AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OFETHNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS FOR THEPLYMOUTH AREA

1. Allen, Z. NATIVE INDIANS OF AMERICA (Providence, 1881).Quotes standard primary sources and portrays the Indian as the “first settler” in the New World; nothing new is presented in the way of ethnographic data.2. Altham, Emmanuel, “Emmanuel Altham to Sir Edward Altham, March 1623/1624; Emmanuel Altham to James Sherley, May, 1624,” letters in James, THREE VISITORS, etc.Relevant information not extensive; concerns general appearance, polygyny, distribution of Indian settlements in Plymouth region, Massasoit, and Indian guests and their dances on the occasion of Bradford’s wedding.3. Anonymous, “A Description of Mashpee,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 2, Vol. III, 1846.A 1767 account of general census and welfare information.4. Anonymous, “Saconet Indians,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol. X, 1809.18th century population records; no ethnographic information.5. Archer, Gabriel, Archer’s Narrative of the Gosnold Voyage: (information may be found in H. Howe, PROLOGUE TO NEW ENGLAND).Contains a brief description of the general appearance of the Nausett Indians in the second yearof the 17th. century.6. Bacon, O. N., A HISTORY OF NATICK (Boston, 1856).Mentions the historical context of the praying town; no ethnographic information.7. Badger, Rev. Stephen, “Historical and Characteristic Traits of the American Indians in General and those of the Natick in Particular,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol. V, 1835.A report on the condition of the Indians around Natick in 1797.8. Bartlett, J. R., ed. “Letters of Roger Williams,” PUBLICATIONS OF THE NARRAGANSETT CLUB, VI, 1874.The main relevance of these documents is Anglo-Indian relationships.9. Bassett, B., “Fabulous Traditions and Customs of the Indians of Martha’s Vineyard,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, 1792, pp. 139-40.Contains information on 17th. century curing ritual.10. Bennett, M. K., “The Food Economy of the New England Indians, 1605-1675,” THE JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, Vol. LXIII, No. 55 (October, 1955) pp. 369-395.This paper represents an attempt to work out the daily food intake of Indians in southeastern New England in the period 1605-1675. The information for the 17th. century comes from the standard sources—Williams, Morton, Winslow, etc. The attempt at quantification in the absence of much quantitative data of any kind to work from is interesting. Whether or not it is valid may be open to question—probably the guess of an expert is better than anyone else’s.11. Bradford, William, HISTORY OF PLYMOUTH PLANTATION 1620-1647 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. for the Massachusetts Historical Society), 1912.A basic source; data mainly on appearance, food quest, the introduction of wampum, and diplomacy.12. Brereton, John, Narrative of the Gosnold Voyage (in Winship, SAILORS’ NARRATIVES, also Howe, Prologue to New England).Relevant information concerns the Nausett, Wampanoag, and probably Narragansett; data on pipes, tobacco, use of copper, use of snakes, fire-making, cordage, and location of clay. Voyage made in 1602.13. Bushnell, D. Jr., “The Sloane Collection in the British Museum,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. 8, 1906, pp. 671-685.This describes a series of Indian artifacts collected and sent back to England in the 17th. century; provides some basic data on technology that is not present in other sources.14. Butler, E. L., “Sweathouses in the Southern New England Area,” BULLETIN OF THE MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Vol. VII, (October, 1945) pp. 11-15.Tabulation of the information, of which there is not a great deal for southern New England, on sweat houses and sweating procedure; also talks about New York and northern New England for comparison.15. Byers, D. S., “The Environment of the Northeast,” in “Man in Northeastern North America,” Frederick Johnson, ed., PAPERS OF THE ROBERT S. PEABODY FOUNDATION FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, Vol. III (Andover: Philips Academy) 1946.General outline of the environment; information on distribution of basic materials and animals used by the Indians.16. de Champlain, Samuel, Narratives (in Winship, SAILORS’ NARRATIVES, & Howe, PROLOGUE TO NEW ENGLAND)——also see VOYAGES OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN 1604-1618, W. L. Grant, ed. ORIGINAL NARRATIVES OF EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY (New York; Charles Scribner’s Sons) 1970——and THE WORKS OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN, Vol. I, H. R. Biggar, ed. (Toronto) 1922——and others.Narrative of visits to the New England coast in the first decade of the 17th. century. Relevant information concerns Nausetts and Wampanoags—horticulture, food storage, clothing, textiles, housing, settlement pattern, general appearance, weapons, living conditions, and dugout canoes.17. Chapin, H.M., “Indian Implements found in Rhode Island,” RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS, Vol. XVIII, 1924-25.A fairly good range of gadgets is shown; illustrations might be useful. Gives location of some soapstone quarries. No evidence given to support the historic and proto-historic attributions given the artifacts.18. Chapin, H.M., SACHEMS OF THE NARRAGANSETTS (Providence) 1931.Historical-biographical data; no ethnographic information.19. Chase H.E., “Notes on the Wampanoag Indians,” ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION for 1883 (Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution).Sort of a general 19th. century population survey, together with notes of the location of sites and towns in the 17th. and 18th. centuries. Quotes the standard sources.20. Cotton, John, “Vocabulary of the Massachusetts (or Natik) Indians,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. II, 1830, pp. 147-257.Contains lexical data only; no ethnographic information.21. Davidson, D.S., “Snowshoes,” AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY MEMOIR #6 (Philadelphia: the American Philosophical Society) 1937.All inclusive on the subject of snowshoes in North America. This is the only reference there seems to be on the style of snowshoes worn by the Wampanoags.22. Drake, S.G., CHRONICLES OF THE INDIANS (also called OLD INDIAN CHRONICLE in some editions), (Boston: by the author) 1867.Accounts of King Philip’s War, presumably written by contemporaries; a chronology of events relating to the Indians. The emphasis is historical rather than ethnographic.23. Drake, S.G., TRAGEDIES OF THE WILDERNESS (also called INDIAN CAPTIVITIES in later editions), (Boston) 1841.Contains the account of Mrs. Rowlandson, who was captured by the Wampanoags in the time of King Philip’s War. Evidence of residence patterns of polygynous household; also information as to dress at that time. Probably best to disregard some things (such as diet) as not being typical, since the conditions are not normal—this is a group of Indians moving rather rapidly across the landscape much of the time, living off what they can carry and pick up along the way.24. Elliot, John, “An Account of Indian Churches in New England in a Letter Written A.D. 1673,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol. X, pp. 124-29.Concerns the requirements of Indians for church membership and their practices as members.25. Elliot, John “The Day Breaking, if not the Sun Rising of the Gospell with the Indians of New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol IV, 1834, pp. 1-23.A good account of how shamans are chosen. Recounts the beginnings of Elliot’s missionary work—attitude toward conversion of the Indians, the things Indians were taught about Christianity, the establishment of praying towns, some of the regulations placed upon the way of life of would-be-converts.26. Elliot, John, A GRAMMAR OF THE MASSACHUSETTS INDIAN LANGUAGE, new edition (Boston) 1822.Lexical information; no ethnographic data.27. Elliot, John, THE INDIAN PRIMER (Edinburgh) 1877.Compiled for use in teaching reading and catechism to Indians by the 17th century missionary. Contains no ethnographic information.28. Elliot, John, and Thomas Mayhew, “Tears of Repentance: or, A Further Narrative of the Progress of the Gospel Amongst the Indians in New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. IV, 1834.Letters dating ca. 1653; information concerning aboriginal religious beliefs and the way of becoming a powow.29. Ellis, G.E., “The Indians of Eastern Massachusetts,” MEMORIAL HISTORY OF BOSTON, J. Winsor, ed., Vol I. (Boston) 1880, pp. 241-71.Deals with the history of Anglo-Indian relationships. Not much ethnographic information.30. Flannery, R., AN ANALYSIS OF COASTAL ALGONQUIAN CULTURE (Washington, D. C.; The Catholic University of America Press) 1939.Trait list for southern New England; very complete, but the inclusion of tribes other than those in the immediate Plymouth region—i.e. Connecticut—calls for cross checking before accepting all things as true of local Indians.31. Freeman, Frederick, CIVILIZATION AND BARBARISM, (Cambridge: The Riverside Press) 1878.Running account of relations between Indians and white men from 1620 to the end of King Philip’s War. Ethnographic information is nonexistent; however, a general picture of Indian-English relationships as they unfolded can be gained.32. Gookin, Daniel, “Historical Collections of the Indians in New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol I, 1792.This is a basic source, covering all aspects of Indian culture. Concerns mainly the Massachusetts.33. Guernsey, S.J., “Notes on the Exploration of Martha’s Vineyard,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns. Vol. XVIII, 1916, pp. 81-97.Discusses the investigation of some burials and the collection of some typical artifacts (cord and fabric-impressed and incised sherds).34. Hawley, G., “Mashpee Indians,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol. X, 1809, p. 113.Contains 18th. century population records.35. Hawley, Rev. Mr., “Account of an Indian Visitation, A.D. 1698,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol. X, 1809, p. 129.Concerns the location and religious conditions of various Indian congregations of 1698.36. Haynes, H. W., “Agricultural Implements of the New England Indians,” PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, Vol. XXII, 1883, pp. 437-43.Discusses shell and stone hoes and spades that might have been used by the Indians in historic times. Information it contains is better gotten in entirety from original sources than piecemeal here.37. Higginson, F., “New England’s Plantation,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, 1806, pp. 117-24.Brief ethnographic sketch, dealing with appearance, weapons, houses, seasonal mobility, religion, and labor.38. Howe, Henry F. PROLOGUE TO NEW ENGLAND (New York, Toronto: Farr and Rinehart, Inc.) 1943.This book covers the voyages of exploration and the accounts of them from the Vikings to the Pilgrims. The author provides continuity and explanatory passages, but there are extensive quotations from original sources, making this an excellent source for such journalists as Verrazano, Champlain, and Smith; most writings by them relevant to the Indians of this area are included.39. James, Sydney V., Jr., ed., THREE VISITORS TO EARLY PLYMOUTH (Plimoth Plantation) 1963.Contains the accounts of John Pory, Emmanuel Altham, and Issack de Rasieres.40. Josselyn, John, “New England’s Rarities Discovered,” TRANSACTIONS AND COLLECTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, IV., 1860, pp. 130-238.Main concern is the natural history of the region, but there is a description of the dress (acculturated), ornament, and hairstyle of an “Indian Squa”.41. Josselyn, John, “Two Voyages to New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. III, 1833.Information on Indian culture not extensive; relevant information covers material for bows and fire-making.42. Kitteredge, G.L., “Letters of Samuel Lee and Samuell Sewell Relating to New England and the Indians,” PUBLICATIONS OF THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS XV, 1912, pp. 142-86.The letters consist of a series of answers to questions about Indian culture. Unfortunately there is no existing list of the questions. Subjects covered are mainly appearance, matters of health, cures, hygiene, and child care. In many cases the questions asked can be guessed, and the author’s notes as to other primary sources on similar subjects are useful. There is no information not already covered in other standard primary sources, but the information here nicely confirms other writers’ observations. The time of writing is about 1690. The Indian group of main concern is the Narragansett.43. Knight, M.F., “Wampanoag Indian Tales,” JOURNAL OF AMERICAN FOLKLORE, Vol. XXXVIII, 1925, pp. 134-7.Information is 19th. and 20th. century; influences of acculturation are obvious.44. Leach, Douglas Edward, FLINTLOCK AND TOMAHAWK: NEW ENGLAND IN KING PHILIP’S WAR (New York: The Macmillan Company) 1959.Contains a brief introductory sketch of Indian culture. Population subsistence, houses, physical appearance, division of labor, etc. are treated generally.45. Lechford, T., PLAIN DEALING OR NEWS FROM NEW ENGLAND, J.H. Trumbull, ed., (Boston: J. K. Wiggin & William Parsons Lunt) 1868.——also MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. III, 1833.Originally published in 1642, this work does not contain a great deal of information about Indian culture. Relevant passages concern hairdressing, ornament, fire-making, weapons, and government.46. Macy, Zaccheus, “A Short Journal of the First Settlement of the Island of Nantucket,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol. III, 1794, pp. 155-60.Description of settlement of the island in 1659 speaks briefly of the Indians as kind and hospitable people. Gives population figures in 1763 (358) prior to an epidemic in the same year that substantially eradicated that population.47. Miller, W.J., NOTES CONCERNING THE WAMPANOAG TRIBE OF INDIANS (Providence) 1880.Concerns the history of English dealings with the tribe; no ethnographic data.48. Mooney, James, “The Aboriginal Population of America North of Mexico,” SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, Vol. LXXX, no. 7, (February, 1928).Gives estimate of population for the area. Presumably this is based on historical sources rather than any formula, although he does not say how the figures were arrived at.49. Mooney, J., “Handbook of American Indians,” BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, XXX, Vols. I and II, 1910, pp. 810 (vol. I), 903-4 (vol. II).For the Wampanoag there is a brief description concerning matters of history, linguistics, and population. There is also a list of town names.50. Morton, Thomas, THE NEW ENGLISH CANAAN, (Boston: The Prince Society) 1883.This work, originally published in 1637, is a basic source for the study of both early colonists and Indians; covers all aspects of Indian culture. The tribe being described is the Massachusett.51. MOURT’S RELATION (in Young CHRONICLES OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS, etc.)Originally published in 1622, this is a basic source for Wampanoag culture in all aspects; also contains the accounts of earliest Pilgrim dealings with the Indians.52. Murdock, George Peter, ETHNOGRAPHIC BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA, 2nd. Edition (New Haven: Human Relations Area Files) 1953.Contains a list of all published sources on North American Indians through 1953. All sources that are relevant to the Plymouth area are included in the present list.53. Pory, John, JOHN PORY’S LOST DESCRIPTION OF PLYMOUTH (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company) 1918.——also in James, THREE VISITORS, etc.Description of Indians is brief and relates mostly to interrelationships with English—trade, hostilities, etc. What comments there are on culture also pertain to Indians outside the Plymouth area; no information is included that is not gotten better from other sources.54. Potter, E.R., “Early History of Narragansetts,” COLLECTIONS OF THE RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Vol. III (Providence: Marshall Brown, and Company) 1835.A compilation of historical data on the Narragansetts. The main ethnographic source is Williams. There is considerable data on Indian-colonial dealings from town records.55. Prince, J.D., “The Last Living Echoes of the Natick,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. IX, 1907, pp. 493-98.Concerns a few remaining Indians during the early 20th. century, living in Mashpee on Cape Cod; the recollections of old people. There is also some collected vocabulary.56. Pring, Martin, “The Voyage of Martin Pring,” (in Winship) SAILORS’ NARRATIVES also Howe, PROLOGUE TO NEW ENGLAND.Account by an early (1603) visitor to Plymouth harbor. Information on general appearance, horticulture, diet, weapons, and birch bark canoes.57. Rainey, F.G., “A Compilation of Historical Data Contributing to the Ethnography of Connecticut and Southern New England Indians,” BULLETIN OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT (April, 1936).This is just what the title implies—a collection of some data on Indians in southeastern New England. The author assumes that all groups are the same culture-wise, and makes no attempt to segregate data, for example, of observers in Maine from that of those in Connecticut. The compilation, moreover, is incomplete. No synthesis is attempted—information presented in a series of quotations.58. de Rasieres, Issack, “Letter of Issack de Rasieres to Samuel Blommaert, 1628,” in James, THREE VISITORS, etc., and also Jameson, Franklin, J., ed., NARRATIVES OF NEW NETHERLAND (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909).Information concerning trade with Maine, conduct of the Indians, education of the young, and maleinitiation. Also extensive account of customs of New York Indians.59. Shepard, Thomas, “The Clear Sun-Shine of the Gospel Breaking forth upon the Indians in New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. IV, pp. 27-67.Mainly a description of missionary activities, dating to about 1648. There is little ethnographic information; mainly it tells of the efforts of religious instruction. Mentions the existence of female initiation.60. Smith, John, A DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND, OR OBSERVATIONS AND DISCOVERIES IN THE NORTH OF AMERICA IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1614 (Boston: Williams Veazie) 1875.Information on Indians is not extensive. Concerns general distribution of settlements, location of furs, and horticulture around Massachusetts Bay.61. Speck, F.G., “Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians,” INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS, XIX, 1917, pp. 303-21.Ethnographic information concerns Montagnais, Mohegan, Penobscott—mostly remedy lists, which, since they tend to be specific at least to tribe are not much help except as illustrations of the kinds of things used in the general area. Theory contained therein is relevant to all Algonquians, however, and should be read by anyone studying in this area.62. Speck, F.G., “Mythology of the Wampanoag,” EL PALACIO, Vol. XXV, 1928, pp. 83-6.Acculturated, 19th. century information.63. Speck, F.G., “Territorial Subdivisions and Boundaries of the Wampanoag, Massachusetts, and Nauset Indians,” INDIAN NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS, no. 44, (Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation).Data on tribal subdivisions is compiled, and most of it relates to about the time of King Philip’s War. Also genealogical data.64. Speck, F.G., and Ralph Dexter, “Utilization of Marine Life by the Wampanoag Indians of Massachusetts,” JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. XXXVIII, 1948, pp. 257-65.Information in regard to contemporary practices of the Wampanoag of Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, on use of sea products for food and other purposes.65. Tantaquidgeon, G., “Notes on the Gay Head Indians of Massachusetts,” INDIAN NOTES, Vol. 7, no. 1 (Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation) January, 1930.Concerns 19th. century splint and grass basketry-making; describes some techniques of manufacture.66. Thatcher, James, HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF PLYMOUTH, FROM ITS FIRST SETTLEMENT IN 1620, TO THE PRESENT TIME: WITH A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE ABORIGINES OF NEW ENGLAND AND THEIR WARS WITH THE ENGLISH, &C. (Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon) 1835.Brief cultural summary includes diet, division of labor, appearance, housing, attitude toward children, effects of strong drink, treatment of captives, and the general character of Indians. For its brevity it is quite complete, albeit non-analytical. Includes history of Indian-Pilgrim contacts. Covers King Philip’s War. Includes Indian anecdotes and sketches of character and activities of some of the more well-known Indians of the 17th. century.67. Trumbull, J.H., “Natick Dictionary,” BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, XXV, 1903.Linguistic material. No ethnographic data.68. Vaughan, Alden T., NEW ENGLAND FRONTIER: PURITANS AND INDIANS 1620-1675 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company) 1965.This is a history of relations between Indians and colonists, taken from the point of view of the colonists. The section relevant to a study of Wampanoag culture is the introductory chapter on general Algonquian culture for the New England area. A most articulate and applicable summary, it is basic reading for a general background in Indian culture of the region.69. Verrazano’s Narrative (contained in H. Howe, PROLOGUE TO NEW ENGLAND).This narrative represents the first account of contact with Algonquians of the Plymouth region—area concerned is Narragansett Bay, date is 1524. Information on general appearance and notation of dwellings that do not fit the expected pattern for wigwam construction.70. Whitfield, Henry, compiler, “The Light Appearing More and More Towards the Perfect day or, A Farther Discovery of the Present State of the Indians in New England, Concerning the Progresse of the Gospel Amongst Them,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. IV.Contains letters by John Eliot dating about 1651, with information on becoming a powow, dreams, and the succession of powows.71. Wilder, H.H., “Notes on the Indians of Southern Massachusetts,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. XXV, 1923, pp. 197-218.This contains some information on the excavation of burials, plus an attempt at reconstruction of how the face of an Indian might have looked, based upon skeletal features.72. Williams, Roger, A KEY INTO THE LANGUAGE OF AMERICA: OR AN HELP TO THE LANGUAGE OF THE NATIVES IN THAT PART OF AMERICA, CALLED NEW ENGLAND (Providence: The Narragansett Club) Vol. 1, Ser. 1, 1866.Originally published in 1643, this is a basic source on all aspects of Indian culture. Concern is mainly with the Narragansetts.73. Willoughby, C. C., “The Adze and the Ungrooved Axe of the New England Indians,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns. Vol. IX, 1907, pp. 296-306.Contains both historic and prehistoric data. Same material is found in Willoughby, 1935. Perhaps useful in separating historic and prehistoric forms.74. Willoughby, Charles C., ANTIQUITIES OF THE NEW ENGLAND INDIANS (Cambridge: the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University) 1935.The area covered here is the entirety of New England, so caution must be exercised in selecting information to avoid bringing in details not applicable to the Plymouth area. The relevant section is that called, “The Later Algonquian Group”. Information covers textiles, wooden dishes, shell beads, and burials and grave goods. The sub-section on “General Culture of the Historic New England Tribes”, has both relevant and irrelevant information—the discussions of wampum and fortifications are worthy of note. Thearchaeology contained in the rest of the book seems rather out of date, and the conclusions as to the source of copper are wrong. Illustrations that pertain to historic artifacts are worth looking at. This book has the advantage of being the major and last of the author’s works concerning the New England area, and information contained in earlier articles (of which there are several) can be found here.75. Willoughby, C. C., “Certain Earthworks of Eastern Massachusetts,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. XIII, 1911, pp. 566-76.The information also appears in Willoughby, 1935, where the author has revised his thinking on the nature of some of the earthworks; that source, therefore is better consulted than this.76. Willoughby, C. C., “Dress and Ornaments of the New England Indians,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. VII, 1905, pp. 499-508.All information is covered in Willoughby, 1935.77. Willoughby, C. C., “Houses and Gardens of the New England Indians,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., VIII, 1906, pp. 115-32.All information covered in Willoughby, 1935.78. Willoughby, Charles C., “The Wilderness and the Indian,” in COMMONWEALTH HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS, Albert Bushnell Hart, ed. (New York: The States History Company) Vol. I, 1927-28, pp. 127-57.A general summary of New England Indian culture, which is better done in the book by Vaughan.79. Willoughby, C. C., “Wooden Bowls of the Algonquian Indians,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. X, 1908, pp. 423-34.Illustrations are interesting for general types, however, objects relevant to the Plymouth area are also illustrated in Willoughby, 1935.80. Winship, George Parker, ed., SAILORS’ NARRATIVE OF VOYAGES ALONG THE NEW ENGLAND COAST 1524-1624 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company) 1905.This book is a collection of early narratives. Especially relevant are the accounts of Samuel de Champlain, Martin Pring, and John Brereton; all are basic sources.81. Winslow, Edward, “The Glorious Progress of the Gospel Amongst the Indians in New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. IV, 1834, pp. 69-99.Originally compiled in 1649, this contains a letter by Eliot, concerning spring congregations at fishing places.82. Winslow, Edward, “Good Newes from New England: or A true Relation of things very Remarkable at the Plantation of Plimoth in New-England,” (in Young, CHRONICLES OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS, etc.)Originally published in 1624, this is one of the basic sources on all aspects of Indian culture; the observations are most insightful.83. Wood, William, NEW ENGLAND’S PROSPECT, Charles Deane, ed. (Boston: The Prince Society), 1865.A basic source on all aspects of Indian culture. Concern is mainly with the Massachusett.84. Young, Alexander, CHRONICLES OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS OF THE COLONY OF PLYMOUTH FROM 1602-1625 (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown), 1841.Contains MOURT’S RELATION and Winslow’s Relation (“Good Newes from New England” etc.).

1. Allen, Z. NATIVE INDIANS OF AMERICA (Providence, 1881).

Quotes standard primary sources and portrays the Indian as the “first settler” in the New World; nothing new is presented in the way of ethnographic data.

2. Altham, Emmanuel, “Emmanuel Altham to Sir Edward Altham, March 1623/1624; Emmanuel Altham to James Sherley, May, 1624,” letters in James, THREE VISITORS, etc.

Relevant information not extensive; concerns general appearance, polygyny, distribution of Indian settlements in Plymouth region, Massasoit, and Indian guests and their dances on the occasion of Bradford’s wedding.

3. Anonymous, “A Description of Mashpee,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 2, Vol. III, 1846.

A 1767 account of general census and welfare information.

4. Anonymous, “Saconet Indians,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol. X, 1809.

18th century population records; no ethnographic information.

5. Archer, Gabriel, Archer’s Narrative of the Gosnold Voyage: (information may be found in H. Howe, PROLOGUE TO NEW ENGLAND).

Contains a brief description of the general appearance of the Nausett Indians in the second yearof the 17th. century.

6. Bacon, O. N., A HISTORY OF NATICK (Boston, 1856).

Mentions the historical context of the praying town; no ethnographic information.

7. Badger, Rev. Stephen, “Historical and Characteristic Traits of the American Indians in General and those of the Natick in Particular,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol. V, 1835.

A report on the condition of the Indians around Natick in 1797.

8. Bartlett, J. R., ed. “Letters of Roger Williams,” PUBLICATIONS OF THE NARRAGANSETT CLUB, VI, 1874.

The main relevance of these documents is Anglo-Indian relationships.

9. Bassett, B., “Fabulous Traditions and Customs of the Indians of Martha’s Vineyard,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, 1792, pp. 139-40.

Contains information on 17th. century curing ritual.

10. Bennett, M. K., “The Food Economy of the New England Indians, 1605-1675,” THE JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, Vol. LXIII, No. 55 (October, 1955) pp. 369-395.

This paper represents an attempt to work out the daily food intake of Indians in southeastern New England in the period 1605-1675. The information for the 17th. century comes from the standard sources—Williams, Morton, Winslow, etc. The attempt at quantification in the absence of much quantitative data of any kind to work from is interesting. Whether or not it is valid may be open to question—probably the guess of an expert is better than anyone else’s.

11. Bradford, William, HISTORY OF PLYMOUTH PLANTATION 1620-1647 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. for the Massachusetts Historical Society), 1912.

A basic source; data mainly on appearance, food quest, the introduction of wampum, and diplomacy.

12. Brereton, John, Narrative of the Gosnold Voyage (in Winship, SAILORS’ NARRATIVES, also Howe, Prologue to New England).

Relevant information concerns the Nausett, Wampanoag, and probably Narragansett; data on pipes, tobacco, use of copper, use of snakes, fire-making, cordage, and location of clay. Voyage made in 1602.

13. Bushnell, D. Jr., “The Sloane Collection in the British Museum,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. 8, 1906, pp. 671-685.

This describes a series of Indian artifacts collected and sent back to England in the 17th. century; provides some basic data on technology that is not present in other sources.

14. Butler, E. L., “Sweathouses in the Southern New England Area,” BULLETIN OF THE MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Vol. VII, (October, 1945) pp. 11-15.

Tabulation of the information, of which there is not a great deal for southern New England, on sweat houses and sweating procedure; also talks about New York and northern New England for comparison.

15. Byers, D. S., “The Environment of the Northeast,” in “Man in Northeastern North America,” Frederick Johnson, ed., PAPERS OF THE ROBERT S. PEABODY FOUNDATION FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, Vol. III (Andover: Philips Academy) 1946.

General outline of the environment; information on distribution of basic materials and animals used by the Indians.

16. de Champlain, Samuel, Narratives (in Winship, SAILORS’ NARRATIVES, & Howe, PROLOGUE TO NEW ENGLAND)

——also see VOYAGES OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN 1604-1618, W. L. Grant, ed. ORIGINAL NARRATIVES OF EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY (New York; Charles Scribner’s Sons) 1970

——and THE WORKS OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN, Vol. I, H. R. Biggar, ed. (Toronto) 1922

——and others.

Narrative of visits to the New England coast in the first decade of the 17th. century. Relevant information concerns Nausetts and Wampanoags—horticulture, food storage, clothing, textiles, housing, settlement pattern, general appearance, weapons, living conditions, and dugout canoes.

17. Chapin, H.M., “Indian Implements found in Rhode Island,” RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS, Vol. XVIII, 1924-25.

A fairly good range of gadgets is shown; illustrations might be useful. Gives location of some soapstone quarries. No evidence given to support the historic and proto-historic attributions given the artifacts.

18. Chapin, H.M., SACHEMS OF THE NARRAGANSETTS (Providence) 1931.

Historical-biographical data; no ethnographic information.

19. Chase H.E., “Notes on the Wampanoag Indians,” ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION for 1883 (Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution).

Sort of a general 19th. century population survey, together with notes of the location of sites and towns in the 17th. and 18th. centuries. Quotes the standard sources.

20. Cotton, John, “Vocabulary of the Massachusetts (or Natik) Indians,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. II, 1830, pp. 147-257.

Contains lexical data only; no ethnographic information.

21. Davidson, D.S., “Snowshoes,” AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY MEMOIR #6 (Philadelphia: the American Philosophical Society) 1937.

All inclusive on the subject of snowshoes in North America. This is the only reference there seems to be on the style of snowshoes worn by the Wampanoags.

22. Drake, S.G., CHRONICLES OF THE INDIANS (also called OLD INDIAN CHRONICLE in some editions), (Boston: by the author) 1867.

Accounts of King Philip’s War, presumably written by contemporaries; a chronology of events relating to the Indians. The emphasis is historical rather than ethnographic.

23. Drake, S.G., TRAGEDIES OF THE WILDERNESS (also called INDIAN CAPTIVITIES in later editions), (Boston) 1841.

Contains the account of Mrs. Rowlandson, who was captured by the Wampanoags in the time of King Philip’s War. Evidence of residence patterns of polygynous household; also information as to dress at that time. Probably best to disregard some things (such as diet) as not being typical, since the conditions are not normal—this is a group of Indians moving rather rapidly across the landscape much of the time, living off what they can carry and pick up along the way.

24. Elliot, John, “An Account of Indian Churches in New England in a Letter Written A.D. 1673,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol. X, pp. 124-29.

Concerns the requirements of Indians for church membership and their practices as members.

25. Elliot, John “The Day Breaking, if not the Sun Rising of the Gospell with the Indians of New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol IV, 1834, pp. 1-23.

A good account of how shamans are chosen. Recounts the beginnings of Elliot’s missionary work—attitude toward conversion of the Indians, the things Indians were taught about Christianity, the establishment of praying towns, some of the regulations placed upon the way of life of would-be-converts.

26. Elliot, John, A GRAMMAR OF THE MASSACHUSETTS INDIAN LANGUAGE, new edition (Boston) 1822.

Lexical information; no ethnographic data.

27. Elliot, John, THE INDIAN PRIMER (Edinburgh) 1877.

Compiled for use in teaching reading and catechism to Indians by the 17th century missionary. Contains no ethnographic information.

28. Elliot, John, and Thomas Mayhew, “Tears of Repentance: or, A Further Narrative of the Progress of the Gospel Amongst the Indians in New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. IV, 1834.

Letters dating ca. 1653; information concerning aboriginal religious beliefs and the way of becoming a powow.

29. Ellis, G.E., “The Indians of Eastern Massachusetts,” MEMORIAL HISTORY OF BOSTON, J. Winsor, ed., Vol I. (Boston) 1880, pp. 241-71.

Deals with the history of Anglo-Indian relationships. Not much ethnographic information.

30. Flannery, R., AN ANALYSIS OF COASTAL ALGONQUIAN CULTURE (Washington, D. C.; The Catholic University of America Press) 1939.

Trait list for southern New England; very complete, but the inclusion of tribes other than those in the immediate Plymouth region—i.e. Connecticut—calls for cross checking before accepting all things as true of local Indians.

31. Freeman, Frederick, CIVILIZATION AND BARBARISM, (Cambridge: The Riverside Press) 1878.

Running account of relations between Indians and white men from 1620 to the end of King Philip’s War. Ethnographic information is nonexistent; however, a general picture of Indian-English relationships as they unfolded can be gained.

32. Gookin, Daniel, “Historical Collections of the Indians in New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol I, 1792.

This is a basic source, covering all aspects of Indian culture. Concerns mainly the Massachusetts.

33. Guernsey, S.J., “Notes on the Exploration of Martha’s Vineyard,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns. Vol. XVIII, 1916, pp. 81-97.

Discusses the investigation of some burials and the collection of some typical artifacts (cord and fabric-impressed and incised sherds).

34. Hawley, G., “Mashpee Indians,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol. X, 1809, p. 113.

Contains 18th. century population records.

35. Hawley, Rev. Mr., “Account of an Indian Visitation, A.D. 1698,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol. X, 1809, p. 129.

Concerns the location and religious conditions of various Indian congregations of 1698.

36. Haynes, H. W., “Agricultural Implements of the New England Indians,” PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, Vol. XXII, 1883, pp. 437-43.

Discusses shell and stone hoes and spades that might have been used by the Indians in historic times. Information it contains is better gotten in entirety from original sources than piecemeal here.

37. Higginson, F., “New England’s Plantation,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, 1806, pp. 117-24.

Brief ethnographic sketch, dealing with appearance, weapons, houses, seasonal mobility, religion, and labor.

38. Howe, Henry F. PROLOGUE TO NEW ENGLAND (New York, Toronto: Farr and Rinehart, Inc.) 1943.

This book covers the voyages of exploration and the accounts of them from the Vikings to the Pilgrims. The author provides continuity and explanatory passages, but there are extensive quotations from original sources, making this an excellent source for such journalists as Verrazano, Champlain, and Smith; most writings by them relevant to the Indians of this area are included.

39. James, Sydney V., Jr., ed., THREE VISITORS TO EARLY PLYMOUTH (Plimoth Plantation) 1963.

Contains the accounts of John Pory, Emmanuel Altham, and Issack de Rasieres.

40. Josselyn, John, “New England’s Rarities Discovered,” TRANSACTIONS AND COLLECTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, IV., 1860, pp. 130-238.

Main concern is the natural history of the region, but there is a description of the dress (acculturated), ornament, and hairstyle of an “Indian Squa”.

41. Josselyn, John, “Two Voyages to New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. III, 1833.

Information on Indian culture not extensive; relevant information covers material for bows and fire-making.

42. Kitteredge, G.L., “Letters of Samuel Lee and Samuell Sewell Relating to New England and the Indians,” PUBLICATIONS OF THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS XV, 1912, pp. 142-86.

The letters consist of a series of answers to questions about Indian culture. Unfortunately there is no existing list of the questions. Subjects covered are mainly appearance, matters of health, cures, hygiene, and child care. In many cases the questions asked can be guessed, and the author’s notes as to other primary sources on similar subjects are useful. There is no information not already covered in other standard primary sources, but the information here nicely confirms other writers’ observations. The time of writing is about 1690. The Indian group of main concern is the Narragansett.

43. Knight, M.F., “Wampanoag Indian Tales,” JOURNAL OF AMERICAN FOLKLORE, Vol. XXXVIII, 1925, pp. 134-7.

Information is 19th. and 20th. century; influences of acculturation are obvious.

44. Leach, Douglas Edward, FLINTLOCK AND TOMAHAWK: NEW ENGLAND IN KING PHILIP’S WAR (New York: The Macmillan Company) 1959.

Contains a brief introductory sketch of Indian culture. Population subsistence, houses, physical appearance, division of labor, etc. are treated generally.

45. Lechford, T., PLAIN DEALING OR NEWS FROM NEW ENGLAND, J.H. Trumbull, ed., (Boston: J. K. Wiggin & William Parsons Lunt) 1868.

——also MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. III, 1833.

Originally published in 1642, this work does not contain a great deal of information about Indian culture. Relevant passages concern hairdressing, ornament, fire-making, weapons, and government.

46. Macy, Zaccheus, “A Short Journal of the First Settlement of the Island of Nantucket,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 1, Vol. III, 1794, pp. 155-60.

Description of settlement of the island in 1659 speaks briefly of the Indians as kind and hospitable people. Gives population figures in 1763 (358) prior to an epidemic in the same year that substantially eradicated that population.

47. Miller, W.J., NOTES CONCERNING THE WAMPANOAG TRIBE OF INDIANS (Providence) 1880.

Concerns the history of English dealings with the tribe; no ethnographic data.

48. Mooney, James, “The Aboriginal Population of America North of Mexico,” SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, Vol. LXXX, no. 7, (February, 1928).

Gives estimate of population for the area. Presumably this is based on historical sources rather than any formula, although he does not say how the figures were arrived at.

49. Mooney, J., “Handbook of American Indians,” BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, XXX, Vols. I and II, 1910, pp. 810 (vol. I), 903-4 (vol. II).

For the Wampanoag there is a brief description concerning matters of history, linguistics, and population. There is also a list of town names.

50. Morton, Thomas, THE NEW ENGLISH CANAAN, (Boston: The Prince Society) 1883.

This work, originally published in 1637, is a basic source for the study of both early colonists and Indians; covers all aspects of Indian culture. The tribe being described is the Massachusett.

51. MOURT’S RELATION (in Young CHRONICLES OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS, etc.)

Originally published in 1622, this is a basic source for Wampanoag culture in all aspects; also contains the accounts of earliest Pilgrim dealings with the Indians.

52. Murdock, George Peter, ETHNOGRAPHIC BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA, 2nd. Edition (New Haven: Human Relations Area Files) 1953.

Contains a list of all published sources on North American Indians through 1953. All sources that are relevant to the Plymouth area are included in the present list.

53. Pory, John, JOHN PORY’S LOST DESCRIPTION OF PLYMOUTH (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company) 1918.

——also in James, THREE VISITORS, etc.

Description of Indians is brief and relates mostly to interrelationships with English—trade, hostilities, etc. What comments there are on culture also pertain to Indians outside the Plymouth area; no information is included that is not gotten better from other sources.

54. Potter, E.R., “Early History of Narragansetts,” COLLECTIONS OF THE RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Vol. III (Providence: Marshall Brown, and Company) 1835.

A compilation of historical data on the Narragansetts. The main ethnographic source is Williams. There is considerable data on Indian-colonial dealings from town records.

55. Prince, J.D., “The Last Living Echoes of the Natick,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. IX, 1907, pp. 493-98.

Concerns a few remaining Indians during the early 20th. century, living in Mashpee on Cape Cod; the recollections of old people. There is also some collected vocabulary.

56. Pring, Martin, “The Voyage of Martin Pring,” (in Winship) SAILORS’ NARRATIVES also Howe, PROLOGUE TO NEW ENGLAND.

Account by an early (1603) visitor to Plymouth harbor. Information on general appearance, horticulture, diet, weapons, and birch bark canoes.

57. Rainey, F.G., “A Compilation of Historical Data Contributing to the Ethnography of Connecticut and Southern New England Indians,” BULLETIN OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT (April, 1936).

This is just what the title implies—a collection of some data on Indians in southeastern New England. The author assumes that all groups are the same culture-wise, and makes no attempt to segregate data, for example, of observers in Maine from that of those in Connecticut. The compilation, moreover, is incomplete. No synthesis is attempted—information presented in a series of quotations.

58. de Rasieres, Issack, “Letter of Issack de Rasieres to Samuel Blommaert, 1628,” in James, THREE VISITORS, etc., and also Jameson, Franklin, J., ed., NARRATIVES OF NEW NETHERLAND (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909).

Information concerning trade with Maine, conduct of the Indians, education of the young, and maleinitiation. Also extensive account of customs of New York Indians.

59. Shepard, Thomas, “The Clear Sun-Shine of the Gospel Breaking forth upon the Indians in New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. IV, pp. 27-67.

Mainly a description of missionary activities, dating to about 1648. There is little ethnographic information; mainly it tells of the efforts of religious instruction. Mentions the existence of female initiation.

60. Smith, John, A DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND, OR OBSERVATIONS AND DISCOVERIES IN THE NORTH OF AMERICA IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1614 (Boston: Williams Veazie) 1875.

Information on Indians is not extensive. Concerns general distribution of settlements, location of furs, and horticulture around Massachusetts Bay.

61. Speck, F.G., “Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians,” INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS, XIX, 1917, pp. 303-21.

Ethnographic information concerns Montagnais, Mohegan, Penobscott—mostly remedy lists, which, since they tend to be specific at least to tribe are not much help except as illustrations of the kinds of things used in the general area. Theory contained therein is relevant to all Algonquians, however, and should be read by anyone studying in this area.

62. Speck, F.G., “Mythology of the Wampanoag,” EL PALACIO, Vol. XXV, 1928, pp. 83-6.

Acculturated, 19th. century information.

63. Speck, F.G., “Territorial Subdivisions and Boundaries of the Wampanoag, Massachusetts, and Nauset Indians,” INDIAN NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS, no. 44, (Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation).

Data on tribal subdivisions is compiled, and most of it relates to about the time of King Philip’s War. Also genealogical data.

64. Speck, F.G., and Ralph Dexter, “Utilization of Marine Life by the Wampanoag Indians of Massachusetts,” JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. XXXVIII, 1948, pp. 257-65.

Information in regard to contemporary practices of the Wampanoag of Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, on use of sea products for food and other purposes.

65. Tantaquidgeon, G., “Notes on the Gay Head Indians of Massachusetts,” INDIAN NOTES, Vol. 7, no. 1 (Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation) January, 1930.

Concerns 19th. century splint and grass basketry-making; describes some techniques of manufacture.

66. Thatcher, James, HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF PLYMOUTH, FROM ITS FIRST SETTLEMENT IN 1620, TO THE PRESENT TIME: WITH A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE ABORIGINES OF NEW ENGLAND AND THEIR WARS WITH THE ENGLISH, &C. (Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon) 1835.

Brief cultural summary includes diet, division of labor, appearance, housing, attitude toward children, effects of strong drink, treatment of captives, and the general character of Indians. For its brevity it is quite complete, albeit non-analytical. Includes history of Indian-Pilgrim contacts. Covers King Philip’s War. Includes Indian anecdotes and sketches of character and activities of some of the more well-known Indians of the 17th. century.

67. Trumbull, J.H., “Natick Dictionary,” BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, XXV, 1903.

Linguistic material. No ethnographic data.

68. Vaughan, Alden T., NEW ENGLAND FRONTIER: PURITANS AND INDIANS 1620-1675 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company) 1965.

This is a history of relations between Indians and colonists, taken from the point of view of the colonists. The section relevant to a study of Wampanoag culture is the introductory chapter on general Algonquian culture for the New England area. A most articulate and applicable summary, it is basic reading for a general background in Indian culture of the region.

69. Verrazano’s Narrative (contained in H. Howe, PROLOGUE TO NEW ENGLAND).

This narrative represents the first account of contact with Algonquians of the Plymouth region—area concerned is Narragansett Bay, date is 1524. Information on general appearance and notation of dwellings that do not fit the expected pattern for wigwam construction.

70. Whitfield, Henry, compiler, “The Light Appearing More and More Towards the Perfect day or, A Farther Discovery of the Present State of the Indians in New England, Concerning the Progresse of the Gospel Amongst Them,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. IV.

Contains letters by John Eliot dating about 1651, with information on becoming a powow, dreams, and the succession of powows.

71. Wilder, H.H., “Notes on the Indians of Southern Massachusetts,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. XXV, 1923, pp. 197-218.

This contains some information on the excavation of burials, plus an attempt at reconstruction of how the face of an Indian might have looked, based upon skeletal features.

72. Williams, Roger, A KEY INTO THE LANGUAGE OF AMERICA: OR AN HELP TO THE LANGUAGE OF THE NATIVES IN THAT PART OF AMERICA, CALLED NEW ENGLAND (Providence: The Narragansett Club) Vol. 1, Ser. 1, 1866.

Originally published in 1643, this is a basic source on all aspects of Indian culture. Concern is mainly with the Narragansetts.

73. Willoughby, C. C., “The Adze and the Ungrooved Axe of the New England Indians,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns. Vol. IX, 1907, pp. 296-306.

Contains both historic and prehistoric data. Same material is found in Willoughby, 1935. Perhaps useful in separating historic and prehistoric forms.

74. Willoughby, Charles C., ANTIQUITIES OF THE NEW ENGLAND INDIANS (Cambridge: the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University) 1935.

The area covered here is the entirety of New England, so caution must be exercised in selecting information to avoid bringing in details not applicable to the Plymouth area. The relevant section is that called, “The Later Algonquian Group”. Information covers textiles, wooden dishes, shell beads, and burials and grave goods. The sub-section on “General Culture of the Historic New England Tribes”, has both relevant and irrelevant information—the discussions of wampum and fortifications are worthy of note. Thearchaeology contained in the rest of the book seems rather out of date, and the conclusions as to the source of copper are wrong. Illustrations that pertain to historic artifacts are worth looking at. This book has the advantage of being the major and last of the author’s works concerning the New England area, and information contained in earlier articles (of which there are several) can be found here.

75. Willoughby, C. C., “Certain Earthworks of Eastern Massachusetts,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. XIII, 1911, pp. 566-76.

The information also appears in Willoughby, 1935, where the author has revised his thinking on the nature of some of the earthworks; that source, therefore is better consulted than this.

76. Willoughby, C. C., “Dress and Ornaments of the New England Indians,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. VII, 1905, pp. 499-508.

All information is covered in Willoughby, 1935.

77. Willoughby, C. C., “Houses and Gardens of the New England Indians,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., VIII, 1906, pp. 115-32.

All information covered in Willoughby, 1935.

78. Willoughby, Charles C., “The Wilderness and the Indian,” in COMMONWEALTH HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS, Albert Bushnell Hart, ed. (New York: The States History Company) Vol. I, 1927-28, pp. 127-57.

A general summary of New England Indian culture, which is better done in the book by Vaughan.

79. Willoughby, C. C., “Wooden Bowls of the Algonquian Indians,” AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, ns., Vol. X, 1908, pp. 423-34.

Illustrations are interesting for general types, however, objects relevant to the Plymouth area are also illustrated in Willoughby, 1935.

80. Winship, George Parker, ed., SAILORS’ NARRATIVE OF VOYAGES ALONG THE NEW ENGLAND COAST 1524-1624 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company) 1905.

This book is a collection of early narratives. Especially relevant are the accounts of Samuel de Champlain, Martin Pring, and John Brereton; all are basic sources.

81. Winslow, Edward, “The Glorious Progress of the Gospel Amongst the Indians in New England,” MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLLECTIONS, Series 3, Vol. IV, 1834, pp. 69-99.

Originally compiled in 1649, this contains a letter by Eliot, concerning spring congregations at fishing places.

82. Winslow, Edward, “Good Newes from New England: or A true Relation of things very Remarkable at the Plantation of Plimoth in New-England,” (in Young, CHRONICLES OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS, etc.)

Originally published in 1624, this is one of the basic sources on all aspects of Indian culture; the observations are most insightful.

83. Wood, William, NEW ENGLAND’S PROSPECT, Charles Deane, ed. (Boston: The Prince Society), 1865.

A basic source on all aspects of Indian culture. Concern is mainly with the Massachusett.

84. Young, Alexander, CHRONICLES OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS OF THE COLONY OF PLYMOUTH FROM 1602-1625 (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown), 1841.

Contains MOURT’S RELATION and Winslow’s Relation (“Good Newes from New England” etc.).

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