occasionally and warm bran mashes. This prevents constipation. When thebird strains frequently and a discharge is present the followingsolution should be injected: Sugar of Lead, two drams; Zinc Sulphate,one dram. Mix with two quarts of water. Inject about one ounce with asyringe twice daily until the discharge has ceased.WHITE DIARRHOEA(Fowl Cholera)CAUSE: Germ (Bacilli of Fowl Cholera) gaining entrance to the bodythrough the bowels, lungs or wounds of the skin. Death results fromtoxic material produced while the germs are multiplying.SYMPTOMS: All poultry, cage or wild birds are subject to this disease.The first symptoms are loss of appetite; diarrhoea is present and thedischarge is almost white in color and tinged with transparent mucus.The affected bird becomes separated from the flock, seems weak andstupid and appears to be asleep; feathers are rough, the wings droop andthe head is drawn in toward the body; crop is generally full, owing toimproper digestion. The comb is pale and bloodless, the temperatureraised from three to five degrees above normal and the bird loses weightrapidly; it may die with convulsions and cries, or without a sound orstruggle.TREATMENT: To grown fowls, give Zinc Sulphocarbolates in one-half graindoses three times a day in their food or drinking water. To chicks,dissolve thirty grains of Zinc Sulphocarbolates in two quarts of water.Saturate feed, as stale bread, etc., and give three times a day. ZincSulphocarbolates is an antiseptic especially prepared for septicconditions of the intestines, and very useful in treatment of WhiteDiarrhoea and Fowl Cholera. In severe cases of diarrhoea, give BismuthSalicylate, one grain, three times daily in feed or make into a pillwith dough. When the fowls will eat, feed them clean, nitrogenous foodthat they can digest easily, as oatmeal mashes. It is also necessary togive them pure water to drink at all times. Disinfection of the premisesis another essential factor in the treatment of this disease, andundiluted Crude Carbolic Acid is a disinfectant that we can rely upon atall times.I cannot recommend vaccination as the serum is very difficult andexpensive to produce and different breeds of birds require varyingdoses, therefore, vaccinating poultry for White Diarrhoea or FowlCholera is not attended with any great degree of success.WORMSCAUSE: Few fowls are entirely free from worms. The soil over which thechicks are permitted to run may be infected, or the food may contain theeggs or embryos of worms.SYMPTOMS: The presence of worms in fowls may not be at once detected,since only a close observer would notice them in the droppings. If thebirds eat well but remain poor, and the feathers appear rough and thecomb and wattles pale, there is reason to suspect the existence ofworms.TREATMENT: Preventive treatment is the best. Sprinkle the runs and coopsregularly with Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted. Give two drops ofTurpentine in twice this quantity of Sweet or Olive Oil. This doseshould be repeated in from six to eight days so as to insure theexpulsion of the newly hatched worms or those that may have survived thefirst treatment.MISCELLANEOUSSome valuable facts and figures summed up for handy referenceVALUABLE DRUGS AND THEIR DOSES FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALSIn the list of doses, oz. stands for ounce, pt. for pint, lb. for pound,gr. for grain, dr. for dram, dp. for drop.NAME OF DRUG CATTLE SHEEP HORSES HOGS DOGSAlcohol 4 oz. 1-2 oz. 2-4 oz. 1-2 oz. 1-4 dr.Alum 3-4 dr. 40 gr. 2-4 dr. 40 gr. 15 gr.Ammonia Aromatic 2 oz. 1-2 dr. 1-2 oz. 1-2 dr. 20-60 dp.Aniseed 1-5 oz. 1-2 dr. 1 oz. 1 dr. 15 gr.Arnica Tincture 1 oz. 2 dr .5-1 oz. 1 dr. 7-20 dp.Asafetida Tincture 3 oz. .5 oz. 2 oz. 2 dr. 1 dr.Boracic Acid 3 dr. 20 gr. 1-3 dr. 15 gr. 8 gr.Brandy 4 oz. 1-2 oz. 2-4 oz. 1-2 oz. 1-2 dr.Calcium Phosphate 1 oz. 1-2 dr. 2-4 dr. 1-2 dr. 5-20 gr.Calomel 1-2 dr. 5-20 gr. 1 dr. 5-20 gr. 1 gr.Camphor Spirit 1 oz. 2 dr. 2-4 dr. 15 dp. 10 dp.Carbolic Acid 1-2 dr. 10-20 dp. .5-2 dr. 5-15 dp. 3-8 dp.Castor Oil 1 pt. 2-4 oz. 1 pt. 2-4 oz. 1-2 dr.Chalk 2 oz. 1-2 dr. .5-2 oz. 1 dr. .5-1 dr.Charcoal 1-2 oz. 2-4 dr. 1-2 oz. 2-4 dr. 20-60 gr.Codliver Oil 3-8 oz. 3-8 dr. 2-6 oz. 2-6 dr. 1-3 dr.Copperas 2 dr. 20 gr. 1 dr. 10 gr. 4 gr.Copper Sulphate 2-4 dr. 20-30 gr. 2-4 dr. 20-30 gr. 1-2 gr.Digitalis 10-30 gr. 5-15 gr. 10-50 gr 3-10 gr. 2 gr.Epsom Salts 1 lb. 1-4 oz. .5-1 lb. 1 oz. 1-4 dr.Fowler's Solution 5 dr. 5-20 dp. 2-4 dr. 5-20 dp. 1-5 dp.Gentian 5-8 dr. 1-2 dr. 4-8 dr. 1-2 dr. 40 gr.Ginger 5-8 dr. 1-2 dr. 2-8 dr. 15-60 gr. 5-20 gr.Glauber Salts 1-1.5 lb. 1-4 dr. .5-1 lb. 1 oz. 1-4 dr.Iodide of Potash 1-2 dr. 10-25 gr. .5-2 dr. 5-20 gr. 2-8 gr.Iron Sulphate 2 dr. 25 gr. 1-2 dr. 25 gr. 4 gr.Jamaica Ginger 2 oz. .5 oz. 1 oz. .5-1 dr. 1/4-1/2 dr.Laudanum 2-5 oz. 1-4 dr. 1-4 oz. 1-2 dr. 20 dp.Lead Acetate 1 dr. 25 gr. 1 dr. 20 gr. 1-2 gr.Lime Water 4-6 oz. 2 oz. 4-6 oz. 2 oz. 1-8 dr.Linseed Oil 1-2 pt. 6-12 oz. .5-1 pt. 5-10 oz. 1 oz.Mustard 1 oz. 1-2 dr. .5-1 oz. 1-2 dr. 20 gr.Nitre 3-8 oz. 1 dr. 1-2 oz. 1 dr. 5-20 gr.Nux Vomica 2 dr. 30-40 gr. 1-2 dr. 10-20 gr. 1-2 gr.Olive Oil 1-2 pt. 3-8 dr. 1-2 pt. 2-6 dr. 2-4 oz.Pepper 2-4 dr. 15-25 gr. 1-3 dr. 10-20 gr. 4-10 gr.Peppermint Oil 30 dp. 5-8 dp. 15-30 dp. 3-7 dp. 1-5 dp.Potassium Bromide 2 oz. 2-4 dr. 1-2 oz. 2-4 dr. 5-50 gr.Quinine 1-2 dr. 5-10 gr. 50-60 gr. 5-10 gr. 1-2 gr.Rhubarb 1-2 oz. 1 dr. 1-2 oz. 1 dr. 5-10 gr.Saltpeter 1-3 dr. .5-1 dr. 2-4 dr. .5-1 dr. 2-10 gr.Soda 2 oz. 2-4 dr. 1-1.5 oz. 1-3 dr. 20-50 gr.Subnitrate of Bismuth 2 dr. 10-30 gr. 1-2 dr. 5-20 gr. 3-10 gr.Sulphur 3-4 oz. 1-2 oz. 2-4 oz. 1-2 oz. 1-4 dr.Turpentine 2 oz. 1-4 dr. 1-2 oz. 1 dr. 20-50 dp.CHAPTER VIRESPIRATIONThe number of respirations per minute varies with the different classesof animals; as a rule, the larger the animal, the slower therespiration.The Horse 8 to 10Cattle 12 to 15Sheep and Goats 12 to 20The Dog 15 to 20Swine 10 to 15The rate of breathing is increased from the processes of digestionimmediately after eating, or may increase from exercise.NORMAL TEMPERATURE OF THE HORSEFrom 2 to 5 years old the temperature is 100.6 degrees Fahr.From 5 to 10 years old the temperature is 100.4 degrees Fahr.From 10 to 15 years old the temperature is 100 degrees Fahr.From 15 to 20 years old the temperature is 98.4 to 100.2 degrees Fahr.Sex appears to slightly influence temperature:Stallion 100 degrees Fahr.Mare 100.8 degrees Fahr.Gelding 100.4 degrees Fahr.The time of day when temperature is taken is important, the lowest bodytemperature being at 4 a.m., and the highest at 6 p.m. New born foals'temperature will run from 102 to 104 degrees Fahr.TEMPERATURE OF CATTLENormal temperature is from 101.8 to 102 degrees Fahr.Compared with the horse, the daily variations are small.TEMPERATURE OF SHEEP AND GOATSIn these animals the greatest variation in temperature occurs, viz.:100.9 to 105.8 degrees Fahr. In the majority of cases the temperatureprobably will be between 103.6 and 104.4 degrees Fahr. The cause of thisvariation is unknown.TEMPERATURE OF SWINEThe average temperature is 103.3 degrees Fahr., varying from 100.9 to105.4 degrees Fahr.TEMPERATURE OF THE DOGThe dog is subject to important variations depending on the externaltemperature; it varies from 99.5 to 101.7 degrees Fahr., although insome localities it is as high as 100.9, 101.3 and 101.7 degrees Fahr.Feeding will increase the temperature, and it is also higher towardevening.PULSE THROBS PER MINUTEPer MinuteThe Horse 36 to 40Cattle 45 to 50Sheep and Goats 70 to 80The Dog 70 to 80Swine 90 to 100The pulse in the young is much more rapid than in the adult animal; thatof a foal at birth beats 100 to 102 per minute, while that of a calfwill go to 130 per minute. In old age the pulsation becomes reduced andthe arteries much weaker. The pulse rate in large animals is less thanin smaller ones, as for instance, an elephant's pulse rate is from 25 to28 beats per minute. The more rapid the pulse, the greater the quantityof blood in circulation.AVERAGE PERIODS OF GESTATION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALSMare 11 monthsAss 12 monthsCow 9 monthsSheep 5 monthsGoat 5 monthsSow 3-1/2 monthsBitch 9 weeksCat 8 weeksAVERAGE PERIOD OF INCUBATIONChicken 20 to 22 daysGeese 28 to 34 daysDuck 28 to 30 daysTurkey 27 to 29 daysPigeon 18 daysGuinea Fowl 28 daysPheasant 25 daysOstrich 40 to 42 daysCanary Bird 14 daysVETERINARY FACTS AND ADVICE TO REMEMBER1. Cleanliness of body and surroundings is a necessity in the treatmentof animals.2. Pure air, avoiding drafts, is equally essential.3. Light, excepting in the treatment of eye diseases, is greatly to bedesired. Darkness, while soothing to the eye, tends to prolong germlife and disease.4. Keep dry--dampness breeds disease.5. Keep warm--in chilly weather, blanket the sick animal, hand rub limbsand bandage with woolen cloths.6. Exercise with care--excessive and insufficient exercise are bothinjurious.7. Feed with care--green grass, in medium quantity, and vegetables arecooling to the blood, easily digested and exert a slight laxativeeffect. Grain feed is nutritious and strengthening, but it is notrequired in any quantity by a horse not working. Be sure that allfeed is fresh and clean.8. Drinking water must be pure--impure water carries many disease germs.Also avoid giving water in large quantities, especially if water isvery cold.9. Disinfection involves little time or expense, but is invaluable. Coaltar products which emulsify in water (1 part coal tar products to50-75 parts water) should be freely and occasionally sprinkled aboutyards and buildings.If only these few fundamental and common-sense principles were followedby stock raisers, a very large percentage of the ills and diseases ofdomestic animals would be lastingly prevented.DRENCHINGDo not drench an animal when you can administer the necessary medicinein any other way. Drench only when absolutely necessary. A horse, incontrast with all other domestic animals, cannot breathe through itsmouth. Therefore, in treating horses, drenching is especially dangerous.While drenching any animal, strangulation, pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.,are liable to be caused by some of the drenching liquid escaping fromthe mouth into the lungs. This is a frequent occurrence in which thedrenching proves to be the immediate cause of the animal's death, as incase of strangulation, or the originating cause when drenched animalslater succumb to pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.MEDICINE IN CAPSULESIn many of the treatments prescribed in the preceding pages, the use ofgelatine capsules has been advised in preference to giving the medicinein any other form.Capsules, made of gelatine, do not lie in the animal's stomach, ascommonly supposed, but dissolve readily; the gelatine itself beingbeneficial in many cases, especially if the bowels or stomach beirritated. The animal receives the intended dose fully. It avoids anyunpleasant taste. With capsule gun, or by hand, medicine in capsules ismore easily and quickly given than to attempt to hold animal's head up,as is necessary when administering liquid drenches, the danger of whichhas been explained.PREVENTION OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASESNewly purchased animals or poultry should be segregated for from tendays to two weeks to give opportunity for any infectious diseases withwhich they may be afflicted, or have been exposed to, to fully develop.This precaution will often save the buyer from loss.Avoid exhibiting in fairs, shows, etc., where the health of your animalsmight be jeopardized, especially through the presence of contagiouslyaffected animals. If you cannot be sure proper precautions are to betaken, better forego your pride and possible prize ribbons.HEREDITARY TENDENCIESWhen breeding, it is of utmost importance to select a good female aswell as male, for the least faulty conformation in either will in allprobability be transferred to the offspring, viz.: an animal with acrooked hind leg is subject to bone spavin, curbs, bog spavin,thoroughpin, ring bone, etc., and is liable to transmit any of thesediseases, especially if exposed to slight exertion. A tubercular cowwill invariably give birth to a tubercular calf, or at any rate the calfwill contract tuberculosis from the milk.EVOLUTION OF STOCKDuring the transformation which our country has undergone, and isundergoing, no one industry has experienced such marked changes as theproduction and raising of livestock.At the earliest time of which we have any record, and even up to withincomparatively recent years, large herds of horses and cattle ranged overour plains in a wild state. At first no attempts were made to capture orround up these herds, and later but one or two attempts per year, whenthe young were branded and grown animals shipped, if possible, or drivento available markets.As the country became more thickly settled and populated these largerherds were broken up, the ranges becoming divided and fenced. With thissegregation, attention to breeding and care of animals began to bepracticed, gradually causing the animal's evolution from the wild to thedomesticated state.As this process of evolution progressed the animal became farther andfarther removed from its natural condition of living, becoming moredependent on man for food and shelter, and with this change the animal'sformer vitality and power to resist disease decreased markedly.With the advancement of agriculture, and their resultant prosperity, thefarmers and settlers improved their stock by importing blooded orregistered males and females, particularly the former, until today ourcountry is second to none in the number of good conformated draft andspeed horses; beef and dairy cattle; quick-maturing hogs; large wool andmutton-producing sheep, etc. Poultry has likewise been improved for bothegg-laying and meat-producing qualities. The poultry industry is yet inits infancy, and offers large inducements to the practical raiser. Ourimportation of eggs is enormous.The average stock raiser and poultryman has just begun to realize thevalue of proper care and treatment of his stock, and how muchunnecessary loss can be prevented by the expenditure of a little timeand even less money if given at the proper time.Animals and poultry are subject, just as humans, to many diseases but,unfortunately, when they become ill are dependent on man to recognizethe symptoms of disease and diagnose. Therefore, it behooves all ownersof stock to know and practice the fundamental necessities of theiranimals' health, not only for the welfare of themselves, but also as anact of humanity to dumb animals.INDEXDISEASES OF HORSESAbortionAbscessAcute coughAnemiaApthaeAscaris megalcephalaAtrophyAzoturiaBarrennessBleeding after castrationBlood poisoningBog spavinBone spavinBotsBronchitisCapped elbowCapped hockCapped kneeCerebral meningitisChokingChronic catarrhChronic coughCoffin joint lamenessColdColic, flatulentColic, spasmodicColic, windColt constipationColt diarrhoeaConjunctivitisConstipationConstipation in coltsCornsCoughCracked heelsCurbDentistryDiarrhoeaDiarrhoea in coltsDislocation of the patellaDistemperDropsy of bellyDropsy of legsDropsy of sheathDropsy of udderEczemaEmphysema of the lungsEpizootic catarrhEye diseasesFailure to breedFarcyFilariaeFistula of footFistulous withersFlatulent colicForage poisoningFounderGallsGastrophilisGlandersGrease heelsHaemopisHeavesHernia, inguinalHorse dentistryInflammation of the brainInflammation of the membrane of nictitansInfluenzaInguinal herniaLampasLaryngitisLeechesLock jawLung feverLymphangitisMangeMonday Morning diseaseMud feverNasal catarrhNasal gleetNavel ruptureNavel string infectionNavicular diseaseNettle rashOpen jointOxyuris curvilisPalesade wormPetchial feverPharyngitisPink eyePin wormPleurisyPneumoniaPoll evilPurpura haemorrhagicaQuittorRed wormRheumatismRing boneRound wormRupture, scrotalScabiesScrotal ruptureSepticaemiaShoe boilSide bonesSore throatSpasmodic colicSpavin, bogSpavin, boneSplintsStaggersStifle joint lamenessString haltStrongulus armatusStrongulus tetracanthusSupernumerary teethSurfeitSweenyTapewormTeeth, supernumeraryTeeth, wolfTeniaTetanusThoroughpinThread-like wormThrushUmbilical herniaUmbilical pyemiaUrtecariaWind colicWind gallsWolf teethWorm, mawWorm, palesadeWorm, pinWorm, redWorm, roundWorm, tapeWorm, threadWorm, thread-likeWoundsDISEASES OF CATTLEAbdominal herniaAbdominal ruptureAbnormal CalvingAbortion, contagiousAbortion, non-contagiousAbscessesAbsence of milkActinomycosisAcute coughAfterbirth retentionAmaurosis of the eyeAnthraxApoplexy, parturientAscitiesBacterial dysenteryBag InflammationBarrennessBig headBlack legBlack quarterBleedingBloatingBlood poisonBlood suckersBloody fluxBloody flux in calvesBloody milkBlue milkBrain congestionBronchitisBronchitis verminousCalf choleraCalf scoursCalvingCasting the withersCataract of the eyeCatarrhChapped teatsChokingChronic coughChronic dysenteryColicCongestion of the brainCongestion of the lungsCongestion of the spinal cordCongestion of the udderConjunctivitisContagious abortionCoughCow poxCud chewingDehorningDiarrhoeaDropsyDysenteryEczemaEpizootica eczemaErgot poisoningErgotismEversion of the wombEye inflammationEyelid lacerationFailure to breedFluke, liverFluke, lungFoot and mouth diseaseFoot rotFoul in footFounderGargetGrubHard milkersHematuriaHemorrhageHernia, abdominalHollow hornIndigestionInfectious abortionInfectious aphthaInflammation of the bagInflammation of the eyeInflammation of the heart sackInflammation of the kidneysInflammation of the penisInflammation of the wombJoint illJones diseaseKidney inflammationLaceration of the eyelidLaminitisLaryngitisLeechesLeucorrheaLiver flukeLoss of cudLumpy jawLung congestionLung feverLung flukeMammitis, simpleMangeMeasly beefMilk feverNavel illNon-contagious abortionObstruction of the esophagusParalysisParturient apoplexyPenis InflammationPericarditisPharyngitisPhysiology of ruminationPneumoniaPyemiaRed WaterRetained afterbirthRheumatismRing wormRound wormRupture, abdominalScabiesScum over the eyeSepticaemiaSore throatSpinal cord congestionStringy milkSuppression of milkTape wormTeats chappedTexas feverTicksTuberculosisTwisted stomach wormUdder congestionUmbilical PyemiaUmbilical SepticemiaVariolaVerminous bronchitisWartsWarblesWhitesWhite scours in calvesWolf in the tailWomb inflammationWooden tongueWorm, lungWorm, roundWorm, stomachWorm, tapeDISEASES OF SWINEAbortionAdministration of medicineBag inflammationBlack toothBlood poisoningBronchitisCastrationCatarrhChokingCholera, hogCold in the headCongestion, kidneyDiarrhoea in young pigsHeat strokeHind quarter paralysisHog, administration of medicineHog choleraHog liceHog regulator and tonicIndigestionInflammation, bagInflammation, lungInguinal ruptureJaundiceKidney congestionKidney wormsLice on hogsLung feverLung inflammationLung wormMangeNasal catarrhNavel ruptureNettle rashParalysis of the hind quartersPig diarrhoeaPig scoursPilesPin wormPleurisyProlapse of the anusPyemiaRegulator and tonicRheumatismRicketsRound wormRupture, inguinalRupture, navelRupture, scrotalRupture, umbilicalSepticemiaScours in pigsScrotal ruptureSore feetSore mouthSows eating their youngSun strokeThorn headed wormThumpsTonic and regulatorUrticariaWorm, kidneyWorm, lungWorm, pinWorm, roundWorm, thorn headedWorm, whipYellowsDISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATSAbortionAcute indigestionAcute typanitisApoplexy, pulmonaryBlack scoursBloatingBronchitisCatarrhCold in the headCongestion of the liverCongestion of the lungCongestion of the udderDiarrhoeaDysenteryDyspepsiaFoot rotForage poisoningFoul in footGargetGastritis, verminousGidGrub in the headHead grubsHead maggotHovenIndigestionIndigestion, acuteInflammation of the liverInflammation of the udderJaundiceLamb diseaseLiver congestionLiver flukeLiver inflammationLouse flyLung congestionLung feverLung wormMangePneumoniaPoisoning, foragePulmonary apoplexyScabScours, blackStrongylosisSturdyTickTypanitis, acuteUdder, congestion ofUdder, inflammation ofVerminous bronchitisVerminous gastritisWorm, lungDISEASES OF POULTRYAbortionAbscesses of the feet.Air sac miteApoplexy of the brainApthaAscitesBaldnessBeak and throat obstructionBlack headBody liceBody scabiesBrain apoplexyBronchitisBronchitis verminousBruises of the feet.BumblefootCatarrhCatarrh of the cropChicken poxCholera of the fowlCongestion of the liverConstipationCornsCrop impactionDiarrhoeaDiarrhoea, whiteDifficult layingDiphtheriaDiphtheritic roupDouble yolked eggsDropsyEgg boundEgg eatingEgg incompleteEggs with two yolksEggs without shellsEnteritisFavusFeather eatingFeather pullingFeeding of young poultryFowl choleraGapesGastro intestinal catarrhGoutHead liceHemorrhage of the brainHow to feed young poultryImpaction of the cropIncomplete eggInfectious entero hepatitis of turkeysInflammation of the cropInflammation of the mouthIntestinal obstructionJaundiceLeg weaknessLice, bodyLice, headLiver congestionMangeMite, redMouth inflammationObstruction of the beak and throatObstruction of the bile ductObstruction of the cropObstruction of the intestinesObstruction of the oviductParalysis of the cropParalysis of the legsPipPulmonary congestionRed miteRheumatismRoup, diphtheriticScabies of the bodyScabies of the legsScaly legSoft shelled eggsSore headSore mouthThroat and beak obstructionThrushTuberculosisVent gleetVerminous tracheo bronchitisWartsWhite diarrhoeaWormsMISCELLANEOUSAverage Period of GestationAverage Period of IncubationDeposit or Investment TableDrenching of AnimalsEvolution of StockHereditary TendenciesMedicine in CapsulesNormal Purse ThrobsNormal RespirationNormal TemperaturePrevention of Contagious DiseasesSix Per Cent Interest TableTable of Valuable Drugs and their DosesVeterinary Facts and Advice to Remember