Filler.
Filler.
GLOSSARY.
[The figures in the following Glossary refer to thepageof the text. Words preceded by a †, occur only in theCreed.A.S.andA.N.distinguish the two different languages of which our own is composed, Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman.]
[The figures in the following Glossary refer to thepageof the text. Words preceded by a †, occur only in theCreed.A.S.andA.N.distinguish the two different languages of which our own is composed, Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman.]
A.
A.
A.
a, prefixed to verbs of Anglo-Saxon origin, has sometimes a negative, sometimes an intensative power: before nouns and adjectives it representsonandat, as, a-brood, a-fore (æt-foran), a-rowe (i. e.on a row), a-loft (i. e.on high), &c. In words of Anglo-Norman origin, it answers to the prepositions,a,ab,ad, of the original Latin words
a (A.N.)355,ah!(an interjection)
abidynge (A.S.)413,patient
abiggen (A.S.)35,127, abien,58, abugge,122, abye,164, abyen,393,to make amends for,to atone for.pret. s.aboughte,168,190,231,268.part. past, abought,392
abite (A.S.)331,to bite, nip
a-blende (A.S.)377, a-blynden,to blinde, dazzle.pret. s.a-blente,388
abosten (A.N.)126,to assault
abouten, aboute (A.S.)about
a-brood (A.S.)abroad
ac (A.S.)but, and
a-cale (A.S.)393,cold. It occurs in the Romance of the Seven Sages (Weber, p. 59):
That night he sat wel sorea-kale,And his wif lai warme a-bedde.
That night he sat wel sorea-kale,And his wif lai warme a-bedde.
That night he sat wel sorea-kale,
And his wif lai warme a-bedde.
accidie (A.N.)99,sloth, a fit of slothfulness
acombren (A.N.)to embarrass, bring into trouble
acorden (A.N.)to agree, accord
acorse, acursen (A.S.)375,to curse.acorsed,375,accursed
acoupen (A.N.)272,to blame, accuse.(for acoulpen)
a-drad (A.S.)397,afraid
a-drenchen (A.S.)198,to drown
afaiten,291, affaiten81,119, (A.N.)to tame
a-feren (A.S.)395,435,to frighten,drive away. a-fered,376,afraid,terrified
affraynen (A.S.)347,to ask,question,interrogate
afore (A.S.)before
aforthe (A.S.)129,to afford
afrounte (A.N.)to encounter,attack,accost rudely.pret. s.afrounted,425
a-fyngred (A.S.)133,176,283,403,a-hungered,hungry
a-furst (A.S.)176,283,a-thirst,thirsty. The two forms,a-fyngredanda-furst, appear to be characteristic of the dialect of the counties which lay on the Welsh border. They occur once or twice in MS. Harl. 2253, which, in my Specimens of Lyric Poetry, I have shown to have been written in Herefordshire. They also occur in several other manuscripts which may probably be traced to that part of England. In the Romance of Horn, in the MS. just mentioned, we have the lines:—
Horn set at grounde,Him thohte he wes y-bounde,He seide, Quene, so hende,To me hydeward thou wende.Thou shench us with the vurste,The beggares buetha-furste.
Horn set at grounde,Him thohte he wes y-bounde,He seide, Quene, so hende,To me hydeward thou wende.Thou shench us with the vurste,The beggares buetha-furste.
Horn set at grounde,
Him thohte he wes y-bounde,
He seide, Quene, so hende,
To me hydeward thou wende.
Thou shench us with the vurste,
The beggares buetha-furste.
i. e. the beggars are thirsty. Whitaker gives a very remarkable translation ofa-furst and a-fyngred, i. e.frost-bitten, and with aching fingers. Ritson has no less inaccurately explaineda-furstein the Romance of Horn, byat first: the Cambridge MS. of this Romance, earlier and better than the MS. Harl., reads:—
Thu gef us with the furste,The beggeres beothof thurste.
Thu gef us with the furste,The beggeres beothof thurste.
Thu gef us with the furste,
The beggeres beothof thurste.
ayein (A.S.)again,in return for. ayeins,against,towards
a-gulte (A.S.)273,313,318,365,to fail in duty towards any one,offend,sin against
aiels (A.N.)314,forefathers
†aisliche (A.S.)471,fearfully. The Anglo-Saxonegeslice
aken (A.S.)to ache.pret. pl.oke,359
al (A.S.)all.pl.alle,gen. pl.alre, aller. oure aller fader,342,the father of us all. your aller heed,424,head of you all
a-leggen (A.N.)207,to allege
a-liry (A.S.)124,across,cross-legged
alkenamye (A.N.)186,alchemy
allowen (A.N.)294,to allow,approve
a-loft (A.S.)378,on high
almarie (A.N.)288,a cupboard
almesse (A.S.)alms
a-lough, a-logh (A.S.)241,242,below
†aloute (A.S.)495,to salute
als (A.S.)also
a-maistren, a-maistryen (A.N.)to overcome,be master of
amenden (A.N.)to make amends for
amercy (A.N.)to amerce
amortisen (A.N.)314,to amortize,to give property in mortmain
ampulle (A.N.)109,a small vessel containing holy water or oil
an (A.S.)2,on
ancres (A.S.)3,308,anachorites, monks who live in solitude. It is applied to nuns, in the early English Rule of Nuns. See Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. ii, p. 1
and (A.S.) the conjunction, is frequently used in the sense ofif. and men crye,362,if men cry
aniente (A.N.)365,to destroy, annihilate, reduce to nothing
anoon (A.S.)anon
anoy (A.N.)annoyance
†anuel (A.N.)475,an annuity: a yearly salary paid to a priest for keeping an anniversary
apayen (A.N.)123,to satisfy, to please
apeiren (A.N.)80,111,125,127,141,to lessen, diminish, impair
apertli (A.N.)openly
appenden, apenden (A.N.)17,to belong, appertain to
apposen (A.N.)18,43,252,318,to raise questions, to object
arate (A.S.)208,283,to rate, scold, correct(theA.S.aretan?)
arayen (A.N.)to array
arere (A.N.)backwards, back
arwe,pl.arewes (A.S.)438,an arrow
arst (A.S.)287,first, erst
ascapen (A.N.)to escape
askes (A.S.)ashes
asondry (A.S.)358,separated
aspare (A.N.)303,to spare
aspien(A.N.) toespy.part. s.aspied,350
assaien, assaie (A.N.)334,336,to assay, try
assetz (A.N.)362,assets sufficient to pay the debts or legacies of a testator. A law term
assoille (A.N.)57,188,407,419,to assoil, absolve, to explain or solve
astronomien (Lat.)an astronomer
a-thynken (A.S.)374,to repent
attachen (A.N.)40,to attach, indict
atte (A.S.)at the. atte nale,124,at the ale, a corruption of the Saxon, æt þan ale
attre (A.S.)243,poison, venom
a-tweyne (A.S.)in two
aught (A.S.)something, anything, everything
auncer (A.N.)90,a small vessel or cup. In Low-Latin it is calledanceria. See Ducange, s. v., who quotes from a charter of the date of 1320 the words, Una cum cuppis,anceriis, tonis, et aliis utensilibus
auntren (A.N.)to venture, adventure,pret. s.auntrede,382, auntred,435
auter,pl.auteres (A.N.)altar
avarouser (A.N.)more avaricious
aventrous (A.N.)370,adventurers, adventurous persons
aventure (A.N.)an adventure, an accident. an aventure,47,by adventure, by chance
avoutrye (A.N.)adultery
avowen (A.N.)to make avow
avowes (A.N.)vows, promises
awaiten (A.N.)346,to watch, wait. a-wayte,193,to see or discover by watching
awaken (A.S.)to awake.pret. s.awaked,396, awakned,424, a-wook,147,part. past, awaked,425
awreken (A.S.)to avenge, revenge.part. pas.a-wroke,129
†awyrien (A.S.)490,to curse, execrate
axen (A.S.)71,to ask.pret. s.asked,81
ay (A.S.)ever, always
B.
B.
B.
bakstere (A.S.)14,47,a woman who bakes
bale (A.S.)70,209,381,371(?), evil, mischief, punishment
†bale (A.S.)490,a bon-fire(rogus)
baleis (A.N.)184,229,a rod
baleisen (A.N.)87,to beat with a rod
balled (A.S.)436,bald.balled reson,176,a bald reason, a bare argument
ballok-knyf (A.S.)302,a knife hung from the girdle
bannen, banne (A.N.)18,143,167,310,to ban, curse, banish.pret. s.banned,173
banyer (A.N.)321,a banner-bearer, standard-bearer
barn (A.S.)353,a child
baselarde (A.N.)61,302,a kind of large dagger, carried in the girdle
batauntliche (A.N.)286,hastily. Cotgrave gives the Fr. phrase, il arriva tout batant,he came very hastily
baude (A.S.)a bawd
baudy (A.N.)88,dirty, applied to garments. Thus in Chaucer, Cant. T. l 16102:—
His overest sloppe it is not worth a miteAs in effect to him, so mote I go.It is albaudyand to-tore also.
His overest sloppe it is not worth a miteAs in effect to him, so mote I go.It is albaudyand to-tore also.
His overest sloppe it is not worth a mite
As in effect to him, so mote I go.
It is albaudyand to-tore also.
baw (A.S.)210,419,an interjection of contempt. Whitaker says that the word is still used in Lancashire, and that "the verb meansalvum levare"
bayard (A.N.)72, a term for a horse. It means properly abay horse
beau-peere (A.N.)383,a common title for a monk. "Beau-pere, titre que l'on donnoit aux religieux."Roquef.
beche (A.S.)a beech-tree
bede,pl.bedes (A.S.) prayer. Our modern wordbeadsis derived from this word, because it was by such articles, hung on a cord, that our forefathers reckoned the number of their prayers
bedeman (A.S.)45,a person who prays for another
†been (A.S.)493,bees
beigh (A.S.)pl.beighes,rings, bracelets, collars
bekene (A.S.)363,a beacon
†beldyng (A.S.)483,building. belded,483,built
†bellyche (A.N.)461,fairly
bel-sire (A.N.)168,grandfather, or rather,an ancestor
belwe (A.S.)222,to bellow
ben (A.S.)to be.pres. pl.arn, arenorben, we beth,391, ye aren,301, they arn,375.subj. sing.weere,15,19,417,pl.were. what she were,19
bene (A.S.)a bean, †pl.benen (A.S.)495,beans
†beneson (A.N.)489,blessing
†beouten (A.S.)489,without
beren, bere (A.S.)to bear.pr. s.he berth,341.pret. s.bere,54, bar,28,109,pl.baren,98.part. pas.born, y-bore,377
bergh (A.S.)112,a hill, mount
bern (A.S.)416,a barn
best, beest,pl.beestes (A.N.)a beast, animal
bet (A.S.)389,better
bete (A.S.)375,to beat.pret. s.bette,184,436.part. pas.y-bet
bete (A.S.)131,to amend, heal, abate. that myghtt not bete my bale (Sir Amadas, l. 46),that might not amend my misfortune. bete his nede (Rom. of Alexand. l. 5065, in Weber),to satisfy his need
bettre (A.S.)better
bi-orbe- is a very common prefix to words in our language derived from the Anglo-Saxon, and has chiefly an intensative power, although it modifies the meaning in various degrees. Many verbs are no longer known, except in this compound form. Thus we have:—
bi-dravelen (A.S.)88,to slobber or slaver on anythingbi-fallen (A.S.)to befal, happen.pr. sing.bifelbi-yete (A.S.)begetting, offspringbi-ginnen (A.S.)to begin.pret. s.bi-gonne,106bi-heste (A.S.)50,a behest, commandbi-hest (A.S.)432,a promisebi-holden (A.S.)to behold.pr. sing.biheeld†bi-hirnen (A.S.)488(?)bi-hoten (A.S.)to promise.pres. s.bi-hote,104.pret. s.bi-highte,81,345,389. bi-hote God,133,an exclamationby-japen (A.S.)386,453,to mockbi-kennen (A.S.)31,154,to commit tobi-knowen (A.S.)13,45,to know, recognize, acknowledge.pret. s.bi-knewe,404,part. past, bi-knowe,370bi-lien (A.S.)174, bi-lye,101,to calumniate.part. past, bi-lowen,29bi-love (A.S.)184,false love(?)bi-loven (A.S.)130,to make friends(?)by-menen (A.S.)to signify.pret. s.by-mente,370by-molen (A.S.)273,274,to spot, stainby-nymen (A.S.)to take from.part. past, by-nomen,62bi-quasshen (A.S.)384,to crush to piecesbi-reve (A.S.)132,to take from, bereavebi-rewe (A.S.)242,to ruebi-seken, bi-sechen,18(A.S.)to beseech.pret.bi-soughte.part. pas.bi-soughtbi-semen (A.S.)to appearbi-setten (A.S.)93,95,to place, setbi-seggen (A.S.)to reproach, insult.part. past, bi-seye,437bi-sherewen (A.S.)75,to cursebi-shetten (A.S.)40,to shut up.part. past, bi-shet,405bi-sitten (A.S.)36,195,to beset†be-slomered,476,bedaubedbi-snewed (A.S.)301,snowed over, covered with snowbi-speren (A.S.)303,to lock upbi-swynken (A.S.)323,to labour hard.pret. pl.bi-swonke,442bi-tiden (A.S.)to happen to, betidebi-wicchen (A.S.)405,to bewitch
bi-dravelen (A.S.)88,to slobber or slaver on anything
bi-fallen (A.S.)to befal, happen.pr. sing.bifel
bi-yete (A.S.)begetting, offspring
bi-ginnen (A.S.)to begin.pret. s.bi-gonne,106
bi-heste (A.S.)50,a behest, command
bi-hest (A.S.)432,a promise
bi-holden (A.S.)to behold.pr. sing.biheeld
†bi-hirnen (A.S.)488(?)
bi-hoten (A.S.)to promise.pres. s.bi-hote,104.pret. s.bi-highte,81,345,389. bi-hote God,133,an exclamation
by-japen (A.S.)386,453,to mock
bi-kennen (A.S.)31,154,to commit to
bi-knowen (A.S.)13,45,to know, recognize, acknowledge.pret. s.bi-knewe,404,part. past, bi-knowe,370
bi-lien (A.S.)174, bi-lye,101,to calumniate.part. past, bi-lowen,29
bi-love (A.S.)184,false love(?)
bi-loven (A.S.)130,to make friends(?)
by-menen (A.S.)to signify.pret. s.by-mente,370
by-molen (A.S.)273,274,to spot, stain
by-nymen (A.S.)to take from.part. past, by-nomen,62
bi-quasshen (A.S.)384,to crush to pieces
bi-reve (A.S.)132,to take from, bereave
bi-rewe (A.S.)242,to rue
bi-seken, bi-sechen,18(A.S.)to beseech.pret.bi-soughte.part. pas.bi-sought
bi-semen (A.S.)to appear
bi-setten (A.S.)93,95,to place, set
bi-seggen (A.S.)to reproach, insult.part. past, bi-seye,437
bi-sherewen (A.S.)75,to curse
bi-shetten (A.S.)40,to shut up.part. past, bi-shet,405
bi-sitten (A.S.)36,195,to beset
†be-slomered,476,bedaubed
bi-snewed (A.S.)301,snowed over, covered with snow
bi-speren (A.S.)303,to lock up
bi-swynken (A.S.)323,to labour hard.pret. pl.bi-swonke,442
bi-tiden (A.S.)to happen to, betide
bi-wicchen (A.S.)405,to bewitch
bicche (A.N.)98,a bitch
bidden, bidde (A.S.)to pray, to ask, beg, to require, to order.pres. s.he bit,308,188.pret. s.bidde, bad,pl.beden,372,404.part. act.biddynge. (if he) bede,157
bidder (A.S.)pl.bidderes,an asker, petitioner
biden (A.S.)387,428,to bide, wait.part. past, boden
bienfait (A.N.)a benefit
bi-girdle (A.S.)156,a bag to hang at the girdle, a purse
bi-hynde (A.S.)behind
bikere (A.S.)429,to skirmish, fight
†bild (A.S.)460,a building
bile (A.S.)a bill
bilyve (A.S.)410,425,food
bynden (A.S.)to bind.pret. s.bond,352.part. pas.bounden
bisie (A.S.)busy
bismere, bismare (A.S.)82,413,infamy, reproach, disgrace
biten, bite (A.S.)446,to bite, urge.pres. s.bitit,225.pret. s.boot,82
byte (A.S.)381,a morsel,bit
bi-time (A.S.)betimes
bittre (A.S.)393,bitterly
bi-yonde (A.S.)beyond: when used indefinitely it signifiesbeyond sea,ultra mare
blancmanger (A.N.)252,a made dish for the table. Receipts for cooking it are given in most of the early tracts on cookery
bleden (A.S.)to bleed.pret. s.bledde,402,415
blenche (A.S.)112,to draw back
blende (A.S.)181,to blind. blent,blinded
†blenying (A.S.)468,blistering
bleren (A.S.)to blear, to make a person's sight dim, impose upon him. bler-eighed,367,blear-eyed
blisse (A.S.)joy, happiness
blisful (A.S.)joyful, full of happiness, blessed
blody (A.S.)129,213,by blood, of or in blood
bloo (A.S.)blue
blosmen (A.S.)to blossom.pret.blosmede
blowen (A.S.)to blow.pret. s.blewe,blew.part. past, y-blowe,360
blustren (A.N.?)108,to wander or stray along without any particular aim
bochier (A.N.)a butcher
†bode ()493(?)
bolden (A.S.)to encourage, embolden
bole (A.S.)a bull
bolk (A.S.)100,a belching
bolle (A.S.)83,99,a bowl
bollen, bolne (A.S.)to swell.pres. s.bolneth,84
book,pl.bokes (A.S.)a book
boold (A.S.)373,bold
boon (A.S.)a bone
boor (A.S.)a boar
boot (A.S.)a boat
boote (A.S.)70,139,189,209,233,266,help, reparation, amendment, restoration, remedy
bootne (A.S.)to restore, remedy.part. pas.bootned,128
boot-les (A.S.)369,without boots
borde (A.S.)table. Hence the modern use of the wordboardwhen we speak of "board and lodging"
bord-lees (A.S.)239,without table
borgh,70,143,181,346. borugh,426,439,pl.borwes,19(A.S.)a pledge, surety.s. in obj. case, borwe,285
borwen (A.S.)71,to give security, or a pledge to release a person or thing, to bail, to borrow.pret. s.borwed
bosarde (A.N.)189,a worthless or useless fellow. It is properly the name of a worthless species of hawk, which is unfit for sporting; and is thus used in Chaucer's version of the Romance of the Rose, l. 4033:—