Chapter 3

Curci(Signor).Engaged with Chirone in experiments on pirotoxine and cinchonidine.—Archiv. Ital.

Curci(Signor).

Engaged with Chirone in experiments on pirotoxine and cinchonidine.—Archiv. Ital.

Currie, Andrew Stark, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. M.B. Edin., 1874; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1874.Held License for Vivisection at Glasgow University Physiological Laboratory, 1878.

Currie, Andrew Stark, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. M.B. Edin., 1874; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1874.

Held License for Vivisection at Glasgow University Physiological Laboratory, 1878.

Cyon, Elias de, 99, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris. Prof. Physiology Univ. St. Petersburg; Mem. Acad. of Med. St. Petersburg.Author of “Die Lehre von der Tabes dorsualis kritisch und experimentelle erläutert,” Berlin, 1867; “Principes d’électrothérapie,” Paris, 1867; “Methodik der physiologischen Experimente und Vivisectionen, mit Atlas,” Giessen, Leipsig, 1876; “Recherches expérimentales sur les fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires et sur leur rôle dans la formation de la notion de l’espace,” Paris, 1878; Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, section des Sciences Nat., Vol. XVIII., Art. 1—(Experiments on pigeons, dogs, rabbits, and lampreys made in the laboratory of Claude Bernard.)Experimented in his private Laboratory at St. Petersburg in 1874; also in Ludwig’s Laboratory at Leipsig; in his own Laboratory, and that of Claude Bernard, at Paris. To observe the action excited by barometrical pressure upon the organism, he placed animals in the iron cylinder invented by Paul Bert, but improved upon the latter in such a way that the arteries of theanimal were brought into communication with a manometer placed outside, and the nerves of the animal could be acted upon by an electric current.… “The effect of such a division of the semi-circular canals is appalling. It is impossible to convey any exact idea of the unceasing movements of the pigeon; it can neither stand, nor lie down, nor fly, nor perform any systematic movements whatever, nor retain for an instant even any position in which it may be placed.…. To keep alive pigeons which have been thus operated upon I have wrapped them in a napkin, so as to prevent even oscillations of the head. Thus pinioned I placed them in a hammock, specially constructed for pigeons having had the semi-circular canals severed. Notwithstanding these precautions, it has frequently happened that I have found the pigeons dead in a corner of the laboratory.… So violent were the muscular contractions, that though enfolded in a napkin, the pigeons still managed to throw themselves out of the hammock, and roll on to the ground till fatal injuries to the brain ended their sufferings.”—“Functions des canaux,” etc.;Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, Section des Sciences Naturelles, Vol. XVIII., pp. 45-46.“The medical man who speaks with horror of the torture of animals in physiological experiments, will do well to remember how often he has prescribed most repulsive, and not always safe treatment for a patient, in order to obtain some insight into how it was likely to act. Many a surgical operation is performed,less for the benefit of the patient than for the service of science;and the utility of the knowledge aimed at thereby is oftenmuch more triflingthan that attained by Vivisection of an animal.”—Methodik, p. 8.“The true vivisector must approach a difficult vivisection with the same joyful excitement, with the same delight, with which a surgeon undertakes a difficult operation, from which he expects extraordinary consequences. He who shrinks from cutting into a living animal, he who approaches a vivisection as a disagreeable necessity, may very likely be able to repeat one or two vivisections, but will never become an artist in vivisection. He who cannot follow some fine nerve-thread, scarcely visible to the naked eye, into the depths, if possible sometimes tracing it to a new branching, with joyful alertness for hours at a time; he who feels no enjoyment when at last, parted from its surroundings and isolated, he can subject that nerve to electrical stimulation; or when, in some deep cavity, guided only by the sense of touch of his finger-ends, he ligatures and divides an invisible vessel—to such a one there is wanting that which is most necessary for a successful vivisector. The pleasure of triumphing over difficulties held hitherto insuperable is always one of the highest delights of the vivisector. And the sensation of the physiologist, when from a gruesome wound, full of blood and mangled tissue, he draws forth some delicate nerve-branch, and calls back to life a function which was already extinguished—this sensation has much in common with that which inspires a sculptor, when he shapes forth fair living forms from a shapeless mass of marble.”—Methodik, 1876, p. 15.“The description given by Cyon of the method of operation (Methodik, p. 510) is as follows: ‘The rabbit is firmly fastened to the ordinary vivisecting table by means of Czermak’s holder. Thenthe rabbit’s head is held by the left hand, so that the thumb of that hand rests on the condyle of the lower jaw. This is used as apoint d’appuifor the insertion of the knife.… To reach the hollow of the temple the instrument must be guided forward and upward, thus avoiding the hard portion of the temporal bone and leading the knife directly into the cranial cavity.… The trigeminus then comes under the knife. Now holding the head of the animal very firmly, the blade of the knife is directed backwards and downwards, and pressed hard in this direction against the base of the skull. The nerve is then generally cut behind the Gasserian ganglion, which is announced by a violent cry of agony (einen heftigen Schmerzensschrei) of the animal.’”“When I published my treatise on physiological methods and the art of vivisection four years ago, several of my colleagues of the English Universities entreated me not to announce my work in any of the English newspapers, as they feared that public opinion might be still more aroused.”—Letter to theGaulois, December, 1881.

Cyon, Elias de, 99, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris. Prof. Physiology Univ. St. Petersburg; Mem. Acad. of Med. St. Petersburg.

Author of “Die Lehre von der Tabes dorsualis kritisch und experimentelle erläutert,” Berlin, 1867; “Principes d’électrothérapie,” Paris, 1867; “Methodik der physiologischen Experimente und Vivisectionen, mit Atlas,” Giessen, Leipsig, 1876; “Recherches expérimentales sur les fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires et sur leur rôle dans la formation de la notion de l’espace,” Paris, 1878; Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, section des Sciences Nat., Vol. XVIII., Art. 1—(Experiments on pigeons, dogs, rabbits, and lampreys made in the laboratory of Claude Bernard.)

Experimented in his private Laboratory at St. Petersburg in 1874; also in Ludwig’s Laboratory at Leipsig; in his own Laboratory, and that of Claude Bernard, at Paris. To observe the action excited by barometrical pressure upon the organism, he placed animals in the iron cylinder invented by Paul Bert, but improved upon the latter in such a way that the arteries of theanimal were brought into communication with a manometer placed outside, and the nerves of the animal could be acted upon by an electric current.

… “The effect of such a division of the semi-circular canals is appalling. It is impossible to convey any exact idea of the unceasing movements of the pigeon; it can neither stand, nor lie down, nor fly, nor perform any systematic movements whatever, nor retain for an instant even any position in which it may be placed.…. To keep alive pigeons which have been thus operated upon I have wrapped them in a napkin, so as to prevent even oscillations of the head. Thus pinioned I placed them in a hammock, specially constructed for pigeons having had the semi-circular canals severed. Notwithstanding these precautions, it has frequently happened that I have found the pigeons dead in a corner of the laboratory.… So violent were the muscular contractions, that though enfolded in a napkin, the pigeons still managed to throw themselves out of the hammock, and roll on to the ground till fatal injuries to the brain ended their sufferings.”—“Functions des canaux,” etc.;Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, Section des Sciences Naturelles, Vol. XVIII., pp. 45-46.

“The medical man who speaks with horror of the torture of animals in physiological experiments, will do well to remember how often he has prescribed most repulsive, and not always safe treatment for a patient, in order to obtain some insight into how it was likely to act. Many a surgical operation is performed,less for the benefit of the patient than for the service of science;and the utility of the knowledge aimed at thereby is oftenmuch more triflingthan that attained by Vivisection of an animal.”—Methodik, p. 8.

“The true vivisector must approach a difficult vivisection with the same joyful excitement, with the same delight, with which a surgeon undertakes a difficult operation, from which he expects extraordinary consequences. He who shrinks from cutting into a living animal, he who approaches a vivisection as a disagreeable necessity, may very likely be able to repeat one or two vivisections, but will never become an artist in vivisection. He who cannot follow some fine nerve-thread, scarcely visible to the naked eye, into the depths, if possible sometimes tracing it to a new branching, with joyful alertness for hours at a time; he who feels no enjoyment when at last, parted from its surroundings and isolated, he can subject that nerve to electrical stimulation; or when, in some deep cavity, guided only by the sense of touch of his finger-ends, he ligatures and divides an invisible vessel—to such a one there is wanting that which is most necessary for a successful vivisector. The pleasure of triumphing over difficulties held hitherto insuperable is always one of the highest delights of the vivisector. And the sensation of the physiologist, when from a gruesome wound, full of blood and mangled tissue, he draws forth some delicate nerve-branch, and calls back to life a function which was already extinguished—this sensation has much in common with that which inspires a sculptor, when he shapes forth fair living forms from a shapeless mass of marble.”—Methodik, 1876, p. 15.

“The description given by Cyon of the method of operation (Methodik, p. 510) is as follows: ‘The rabbit is firmly fastened to the ordinary vivisecting table by means of Czermak’s holder. Thenthe rabbit’s head is held by the left hand, so that the thumb of that hand rests on the condyle of the lower jaw. This is used as apoint d’appuifor the insertion of the knife.… To reach the hollow of the temple the instrument must be guided forward and upward, thus avoiding the hard portion of the temporal bone and leading the knife directly into the cranial cavity.… The trigeminus then comes under the knife. Now holding the head of the animal very firmly, the blade of the knife is directed backwards and downwards, and pressed hard in this direction against the base of the skull. The nerve is then generally cut behind the Gasserian ganglion, which is announced by a violent cry of agony (einen heftigen Schmerzensschrei) of the animal.’”

“When I published my treatise on physiological methods and the art of vivisection four years ago, several of my colleagues of the English Universities entreated me not to announce my work in any of the English newspapers, as they feared that public opinion might be still more aroused.”—Letter to theGaulois, December, 1881.

Czermak, Johann Nepomuk.B. at Prague in Bohemia, 1828; Med. and Chir. Doct.; formerly Prof. Univs. Cracow and Pesth; Prof. Univ. Prague, 1860; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Jena, 1865; Prof. Univ. Leipsig, 1870; founded Physiological Laboratories in each of the above Universities; inventor of the laryngoscope, and also of several instruments for securing animals during vivisection.Author of “Beschreibung einiger Vorrichtungen zu physiologischen Zwecken,” Vienna, 1865; “Nachweis der Erscheinung der sogenannten Pulsverspätung beim Frosche, und das Verfahren der selbe wahrzunehmen,” Vienna, 1865; “Populäre physiologische vorträge gehalten im akademischen Rosensaale zu Jena,” 1867-1869; “Die Physiologie als allgemeines Bildungselement,” Leipsig, 1870; “Ueber Schopenhauer’s Theorie der Farbe,” Vienna, 1870; “Der electrische Doppelhebel,” Leipsig, 1871; “Ueber das Herz u. den Einfluss des Nervensystems auf dasselbe,” Leipsig, 1871; “Nachweiss echter hypnotischen Erscheinungen bei Thieren,” Vienna, 1873; “Ueber das Ohr und das Hören;” “Ueber das physiologische Privat-Laboratorium an der Universität Leipsig,” Leipsig, 1873.

Author of “Beschreibung einiger Vorrichtungen zu physiologischen Zwecken,” Vienna, 1865; “Nachweis der Erscheinung der sogenannten Pulsverspätung beim Frosche, und das Verfahren der selbe wahrzunehmen,” Vienna, 1865; “Populäre physiologische vorträge gehalten im akademischen Rosensaale zu Jena,” 1867-1869; “Die Physiologie als allgemeines Bildungselement,” Leipsig, 1870; “Ueber Schopenhauer’s Theorie der Farbe,” Vienna, 1870; “Der electrische Doppelhebel,” Leipsig, 1871; “Ueber das Herz u. den Einfluss des Nervensystems auf dasselbe,” Leipsig, 1871; “Nachweiss echter hypnotischen Erscheinungen bei Thieren,” Vienna, 1873; “Ueber das Ohr und das Hören;” “Ueber das physiologische Privat-Laboratorium an der Universität Leipsig,” Leipsig, 1873.

Dareste, Camille,37, Rue de Fleurus, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1847; Prof. Nat. Hist., Lyceum of Versailles; Prof. Zool., Fac. Sci. Lille, 1864; Direct. of Lab. of Teratology Med. Fac., Paris.Author of “Recherches sur la production artificielle des monstruosités ou Essais de tératogénie expérimentale,” 1877 (with maps). M. Dareste has made a special study of Animal Monstrosities, and articles by him on this subject have appeared in several journals, including the “Comptes Rendus of the Académie des Sciences.”

Dareste, Camille,37, Rue de Fleurus, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1847; Prof. Nat. Hist., Lyceum of Versailles; Prof. Zool., Fac. Sci. Lille, 1864; Direct. of Lab. of Teratology Med. Fac., Paris.

Author of “Recherches sur la production artificielle des monstruosités ou Essais de tératogénie expérimentale,” 1877 (with maps). M. Dareste has made a special study of Animal Monstrosities, and articles by him on this subject have appeared in several journals, including the “Comptes Rendus of the Académie des Sciences.”

Dastre(Prof.), Paris. D. Sc.; Prof. Nat. Hist. Lycée Louis le Grand; Prof. (Suppléant) of Physiol. Fac. Sci.; Prof. of Physiol., La Sorbonne, Paris.Has translated from the English “Des lésions des nerfs et leurs conséquences,” by Dr. Weir-Mitchell; Edited “Chaleur Animale,” by Claude Bernard.

Dastre(Prof.), Paris. D. Sc.; Prof. Nat. Hist. Lycée Louis le Grand; Prof. (Suppléant) of Physiol. Fac. Sci.; Prof. of Physiol., La Sorbonne, Paris.

Has translated from the English “Des lésions des nerfs et leurs conséquences,” by Dr. Weir-Mitchell; Edited “Chaleur Animale,” by Claude Bernard.

Davidson, Alex. Dyce, 224, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.A. Aberd., 1863; M.D. 1870; M.B. and C.M. (both with highest Honours), 1866; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1866; (Univ. Aberd. and Paris); Lect. onOpth. Surg. and Ophthalmoscopy Univ. Aberd.; Opth. Surg. Roy. Infirm. Aberdeen; Surg. Aberd. Opth. Inst. Blind Asyl., and Female Orphan Inst.; Professor of Materia Medica Univ. Aberdeen; Phys. Hosp. for Incurables. Contrib. several Papers, etc., to Annales d’Oculietique and other journals.Held License for Vivisection unrestricted as to place in 1878, also in 1881-82-83. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878; Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881-82-83.

Held License for Vivisection unrestricted as to place in 1878, also in 1881-82-83. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878; Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881-82-83.

Davison, James, 45, Sandy’s Terrace, South Circular Road, Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. Ireland, 1869 (Belfast and Dublin).Held License for Vivisection at Physiological Room, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, and 45, Sandy’s Terrace, Dublin, 1881, and at the Laboratory, Drimatergh House, Queen’s County, 1883.

Davison, James, 45, Sandy’s Terrace, South Circular Road, Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. Ireland, 1869 (Belfast and Dublin).

Held License for Vivisection at Physiological Room, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, and 45, Sandy’s Terrace, Dublin, 1881, and at the Laboratory, Drimatergh House, Queen’s County, 1883.

Deahna, Dr. A.Prof. Physiol. at Freiburg, in Bresgau; Phys. on Staff of Saxon Sanitary Corps, 1879.Joint author (with Dr. Joh. Latschenberger) of “Beiträge zur Lehre von der reflectorischen Erregung der Gefässemuskeln,” Pflüger’sArchiv, Vol. XII., p. 157.Experiments on rabbits, dogs, and cats. The animals were all curarised, and had various nerves cut and excited by electricity.

Deahna, Dr. A.Prof. Physiol. at Freiburg, in Bresgau; Phys. on Staff of Saxon Sanitary Corps, 1879.

Joint author (with Dr. Joh. Latschenberger) of “Beiträge zur Lehre von der reflectorischen Erregung der Gefässemuskeln,” Pflüger’sArchiv, Vol. XII., p. 157.

Experiments on rabbits, dogs, and cats. The animals were all curarised, and had various nerves cut and excited by electricity.

De Paoli, Giovanni.Prof. Genoa University.

Descoust(Dr.), 16, Rue Hérold, Paris. Prof, of Pract. Med. Jurisp. Med. Faculty.

Desfossez(Dr.), Boulogne-sur-Seine. Phys. Hosp. Ophthalmology.

Desgranges(Dr.), 55, Place de la République, Lyons. Prof. of Surgery Med. Faculty.

Dittmar, Carl.M.D. 1867, Phys. at Hildesheim; Mem. of Acad. of Sci. of Saxony.Author of “Ueber die Lage der sogenannten Gefässnervencentrums in der Medulla oblongata;” “Ein neuer Beweiss für die Reizbarkeit der centripetalen Fasern des Rückenmarks” (Ber. der. Sächs. Gessellschaft d. Wiss., 1870).

Dittmar, Carl.M.D. 1867, Phys. at Hildesheim; Mem. of Acad. of Sci. of Saxony.

Author of “Ueber die Lage der sogenannten Gefässnervencentrums in der Medulla oblongata;” “Ein neuer Beweiss für die Reizbarkeit der centripetalen Fasern des Rückenmarks” (Ber. der. Sächs. Gessellschaft d. Wiss., 1870).

Donders, Frans-Cornelius.B. 1818. Studied at the Military Medical School of Utrecht. Was Military Surgeon at the Hospital of Hague. Professor of Physiol., Histol., and Ophthalmol. at the University of Utrecht, 1847. In 1863 received from his Government a grant of money for the construction of a modern Physiological Laboratory, which was inaugurated 1867. Corr. Mem. Academy of Medicine, Paris, 1873, and Institute of France, 1879.Author of “Lehre von den Augenbewegungen,” 1847; “Onder Zockingen gedaan in het physiologisch laboratorium,” etc., Utrecht, 1849, 1857, 1867, etc.; and of several articles in Graefe’s “Archiv. für Ophthalmologie.”“MM. Snellon and Donders took a rabbit, cut the nerve on the right side of the cervical region, made a wound in each ear, and inserted a fragment of glass into the sore, which was then sewn up. At the end of six days a tumour was set up in the left ear. At the end of twelve days the wound on the right ear was opened by tearing its borders.… In the other ear meanwhile the swelling had considerably increased, and a vast purulent abscess was formed in its interior.… Here aresome more curious results. Cut the right nerve in the neck of a rabbit, and when the vessels of the globe of the eye are dilated pour concentrated acetic acid on both eyes. The sight is instantly violently distressed; the epithelium being cauterised soon becomes detached, … and at the end of four weeks the pupil of the eye can no longer be seen.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1862, p. 1,019.

Author of “Lehre von den Augenbewegungen,” 1847; “Onder Zockingen gedaan in het physiologisch laboratorium,” etc., Utrecht, 1849, 1857, 1867, etc.; and of several articles in Graefe’s “Archiv. für Ophthalmologie.”

“MM. Snellon and Donders took a rabbit, cut the nerve on the right side of the cervical region, made a wound in each ear, and inserted a fragment of glass into the sore, which was then sewn up. At the end of six days a tumour was set up in the left ear. At the end of twelve days the wound on the right ear was opened by tearing its borders.… In the other ear meanwhile the swelling had considerably increased, and a vast purulent abscess was formed in its interior.… Here aresome more curious results. Cut the right nerve in the neck of a rabbit, and when the vessels of the globe of the eye are dilated pour concentrated acetic acid on both eyes. The sight is instantly violently distressed; the epithelium being cauterised soon becomes detached, … and at the end of four weeks the pupil of the eye can no longer be seen.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1862, p. 1,019.

Dowdeswell, George Francis, Physiol. Lab. New Museum, Oxford. M.A., F.C.S., F.R.S., &c.Contrib. “On the structural changes which are produced in the liver under the influence of the Salts of Vanadium,” “Journal of Physiology,” Vol. I., Nos. 4 & 5, p. 257.Held License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, and University College Physiological Laboratory in 1878-79-80; also at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory, besides former places in 1881-82-83. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879; Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1880; Certificates for Experiments without anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, and Asses in 1881-83, and Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses in 1882. No Experiments returned in 1878, 1879, and 1880. No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses.

Dowdeswell, George Francis, Physiol. Lab. New Museum, Oxford. M.A., F.C.S., F.R.S., &c.

Contrib. “On the structural changes which are produced in the liver under the influence of the Salts of Vanadium,” “Journal of Physiology,” Vol. I., Nos. 4 & 5, p. 257.

Held License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, and University College Physiological Laboratory in 1878-79-80; also at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory, besides former places in 1881-82-83. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879; Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1880; Certificates for Experiments without anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, and Asses in 1881-83, and Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses in 1882. No Experiments returned in 1878, 1879, and 1880. No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses.

Du Bois Reymond, Emil.B. Berlin, 1818. Studied Geology at Bonn; Anatomy and Physiology at Berlin under J. Müller; Ph. D. 1843 (Bonn and Berlin); Prof. Physiol. Univ. Berlin (successor to J. Müller), 1858; Mem. and Perpetual Sec. of Imp. Acad. of Science, Berlin, 1867.Author of “Untersuchungen ueber thierische Elektricität,” Berlin, 1848, etc.; “Ueber Thierische Bewegung,” Berlin, 1851; “Ueber die Grenzen des Naturerkennens,” Leipsig, 1872; “Abhandlungen über allgemeine Muskel und Nervenphysik,” 1877; “Der physiologische Unterricht sonst und jetzt,” Berlin, 1878; “Culturgeschichte und Naturwissenschaft,” Leipsig, 1878. Since 1857, co-editor, with Reichart, of Müller’s Archives of Anatomy.In 1841 he experimented on animal electricity, and published the results in “Poggendorf’s Annals” (1843).It was Du Bois Reymond who said: “Standing on the loftiest summit of Doubt, the man of science bravely disdains to fill the yawning desert around him with phantoms of his imagination. He looks without terror into the merciless machinery of Nature, utterly devoid as it is of any spark of Deity.”—Dr. Nordwall’s Address to Scandinavian League, 1883.

Author of “Untersuchungen ueber thierische Elektricität,” Berlin, 1848, etc.; “Ueber Thierische Bewegung,” Berlin, 1851; “Ueber die Grenzen des Naturerkennens,” Leipsig, 1872; “Abhandlungen über allgemeine Muskel und Nervenphysik,” 1877; “Der physiologische Unterricht sonst und jetzt,” Berlin, 1878; “Culturgeschichte und Naturwissenschaft,” Leipsig, 1878. Since 1857, co-editor, with Reichart, of Müller’s Archives of Anatomy.

In 1841 he experimented on animal electricity, and published the results in “Poggendorf’s Annals” (1843).

It was Du Bois Reymond who said: “Standing on the loftiest summit of Doubt, the man of science bravely disdains to fill the yawning desert around him with phantoms of his imagination. He looks without terror into the merciless machinery of Nature, utterly devoid as it is of any spark of Deity.”—Dr. Nordwall’s Address to Scandinavian League, 1883.

Du Castel(Dr.), 14, Rue de Bellechasse, Paris. Phys. Hospital, Teuon.

Durham, Arthur Edward, 82, Brook Street, W. F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), 1860; M. 1858 (Guy’s) 1st M.B. 1857; Prizem. 1854, Univ. Lond.; F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Chairm. Bd. of Exam. R.C.S. Eng.; Mem. Path. Clin. and Hunt. Socs.; Surg. and Lect. on Surg.; late Lect. on Anat. and Lect. on Use of Microscope, Guy’s Hosp.; Con. Surg. St. Alban’s Hosp. and Disp.; late Demonst. of Anat., Lect. on Nat. Philos., and Surg. Regist. Guy’s Hosp.; late Pres. Quekett Micros. Club.Late Editor Guy’s Hosp. Reps.; Author of “Sleeping and Dreaming,” an Essay on Physiological Science; “The Physiology of Sleep,” etc.“… It occurred to me that the artificial exposure of the brains of living animals might afford opportunity for more definite observation and further inquiry. With this idea I made numerous experiments and observations.… It was suggested to me that the perforation of the skull placed its contents in an unusual condition with regard to atmospheric pressure, and that thus an unnatural state of the circulation might be induced.… To obviate this and other possible objections, I replaced the portions of bone removed by accurately fitting watch glasses, and rendered the junction of their edges with the bone air-tight, by means of inspissated Canada balsam.… I satisfied myself of the accuracy of these observations by repeated experiments upon different animals. My experiments upon dogs were the most satisfactory; those upon rabbits least so.”—From “Physiology of Sleep” Guy’s Hospital Reports, Vol. VI., 1860, p. 153, &c.“The method employed by Donders and Ehrmann was the same as that employed by Durham in the experiments he made upon animals to verify the observations of Blumenbach, Caldwell, and others, on human patients.”… “The results obtained by physiological experimentation, to prove that sleep is accompanied by cerebral congestion, according to some, and according to others by cerebral anemia, are not more valuable than the results of clinical observation. Firstly, the animals upon which the experiments have been made have been wounded more or less severely, and thereby both excitement and pain have been caused; all have, therefore, necessarily been placed under pathological conditions. It is impossible to wound the head and open the skull without causing a severe shock to the system of the animals, and a more or less violent irritation of the brain; that is to say, not without producing a certain amount of pain. And we know the influence that pain can have, not only on the functions of the great organic apparatus (circulation, respiration, animal heat), but also on the anatomical and physiological state of the nerve centres. Another influence which, according to our idea, very considerably diminishes the value of the results of physiological investigation, is that sleep has always been produced by narcotics and anæsthetics in the animals submitted to experimental observations.”… “We conclude from this study that the real state of cerebral circulation, during natural sleep, does not seem to have been arrived at, notwithstanding the great number of observations and experiments lately made on this interesting subject.”—Dr. Marvaud,Gazette Médicale de Paris, 1878 (p. 81-2).

Late Editor Guy’s Hosp. Reps.; Author of “Sleeping and Dreaming,” an Essay on Physiological Science; “The Physiology of Sleep,” etc.

“… It occurred to me that the artificial exposure of the brains of living animals might afford opportunity for more definite observation and further inquiry. With this idea I made numerous experiments and observations.… It was suggested to me that the perforation of the skull placed its contents in an unusual condition with regard to atmospheric pressure, and that thus an unnatural state of the circulation might be induced.… To obviate this and other possible objections, I replaced the portions of bone removed by accurately fitting watch glasses, and rendered the junction of their edges with the bone air-tight, by means of inspissated Canada balsam.… I satisfied myself of the accuracy of these observations by repeated experiments upon different animals. My experiments upon dogs were the most satisfactory; those upon rabbits least so.”—From “Physiology of Sleep” Guy’s Hospital Reports, Vol. VI., 1860, p. 153, &c.

“The method employed by Donders and Ehrmann was the same as that employed by Durham in the experiments he made upon animals to verify the observations of Blumenbach, Caldwell, and others, on human patients.”… “The results obtained by physiological experimentation, to prove that sleep is accompanied by cerebral congestion, according to some, and according to others by cerebral anemia, are not more valuable than the results of clinical observation. Firstly, the animals upon which the experiments have been made have been wounded more or less severely, and thereby both excitement and pain have been caused; all have, therefore, necessarily been placed under pathological conditions. It is impossible to wound the head and open the skull without causing a severe shock to the system of the animals, and a more or less violent irritation of the brain; that is to say, not without producing a certain amount of pain. And we know the influence that pain can have, not only on the functions of the great organic apparatus (circulation, respiration, animal heat), but also on the anatomical and physiological state of the nerve centres. Another influence which, according to our idea, very considerably diminishes the value of the results of physiological investigation, is that sleep has always been produced by narcotics and anæsthetics in the animals submitted to experimental observations.”… “We conclude from this study that the real state of cerebral circulation, during natural sleep, does not seem to have been arrived at, notwithstanding the great number of observations and experiments lately made on this interesting subject.”—Dr. Marvaud,Gazette Médicale de Paris, 1878 (p. 81-2).

Eckhard, C.M.D. Prof. Univ., Giessen.Author of “Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie,” Giessen; “Die Bildung und Prüfung des Arztes;” “Experimental physiologie des Nervensystems;” “Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen.”“It is known that there is no unity of opinion amongst the observers of the phenomena which occur during artificial respiration in animals poisoned by strychnine, and that furthermore those who agree about the facts insist upon giving these different meanings.”—“Ueber den Strychnintetanus während der Künstlichen Respiration,” “Beiträge,” p. 37.“Expansion of the walls of the chest and abdomen by injection of gas into the lungs. First I cut away so much of the larynx through the open mouth of a frog that the animal can no longer close it at will. Then I sew the under jaw firmly to the upper jaw. I stop up the one nostril by forcing into it a short thick piece of wire. Then a similarly short and thick canula which is in communication with the gasometer is fixed into the other nostril. As soon as the frog shows symptoms of strychnine cramps, its lungs are set in communication with the gasometer by opening the tap; a side offshoot of the tube leads to the hdrg. manometer.”—“Strychnine, &c.” p. 48.

Eckhard, C.M.D. Prof. Univ., Giessen.

Author of “Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie,” Giessen; “Die Bildung und Prüfung des Arztes;” “Experimental physiologie des Nervensystems;” “Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen.”

“It is known that there is no unity of opinion amongst the observers of the phenomena which occur during artificial respiration in animals poisoned by strychnine, and that furthermore those who agree about the facts insist upon giving these different meanings.”—“Ueber den Strychnintetanus während der Künstlichen Respiration,” “Beiträge,” p. 37.

“Expansion of the walls of the chest and abdomen by injection of gas into the lungs. First I cut away so much of the larynx through the open mouth of a frog that the animal can no longer close it at will. Then I sew the under jaw firmly to the upper jaw. I stop up the one nostril by forcing into it a short thick piece of wire. Then a similarly short and thick canula which is in communication with the gasometer is fixed into the other nostril. As soon as the frog shows symptoms of strychnine cramps, its lungs are set in communication with the gasometer by opening the tap; a side offshoot of the tube leads to the hdrg. manometer.”—“Strychnine, &c.” p. 48.

Eichhorst, Hermann.M.D.; Prof. Clin. Med., Univ. of Göttingen.Author of “Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie für practishe Aertzte und Studirende;” “Die trophischen Beziehungen der Nervi vagi zum Herzmuskel,” in Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1879; “Lehrbuch der Physikalischen Untersuchungs-Methoden innerer Krankheiten,” Brunswick, 1881; “Ueber Nervendegeneration und Nervenregeneration,” Archiv. für path. Anat., Vol. LIX., 1874, p. 7.Made experiments on birds.

Eichhorst, Hermann.M.D.; Prof. Clin. Med., Univ. of Göttingen.

Author of “Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie für practishe Aertzte und Studirende;” “Die trophischen Beziehungen der Nervi vagi zum Herzmuskel,” in Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1879; “Lehrbuch der Physikalischen Untersuchungs-Methoden innerer Krankheiten,” Brunswick, 1881; “Ueber Nervendegeneration und Nervenregeneration,” Archiv. für path. Anat., Vol. LIX., 1874, p. 7.

Made experiments on birds.

Ellenberger(Prof.) Prosector Veterinary Sch., Berlin.“Professor Ellenberger, of Dresden, cut through the facial nerves of five old and emaciated horses. In the fifth it is stated ‘that it showed signs of considerable pain during the operation.’ The others were apparently so exhausted that even this operation made little impression on them. Claude Bernard once made the same operation on a horse, and gave as the result that the nostrils are no more capable of opening, and thus the animals die of suffocation, since they breathe only through the nostrils. This explanation has been hitherto accepted but is now disputed by Ellenberger, who maintains that there is no danger for animals so operated on if kept quiet, but only if they exert themselves, and he recommends if paralysis of these nerves occurs, as is not unfrequently the case, that one shall leave the cure to natural means.”—Archiv. f. Thierheilkunde, vii., 4.

Ellenberger(Prof.) Prosector Veterinary Sch., Berlin.

“Professor Ellenberger, of Dresden, cut through the facial nerves of five old and emaciated horses. In the fifth it is stated ‘that it showed signs of considerable pain during the operation.’ The others were apparently so exhausted that even this operation made little impression on them. Claude Bernard once made the same operation on a horse, and gave as the result that the nostrils are no more capable of opening, and thus the animals die of suffocation, since they breathe only through the nostrils. This explanation has been hitherto accepted but is now disputed by Ellenberger, who maintains that there is no danger for animals so operated on if kept quiet, but only if they exert themselves, and he recommends if paralysis of these nerves occurs, as is not unfrequently the case, that one shall leave the cure to natural means.”—Archiv. f. Thierheilkunde, vii., 4.

Emery, C.Prof. of Zoo., Univ. Bologna.Joint editor, with A. Mosso, of “Archives italiennes de Biologie,” Paris, 1882, &c.Studies on the kidneys of fishes.

Emery, C.Prof. of Zoo., Univ. Bologna.

Joint editor, with A. Mosso, of “Archives italiennes de Biologie,” Paris, 1882, &c.

Studies on the kidneys of fishes.

Engelhardt, Gustav(Dr.) Prof. at Nuremberg.Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Bewegungen der Iris,” in “Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium in Wurzburg,” 1869, p. 308.Experiments on the eyes of rabbits.

Engelhardt, Gustav(Dr.) Prof. at Nuremberg.

Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Bewegungen der Iris,” in “Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium in Wurzburg,” 1869, p. 308.

Experiments on the eyes of rabbits.

Engelmann, Theodor W.Prof. at Utrecht.Author of “Physiologie des Ureters,” “Beiträge zur Physiologie des Protoplasma,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. II., “Beiträge zur allgemeinen Muskel und Nerven Physiologie,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. III.; “Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Flimmerzellen,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XXIII., 1880; “Ueber Reizung Contractilen Protoplasmas durch plötzliche Beleuchtung,” Onderzack, Physiol.Lab. Utrecht, 1880; “Ueber die Bewegungen der Oscillarien und Diatomeen,” Ibid; “Ueber Degeneration von Nervensfasern, Ein Beitrag zur cellular physiologie,” Pflüger, Vol. XIII., p. 474.Experiments with electricity on the exposed ureters of rabbits; also on curarized frogs.

Engelmann, Theodor W.Prof. at Utrecht.

Author of “Physiologie des Ureters,” “Beiträge zur Physiologie des Protoplasma,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. II., “Beiträge zur allgemeinen Muskel und Nerven Physiologie,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. III.; “Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Flimmerzellen,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XXIII., 1880; “Ueber Reizung Contractilen Protoplasmas durch plötzliche Beleuchtung,” Onderzack, Physiol.Lab. Utrecht, 1880; “Ueber die Bewegungen der Oscillarien und Diatomeen,” Ibid; “Ueber Degeneration von Nervensfasern, Ein Beitrag zur cellular physiologie,” Pflüger, Vol. XIII., p. 474.

Experiments with electricity on the exposed ureters of rabbits; also on curarized frogs.

Ercolani, Count Giovanbattista.B. at Bologna, 1819. Prof. at the Veterinary Institute of the University of Bologna. Perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute. Member of many learned Societies, and of the Institute of France. Exiled from Florence for political causes he repaired to Turin, where he devoted himself to scientific studies and experiments, Director of the Veterinary School of San Salvario. Rector of the Univ. of Bologna from 1868 to 1871, &c., &c. Mem. Inst. of Rome, and of Acad. of Berlin and St. Petersburg.Author of “Sulla Transformazione degli Elementi Istologico Nell’ Organismo Animale,” Bologna, 1864; “Metamorfosi delle Piante,” Bologna, 1878, &c., &c.

Author of “Sulla Transformazione degli Elementi Istologico Nell’ Organismo Animale,” Bologna, 1864; “Metamorfosi delle Piante,” Bologna, 1878, &c., &c.

Erichsen, John Eric, 6, Cavendish Place, W. F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.), 1845, and Mem. Council (Univ. College); F.R.S.; Mem. various Socs. home and foreign; Surg. Extraordinary to H.M. the Queen; Emerit. Prof. of Surg. and Clinical Surg., Univ. Coll.; Cons. Surg., Univ. Coll. Hosp.; late Exam. in Surg., Univ. Lond., Roy. Coll. Phys., Lond. Roy. Coll. Surg., and Univ. Durham; late Pres. R.C.S., Eng., and Roy. Med. and Chir. Soc.Author of “Science and Art of Surgery,” 8th Edit.; “Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia,” 2nd Edit. for which the Roy. Humane Soc. awarded the Fothergill Gold Medal, value 50 guineas; “A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Scalp;” “Observations on Aneurism, &c.” (Sydney Society); “Railway Injuries of the Nervous System,” 1868; “Hospitalism and the Causes of Death after Operations and Surgical Injuries,” 1874; “Concussion of the Spine,” 2nd Edit., 1882. Contrib. various papers on surgical subjects to Lancet, Med. and Chir. Trans., Med. Gaz., and Edin. Med. Surg. Journal.“‘Experiment 9. Three mongrel terriers, A, B, C, were properly secured.… One of the jugular veins of the centre dog was then exposed, and a ligature was passed under it, so that it might be punctured so as to avoid the occurrence of plethora and apoplexy when the carotid arteries of the two lateral dogs were connected with the corresponding vessels of the central one.… The central dog began to struggle.… The lateral dogs were both alive, but evidently enfeebled by loss of blood.’”—Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. LXIII., Art. 1, “An experimental Inquiry into the Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia,” by John E. Erichsen.

Author of “Science and Art of Surgery,” 8th Edit.; “Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia,” 2nd Edit. for which the Roy. Humane Soc. awarded the Fothergill Gold Medal, value 50 guineas; “A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Scalp;” “Observations on Aneurism, &c.” (Sydney Society); “Railway Injuries of the Nervous System,” 1868; “Hospitalism and the Causes of Death after Operations and Surgical Injuries,” 1874; “Concussion of the Spine,” 2nd Edit., 1882. Contrib. various papers on surgical subjects to Lancet, Med. and Chir. Trans., Med. Gaz., and Edin. Med. Surg. Journal.

“‘Experiment 9. Three mongrel terriers, A, B, C, were properly secured.… One of the jugular veins of the centre dog was then exposed, and a ligature was passed under it, so that it might be punctured so as to avoid the occurrence of plethora and apoplexy when the carotid arteries of the two lateral dogs were connected with the corresponding vessels of the central one.… The central dog began to struggle.… The lateral dogs were both alive, but evidently enfeebled by loss of blood.’”—Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. LXIII., Art. 1, “An experimental Inquiry into the Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia,” by John E. Erichsen.

Esbach, Dr., 6, Place de Valois, Paris. Lab. Hosp. de Necker.

Ewart, J. Cossar, Univ., Edin. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1878; M.B. and C.M. (Honours), 1874; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1878; Regius Prof. of Nat. Hist. Univ. Edin.; Director Scott. Zool. Station; formerly Demonstrator of Anat. Univ. Edin.: Conserv. Mus. Univ. Coll. London, and Lecturer on Anat., Edin. Sch. of Med.Author of “Manual of Pract. Anat.,” Part 1, 1879. Contrib. Journ. Anat. and Physiol. Proc. Roy. Soc., etc., etc.Held License for Vivisection at Aberdeen University; Physiological Laboratory, and Materia Medica Department, Marischal College, in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics 1881 and 1882. No Experiments returned in 1882.

Author of “Manual of Pract. Anat.,” Part 1, 1879. Contrib. Journ. Anat. and Physiol. Proc. Roy. Soc., etc., etc.

Held License for Vivisection at Aberdeen University; Physiological Laboratory, and Materia Medica Department, Marischal College, in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics 1881 and 1882. No Experiments returned in 1882.

Exner, Sigismund.Asst. Prof. at the Physiol. Inst. Vienna.Author of “Zur Lehre von den Gehörsempfindungen,” Pflüger’sArchiv, Vol. XIII., p. 228.

Exner, Sigismund.Asst. Prof. at the Physiol. Inst. Vienna.

Author of “Zur Lehre von den Gehörsempfindungen,” Pflüger’sArchiv, Vol. XIII., p. 228.

Falchi(Dr.) Chef de Clinique Ophthalmogique, Turin.Very numerous experiments, injecting tubercular matter into the eyes of animals.

Falchi(Dr.) Chef de Clinique Ophthalmogique, Turin.

Very numerous experiments, injecting tubercular matter into the eyes of animals.

Fano, J., M.D., Free Prof. and Asst. in Physiol. Univ. Florence.Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur un nouveau centre automatique dans le tractus bulbo spinal,” “Arch. Ital. de Biol.,” 1883, Vol. III., p. 365.Experiments on turtles, toads, and fishes.“On turtles alone I have made more than fifty experiments. The experiments on fishes I have only just commenced, and they do not allow me to draw from them any valid conclusions on the subject. My attempts to extend my researches to the superior vertebrates—that is to say, to mammals and birds—are limited to two experiments on unweaned puppies and one experiment on a pigeon.”—Arch. Ital. de Biol., Vol. III., 1833, p. 367.

Fano, J., M.D., Free Prof. and Asst. in Physiol. Univ. Florence.

Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur un nouveau centre automatique dans le tractus bulbo spinal,” “Arch. Ital. de Biol.,” 1883, Vol. III., p. 365.

Experiments on turtles, toads, and fishes.

“On turtles alone I have made more than fifty experiments. The experiments on fishes I have only just commenced, and they do not allow me to draw from them any valid conclusions on the subject. My attempts to extend my researches to the superior vertebrates—that is to say, to mammals and birds—are limited to two experiments on unweaned puppies and one experiment on a pigeon.”—Arch. Ital. de Biol., Vol. III., 1833, p. 367.

Fayrer, Sir Joseph, K.C.S.I., 53, Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1859; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1858; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; M. 1847; LL.D. Edin., 1878; F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; F.R.G.S. Lond.; Vice-Pres. Zool. Soc., Lond.; Pres. Epidem. Soc. Lond.; Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Fell. Roy. Med Chir. and Obst. Socs., etc.; Mem. (late Pres.) Asiat. Soc. Bengal; Fell. Acad. Sci. Philadelph.; Hon. Phys. to H.M. the Queen and to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; Phys. to H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh; Phys. to Sec. of State for India in Council; Pres. Med. Board, India Office; Mem. Army Sanit. Commiss.; Mem. Senate Army Med. Sch., Netley; late Prof. Med. Coll. and Sen. Surg. Med. Coll. Hosp. Calcutta; late Pres. Med. Fac. Univ. Calcutta; Member of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.Author of “Clinical Surgery in India,” 1866; “Clinical and Pathological Observations in India,” 1873; “On the Physiological Action of the Poison of Najatripudians, and other Venomous Snakes (conjointly with Dr. L. Brunton),” etc. etc.Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School, also unrestricted as to place, in 1878. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses in 1878. No Experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses.“The experiments, of which this is a summary, were commenced in October, 1867, and have been continued as regularly since, at such intervals as time and other and more important avocations permitted.… The living creatures experimented on have been the ox, horse, goat, pig, dog, cat, civet, mongoose, rabbit, rat,fowls, kites, herons, fish, innocent snakes, poisonous snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, snails.”—“Summary of Experiments on Snake Poison,” by J. Fayrer, M.D., C.S.I., Med. Times, April 1st, 1871, p. 374.“After careful consideration, fully admitting that in permanganate of potash we have an agent which can chemically neutralize snake-poison, I do not see that more has been done than to draw attention to a local remedy already well known as a chemical antidote, the value of which depends on its efficient application to the contaminated part (which Dr. Wall has pointed out is too uncertain to be reliable). We are still, then, as far off an antidote as ever, and the remarks made by me in 1868 are as applicable now as they were then. They were as follows:—‘To conceive of an antidote, as that term is usually understood, we must imagine a substance so subtle as to follow, overtake, and neutralise the venom in the blood, and that shall have the power of counteracting or neutralising the poisonous or deadly influence it has exerted on the vital force. Such a substance has still to be found, nor does our experience of drugs give hopeful anticipations that we shall find it.’”—Sir J. Fayrer, “Address to Medical Society of London,”British Medical Journal, Feb. 2, 1884.

Author of “Clinical Surgery in India,” 1866; “Clinical and Pathological Observations in India,” 1873; “On the Physiological Action of the Poison of Najatripudians, and other Venomous Snakes (conjointly with Dr. L. Brunton),” etc. etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School, also unrestricted as to place, in 1878. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses in 1878. No Experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses.

“The experiments, of which this is a summary, were commenced in October, 1867, and have been continued as regularly since, at such intervals as time and other and more important avocations permitted.… The living creatures experimented on have been the ox, horse, goat, pig, dog, cat, civet, mongoose, rabbit, rat,fowls, kites, herons, fish, innocent snakes, poisonous snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, snails.”—“Summary of Experiments on Snake Poison,” by J. Fayrer, M.D., C.S.I., Med. Times, April 1st, 1871, p. 374.

“After careful consideration, fully admitting that in permanganate of potash we have an agent which can chemically neutralize snake-poison, I do not see that more has been done than to draw attention to a local remedy already well known as a chemical antidote, the value of which depends on its efficient application to the contaminated part (which Dr. Wall has pointed out is too uncertain to be reliable). We are still, then, as far off an antidote as ever, and the remarks made by me in 1868 are as applicable now as they were then. They were as follows:—‘To conceive of an antidote, as that term is usually understood, we must imagine a substance so subtle as to follow, overtake, and neutralise the venom in the blood, and that shall have the power of counteracting or neutralising the poisonous or deadly influence it has exerted on the vital force. Such a substance has still to be found, nor does our experience of drugs give hopeful anticipations that we shall find it.’”—Sir J. Fayrer, “Address to Medical Society of London,”British Medical Journal, Feb. 2, 1884.

Fede, Francesco.Prof. Naples University.

Fehleisen, F.M.D.; Private Lecturer Clinical Institute Berlin, 1877.Author of “Die Aetiologie des Erysipels,” Berlin, 1883.“The beautiful experiments of Fehleisen, on erysipelas, have definitely established the fact that this disease is due to the growth of micrococci in the lymphatic vessels of the skin. He succeeded in cultivating these organisms in gelatinised meat-infusion, and inducing the disease by the cultivated micrococcus in rabbits, and also in man.”—British Medical Journal, Dec. 29th, 1883, p. 1208.

Fehleisen, F.M.D.; Private Lecturer Clinical Institute Berlin, 1877.

Author of “Die Aetiologie des Erysipels,” Berlin, 1883.

“The beautiful experiments of Fehleisen, on erysipelas, have definitely established the fact that this disease is due to the growth of micrococci in the lymphatic vessels of the skin. He succeeded in cultivating these organisms in gelatinised meat-infusion, and inducing the disease by the cultivated micrococcus in rabbits, and also in man.”—British Medical Journal, Dec. 29th, 1883, p. 1208.

Feltz(Prof.) Nancy Med. Faculty; Prof. Path. Anat. and Physiol. Med. Fac., Nancy.

Ferrari, Italo.Assist. Prof. at the Physiol. Lab. Univ., Parma.

Ferrier, David, 16, Upper Berkeley Street, Portman Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1870; M.B. and C.M. (Highest Honours), 1868; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; M. 1872; M.A. Aberd. (Double First), 1863; LL.D. (Edin. and Heidelberg); F.R.S.; Corr. Mem. Soc. Clin., Paris; Accad. Reale de Med., Turin; Lauréat de l’Institut de France, 1878; Prof. Forensic Med. King’s Coll.; Asst. Phys. King’s Coll. Hosp.; Marshall Hall Prizem., 1883; Prof. of For. Med. King’s Coll.; Phys. Nat. Hosp. for Paralysed and Epileptic, etc.; Lecturer on Physiol. Middlx. Hosp. Med. Sch. and Exam. For. Med. Univ. Edin. and Univ. Lond.Author of Gold Medal Thesis on “The Comparative Anatomy of the Corpora Quadrigemina,” 1870; “Experimental Researches in Cerebral Physiology and Pathology,” W. Rid. Med. Reps. 1873; “The Localisation of Function in the Brain;” “Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys,” (Croonian Lecture), Phil. Trans., Part II., 1875, etc., etc. Joint Author of “Guy’s Forensic Medicine;” “The Functions of the Brain;” Gulst. Lects. on Localisation of Cerebral Disease; Joint Editor of “Brain,” and author of various Papers therein.Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological Laboratory, in 1882-83, with Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill in same years.Made experiments at Wakefield in regard to the examination of various parts of the skull.—Ev. Roy. Com., p. 169.(Q. 3326.) “I should allow everybody liberty to perform experiments in his own private laboratory. A great many experimenters live in the country, and have no access to a public laboratory, and that would entirely prevent them from carrying on research.—(3327.) Do you think that there are many such persons? Yes.—(3328.) And who are practising in their own laboratories, and unconnected with medical schools do you mean? I used to do so when I lived in the country, in Suffolk, at Bury St. Edmunds. I performed experiments there for my own purposes of research.”…(3331.) “Then you experiment at your own house as well as at King’s College, do you? Yes; it would interfere with my professional work if I were obliged to go such a distance from home to perform my experiments.”—Ibid., p. 173.(3245.) “Now with regard to original research, how would you express yourself on that subject? I should say, that, wherever it is possible to avoid the infliction of pain on animals subjected to experiments, the means should be adopted either by chloroform or ether, or opium or other anæsthetic; but that where the administration of an anæsthetic would prejudice the object for which the experiment was conceived, that the experiment is still justifiable, notwithstanding the fact that it might inflict a certain amount of pain on the animal.”—Ibid., p. 170.“The interest attaching to the discussion was greatly enhanced by the fact that Professor Ferrier was willing to exhibit two monkeys which he had operated upon some months previously.… In striking contrast to the dog were two monkeys exhibited by Professor Ferrier. One of them had been operated upon in the middle of January, the left motor area having been destroyed. There had resulted from the operation right-sided hemiplegia” (paralysis of the right half of the body) “with conjugate deviation of the eyes and head” (eyes and head permanently twisted). “Facial paralysis was at first well marked, but ceased after a fortnight. From the first there had been paralysis of the right leg, though the animal was able to lift it up. The arm it never had been able to use. Lately, rigidity of the muscles of the paralyzed limb had been coming on. The other monkey, as a consequence of paralysis of all auditory centres, was apparently entirely unaffected by loud noises, as by the firing of percussion caps in close proximity to the head.”—Lancet’sReport of the Proceedings at the International Medical Congress, Oct. 8, 1881.“Exper. IV., June 18th, 1873.—The right hemisphere of a monkey had been partially exposed and experimented on for the purpose of localising the region of electric stimulation. The part exposed included the ascending parietal and postero-parietal convolutions, the ascending frontal, and the posterior extremities of the three frontal convolutions. After having been under experimentation for eight hours, the animal recovered sufficiently to sit up and take food. The wound was sewn up, and the animal placed in its cage.“June 19th.—The animal is apparently as well as ever, eating and drinking heartily, and as lively and intelligent as before. No change was perceptible during the whole of this day.“June 20th.—The wound was oozing, and the animal was less active; but there was no diminution of sensation or voluntary motion. It closely watched flies buzzing about, and frequently made attempts to catch them. Towards the afternoon it began to suffer from choreic spasms of the left angle of the mouth and of the left hand. There was no loss of consciousness. The animal was apparently annoyed by the spasmodic actions of its mouth, and frequently endeavoured to still them by holding its mouth with the other hand. Towards the close of the day the spasms frequently repeated, became more intense, and exhibited an epileptic nature, the convulsions on the left side of the body becoming general. This state continued till.…“June 23rd.—…“June 24th.—Hemiplegia is complete on the left side, hand, foot, and face. The animal moved by means of its left limbs, dragging the right after it.“The animal died from exhaustion on the 27th.”—Croonian Lecture, “Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys,” Philos. Trans., 1875, pp. 441-42.“Exper. XVI., Feb. 5th, 1875.—This, though not successful as regards the object intended, yet presents some interesting phenomena. The left occipital lobe was exposed posteriorly, and penetrated at the posterior extremity of the superior occipital fissure by means of hot wires, which were directed with a view to follow the inner aspect of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe. There was no hæmorrhage from the sinus. During the operation, the animal was observed to make sighing respiration. The operation was finished at 4.30 p.m. The animal lay in a state of stupor for more than an hour, only making slight movements when disturbed, and then with its left limbs.“7 p.m.—The animal lies quiet, but indicates consciousness by grunting discontentedly when moved. Struggles with its limbs, chiefly the left, but occasionally with the right. On testing the cutaneous sensibility with the hot iron, reaction was decisive over the whole of the left side, but quite abolished in the right. The animal occasionally opened its right eye, but the left remained permanently closed. The animal passed into a state of coma, and was found dead at 11.30 p.m. The following experiment is a repetition of the last, and was only partially successful.”—Ibid., p. 464.“These ganglia (corpora quadrigemina) were subjected to experimentation in the following seven cases, viz., V., VI., VIII., IX., X., XII., XIII., with the results:—“V. In this case the exploration was not sufficiently definite, as the exact position of the electrodes was not observed, and death occurred before a more careful exploration could be made. The application of the electrodes to the ganglia on the left side, caused the animal to utter various barking, howling, or screaming sounds of an incongruous character. The head was drawn back and to the right, and the right angle of the mouth was strongly retracted while the stimulation was kept up. The tail was raised and the limbs were thrown into contortions, but nothing further was ascertained as the animal died from hæmorrhage.”—Ibid., p. 429.“Experiments on the lower animals, even on apes, often lead toconclusions seriously at variance with well-established facts of clinical and pathological observation.… The decisive settlement of such points must depend mainly on careful clinical and pathological research.… Experiments have led to different views in different hands.”—Ferrier (Functions of the Brain, Preface).“Physiological experiments conducted in these regions are most indefinite. The usual plan of investigation, viz., that of applying stimuli to the brain substance, leads either to negative results, or, if electrical stimulation is used, to results which, owing to the unavoidable dispersal of the currents in numerous directions, are not sufficiently localised to form the basis for trustworthy conclusions. In place of exact observations after section and stimulation of different regions, we have here the far less refined method of observation after lesions—lesions induced in the most delicate and complicated organ of the body by means so absurdly rough that, as Ludwig has forcibly put it, they may be compared to injuries to a watch by means of a pistol-shot. The results obtained in this way are attributable to the most diverse causes; for, apart from the fact that it is impossible to localise the lesion itself, the results may be due to irritation of centres, paralysis of centres, stimulation of conducting apparatus, or paralysis of conducting apparatus, without our being able to say which. Hence the interpretation of even those phenomena which are constant in their occurrence is always uncertain. The third and best method of investigation which is possible is the observation of cases of disease in which the exact nature of the lesions is accurately ascertained after death.”—Hermann’s Human Physiology, translated by Professor Gamgee, London, 1878. (Chapter on the Functions of the Encephalon), p. 444.

Author of Gold Medal Thesis on “The Comparative Anatomy of the Corpora Quadrigemina,” 1870; “Experimental Researches in Cerebral Physiology and Pathology,” W. Rid. Med. Reps. 1873; “The Localisation of Function in the Brain;” “Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys,” (Croonian Lecture), Phil. Trans., Part II., 1875, etc., etc. Joint Author of “Guy’s Forensic Medicine;” “The Functions of the Brain;” Gulst. Lects. on Localisation of Cerebral Disease; Joint Editor of “Brain,” and author of various Papers therein.

Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological Laboratory, in 1882-83, with Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill in same years.

Made experiments at Wakefield in regard to the examination of various parts of the skull.—Ev. Roy. Com., p. 169.

(Q. 3326.) “I should allow everybody liberty to perform experiments in his own private laboratory. A great many experimenters live in the country, and have no access to a public laboratory, and that would entirely prevent them from carrying on research.—(3327.) Do you think that there are many such persons? Yes.—(3328.) And who are practising in their own laboratories, and unconnected with medical schools do you mean? I used to do so when I lived in the country, in Suffolk, at Bury St. Edmunds. I performed experiments there for my own purposes of research.”

…

(3331.) “Then you experiment at your own house as well as at King’s College, do you? Yes; it would interfere with my professional work if I were obliged to go such a distance from home to perform my experiments.”—Ibid., p. 173.

(3245.) “Now with regard to original research, how would you express yourself on that subject? I should say, that, wherever it is possible to avoid the infliction of pain on animals subjected to experiments, the means should be adopted either by chloroform or ether, or opium or other anæsthetic; but that where the administration of an anæsthetic would prejudice the object for which the experiment was conceived, that the experiment is still justifiable, notwithstanding the fact that it might inflict a certain amount of pain on the animal.”—Ibid., p. 170.

“The interest attaching to the discussion was greatly enhanced by the fact that Professor Ferrier was willing to exhibit two monkeys which he had operated upon some months previously.… In striking contrast to the dog were two monkeys exhibited by Professor Ferrier. One of them had been operated upon in the middle of January, the left motor area having been destroyed. There had resulted from the operation right-sided hemiplegia” (paralysis of the right half of the body) “with conjugate deviation of the eyes and head” (eyes and head permanently twisted). “Facial paralysis was at first well marked, but ceased after a fortnight. From the first there had been paralysis of the right leg, though the animal was able to lift it up. The arm it never had been able to use. Lately, rigidity of the muscles of the paralyzed limb had been coming on. The other monkey, as a consequence of paralysis of all auditory centres, was apparently entirely unaffected by loud noises, as by the firing of percussion caps in close proximity to the head.”—Lancet’sReport of the Proceedings at the International Medical Congress, Oct. 8, 1881.

“Exper. IV., June 18th, 1873.—The right hemisphere of a monkey had been partially exposed and experimented on for the purpose of localising the region of electric stimulation. The part exposed included the ascending parietal and postero-parietal convolutions, the ascending frontal, and the posterior extremities of the three frontal convolutions. After having been under experimentation for eight hours, the animal recovered sufficiently to sit up and take food. The wound was sewn up, and the animal placed in its cage.

“June 19th.—The animal is apparently as well as ever, eating and drinking heartily, and as lively and intelligent as before. No change was perceptible during the whole of this day.

“June 20th.—The wound was oozing, and the animal was less active; but there was no diminution of sensation or voluntary motion. It closely watched flies buzzing about, and frequently made attempts to catch them. Towards the afternoon it began to suffer from choreic spasms of the left angle of the mouth and of the left hand. There was no loss of consciousness. The animal was apparently annoyed by the spasmodic actions of its mouth, and frequently endeavoured to still them by holding its mouth with the other hand. Towards the close of the day the spasms frequently repeated, became more intense, and exhibited an epileptic nature, the convulsions on the left side of the body becoming general. This state continued till.…

“June 23rd.—…

“June 24th.—Hemiplegia is complete on the left side, hand, foot, and face. The animal moved by means of its left limbs, dragging the right after it.

“The animal died from exhaustion on the 27th.”—Croonian Lecture, “Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys,” Philos. Trans., 1875, pp. 441-42.

“Exper. XVI., Feb. 5th, 1875.—This, though not successful as regards the object intended, yet presents some interesting phenomena. The left occipital lobe was exposed posteriorly, and penetrated at the posterior extremity of the superior occipital fissure by means of hot wires, which were directed with a view to follow the inner aspect of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe. There was no hæmorrhage from the sinus. During the operation, the animal was observed to make sighing respiration. The operation was finished at 4.30 p.m. The animal lay in a state of stupor for more than an hour, only making slight movements when disturbed, and then with its left limbs.

“7 p.m.—The animal lies quiet, but indicates consciousness by grunting discontentedly when moved. Struggles with its limbs, chiefly the left, but occasionally with the right. On testing the cutaneous sensibility with the hot iron, reaction was decisive over the whole of the left side, but quite abolished in the right. The animal occasionally opened its right eye, but the left remained permanently closed. The animal passed into a state of coma, and was found dead at 11.30 p.m. The following experiment is a repetition of the last, and was only partially successful.”—Ibid., p. 464.

“These ganglia (corpora quadrigemina) were subjected to experimentation in the following seven cases, viz., V., VI., VIII., IX., X., XII., XIII., with the results:—

“V. In this case the exploration was not sufficiently definite, as the exact position of the electrodes was not observed, and death occurred before a more careful exploration could be made. The application of the electrodes to the ganglia on the left side, caused the animal to utter various barking, howling, or screaming sounds of an incongruous character. The head was drawn back and to the right, and the right angle of the mouth was strongly retracted while the stimulation was kept up. The tail was raised and the limbs were thrown into contortions, but nothing further was ascertained as the animal died from hæmorrhage.”—Ibid., p. 429.

“Experiments on the lower animals, even on apes, often lead toconclusions seriously at variance with well-established facts of clinical and pathological observation.… The decisive settlement of such points must depend mainly on careful clinical and pathological research.… Experiments have led to different views in different hands.”—Ferrier (Functions of the Brain, Preface).

“Physiological experiments conducted in these regions are most indefinite. The usual plan of investigation, viz., that of applying stimuli to the brain substance, leads either to negative results, or, if electrical stimulation is used, to results which, owing to the unavoidable dispersal of the currents in numerous directions, are not sufficiently localised to form the basis for trustworthy conclusions. In place of exact observations after section and stimulation of different regions, we have here the far less refined method of observation after lesions—lesions induced in the most delicate and complicated organ of the body by means so absurdly rough that, as Ludwig has forcibly put it, they may be compared to injuries to a watch by means of a pistol-shot. The results obtained in this way are attributable to the most diverse causes; for, apart from the fact that it is impossible to localise the lesion itself, the results may be due to irritation of centres, paralysis of centres, stimulation of conducting apparatus, or paralysis of conducting apparatus, without our being able to say which. Hence the interpretation of even those phenomena which are constant in their occurrence is always uncertain. The third and best method of investigation which is possible is the observation of cases of disease in which the exact nature of the lesions is accurately ascertained after death.”—Hermann’s Human Physiology, translated by Professor Gamgee, London, 1878. (Chapter on the Functions of the Encephalon), p. 444.

Fick, Adolf.B. at Cassel, 1829. M.D., 1852, Extraordinary Prof., 1856, and later, Prof. of Physiology in ordinary Univ. Zurich; Prof. Physiol. at Wurzburg, 1868.Author of “Die medicinische Physik,” Brunswick, 1857; “Compendium der Physiologie des Menschen mit Einschluss der Entwickelungageschichte,” Vienna, 1860; “Anatomie und Physiologie der Sinne,” Lahr, 1862; and numerous papers on physiology which have appeared under the title of “Arbeiten aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium der Würzburger Hochschule,” Wurzburg, 1874.Made experiments on the influence of mechanical stimulation of the cerebro-spinal organs described in “Arch. of Anat. Physiol., 1867,” p. 198.

Fick, Adolf.B. at Cassel, 1829. M.D., 1852, Extraordinary Prof., 1856, and later, Prof. of Physiology in ordinary Univ. Zurich; Prof. Physiol. at Wurzburg, 1868.

Author of “Die medicinische Physik,” Brunswick, 1857; “Compendium der Physiologie des Menschen mit Einschluss der Entwickelungageschichte,” Vienna, 1860; “Anatomie und Physiologie der Sinne,” Lahr, 1862; and numerous papers on physiology which have appeared under the title of “Arbeiten aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium der Würzburger Hochschule,” Wurzburg, 1874.

Made experiments on the influence of mechanical stimulation of the cerebro-spinal organs described in “Arch. of Anat. Physiol., 1867,” p. 198.

Filehne, Wilhelm, M.D. Prof. Extraordinary Univ. of Erlangen.Author of “Die Wirkungen des Amylnitrites,” Mueller’s Archives, 1879, Physiol. Abtheil; “Ueber Apnoë und die Wirkung eines energischen Kohlensäurestromes auf die Schleimhäute des Respirationsapparats und ueber den Einfluss beider auf verschiedene Krampfformen,” Reichert u. du Bois Reymond, Archiv für Anat. u. s. w. Jahrg. 1873, p. 361.Made experiments in the Physiological Institute at Erlangen.

Filehne, Wilhelm, M.D. Prof. Extraordinary Univ. of Erlangen.

Author of “Die Wirkungen des Amylnitrites,” Mueller’s Archives, 1879, Physiol. Abtheil; “Ueber Apnoë und die Wirkung eines energischen Kohlensäurestromes auf die Schleimhäute des Respirationsapparats und ueber den Einfluss beider auf verschiedene Krampfformen,” Reichert u. du Bois Reymond, Archiv für Anat. u. s. w. Jahrg. 1873, p. 361.

Made experiments in the Physiological Institute at Erlangen.

Fiori, Andrea, M.D. Assistant Prof. University, Modena.

Fleming, William James, 155, Bath Street, Glasgow. M.D. Glasgow, 1879; M.B. 1872; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1875; L. 1872; (Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); Lect. on Physiol. Glasg. Roy. Infirm. Schoolof Med.; Ext. Disp. Surg. Roy. Infirm.; Exam. in Physiol. F.P.S. Glasg.Contrib. “Behaviour of Carbolised Catgut inserted among Living Tissues,” Lancet, 1876; “The Motions of the Brain” (with illust. graphic tracings), Glasg. Med. Journ., 1877; “Physiology of the Turkish Bath,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.; “Pulse Dicrotism,” Ibid., Vol. XV.Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to Kill in 1880, Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1882. No Experiments returned in 1883.

Contrib. “Behaviour of Carbolised Catgut inserted among Living Tissues,” Lancet, 1876; “The Motions of the Brain” (with illust. graphic tracings), Glasg. Med. Journ., 1877; “Physiology of the Turkish Bath,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.; “Pulse Dicrotism,” Ibid., Vol. XV.

Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to Kill in 1880, Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1882. No Experiments returned in 1883.

Flint, Austin.B. Northampton, Mass., U.S., 1836; M.D., Jeff. Med. Coll., 1857; Prof. Phys. Univ.; Buffalo, 1858; Professor of Physiology and Microscopy, Bellevue Hosp.; Medical College, New York, and Long Island College Hospital; Fell. New York Acad. of Med.; Resident Mem. of Lyceum of Nat. Hist., New York, &c.Author of “Physiology of Man,” 4 Vols., New York, 1866, etc.; Essay on “The Excretory Function of the Liver,” which received the French Inst. prize of 1,500 fr.; contrib. to “American Journ. of Med. Science,” etc.“… For some years the author has been in the habit of employing vivisections in public teachings.”—Preface to “Physiology of Man,” Vol. I., p. 8.“We have long been in the habit, in class demonstrations, of removing the optic lobe on one side from a pigeon.… The experiment of dividing the sympathetic in the neck, especially in rabbits, is so easily performed that the phenomena observed by Bernard and Brown-Séquard have been repeatedly verified. We have often done this in class demonstrations.” “The cerebral lobes were removed from a young pigeon in the usual way, an operation … which we practice yearly as a class demonstration.” “Our own experiments, which have been very numerous during the last fifteen years, are simply repetitions of those of Flourens, and the results have been the same without exception.” We have frequently removed both kidneys from dogs and when the operation is carefully performed the animals live from three to five days.“—Dr. Flint’sReport to the Medical Congress, August, 1881.“It is not desirable to administer an anæsthetic, and it is much more satisfactory to divide the nerve without etherising the animal, as the evidence of pain is an important guide in this delicate operation.”—Text-Book, p. 641.Speaking of an experiment by which an animal was caused to vomit from a pig’s bladder which had been substituted for a stomach, Dr. Flint says in his “Physiology of Man,” Vol II., p. 300:—“These experiments were made simply for class demonstrations, and have never before been published.”

Author of “Physiology of Man,” 4 Vols., New York, 1866, etc.; Essay on “The Excretory Function of the Liver,” which received the French Inst. prize of 1,500 fr.; contrib. to “American Journ. of Med. Science,” etc.

“… For some years the author has been in the habit of employing vivisections in public teachings.”—Preface to “Physiology of Man,” Vol. I., p. 8.

“We have long been in the habit, in class demonstrations, of removing the optic lobe on one side from a pigeon.… The experiment of dividing the sympathetic in the neck, especially in rabbits, is so easily performed that the phenomena observed by Bernard and Brown-Séquard have been repeatedly verified. We have often done this in class demonstrations.” “The cerebral lobes were removed from a young pigeon in the usual way, an operation … which we practice yearly as a class demonstration.” “Our own experiments, which have been very numerous during the last fifteen years, are simply repetitions of those of Flourens, and the results have been the same without exception.” We have frequently removed both kidneys from dogs and when the operation is carefully performed the animals live from three to five days.“—Dr. Flint’sReport to the Medical Congress, August, 1881.

“It is not desirable to administer an anæsthetic, and it is much more satisfactory to divide the nerve without etherising the animal, as the evidence of pain is an important guide in this delicate operation.”—Text-Book, p. 641.

Speaking of an experiment by which an animal was caused to vomit from a pig’s bladder which had been substituted for a stomach, Dr. Flint says in his “Physiology of Man,” Vol II., p. 300:—“These experiments were made simply for class demonstrations, and have never before been published.”

Flourens, Jean Pierre Marie.B. at Thezan (Hérault), 1794, D. at Mougeron, near Paris, 1867; M.D., Montpellier, 1813, pupil of De Candolle and Cuvier; Prof. at the Jardin des Plantes; Mem. of Inst. of France; Perpetual Sec. Acad. des Sciences; Mem. Academy of France; Commander Leg. of Hon.; Mem. of principal Litt. and Scient. Socs. of Europe.Author of “Analyse de la Philosophie Anatomique, où l’on considèreplus particulièrement l’influence qu’aura cet ouvrage sur l’état actuel de la Physiologie,” Paris, 1819; “Recherches sur les fonctions du grand sympathique,” 1823; “Recherches expérir mentales sur les propriétés et les fonctions du système nerveux dans les animaux vertébrés,” Paris, 1824; “Expériences sur le système nerveux,” Paris, 1825; “Expériences sur l’action de la moëlle épinière sur la circulation,” Paris, 1829; “De l’instinct et de l’intelligence des animaux,” Paris, 1841; “Recherches sur le développement des os et des dents,” Paris, 1842; “Mécanisme de la respiration des poissons,” Paris, 1843; “Anatomie Générale de la peau et des membranes Muqueuses,” Paris, 1843; “Examen de la Phrénologie, réfutation des doctrines matérialistes de Gall, Spurzheim, et Brouissais,” Paris, 1842; “Théorie expérimentale de la formation des os,” Paris, 1847; “Nouvelles recherches touchant l’histoire de la circulation du sang,” Journal des Savants, 1849; “De la longévité humaine et de la quantité de vie sur la terre,” Paris, 1856; “De la vie et de l’intelligence,” Paris, 1858; “De la raison du génie et de la folie,” Paris, 1861; “Psychologie comparée,” Paris, 1864, and a great number of contributions to the “Comptes rendus de l’acad. des Sciences.”Made numerous experiments on ruminating animals, on rabbits, on the brains of fishes, and on the semi-circular canals of the brains of ducks, fowls, and pigeons.“The description given by Flourens of the phenomena resulting from the section of the semi-circular canals in rabbits, is almost entirely inaccurate.”—Cyon, “Fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires,” Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, Paris, 1879, p. 51, note 2.“Flourens supported his bold hypothesis almost solely by experiments on pigeons and other inferior animals. The few experiments on mammals, which he mentions, are very meagrely described and of trifling value.”—Goltz, “Verrichtungen des Grosshirns, p. 3.“I heard M. Flourens, in one of his lectures, state the following:—‘Majendie sacrificed 4,000 dogs to establish the distinctions of the sensory and the motor nerves according to Charles Bell; then he sacrificed 4,000 more dogs to prove that he had made a mistake. I,’ added M. Flourens, ‘had to continue the experiments, and I have proved that Majendie’s first opinion was correct; the reflex motions, which he did not quite understand, had caused his doubts. To arrive at this result, I also have had to sacrifice a great number of dogs.’”—Blatin,Nos Cruautés, pp. 201-202.

Author of “Analyse de la Philosophie Anatomique, où l’on considèreplus particulièrement l’influence qu’aura cet ouvrage sur l’état actuel de la Physiologie,” Paris, 1819; “Recherches sur les fonctions du grand sympathique,” 1823; “Recherches expérir mentales sur les propriétés et les fonctions du système nerveux dans les animaux vertébrés,” Paris, 1824; “Expériences sur le système nerveux,” Paris, 1825; “Expériences sur l’action de la moëlle épinière sur la circulation,” Paris, 1829; “De l’instinct et de l’intelligence des animaux,” Paris, 1841; “Recherches sur le développement des os et des dents,” Paris, 1842; “Mécanisme de la respiration des poissons,” Paris, 1843; “Anatomie Générale de la peau et des membranes Muqueuses,” Paris, 1843; “Examen de la Phrénologie, réfutation des doctrines matérialistes de Gall, Spurzheim, et Brouissais,” Paris, 1842; “Théorie expérimentale de la formation des os,” Paris, 1847; “Nouvelles recherches touchant l’histoire de la circulation du sang,” Journal des Savants, 1849; “De la longévité humaine et de la quantité de vie sur la terre,” Paris, 1856; “De la vie et de l’intelligence,” Paris, 1858; “De la raison du génie et de la folie,” Paris, 1861; “Psychologie comparée,” Paris, 1864, and a great number of contributions to the “Comptes rendus de l’acad. des Sciences.”

Made numerous experiments on ruminating animals, on rabbits, on the brains of fishes, and on the semi-circular canals of the brains of ducks, fowls, and pigeons.

“The description given by Flourens of the phenomena resulting from the section of the semi-circular canals in rabbits, is almost entirely inaccurate.”—Cyon, “Fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires,” Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, Paris, 1879, p. 51, note 2.

“Flourens supported his bold hypothesis almost solely by experiments on pigeons and other inferior animals. The few experiments on mammals, which he mentions, are very meagrely described and of trifling value.”—Goltz, “Verrichtungen des Grosshirns, p. 3.

“I heard M. Flourens, in one of his lectures, state the following:—‘Majendie sacrificed 4,000 dogs to establish the distinctions of the sensory and the motor nerves according to Charles Bell; then he sacrificed 4,000 more dogs to prove that he had made a mistake. I,’ added M. Flourens, ‘had to continue the experiments, and I have proved that Majendie’s first opinion was correct; the reflex motions, which he did not quite understand, had caused his doubts. To arrive at this result, I also have had to sacrifice a great number of dogs.’”—Blatin,Nos Cruautés, pp. 201-202.

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