]Mr. Oxley, 'Journal of the Indian Archipelago,' vol. ii., 1848, p. 645.[583]Mr. Abbey, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 1, 1863, p. 430.[584]'On Naval Timber,' 1831, p. 107.[585]Mr. Baily, in 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 150. Also vol. i. p. 342; vol. iii. p. 245.[586]'Cottage Gardener,' 1855, December, p. 171; 1856, January, pp. 248, 323.[587]'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 51.[588]'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 720. For the Glamorganshire cattle,seeYouatt on Cattle, p. 51.[589]J. M. Eaton, 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' p. 82; Ferguson, on 'Rare and Prize Poultry,' p. 162; Mr. Brent, in 'Cottage Gardener,' Oct. 1860. p. 13.[590]'Die Racen des Schweines,' 1860, s. 48.[591]Seesome good remarks on this head by M. de Quatrefages, 'Unité de l'Espèce Humaine,' 1861, p. 119.[592]Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 94.[593]Mr. Patrick Sheriff, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771.[594]'Pomologie Physiolog.,' 1830, p. 106.[595]Youatt on Sheep, p. 521.[596]'A Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' p. i.[597]M. J. de Jonghe, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1858, p. 173.[598]Max. Müller, 'Science of Language,' 1861, p. 223.[599]Youatt on Cattle, pp. 116, 128.[600]'Domesticated Animals,' p. 188.[601]Volz, 'Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 99et passim.[602]Blaine, 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 213.[603]'Des Jacinthes,' &c., Amsterdam, 1768, p. 43; Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' &c., p. 86. On the reindeer,seeLinnæus, 'Tour in Lapland,' translated by Sir J. E. Smith, vol. i. p. 314. The statement in regard to German shepherds is given on the authority of Dr. Weinland.[604]Müller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translation, vol. ii. p. 1662. With respect to the similarity of twins in constitution, Dr. William Ogle has given me the following extract from Professor Trousseau's Lectures ('Clinique Médicale,' tom. i. p. 523), in which a curious case is recorded:—"J'ai donné mes soins à deux frères jumeaux, tous deux si extraordinairement ressemblants qu'il m'était impossible de les reconnaître, à moins de les voir l'un à côté de l'autre. Cette ressemblance physique s'étendait plus loin: ils avaient, permettez-moi l'expression, une similitude pathologique plus remarquable encore. Ainsi l'un d'eux que je voyais aux néothermes à Paris malade d'une ophthalmie rhumatismale me disait, 'En ce moment mon frère doit avoir une ophthalmie comme la mienne;' et comme je m'étais récrié, il me montrait quelques jours après une lettre qu'il venait de recevoir de ce frère alors à Vienne, et qui lui écrivait en effet—'J'ai mon ophthalmie, tu dois avoir la tienne.' Quelque singulier que ceci puisse paraître, le fait non est pas moins exact: on ne me l'a pas raconté, je l'ai vu, et j'en ai vu d'autres analogues dans ma pratique. Ces deux jumeaux étaient aussi tous deux asthmatiques, et asthmatiques à un effroyable degré. Originaires de Marseille, ils n'ont jamais pu demeurer dans cette ville, où leurs intérêts les appelaient souvent, sans être pris de leurs accès; jamais ils n'en éprouvaient à Paris. Bien mieux, il leur suffisait de gagner Toulon pour être guéris de leurs attaques de Marseilles. Voyageant sans cesse et dans tous pays pour leurs affaires, ils avaient remarqué que certaines localités leur étaient funestes, que dans d'autres ils étaient exempts de tout phénomène d'oppression."[605]Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 352; Moquin Tandon, 'Tératologie Végétale,' 1841, p. 115.[606]Metzger, 'Die Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 39.[607]On the date-palm,seeVogel, 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1854, p. 460. On Indian varieties, Dr. F. Hamilton, 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xiv. p. 296. On the varieties cultivated in Tahiti,seeDr. Bennett, in Loudon's 'Mag. of N. Hist.,' vol. v., 1832, p. 484. Also Ellis, 'Polynesian Researches,' vol. i. pp. 375, 370. On twenty varieties of the Pandanus and other trees in the Marianne Island,see'Hooker's Miscellany,' vol. i. p. 308. On the bamboo in China,seeHuc's 'Chinese Empire,' vol. ii. p. 307.[608]'Treatise on the Culture of the Apple,' &c., p. 3.[609]Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' p. 125.[610]SeeDr. Hooker's Memoir on Arctic Plants in 'Linn. Transact.,' vol. xxiii, part ii. Mr. Woodward, and a higher authority cannot be quoted, speaks of the Arctic mollusca (in his 'Rudimentary Treatise,' 1856, p. 355) as remarkably subject to variation.[611]Bechstein, in his 'Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel,' 1840, s. 238, has some good remarks on this subject. He states that his canary-birds varied in colour, though kept on uniform food.[612]'The Plant,' by Schleiden, translated by Henfrey, 1848, p. 169.Seealso Alex. Braun, in 'Bot. Memoirs,' Ray. Soc., 1853, p. 313.[613]Messrs. Hardy and Son, of Maldon, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 458.[614]'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' 1801, tom. ii. p. 319.[615]McClelland on Indian Cyprinidæ, 'Asiatic Researches,' vol. xix. part ii., 1839, pp. 266, 268, 313.[616]Quoted by Sageret, 'Pom. Phys.,' 1830, p. 43.[617]'The Fruits of America,' 1845, p. 5.[618]M. Cardan, in 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 1848, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1849, p. 101.[619]M. Alexis Jordan mentions four excellent pears found in woods in France, and alludes to others ('Mém. Acad. de Lyon,' tom. ii. 1852, p. 159). Poiteau's remark is quoted in 'Gardener's Mag.,' vol. iv., 1828, p. 385.See'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 335, for another case of a new variety of the pear found in a hedge in France. Also for another case,seeLoudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 901. Mr. Rivers has given me similar information.[620]Duval, 'Hist. du Poirier,' 1849, p. 2.[621]I infer that this is the fact from Van Mons' statement ('Arbres Fruitiers,' 1835, tom. i. p. 446) that he finds in the woods seedlings resembling all the chief cultivated races of both the pear and apple. Van Mons, however, looked at these wild varieties as aboriginal species.[622]Downing, 'Fruit-trees of North America,' p. 422; Foley, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 412.[623]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1847, p. 244.[624]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 383; 1850, p. 700; 1854, p. 650.[625]'Die Getreidearten,' 1843, s. 66, 116, 117.[626]Sabine, in 'Hort. Transact.,' vol. iii. p. 225; Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 119.[627]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 112; on Zinnia, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 852.[628]'The Chrysanthemum, its History, &c.,' 1865, p. 3.[629]'Gardener's Chron.,' 1855, p. 54; 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 9, 1865, p. 363.[630]Quoted by Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' &c., 1865, p. 28.[631]'Examination of the Characteristics of Genera and Species:' Charleston, 1855, p. 14.[632]Mr Hewitt, 'Journal of Hort.,' 1863, p. 39.[633]Devay, 'Mariages Consanguins,' pp. 97, 125. In conversation I have found two or three naturalists of the same opinion.[634]Müller has conclusively argued against this belief, 'Elements of Phys.,' Eng. translat., vol. ii., 1842, p. 1405.[635]'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1780, part ii. p. 84, &c.[636]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 249, 255, 295.[637]'Nova Acta, St. Petersburg,' 1794, p. 378; 1795, pp. 307, 313, 316; 1787, p. 407.[638]'De la Fécondation,' 1862, p. 311.[639]'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 362.[640]Abstracted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 1081.[641]This was the opinion of the elder De Candolle, as quoted in 'Dic. Class. d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. viii. p. 405. Puvis, in his work, 'De la Dégénération,' 1837, p. 37, has discussed this same point.[642]'Comptes Rendus,' Novembre 21, 1864, p. 838.[643]'Nova Acta, St. Petersburg,' 1794, p. 391.[644]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 507, 516, 572.[645]'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 24.[646]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 452, 507.[647]'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' s. 56.[648]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 423.[649]'Dritte Fortsetzung,' &c., 1766, s. 85.[650]'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 92;seealso the Rev. M. J. Berkeley on the same subject, in 'Journal of Royal Hort. Soc.,' 1866, p. 80.[651]Dr. P. Lucas has given a history of opinion on this subject: 'Héréd. Nat.,' 1847, tom. i. p. 175.[652]'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 499.[653]Idem., tom. iii. pp. 392, 502.[654]Seehis interesting work, 'Métamorphoses de l'Homme,' &c., 1862, p. 129.[655]'Dritte Fortsetzung,' &c., s. 123; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 249.[656]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1853, p. 183.[657]Mr. Wildman, 'Floricultural Soc.,' Feb. 7, 1843, reported in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1843, p. 86.[658]Mr. Robson, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 13th, 1866, p. 122.[659]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 24.[660]Ibid., 1862, p. 83.[661]'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 660.[662]Ibid., 1863, p. 628.[663]'Journal of Hort.,' 1861, pp. 64, 309.[664]'Des Variétés,' &c., p. 76.[665]Engel, 'Sur les Prop. Médicales des Plantes,' 1860, pp. 10, 25. On changes in the odours of plants,seeDalibert's Experiments, quoted by Beckman, 'Inventions,' vol. ii. p. 344; and Nees, in Ferussac, 'Bull. des Sc. Nat.,' 1824, tom. i. p. 60. With respect to the rhubarb, &c.,seealso 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 355; 1862, p. 1123.[666]Hooker, 'Flora Indica,' p. 32.[667]Naudin, 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 4th series, Bot., tom. xi., 1859, p. 81. 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1859, p. 464.[668]Moorcroft's 'Travels,' &c., vol. ii. p. 143.[669]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1113.[670]Royle, 'Productive Resources of India,' p. 59.[671]'Personal Narrative,' Eng. translat., vol. v. p. 101. This statement has been confirmed by Karsten ('Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Rhynchoprion:' Moscow, 1864. s. 39), and by others.[672]'Organic Chemistry,' Eng. translat., 1st edit., p. 369.[673]Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 155.[674]Darwin, 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 434.[675]These statements on disease are taken from Dr. Boudin's 'Géographie et de Statistique Médicales,' 1857, tom. i. p. xliv. and lii.; tom. ii. p. 315.[676]E. Desor, quoted in the 'Anthrop. Rev.,' 1863, p. 180. For much confirmatory evidence,seeQuatrefages, 'Unité de l'Espèce Humaine,' 1861, p. 131.[677]'Ceylon,' by Sir J. E. Tennent, vol. i., 1859, p. 89.[678]Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 52.[679]'Journal of Horticultural Soc.,' vol. vii., 1852, p. 117.[680]'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 160.[681]SeeLecoq on the Villosity of Plants, 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. iii. pp. 287, 291; Gärtner, 'Bastarderz.,' s. 261; Mr. Musters, on the Opuntia, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1846, p. 444.[682]'Pom. Phys.,' p. 136.[683]'Ampelographie,' 1849, p. 19.[684]Gärtner, 'Bastarderz.,' s. 606, has collected nearly all recorded facts. Andrew Knight (in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 160) goes so far as to maintain that few varieties are absolutely permanent in character when propagated by buds or grafts.[685]Mr. Blyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1847, p. 391.[686]'Natural History Review,' 1862, p. 113.[687]'Journal of Roy. Geographical Soc.,' vol. ix., 1839, p. 275.[688]'Travels in Bokhara,' vol. iii. p. 151.[689]Seealso, on the influence of marshy pastures on the wool, Godron, 'L'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 22.[690]Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. p. 438.[691]Azara has made some good remarks on this subject, 'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 337.Seean account of a family of naked mice produced in England, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1856, p. 38.[692]'Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 15.[693]'Schweinschædel,' 1864, s. 99.[694]'Travels in Siberia,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 228.[695]A. R. Wallace, 'Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro,' p. 294.[696]'Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel,' 1840, s. 262, 308.[697]'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. p. 402.[698]'Bull. de la Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii. p. 351.[699]Seean account of Mr. Gregson's experiments on theAbraxus grossulariata, 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' Jan. 6th, 1862: these experiments have been confirmed by Mr. Greening, in 'Proc. of the Northern Entomolog. Soc.,' July 28th, 1862. For the effects of food on caterpillars, see a curious account by M. Michely, in 'Bull. de la Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii. p. 563. For analogous facts from Dahlbom on Hymenoptera,seeWestwood's 'Modern Class. of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 98.Seealso Dr. L. Möller, 'Die Abhängigkeit der Insecten,' 1867, s. 70.[700]'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. 1866. The present chapters were written before I had read Mr. Herbert Spencer's work, so that I have not been able to make so much use of it as I should otherwise probably have done.[701]'Proc. Acad. Nat. Soc. of Philadelphia,' Jan. 28th, 1862.[702]SeeMr. B. D. Walsh's excellent papers in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Philadelphia,' Dec. 1866, p. 284. With respect to the willow,seeidem, 1864, p. 546.[703]Seehis admirable Histoire des Galles, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat. Bot.,' 3rd series, tom. xix., 1853, p. 273.[704]Kirby and Spence's 'Entomology,' 1818, vol. i. p. 450; Lucaze-Duthiers, idem, p. 284.[705]'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Philadelphia,' 1864, p. 558.[706]Mr. B. D. Walsh, idem, p. 633; and Dec. 1866, p. 275.[707]Mr. B. D. Walsh, idem, 1864, p. 545, 411, 495; and Dec. 1866, p. 278.Seealso Lucaze-Duthiers.[708]Lucaze-Duthiers, idem, pp. 325, 328.[709]'Linnæa,' vol. xvii., 1843; quoted by Dr. M. T. Masters, Royal Institution, March 16th, 1860.[710]Hewett C. Watson, 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i., 1847, p. 11.[711]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 629.[712]'Mémoire sur la Production Artificielle des Monstrosités,' 1862, pp. 8-12; 'Recherches sur les Conditions, &c., chez les Monstres,' 1863, p. 6. An abstract is given of Geoffroy's Experiments by his son, in his 'Vie, Travaux, &c.,' 1847, p. 290.[713]Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 483.[714]'Researches upon the Venom of the Rattle-snake,' Jan. 1861, by Dr. Mitchell, p. 67.[715]Mr. Sedgwick, in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July 1863, p. 175.[716]'An Essay on Generation,' Eng. translat., p. 18; Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 209.[717]'An Essay on Animal Reproduction,' Eng. translat., 1769, p. 79.[718]Carpenter's 'Principles of Comp. Physiology,' 1854, p. 479.[719]Charlesworth's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1837, p. 145.[720]Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' vol. i. p. 239.[721]Quoted by Carpenter, 'Comp. Phys.,' p. 479.[722]Paget, 'Lectures,' &c., p. 257.[723]These cases are given by Blumenbach in his 'Essay on Generation,' pp. 52, 54.[724]'Cellular Pathology,' trans. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 27, 441.[725]Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' vol. i., 1853, p. 357.[726]Paget, idem, p. 150.[727]'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii., 1866, chap. 3-5.[728]'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 71.[729]'Comptes Rendus,' Sept. 26th, 1864, p. 539.[730]'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 243.[731]Idem, vol. ii. p. 269.[732]Idem, vol. ii. p. 273.[733]Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' vol. ii. p. 209.[734]Müller's 'Phys.,' Eng. translat., pp. 54, 791. Prof. Reed has given ('Physiological and Anat. Researches,' p. 10) a curious account of the atrophy of the limbs of rabbits after the destruction of the nerve.[735]Quoted by Lecoq, in 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. i., 1854, p. 182.[736]'Das Abändern der Vögel,' 1833, s. 74.[737]Nathusius, 'Die Racen des Schweines,' 1860, s. 53, 57; 'Vorstudien ... Schweineschædel,' 1864, s. 103, 130, 133.[738]'Journal of Agriculture of Highland Soc.,' July, 1860, p. 321.[739]'Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 263.[740]'Natural History Review,' vol. iv., Oct. 1864, p. 617.[741]'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 27.[742]Andersson, 'Travels in South Africa,' p. 318. For analogous cases in South America,seeAug. St. Hilaire, 'Voyage dans le Province de Goyaz,' tom. i. p. 71.[743]Brickell's 'Nat. Hist. of North Carolina,' 1739, p. 53.[744]Livingstone, quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 142. Hodgson, in 'Journal of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xvi., 1847, p. 1006, &c. &c.[745]'Naturalist Library,' Dogs, vol. ii. 1840, p. 104.[746]'De l'Espèce,' tom. i., 1859, p. 367.[747]'Ceylon,' by Sir J. E. Tennent, 1859, vol. ii. p. 531.[748]For the foregoing statements,seeHunter's 'Essays and Observations,' 1861, vol. ii. p. 329; Dr. Edmondston, as quoted in Macgillivray's 'British Birds,' vol. v. p. 550; Menetries, as quoted in Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 110.[749]These statements on the intestines are taken from Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. pp. 427, 441.[750]Gilbert White, 'Nat. Hist. Selbourne,' 1825, vol. ii. p. 121.[751]Burdach, 'Traité de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 267, as quoted by Dr. P. Lucas, 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 388.[752]This and several other cases are given by Colin, 'Physiologie Comp. des Animaux Dom.,' 1854, tom. i. p. 426.[753]M. Michely de Cayenne, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 563.[754]Quatrefages, 'Unité de l'Espèce Humaine,' 1861, p. 79.[755]'Flora,' 1835, B. ii. p. 504.[756]Alph. De Candolle, 'Géograph. Bot.,' tom. ii. p. 1078.[757]Royle, 'Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalaya,' p. 19.[758]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, pp. 204, 219.[759]Rev. R. Everest, 'Journal As. Soc. of Bengal,' vol. iii. p. 19.[760]Youatt on Sheep, 1838, p. 491.[761]Royle, 'Prod. Resources of India,' p. 153.[762]Tegetmeier, 'Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 102.[763]Dr. R. Paterson, in a paper communicated to Bot. Soc. of Canada, quoted in the 'Reader,' 1863. Nov. 13th.[764]Seeremarks by Editor in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1848, p. 5.[765]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 938. Remarks by Editor and quotation from Decaisne.[766]J. de Jonghe, of Brussels, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1857, p. 612.[767]Ch. Martius, 'Voyage Bot. Côtes Sept. de la Norvège,' p. 26.[768]'Journal de l'Acad. Hort. de Gand,' quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1859, p. 7.[769]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1851, p. 396.[770]Idem., 1862, p. 235.[771]On the authority of Labat, quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1862, p. 235.[772]MM. Edwards and Colin, 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 2nd series, Bot., tom. v. p. 22.[773]'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 337.[774]'Swedish Acts,' Eng. translat., 1739-40, vol. i. Kalm, in his 'Travels,' vol. ii. p. 166, gives an analogous case with cotton-plants raised in New Jersey from Carolina seed.[775]De Candolle, 'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 339.[776]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 235.[777]Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' 1816, p. 125; and 'Traité du Citrus,' 1811, p. 359.[778]'Essai sur l'Hist. des Orangers,' 1813, p. 20, &c.[779]Alph. De Candolle, 'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 882.[780]'Ch. Darwin's Lehre von der Entstehung,' &c., 1862, s. 87.[781]Decaisne, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1865, p. 271.[782]For the magnolia,seeLoudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xiii., 1837, p. 21. For camellias and roses,see'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 384. For the yew, 'Journal of Hort.,' March 3rd, 1863, p. 174. For sweet potatoes,seeCol. von Siebold, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1855, p. 822.[783]The Editor, 'Gard. Chron.,' 1861, p. 239.[784]Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xii., 1836, p. 378.[785]'Gardeners Chron.,' 1865, p. 699.[786]'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. iii. p. 1376.[787]Mr. Robson, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 23.[788]Dr. Bonavia, 'Report of the Agri.-Hort. Soc. of Oudh,' 1866.[789]'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, April, 24th, p. 57.[790]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 291.[791]Mr. Beaton, in 'Cottage Gardener,' March 20th, 1860, p. 377. Queen Mab will also stand stove heat,see'Gard. Chronicle,' 1845, p. 226.[792]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 439.[793]Quoted by Asa Gray, in 'Am. Journ. of Sci.,' 2nd series, Jan. 1865, p. 106.[794]For China,see'Mémoire sur les Chinois,' tom, xi., 1786, p. 60. Columella is quoted by Carlier, in 'Journal de Physique,' tom. xxiv. 1784.[795]Messrs. Hardy and Son, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 589.[796]Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. des Anomalies,' 1836, tom. ii. pp. 210, 223, 224, 395; 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1775, p. 313.[797]Pallas, quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 25.[798]Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p. 174.[799]'Encyclop. Méthod.,' 1820, p. 483:seep. 500, on the Indian zebu casting its horns. Similar cases in European cattle were given in the third chapter.[800]Pallas, 'Travels,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 243.[801]Mr. Beaton, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 21, 1861, p. 133.[802]Lecoq, 'De la Fécondation,' 1862, p. 233.[803]'Annales du Muséum,' tom. vi. p. 319.[804]'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 392. Prof. Huxley applies the same principle in accounting for the remarkable, though normal, differences in the arrangement of the nervous system in the Mollusca, in his great paper on the Morphology of the Cephalous Mollusca, in 'Phil. Transact.,' 1853, p. 56.[805]'Eléments de Tératologie Veg.,' 1841, p. 113.[806]Prof. J. B. Simonds, on the Age of the Ox, Sheep, &c., quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 588.[807]'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i. p. 674.[808]Quoted by Isid. Geoffroy, idem, tom. i. p. 635.[809]'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 250.[810]A. Walker on Intermarriage, 1838, p. 160.[811]'The Farrier and Naturalist,' vol. i., 1828, p. 456.[812]Godron, 'Sur l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 217.[813]'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 333.[814]On Sheep, p. 142.[815]'Ueber Racen, Kreuzungen, &c.,' 1825, s. 24.[816]Quoted from Conolly, in 'The Indian Field,' Feb. 1859, vol. ii. p. 266.[817]'Domesticated Animals of the British Islands,' pp. 307, 368.[818]'Proceedings Zoolog. Soc.,' 1833, p. 113.[819]Sedgwick, 'Brit. and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April 1863, p. 453.[820]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1849, p. 205.[821]'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 320.[822]'Narrative of a Mission to the Court of Ava in 1855,' p. 94.[823]Those statements are taken from Mr. Sedgwick, in the 'Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July 1861, p. 198; April 1863, pp. 455 and 458. Liebreich is quoted by Professor Devay, in his 'Mariages Consanguins,' 1862, p. 116.[824]Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1829, pp. 66, 178.Seealso Dr. P. Lucas, 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 428, on the inheritance of deafness in cats.[825]'Annales des Sc. Nat.' Zoolog., 3rd series, 1847, tom. viii. p. 239.[826]'Gardener's Chron.,' 1864, p. 1202.[827]Verlot gives several other instances, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 72.[828]'Arbres Fruitiers,' 1836, tom. ii. pp. 204, 226.[829]'Annales du Muséum,' tom. xx. p. 188.[830]'Gardener's Chron.,' 1843, p. 877.[831]Ibid., 1845, p. 102.[832]'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 402.Seealso M. Camille Dareste, 'Recherches sur les Conditions,' &c., 1863, pp. 16, 48.[833]Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, p. 111; Isidore Geoffroy, 'Hist. Anomalies,' tom. i. p. 211.[834]'On the Breeding of Domestic Animals,' 1829, p. 6.[835]Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p. 283.[836]Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' 1864, vol. i. pp. 452, 468) takes a different view; and in one place remarks: "We have seen reason to think that, as fast as essential faculties multiply, and as fast as the number of organs that co-operate in any given function increases, indirect equilibration through natural selection becomes less and less capable of producing specific adaptations; and remains fully capable only of maintaining the general fitness of constitution to conditions." This view that natural selection can do little in modifying the higher animals surprises me, seeing that man's selection has undoubtedly effected much with our domesticated quadrupeds and birds.[837]Dr. Prosper Lucas apparently disbelieves in any such connexion, 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 88-94.[838]'British Medical Journal,' 1862, p. 433.[839]Boudin, 'Geograph. Médicale,' tom. i. p. 406.[840]This fact and the following cases, when not stated to the contrary, are taken from a very curious paper by Prof. Heusinger, in 'Wochenschrift für Heilkunde,' May 1846, s. 277.[841]Mr. Mogford, in the 'Veterinarian,' quoted in 'The Field,' Jan. 22, 1861, p. 545.[842]'Edinburgh Veterinary Journal,' Oct. 1860, p. 347.[843]'Hist. des Anomalies,' 1832, tom. i. pp. 22, 537-556; tom. iii. p. 462.[844]'Comptes Rendus,' 1855, pp. 855, 1029.[845]Carpenter's 'Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 480;seealso Camille Dareste, 'Comptes Rendus,' March 20th, 1865, p. 562.[846]'Elements of Physiology,' Eng. translat, vol. i., 1838, p. 412. With respect to Vrolik,seeTodd's 'Cyclop. of Anat. and Phys.,' vol. iv., 1849-52, p. 973.[847]'Tératologie Vég.,' 1841, livre iii.[848]'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. pp. 4, 5, 6.[849]'Tératologie Vég.,' p. 156.Seealso my paper on climbing plants in 'Journal of Linn. Soc. Bot.,' vol. ix., 1865, p. 114.[850]'Mémoires du Muséum,' &c., tom. viii. p. 178.[851]Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 829.[852]Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 324.[853]'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 1st series, tom. xix. p. 327.[854]'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 1864, p. 1039.[855]Ueber Fötale Rachites, 'Würzburger Medicin. Zeitschrift,' 1860, B. i. s. 265.[856]'Tératologie Vég.,' p. 192. Dr. M. Masters informs me that he doubts the truth of this conclusion; but the facts to be given seem to be sufficient to establish it.[857]'Journal of Horticulture,' July 2nd, 1861, p. 253.[858]It would be worth trial to fertilise with the same pollen the central and lateral flowers of the pelargonium, and of some other highly cultivated plants, protecting them of course from insects: then to sow the seed separately, and observe whether the one or the other lot of seedlings varied the most.[859]Quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 24, 1863, p. 152.[860]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 612. For the Phalænopsis,seeidem, 1867, p. 211.[861]Mémoires ... des Végétaux,' 1837, tom. ii. p. 170.[862]'Journal of Horticulture,' July 23, 1861, p. 311.[863]'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 137.[864]Hugo von Mohl, 'The Vegetable Cell,' Eng. tr., 1852, p. 76.[865]The Rev. H. H. Dombrain, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, June 4th, p. 174; and June 25th, p. 234; 1862, April 29th, p. 83.[866]'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xxiii., 1861, p. 360.[867]'Die Getreidearten,' 1843, s. 208, 209.[868]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 198.[869]Quoted in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 74.[870]'Ueber den Begriff der Pflanzenart,' 1834, s. 14.[871]'Domesticated Animals,' 1845, p. 351.[872]Bechstein, 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 31.[873]'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. of Philadelphia,' Oct. 1863, p. 213.[874]Quoted by Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, p. 159.[875]Dr. Lachmann, also, observes ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,' 2nd series, vol. xix., 1857, p. 231) with respect to infusoria, that "fissation and gemmation pass into each other almost imperceptibly." Again, Mr. W. C. Minor ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. xi. p. 328) shows that with Annelids the distinction that has been made between fission and budding is not a fundamental one.SeeBonnet, 'Œuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., 1781, p. 339, for remarks on the budding-out of the amputated limbs of Salamanders.See, also, Professor Clark's work 'Mind in Nature,' New York, 1865, pp. 62, 94.[876]Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, p. 158.[877]Idem, pp. 152, 164.[878]On the Asexual Reproduction of Cecydomyide Larvæ, translated in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March 1866, pp. 167, 171.[879]Seesome excellent remarks on this head by Quatrefages, in 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' Zoolog., 3rd series, 1850, p. 138.[880]'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 2nd series, vol. xx., 1857, pp. 153-455.[881]'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, 1850, tom. xiii.[882]'Transact. Phil. Soc.,' 1851, pp. 196, 208, 210; 1853, p. 245, 247.[883]'Beitrage zur Kenntniss,' &c., 1844, s. 345.[884]'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 27.
[574]Col. Le Couteur, 'Journal Roy. Agricult. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 43.
[575]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1845, p. 273.
[576]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 157.
[577]'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 368.
[578]'A Review of Reports,' 1808, p. 406.
[579]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1853, p. 45.
[580]Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. p. 49. On the Cochineal Insect, p. 46.
[581]Capt. Marryat, quoted by Blyth in 'Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xxviii. p. 229.
[582]Mr. Oxley, 'Journal of the Indian Archipelago,' vol. ii., 1848, p. 645.
[583]Mr. Abbey, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 1, 1863, p. 430.
[584]'On Naval Timber,' 1831, p. 107.
[585]Mr. Baily, in 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 150. Also vol. i. p. 342; vol. iii. p. 245.
[586]'Cottage Gardener,' 1855, December, p. 171; 1856, January, pp. 248, 323.
[587]'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 51.
[588]'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 720. For the Glamorganshire cattle,seeYouatt on Cattle, p. 51.
[589]J. M. Eaton, 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' p. 82; Ferguson, on 'Rare and Prize Poultry,' p. 162; Mr. Brent, in 'Cottage Gardener,' Oct. 1860. p. 13.
[590]'Die Racen des Schweines,' 1860, s. 48.
[591]Seesome good remarks on this head by M. de Quatrefages, 'Unité de l'Espèce Humaine,' 1861, p. 119.
[592]Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 94.
[593]Mr. Patrick Sheriff, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771.
[594]'Pomologie Physiolog.,' 1830, p. 106.
[595]Youatt on Sheep, p. 521.
[596]'A Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' p. i.
[597]M. J. de Jonghe, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1858, p. 173.
[598]Max. Müller, 'Science of Language,' 1861, p. 223.
[599]Youatt on Cattle, pp. 116, 128.
[600]'Domesticated Animals,' p. 188.
[601]Volz, 'Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 99et passim.
[602]Blaine, 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 213.
[603]'Des Jacinthes,' &c., Amsterdam, 1768, p. 43; Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' &c., p. 86. On the reindeer,seeLinnæus, 'Tour in Lapland,' translated by Sir J. E. Smith, vol. i. p. 314. The statement in regard to German shepherds is given on the authority of Dr. Weinland.
[604]Müller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translation, vol. ii. p. 1662. With respect to the similarity of twins in constitution, Dr. William Ogle has given me the following extract from Professor Trousseau's Lectures ('Clinique Médicale,' tom. i. p. 523), in which a curious case is recorded:—"J'ai donné mes soins à deux frères jumeaux, tous deux si extraordinairement ressemblants qu'il m'était impossible de les reconnaître, à moins de les voir l'un à côté de l'autre. Cette ressemblance physique s'étendait plus loin: ils avaient, permettez-moi l'expression, une similitude pathologique plus remarquable encore. Ainsi l'un d'eux que je voyais aux néothermes à Paris malade d'une ophthalmie rhumatismale me disait, 'En ce moment mon frère doit avoir une ophthalmie comme la mienne;' et comme je m'étais récrié, il me montrait quelques jours après une lettre qu'il venait de recevoir de ce frère alors à Vienne, et qui lui écrivait en effet—'J'ai mon ophthalmie, tu dois avoir la tienne.' Quelque singulier que ceci puisse paraître, le fait non est pas moins exact: on ne me l'a pas raconté, je l'ai vu, et j'en ai vu d'autres analogues dans ma pratique. Ces deux jumeaux étaient aussi tous deux asthmatiques, et asthmatiques à un effroyable degré. Originaires de Marseille, ils n'ont jamais pu demeurer dans cette ville, où leurs intérêts les appelaient souvent, sans être pris de leurs accès; jamais ils n'en éprouvaient à Paris. Bien mieux, il leur suffisait de gagner Toulon pour être guéris de leurs attaques de Marseilles. Voyageant sans cesse et dans tous pays pour leurs affaires, ils avaient remarqué que certaines localités leur étaient funestes, que dans d'autres ils étaient exempts de tout phénomène d'oppression."
[605]Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 352; Moquin Tandon, 'Tératologie Végétale,' 1841, p. 115.
[606]Metzger, 'Die Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 39.
[607]On the date-palm,seeVogel, 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1854, p. 460. On Indian varieties, Dr. F. Hamilton, 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xiv. p. 296. On the varieties cultivated in Tahiti,seeDr. Bennett, in Loudon's 'Mag. of N. Hist.,' vol. v., 1832, p. 484. Also Ellis, 'Polynesian Researches,' vol. i. pp. 375, 370. On twenty varieties of the Pandanus and other trees in the Marianne Island,see'Hooker's Miscellany,' vol. i. p. 308. On the bamboo in China,seeHuc's 'Chinese Empire,' vol. ii. p. 307.
[608]'Treatise on the Culture of the Apple,' &c., p. 3.
[609]Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' p. 125.
[610]SeeDr. Hooker's Memoir on Arctic Plants in 'Linn. Transact.,' vol. xxiii, part ii. Mr. Woodward, and a higher authority cannot be quoted, speaks of the Arctic mollusca (in his 'Rudimentary Treatise,' 1856, p. 355) as remarkably subject to variation.
[611]Bechstein, in his 'Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel,' 1840, s. 238, has some good remarks on this subject. He states that his canary-birds varied in colour, though kept on uniform food.
[612]'The Plant,' by Schleiden, translated by Henfrey, 1848, p. 169.Seealso Alex. Braun, in 'Bot. Memoirs,' Ray. Soc., 1853, p. 313.
[613]Messrs. Hardy and Son, of Maldon, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 458.
[614]'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' 1801, tom. ii. p. 319.
[615]McClelland on Indian Cyprinidæ, 'Asiatic Researches,' vol. xix. part ii., 1839, pp. 266, 268, 313.
[616]Quoted by Sageret, 'Pom. Phys.,' 1830, p. 43.
[617]'The Fruits of America,' 1845, p. 5.
[618]M. Cardan, in 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 1848, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1849, p. 101.
[619]M. Alexis Jordan mentions four excellent pears found in woods in France, and alludes to others ('Mém. Acad. de Lyon,' tom. ii. 1852, p. 159). Poiteau's remark is quoted in 'Gardener's Mag.,' vol. iv., 1828, p. 385.See'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 335, for another case of a new variety of the pear found in a hedge in France. Also for another case,seeLoudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 901. Mr. Rivers has given me similar information.
[620]Duval, 'Hist. du Poirier,' 1849, p. 2.
[621]I infer that this is the fact from Van Mons' statement ('Arbres Fruitiers,' 1835, tom. i. p. 446) that he finds in the woods seedlings resembling all the chief cultivated races of both the pear and apple. Van Mons, however, looked at these wild varieties as aboriginal species.
[622]Downing, 'Fruit-trees of North America,' p. 422; Foley, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 412.
[623]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1847, p. 244.
[624]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 383; 1850, p. 700; 1854, p. 650.
[625]'Die Getreidearten,' 1843, s. 66, 116, 117.
[626]Sabine, in 'Hort. Transact.,' vol. iii. p. 225; Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 119.
[627]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 112; on Zinnia, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 852.
[628]'The Chrysanthemum, its History, &c.,' 1865, p. 3.
[629]'Gardener's Chron.,' 1855, p. 54; 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 9, 1865, p. 363.
[630]Quoted by Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' &c., 1865, p. 28.
[631]'Examination of the Characteristics of Genera and Species:' Charleston, 1855, p. 14.
[632]Mr Hewitt, 'Journal of Hort.,' 1863, p. 39.
[633]Devay, 'Mariages Consanguins,' pp. 97, 125. In conversation I have found two or three naturalists of the same opinion.
[634]Müller has conclusively argued against this belief, 'Elements of Phys.,' Eng. translat., vol. ii., 1842, p. 1405.
[635]'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1780, part ii. p. 84, &c.
[636]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 249, 255, 295.
[637]'Nova Acta, St. Petersburg,' 1794, p. 378; 1795, pp. 307, 313, 316; 1787, p. 407.
[638]'De la Fécondation,' 1862, p. 311.
[639]'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 362.
[640]Abstracted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 1081.
[641]This was the opinion of the elder De Candolle, as quoted in 'Dic. Class. d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. viii. p. 405. Puvis, in his work, 'De la Dégénération,' 1837, p. 37, has discussed this same point.
[642]'Comptes Rendus,' Novembre 21, 1864, p. 838.
[643]'Nova Acta, St. Petersburg,' 1794, p. 391.
[644]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 507, 516, 572.
[645]'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 24.
[646]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 452, 507.
[647]'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' s. 56.
[648]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 423.
[649]'Dritte Fortsetzung,' &c., 1766, s. 85.
[650]'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 92;seealso the Rev. M. J. Berkeley on the same subject, in 'Journal of Royal Hort. Soc.,' 1866, p. 80.
[651]Dr. P. Lucas has given a history of opinion on this subject: 'Héréd. Nat.,' 1847, tom. i. p. 175.
[652]'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 499.
[653]Idem., tom. iii. pp. 392, 502.
[654]Seehis interesting work, 'Métamorphoses de l'Homme,' &c., 1862, p. 129.
[655]'Dritte Fortsetzung,' &c., s. 123; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 249.
[656]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1853, p. 183.
[657]Mr. Wildman, 'Floricultural Soc.,' Feb. 7, 1843, reported in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1843, p. 86.
[658]Mr. Robson, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 13th, 1866, p. 122.
[659]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 24.
[660]Ibid., 1862, p. 83.
[661]'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 660.
[662]Ibid., 1863, p. 628.
[663]'Journal of Hort.,' 1861, pp. 64, 309.
[664]'Des Variétés,' &c., p. 76.
[665]Engel, 'Sur les Prop. Médicales des Plantes,' 1860, pp. 10, 25. On changes in the odours of plants,seeDalibert's Experiments, quoted by Beckman, 'Inventions,' vol. ii. p. 344; and Nees, in Ferussac, 'Bull. des Sc. Nat.,' 1824, tom. i. p. 60. With respect to the rhubarb, &c.,seealso 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 355; 1862, p. 1123.
[666]Hooker, 'Flora Indica,' p. 32.
[667]Naudin, 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 4th series, Bot., tom. xi., 1859, p. 81. 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1859, p. 464.
[668]Moorcroft's 'Travels,' &c., vol. ii. p. 143.
[669]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1113.
[670]Royle, 'Productive Resources of India,' p. 59.
[671]'Personal Narrative,' Eng. translat., vol. v. p. 101. This statement has been confirmed by Karsten ('Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Rhynchoprion:' Moscow, 1864. s. 39), and by others.
[672]'Organic Chemistry,' Eng. translat., 1st edit., p. 369.
[673]Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 155.
[674]Darwin, 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 434.
[675]These statements on disease are taken from Dr. Boudin's 'Géographie et de Statistique Médicales,' 1857, tom. i. p. xliv. and lii.; tom. ii. p. 315.
[676]E. Desor, quoted in the 'Anthrop. Rev.,' 1863, p. 180. For much confirmatory evidence,seeQuatrefages, 'Unité de l'Espèce Humaine,' 1861, p. 131.
[677]'Ceylon,' by Sir J. E. Tennent, vol. i., 1859, p. 89.
[678]Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 52.
[679]'Journal of Horticultural Soc.,' vol. vii., 1852, p. 117.
[680]'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 160.
[681]SeeLecoq on the Villosity of Plants, 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. iii. pp. 287, 291; Gärtner, 'Bastarderz.,' s. 261; Mr. Musters, on the Opuntia, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1846, p. 444.
[682]'Pom. Phys.,' p. 136.
[683]'Ampelographie,' 1849, p. 19.
[684]Gärtner, 'Bastarderz.,' s. 606, has collected nearly all recorded facts. Andrew Knight (in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 160) goes so far as to maintain that few varieties are absolutely permanent in character when propagated by buds or grafts.
[685]Mr. Blyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1847, p. 391.
[686]'Natural History Review,' 1862, p. 113.
[687]'Journal of Roy. Geographical Soc.,' vol. ix., 1839, p. 275.
[688]'Travels in Bokhara,' vol. iii. p. 151.
[689]Seealso, on the influence of marshy pastures on the wool, Godron, 'L'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 22.
[690]Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. p. 438.
[691]Azara has made some good remarks on this subject, 'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 337.Seean account of a family of naked mice produced in England, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1856, p. 38.
[692]'Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 15.
[693]'Schweinschædel,' 1864, s. 99.
[694]'Travels in Siberia,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 228.
[695]A. R. Wallace, 'Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro,' p. 294.
[696]'Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel,' 1840, s. 262, 308.
[697]'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. p. 402.
[698]'Bull. de la Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii. p. 351.
[699]Seean account of Mr. Gregson's experiments on theAbraxus grossulariata, 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' Jan. 6th, 1862: these experiments have been confirmed by Mr. Greening, in 'Proc. of the Northern Entomolog. Soc.,' July 28th, 1862. For the effects of food on caterpillars, see a curious account by M. Michely, in 'Bull. de la Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii. p. 563. For analogous facts from Dahlbom on Hymenoptera,seeWestwood's 'Modern Class. of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 98.Seealso Dr. L. Möller, 'Die Abhängigkeit der Insecten,' 1867, s. 70.
[700]'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. 1866. The present chapters were written before I had read Mr. Herbert Spencer's work, so that I have not been able to make so much use of it as I should otherwise probably have done.
[701]'Proc. Acad. Nat. Soc. of Philadelphia,' Jan. 28th, 1862.
[702]SeeMr. B. D. Walsh's excellent papers in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Philadelphia,' Dec. 1866, p. 284. With respect to the willow,seeidem, 1864, p. 546.
[703]Seehis admirable Histoire des Galles, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat. Bot.,' 3rd series, tom. xix., 1853, p. 273.
[704]Kirby and Spence's 'Entomology,' 1818, vol. i. p. 450; Lucaze-Duthiers, idem, p. 284.
[705]'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Philadelphia,' 1864, p. 558.
[706]Mr. B. D. Walsh, idem, p. 633; and Dec. 1866, p. 275.
[707]Mr. B. D. Walsh, idem, 1864, p. 545, 411, 495; and Dec. 1866, p. 278.Seealso Lucaze-Duthiers.
[708]Lucaze-Duthiers, idem, pp. 325, 328.
[709]'Linnæa,' vol. xvii., 1843; quoted by Dr. M. T. Masters, Royal Institution, March 16th, 1860.
[710]Hewett C. Watson, 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i., 1847, p. 11.
[711]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 629.
[712]'Mémoire sur la Production Artificielle des Monstrosités,' 1862, pp. 8-12; 'Recherches sur les Conditions, &c., chez les Monstres,' 1863, p. 6. An abstract is given of Geoffroy's Experiments by his son, in his 'Vie, Travaux, &c.,' 1847, p. 290.
[713]Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 483.
[714]'Researches upon the Venom of the Rattle-snake,' Jan. 1861, by Dr. Mitchell, p. 67.
[715]Mr. Sedgwick, in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July 1863, p. 175.
[716]'An Essay on Generation,' Eng. translat., p. 18; Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 209.
[717]'An Essay on Animal Reproduction,' Eng. translat., 1769, p. 79.
[718]Carpenter's 'Principles of Comp. Physiology,' 1854, p. 479.
[719]Charlesworth's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1837, p. 145.
[720]Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' vol. i. p. 239.
[721]Quoted by Carpenter, 'Comp. Phys.,' p. 479.
[722]Paget, 'Lectures,' &c., p. 257.
[723]These cases are given by Blumenbach in his 'Essay on Generation,' pp. 52, 54.
[724]'Cellular Pathology,' trans. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 27, 441.
[725]Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' vol. i., 1853, p. 357.
[726]Paget, idem, p. 150.
[727]'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii., 1866, chap. 3-5.
[728]'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 71.
[729]'Comptes Rendus,' Sept. 26th, 1864, p. 539.
[730]'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 243.
[731]Idem, vol. ii. p. 269.
[732]Idem, vol. ii. p. 273.
[733]Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' vol. ii. p. 209.
[734]Müller's 'Phys.,' Eng. translat., pp. 54, 791. Prof. Reed has given ('Physiological and Anat. Researches,' p. 10) a curious account of the atrophy of the limbs of rabbits after the destruction of the nerve.
[735]Quoted by Lecoq, in 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. i., 1854, p. 182.
[736]'Das Abändern der Vögel,' 1833, s. 74.
[737]Nathusius, 'Die Racen des Schweines,' 1860, s. 53, 57; 'Vorstudien ... Schweineschædel,' 1864, s. 103, 130, 133.
[738]'Journal of Agriculture of Highland Soc.,' July, 1860, p. 321.
[739]'Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 263.
[740]'Natural History Review,' vol. iv., Oct. 1864, p. 617.
[741]'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 27.
[742]Andersson, 'Travels in South Africa,' p. 318. For analogous cases in South America,seeAug. St. Hilaire, 'Voyage dans le Province de Goyaz,' tom. i. p. 71.
[743]Brickell's 'Nat. Hist. of North Carolina,' 1739, p. 53.
[744]Livingstone, quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 142. Hodgson, in 'Journal of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xvi., 1847, p. 1006, &c. &c.
[745]'Naturalist Library,' Dogs, vol. ii. 1840, p. 104.
[746]'De l'Espèce,' tom. i., 1859, p. 367.
[747]'Ceylon,' by Sir J. E. Tennent, 1859, vol. ii. p. 531.
[748]For the foregoing statements,seeHunter's 'Essays and Observations,' 1861, vol. ii. p. 329; Dr. Edmondston, as quoted in Macgillivray's 'British Birds,' vol. v. p. 550; Menetries, as quoted in Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 110.
[749]These statements on the intestines are taken from Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. pp. 427, 441.
[750]Gilbert White, 'Nat. Hist. Selbourne,' 1825, vol. ii. p. 121.
[751]Burdach, 'Traité de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 267, as quoted by Dr. P. Lucas, 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 388.
[752]This and several other cases are given by Colin, 'Physiologie Comp. des Animaux Dom.,' 1854, tom. i. p. 426.
[753]M. Michely de Cayenne, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 563.
[754]Quatrefages, 'Unité de l'Espèce Humaine,' 1861, p. 79.
[755]'Flora,' 1835, B. ii. p. 504.
[756]Alph. De Candolle, 'Géograph. Bot.,' tom. ii. p. 1078.
[757]Royle, 'Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalaya,' p. 19.
[758]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, pp. 204, 219.
[759]Rev. R. Everest, 'Journal As. Soc. of Bengal,' vol. iii. p. 19.
[760]Youatt on Sheep, 1838, p. 491.
[761]Royle, 'Prod. Resources of India,' p. 153.
[762]Tegetmeier, 'Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 102.
[763]Dr. R. Paterson, in a paper communicated to Bot. Soc. of Canada, quoted in the 'Reader,' 1863. Nov. 13th.
[764]Seeremarks by Editor in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1848, p. 5.
[765]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 938. Remarks by Editor and quotation from Decaisne.
[766]J. de Jonghe, of Brussels, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1857, p. 612.
[767]Ch. Martius, 'Voyage Bot. Côtes Sept. de la Norvège,' p. 26.
[768]'Journal de l'Acad. Hort. de Gand,' quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1859, p. 7.
[769]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1851, p. 396.
[770]Idem., 1862, p. 235.
[771]On the authority of Labat, quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1862, p. 235.
[772]MM. Edwards and Colin, 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 2nd series, Bot., tom. v. p. 22.
[773]'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 337.
[774]'Swedish Acts,' Eng. translat., 1739-40, vol. i. Kalm, in his 'Travels,' vol. ii. p. 166, gives an analogous case with cotton-plants raised in New Jersey from Carolina seed.
[775]De Candolle, 'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 339.
[776]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 235.
[777]Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' 1816, p. 125; and 'Traité du Citrus,' 1811, p. 359.
[778]'Essai sur l'Hist. des Orangers,' 1813, p. 20, &c.
[779]Alph. De Candolle, 'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 882.
[780]'Ch. Darwin's Lehre von der Entstehung,' &c., 1862, s. 87.
[781]Decaisne, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1865, p. 271.
[782]For the magnolia,seeLoudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xiii., 1837, p. 21. For camellias and roses,see'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 384. For the yew, 'Journal of Hort.,' March 3rd, 1863, p. 174. For sweet potatoes,seeCol. von Siebold, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1855, p. 822.
[783]The Editor, 'Gard. Chron.,' 1861, p. 239.
[784]Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xii., 1836, p. 378.
[785]'Gardeners Chron.,' 1865, p. 699.
[786]'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. iii. p. 1376.
[787]Mr. Robson, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 23.
[788]Dr. Bonavia, 'Report of the Agri.-Hort. Soc. of Oudh,' 1866.
[789]'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, April, 24th, p. 57.
[790]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 291.
[791]Mr. Beaton, in 'Cottage Gardener,' March 20th, 1860, p. 377. Queen Mab will also stand stove heat,see'Gard. Chronicle,' 1845, p. 226.
[792]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 439.
[793]Quoted by Asa Gray, in 'Am. Journ. of Sci.,' 2nd series, Jan. 1865, p. 106.
[794]For China,see'Mémoire sur les Chinois,' tom, xi., 1786, p. 60. Columella is quoted by Carlier, in 'Journal de Physique,' tom. xxiv. 1784.
[795]Messrs. Hardy and Son, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 589.
[796]Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. des Anomalies,' 1836, tom. ii. pp. 210, 223, 224, 395; 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1775, p. 313.
[797]Pallas, quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 25.
[798]Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p. 174.
[799]'Encyclop. Méthod.,' 1820, p. 483:seep. 500, on the Indian zebu casting its horns. Similar cases in European cattle were given in the third chapter.
[800]Pallas, 'Travels,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 243.
[801]Mr. Beaton, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 21, 1861, p. 133.
[802]Lecoq, 'De la Fécondation,' 1862, p. 233.
[803]'Annales du Muséum,' tom. vi. p. 319.
[804]'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 392. Prof. Huxley applies the same principle in accounting for the remarkable, though normal, differences in the arrangement of the nervous system in the Mollusca, in his great paper on the Morphology of the Cephalous Mollusca, in 'Phil. Transact.,' 1853, p. 56.
[805]'Eléments de Tératologie Veg.,' 1841, p. 113.
[806]Prof. J. B. Simonds, on the Age of the Ox, Sheep, &c., quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 588.
[807]'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i. p. 674.
[808]Quoted by Isid. Geoffroy, idem, tom. i. p. 635.
[809]'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 250.
[810]A. Walker on Intermarriage, 1838, p. 160.
[811]'The Farrier and Naturalist,' vol. i., 1828, p. 456.
[812]Godron, 'Sur l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 217.
[813]'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 333.
[814]On Sheep, p. 142.
[815]'Ueber Racen, Kreuzungen, &c.,' 1825, s. 24.
[816]Quoted from Conolly, in 'The Indian Field,' Feb. 1859, vol. ii. p. 266.
[817]'Domesticated Animals of the British Islands,' pp. 307, 368.
[818]'Proceedings Zoolog. Soc.,' 1833, p. 113.
[819]Sedgwick, 'Brit. and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April 1863, p. 453.
[820]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1849, p. 205.
[821]'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 320.
[822]'Narrative of a Mission to the Court of Ava in 1855,' p. 94.
[823]Those statements are taken from Mr. Sedgwick, in the 'Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July 1861, p. 198; April 1863, pp. 455 and 458. Liebreich is quoted by Professor Devay, in his 'Mariages Consanguins,' 1862, p. 116.
[824]Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1829, pp. 66, 178.Seealso Dr. P. Lucas, 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 428, on the inheritance of deafness in cats.
[825]'Annales des Sc. Nat.' Zoolog., 3rd series, 1847, tom. viii. p. 239.
[826]'Gardener's Chron.,' 1864, p. 1202.
[827]Verlot gives several other instances, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 72.
[828]'Arbres Fruitiers,' 1836, tom. ii. pp. 204, 226.
[829]'Annales du Muséum,' tom. xx. p. 188.
[830]'Gardener's Chron.,' 1843, p. 877.
[831]Ibid., 1845, p. 102.
[832]'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 402.Seealso M. Camille Dareste, 'Recherches sur les Conditions,' &c., 1863, pp. 16, 48.
[833]Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, p. 111; Isidore Geoffroy, 'Hist. Anomalies,' tom. i. p. 211.
[834]'On the Breeding of Domestic Animals,' 1829, p. 6.
[835]Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p. 283.
[836]Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' 1864, vol. i. pp. 452, 468) takes a different view; and in one place remarks: "We have seen reason to think that, as fast as essential faculties multiply, and as fast as the number of organs that co-operate in any given function increases, indirect equilibration through natural selection becomes less and less capable of producing specific adaptations; and remains fully capable only of maintaining the general fitness of constitution to conditions." This view that natural selection can do little in modifying the higher animals surprises me, seeing that man's selection has undoubtedly effected much with our domesticated quadrupeds and birds.
[837]Dr. Prosper Lucas apparently disbelieves in any such connexion, 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 88-94.
[838]'British Medical Journal,' 1862, p. 433.
[839]Boudin, 'Geograph. Médicale,' tom. i. p. 406.
[840]This fact and the following cases, when not stated to the contrary, are taken from a very curious paper by Prof. Heusinger, in 'Wochenschrift für Heilkunde,' May 1846, s. 277.
[841]Mr. Mogford, in the 'Veterinarian,' quoted in 'The Field,' Jan. 22, 1861, p. 545.
[842]'Edinburgh Veterinary Journal,' Oct. 1860, p. 347.
[843]'Hist. des Anomalies,' 1832, tom. i. pp. 22, 537-556; tom. iii. p. 462.
[844]'Comptes Rendus,' 1855, pp. 855, 1029.
[845]Carpenter's 'Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 480;seealso Camille Dareste, 'Comptes Rendus,' March 20th, 1865, p. 562.
[846]'Elements of Physiology,' Eng. translat, vol. i., 1838, p. 412. With respect to Vrolik,seeTodd's 'Cyclop. of Anat. and Phys.,' vol. iv., 1849-52, p. 973.
[847]'Tératologie Vég.,' 1841, livre iii.
[848]'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. pp. 4, 5, 6.
[849]'Tératologie Vég.,' p. 156.Seealso my paper on climbing plants in 'Journal of Linn. Soc. Bot.,' vol. ix., 1865, p. 114.
[850]'Mémoires du Muséum,' &c., tom. viii. p. 178.
[851]Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 829.
[852]Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 324.
[853]'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 1st series, tom. xix. p. 327.
[854]'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 1864, p. 1039.
[855]Ueber Fötale Rachites, 'Würzburger Medicin. Zeitschrift,' 1860, B. i. s. 265.
[856]'Tératologie Vég.,' p. 192. Dr. M. Masters informs me that he doubts the truth of this conclusion; but the facts to be given seem to be sufficient to establish it.
[857]'Journal of Horticulture,' July 2nd, 1861, p. 253.
[858]It would be worth trial to fertilise with the same pollen the central and lateral flowers of the pelargonium, and of some other highly cultivated plants, protecting them of course from insects: then to sow the seed separately, and observe whether the one or the other lot of seedlings varied the most.
[859]Quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 24, 1863, p. 152.
[860]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 612. For the Phalænopsis,seeidem, 1867, p. 211.
[861]Mémoires ... des Végétaux,' 1837, tom. ii. p. 170.
[862]'Journal of Horticulture,' July 23, 1861, p. 311.
[863]'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 137.
[864]Hugo von Mohl, 'The Vegetable Cell,' Eng. tr., 1852, p. 76.
[865]The Rev. H. H. Dombrain, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, June 4th, p. 174; and June 25th, p. 234; 1862, April 29th, p. 83.
[866]'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xxiii., 1861, p. 360.
[867]'Die Getreidearten,' 1843, s. 208, 209.
[868]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 198.
[869]Quoted in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 74.
[870]'Ueber den Begriff der Pflanzenart,' 1834, s. 14.
[871]'Domesticated Animals,' 1845, p. 351.
[872]Bechstein, 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 31.
[873]'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. of Philadelphia,' Oct. 1863, p. 213.
[874]Quoted by Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, p. 159.
[875]Dr. Lachmann, also, observes ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,' 2nd series, vol. xix., 1857, p. 231) with respect to infusoria, that "fissation and gemmation pass into each other almost imperceptibly." Again, Mr. W. C. Minor ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. xi. p. 328) shows that with Annelids the distinction that has been made between fission and budding is not a fundamental one.SeeBonnet, 'Œuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., 1781, p. 339, for remarks on the budding-out of the amputated limbs of Salamanders.See, also, Professor Clark's work 'Mind in Nature,' New York, 1865, pp. 62, 94.
[876]Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, p. 158.
[877]Idem, pp. 152, 164.
[878]On the Asexual Reproduction of Cecydomyide Larvæ, translated in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March 1866, pp. 167, 171.
[879]Seesome excellent remarks on this head by Quatrefages, in 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' Zoolog., 3rd series, 1850, p. 138.
[880]'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 2nd series, vol. xx., 1857, pp. 153-455.
[881]'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, 1850, tom. xiii.
[882]'Transact. Phil. Soc.,' 1851, pp. 196, 208, 210; 1853, p. 245, 247.
[883]'Beitrage zur Kenntniss,' &c., 1844, s. 345.
[884]'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 27.