[326]Brereton in Howe, pp. 63-64; John Josselyn, “An account of Two Voyages to New England,” Massachusetts Historical Society COLLECTIONS, Ser. 3, III, (Boston, 1883), p. 257; Morton, p. 172; Williams, p. 100.
[326]Brereton in Howe, pp. 63-64; John Josselyn, “An account of Two Voyages to New England,” Massachusetts Historical Society COLLECTIONS, Ser. 3, III, (Boston, 1883), p. 257; Morton, p. 172; Williams, p. 100.
[327]Williams, pp. 57, 87.
[327]Williams, pp. 57, 87.
[328]Winslow, p. 367.
[328]Winslow, p. 367.
[329]Gookin, p. 153.
[329]Gookin, p. 153.
[330]Williams, p. 153, estimates the value of each gift as about “... eighteen pence, two Shillings, or thereabouts....”
[330]Williams, p. 153, estimates the value of each gift as about “... eighteen pence, two Shillings, or thereabouts....”
[331]Ibid.; Rowlandson, p. 50.
[331]Ibid.; Rowlandson, p. 50.
[332]Chase, p. 900; Morton, pp. 141, 158-59; Williams, pp. 174-75.
[332]Chase, p. 900; Morton, pp. 141, 158-59; Williams, pp. 174-75.
[333]Morton, pp. 158-59; Williams, pp. 174-75.
[333]Morton, pp. 158-59; Williams, pp. 174-75.
[334]Chase, p. 900.
[334]Chase, p. 900.
[335]Williams, pp. 174-75.
[335]Williams, pp. 174-75.
[336]Morton, p. 141.
[336]Morton, p. 141.
[337]Ibid., pp. 158-59.
[337]Ibid., pp. 158-59.
[338]Williams, p. 173; Wood, p. 69.
[338]Williams, p. 173; Wood, p. 69.
[339]Willoughby, p. 266.
[339]Willoughby, p. 266.
[340]Ibid., pp. 266-67.
[340]Ibid., pp. 266-67.
[341]Bradford, II, pp. 43-44.
[341]Bradford, II, pp. 43-44.
[342]Willoughby, pp. 270-71.
[342]Willoughby, pp. 270-71.
[343]Morton, p. 157.
[343]Morton, p. 157.
[344]Willoughby, p. 270.
[344]Willoughby, p. 270.
[345]Morton, p. 157.
[345]Morton, p. 157.
[346]Willoughby, p. 267.
[346]Willoughby, p. 267.
[347]Gookin, p. 151; Williams, pp. 66, 75; Winslow, p. 363.
[347]Gookin, p. 151; Williams, pp. 66, 75; Winslow, p. 363.
[348]Winslow, p. 363; Williams, p. 66.
[348]Winslow, p. 363; Williams, p. 66.
[349]Winslow, p. 363; Wood, p. 105.
[349]Winslow, p. 363; Wood, p. 105.
[350]Wood, p. 105.
[350]Wood, p. 105.
[351]Williams, p. 66.
[351]Williams, p. 66.
[352]Winslow, p. 364.
[352]Winslow, p. 364.
[353]Ibid., p. 363; Willoughby, p. 132.
[353]Ibid., p. 363; Willoughby, p. 132.
[354]Vaughan, pp. 49-50.
[354]Vaughan, pp. 49-50.
[355]Gookin, p. 151; Williams, pp. 32, 132; Williams, p. 75.
[355]Gookin, p. 151; Williams, pp. 32, 132; Williams, p. 75.
[356]Williams, p. 123.
[356]Williams, p. 123.
[357]Ibid.
[357]Ibid.
[358]Willoughby, p. 132.
[358]Willoughby, p. 132.
[359]Ibid., pp. 282-83; Byers, pp. 22-23; Morton, p. 172.
[359]Ibid., pp. 282-83; Byers, pp. 22-23; Morton, p. 172.
[360]Williams, p. 98.
[360]Williams, p. 98.
[361]Ibid., pp. 97-98.
[361]Ibid., pp. 97-98.
[362]Morton, p. 144.
[362]Morton, p. 144.
[363]Gookin, pp. 152-53.
[363]Gookin, pp. 152-53.
[364]Ibid., Williams, p. 134; Wood, p. 102.
[364]Ibid., Williams, p. 134; Wood, p. 102.
[365]Wood, p. 102.
[365]Wood, p. 102.
[366]Ibid.; Pring, p. 58.
[366]Ibid.; Pring, p. 58.
[367]Williams, p. 134.
[367]Williams, p. 134.
[368]Wood says that this is so that a player would not know who to blame for any injury he might receive on the playing field.
[368]Wood says that this is so that a player would not know who to blame for any injury he might receive on the playing field.
[369]Williams, p. 196; Wood, pp. 83, 96-98.
[369]Williams, p. 196; Wood, pp. 83, 96-98.
[370]“... their swimming is not after our English fashion of spread armes and legges which they hold too tiresome, but like dogges their armes before themcutting through the liquids with their right shoulder; in this manner they swim very swift and farre....”; Wood, pp. 97-98.
[370]“... their swimming is not after our English fashion of spread armes and legges which they hold too tiresome, but like dogges their armes before themcutting through the liquids with their right shoulder; in this manner they swim very swift and farre....”; Wood, pp. 97-98.
[371]Ibid.
[371]Ibid.
[372]Ibid., pp. 95-96.
[372]Ibid., pp. 95-96.
[373]“The bones being all blacke or white make a double game; if three be of a colour and two of another, then they afford but a single game; foure of a colour and one differing is nothing; so long as a man wins, he keepes the Tray; but if he loose, the next man takes it”; Ibid.
[373]“The bones being all blacke or white make a double game; if three be of a colour and two of another, then they afford but a single game; foure of a colour and one differing is nothing; so long as a man wins, he keepes the Tray; but if he loose, the next man takes it”; Ibid.
[374]Ibid., Williams, p. 194.
[374]Ibid., Williams, p. 194.
[375]Winslow, p. 307; Wood, pp. 83, 95-96.
[375]Winslow, p. 307; Wood, pp. 83, 95-96.
[376]Williams, p. 194.
[376]Williams, p. 194.
[377]Ibid., p. 196; Winslow, p. 307; Wood, p. 83.
[377]Ibid., p. 196; Winslow, p. 307; Wood, p. 83.
[378]Williams, p. 197. The Europeans whose writings provide most of the information about Wampanoag culture thought such gatherings were occasions for communion with the devil, and most feared to attend and risk being corrupted. Therefore, information is scarce as to the purpose and form of “ceremonial” activities.
[378]Williams, p. 197. The Europeans whose writings provide most of the information about Wampanoag culture thought such gatherings were occasions for communion with the devil, and most feared to attend and risk being corrupted. Therefore, information is scarce as to the purpose and form of “ceremonial” activities.
[379]Elliot, p. 81; Morton, p. 138.
[379]Elliot, p. 81; Morton, p. 138.
[380]Williams, p. 151.
[380]Williams, p. 151.
[381]Ibid.
[381]Ibid.
[382]Ibid., p. 153.
[382]Ibid., p. 153.
[383]Ibid., pp. 82-83.
[383]Ibid., pp. 82-83.
[384]Gookin, p. 153. None of the music has survived, but it seems to have struck Europeans as pleasant sounding. Wood, p. 108, reports that the sound of an Indian woman singing a lullaby was sweet to his ears.
[384]Gookin, p. 153. None of the music has survived, but it seems to have struck Europeans as pleasant sounding. Wood, p. 108, reports that the sound of an Indian woman singing a lullaby was sweet to his ears.
[385]There is one report of the use of a kettle to beat on as a drum during a dance, but there is no indication of aboriginal use or manufacture of drums; Rowlandson, pp. 48-50. Williams, p. 57.
[385]There is one report of the use of a kettle to beat on as a drum during a dance, but there is no indication of aboriginal use or manufacture of drums; Rowlandson, pp. 48-50. Williams, p. 57.
[386]Eight in one case.
[386]Eight in one case.
[387]It is not known whether all personal property was buried with the owner or whether some was inherited by friends or relatives.
[387]It is not known whether all personal property was buried with the owner or whether some was inherited by friends or relatives.
[388]Lands were allotted upon request for planting, and hunting territories were probably granted in a similar way. Both individuals and some form of “family” are mentioned as receiving such lands; Vaughan, pp. 33-34, 105; Williams, pp. 120, 188-93.
[388]Lands were allotted upon request for planting, and hunting territories were probably granted in a similar way. Both individuals and some form of “family” are mentioned as receiving such lands; Vaughan, pp. 33-34, 105; Williams, pp. 120, 188-93.
[389]Williams, pp. 188-93; Winslow, pp. 316-62.
[389]Williams, pp. 188-93; Winslow, pp. 316-62.
[390]Vaughan, p. 54.
[390]Vaughan, p. 54.
[391]There is no information to be gained from early accounts as to what further subdivisions of territory were made or the basis for them. One could speculate that some aspect of land tenure was based on the “winter villages”—that is, a certain territory may have been allotted to the band of co-residence groups who dwelt in adjacent longhouses during the winter.
[391]There is no information to be gained from early accounts as to what further subdivisions of territory were made or the basis for them. One could speculate that some aspect of land tenure was based on the “winter villages”—that is, a certain territory may have been allotted to the band of co-residence groups who dwelt in adjacent longhouses during the winter.
[392]Occasional unification of the group under a strong leader implies that there were also occasions when it was not so unified, meaning that centralized authority for all Wampanoags as a body was not institutionalized.
[392]Occasional unification of the group under a strong leader implies that there were also occasions when it was not so unified, meaning that centralized authority for all Wampanoags as a body was not institutionalized.
[393]Winslow, pp. 360-61.
[393]Winslow, pp. 360-61.
[394]During the early years of European settlement at Plymouth a sachem called Corbitant was dissatisfied with Massasoit’s friendship with the settlers and plotted to overthrow him.
[394]During the early years of European settlement at Plymouth a sachem called Corbitant was dissatisfied with Massasoit’s friendship with the settlers and plotted to overthrow him.
[395]Winslow, pp. 360-61; Wood, p. 89.
[395]Winslow, pp. 360-61; Wood, p. 89.
[396]Eliot, p. 139; Gookin, p. 154.
[396]Eliot, p. 139; Gookin, p. 154.
[397]Winslow, pp. 360-61.
[397]Winslow, pp. 360-61.
[398]Ibid.; Altham, p. 29; Morton, p. 154.
[398]Ibid.; Altham, p. 29; Morton, p. 154.
[399]Winslow, pp. 361-62.
[399]Winslow, pp. 361-62.
[400]Wood, p. 90.
[400]Wood, p. 90.
[401]Winslow, p. 362.
[401]Winslow, p. 362.
[402]Gookin, p. 154; Williams, p. 164; Wood, p. 90.
[402]Gookin, p. 154; Williams, p. 164; Wood, p. 90.
[403]Winslow, pp. 288, 359-60.
[403]Winslow, pp. 288, 359-60.
[404]Morton, p. 149; Williams, pp. 152-53.
[404]Morton, p. 149; Williams, pp. 152-53.
[405]Ibid.
[405]Ibid.
[406]Possibly the “winter village band” was the group over which this official exercised authority.
[406]Possibly the “winter village band” was the group over which this official exercised authority.
[407]Williams, p. 164.
[407]Williams, p. 164.
[408]Winslow, pp. 307-8.
[408]Winslow, pp. 307-8.
[409]Ibid., pp. 364-65; Williams, p. 166.
[409]Ibid., pp. 364-65; Williams, p. 166.
[410]Winslow, pp. 307-8.
[410]Winslow, pp. 307-8.
[411]Ibid., p. 168.
[411]Ibid., p. 168.
[412]Gookin, p. 149.
[412]Gookin, p. 149.
[413]Williams, p. 102.
[413]Williams, p. 102.
[414]Ibid.
[414]Ibid.
[415]Winslow, pp. 364-65; Wood, p. 90.
[415]Winslow, pp. 364-65; Wood, p. 90.
[416]Williams, p. 57.
[416]Williams, p. 57.
[417]Gookin, p. 149.
[417]Gookin, p. 149.
[418]Winslow, p. 291; Wood, p. 90.
[418]Winslow, p. 291; Wood, p. 90.
[419]Winslow, pp. 364-65.
[419]Winslow, pp. 364-65.
[420]Williams, p. 166.
[420]Williams, p. 166.
[421]Winslow, pp. 364-65.
[421]Winslow, pp. 364-65.
[422]Morton, pp. 153-54.
[422]Morton, pp. 153-54.
[423]Williams, p. 102; Winslow, pp. 307-8.
[423]Williams, p. 102; Winslow, pp. 307-8.
[424]Williams, pp. 58, 68; Winslow, pp. 360-61.
[424]Williams, pp. 58, 68; Winslow, pp. 360-61.
[425]Morton, pp. 170-71. What European observers saw as a “royal family” was probably a chiefly clan or lineage.
[425]Morton, pp. 170-71. What European observers saw as a “royal family” was probably a chiefly clan or lineage.
[426]Wood, p. 74.
[426]Wood, p. 74.
[427]Williams, p. 163.
[427]Williams, p. 163.
[428]Ibid., p. 178.
[428]Ibid., p. 178.
[429]Massasoit is said to have had five wives; Altham, p. 29; Wood, p. 91.
[429]Massasoit is said to have had five wives; Altham, p. 29; Wood, p. 91.
[430]Williams, p. 68.
[430]Williams, p. 68.
[431]Wood, pp. 77-78.
[431]Wood, pp. 77-78.
[432]Ibid.; Williams, pp. 45-46.
[432]Ibid.; Williams, pp. 45-46.
[433]Morton, p. 137; Williams, pp. 45-46.
[433]Morton, p. 137; Williams, pp. 45-46.
[434]Morton, p. 137; Williams, p. 47.
[434]Morton, p. 137; Williams, p. 47.
[435]Wood, pp. 77-78.
[435]Wood, pp. 77-78.
[436]Altham, p. 29; Williams, p. 36; Wood, pp. 78-79.
[436]Altham, p. 29; Williams, p. 36; Wood, pp. 78-79.
[437]Wood, p. 77.
[437]Wood, p. 77.
[438]Winslow, pp. 304-5.
[438]Winslow, pp. 304-5.
[439]In one case the gift presented was a basket of tobacco and some beads; Ibid., p. 307.
[439]In one case the gift presented was a basket of tobacco and some beads; Ibid., p. 307.
[440]Wood, p. 91.
[440]Wood, p. 91.
[441]Williams, p. 169.
[441]Williams, p. 169.
[442]Ibid.
[442]Ibid.
[443]Gookin, p. 149; Winslow, p. 364.
[443]Gookin, p. 149; Winslow, p. 364.
[444]Winslow, p. 364.
[444]Winslow, p. 364.
[445]Ibid.; Williams, p. 168; Wood, p. 91.
[445]Ibid.; Williams, p. 168; Wood, p. 91.
[446]Winslow, p. 364.
[446]Winslow, p. 364.
[447]Gookin, p. 149; Rowlandson, pp. 45-47.
[447]Gookin, p. 149; Rowlandson, pp. 45-47.
[448]Ibid.; Wood, p. 91.
[448]Ibid.; Wood, p. 91.
[449]Thus enhancing wealth and in turn the possibilities for displays of generosity.
[449]Thus enhancing wealth and in turn the possibilities for displays of generosity.
[450]Williams, pp. 168-69. This practice is fairly common among pre-literate peoples on a world-wide basis. The reason usually given is the fear that should the mother conceive again before the child is weaned, her milk would dry up.
[450]Williams, pp. 168-69. This practice is fairly common among pre-literate peoples on a world-wide basis. The reason usually given is the fear that should the mother conceive again before the child is weaned, her milk would dry up.
[451]Ibid., p. 34.
[451]Ibid., p. 34.
[452]Ibid, pp. 170-71; Morton, pp. 145-46; Winslow, p. 358.
[452]Ibid, pp. 170-71; Morton, pp. 145-46; Winslow, p. 358.
[453]Williams, p. 170.
[453]Williams, p. 170.
[454]Winslow, p. 358; Wood, p. 108.
[454]Winslow, p. 358; Wood, p. 108.
[455]Wood, p. 108.
[455]Wood, p. 108.
[456]Ibid.; Morton, p. 147.
[456]Ibid.; Morton, p. 147.
[457]Wood, p. 108.
[457]Wood, p. 108.
[458]Ibid.
[458]Ibid.
[459]Gookin, p. 149; Williams, p. 59.
[459]Gookin, p. 149; Williams, p. 59.
[460]Williams, p. 169.
[460]Williams, p. 169.
[461]Wood, p. 98.
[461]Wood, p. 98.
[462]Ibid., pp. 97-98.
[462]Ibid., pp. 97-98.
[463]Issack de Rasieres, letter to Samuel Blommaert, in NARRATIVES OF NEW NETHERLANDS, J. Franklin Jameson, ed. (New York, 1909), pp. 113-14.
[463]Issack de Rasieres, letter to Samuel Blommaert, in NARRATIVES OF NEW NETHERLANDS, J. Franklin Jameson, ed. (New York, 1909), pp. 113-14.
[464]Winslow, p. 356.
[464]Winslow, p. 356.
[465]Morton, p. 145; Thomas Shepard, “The Clear Sun-Shine of the Gospel Breaking Forth upon the Indians in New England”, Massachusetts Historical Society, COLLECTIONS, Ser. 3, IV (Boston, 1834), p. 40.
[465]Morton, p. 145; Thomas Shepard, “The Clear Sun-Shine of the Gospel Breaking Forth upon the Indians in New England”, Massachusetts Historical Society, COLLECTIONS, Ser. 3, IV (Boston, 1834), p. 40.
[466]De Rasieres, pp. 113-14.
[466]De Rasieres, pp. 113-14.
[467]Winslow, pp. 363-64.
[467]Winslow, pp. 363-64.
[468]“... they train up the most forward and likeliest boys, from their childhood, in great hardness, and make them abstain from dainty meat, observing divers orders prescribed, to the end that when they are of age, the devil may appear to them; causing to drink the juice of sentry and other bitter herbs, till they cast, which they must disgorge into the platter, and drink again and again, till at length through the extraordinary oppressing of nature, it will seem to be all blood; and this the boys will do with eagerness at the first, and so continue till by reason of faintness, they can scarce stand on their legs, and then must go forth into the cold. Also they beat their shins with sticks, and cause them to run through bushes, stumps and brambles to make them hardy and acceptable to the devil, that in time he may appear unto them.”; Ibid., p. 360.
[468]“... they train up the most forward and likeliest boys, from their childhood, in great hardness, and make them abstain from dainty meat, observing divers orders prescribed, to the end that when they are of age, the devil may appear to them; causing to drink the juice of sentry and other bitter herbs, till they cast, which they must disgorge into the platter, and drink again and again, till at length through the extraordinary oppressing of nature, it will seem to be all blood; and this the boys will do with eagerness at the first, and so continue till by reason of faintness, they can scarce stand on their legs, and then must go forth into the cold. Also they beat their shins with sticks, and cause them to run through bushes, stumps and brambles to make them hardy and acceptable to the devil, that in time he may appear unto them.”; Ibid., p. 360.
[469]Ibid., pp. 359-60.
[469]Ibid., pp. 359-60.
[470]Vaughan, pp. 38-39; Willoughby, p. 287; Wood, pp. 94-95.
[470]Vaughan, pp. 38-39; Willoughby, p. 287; Wood, pp. 94-95.
[471]Willoughby, p. 285 ff., published a collection of important descriptions of fortifications for the entire New England area.
[471]Willoughby, p. 285 ff., published a collection of important descriptions of fortifications for the entire New England area.
[472]Williams, p. 99.
[472]Williams, p. 99.
[473]Vaughan, p. 39.
[473]Vaughan, p. 39.
[474]Wood, p. 95.
[474]Wood, p. 95.
[475]Ibid.
[475]Ibid.
[476]Ibid., p. 89; Vaughan, p. 37; Williams, pp. 201-2.
[476]Ibid., p. 89; Vaughan, p. 37; Williams, pp. 201-2.
[477]Rowlandson, pp. 48-49.
[477]Rowlandson, pp. 48-49.
[478]Lechford, p. 120; Williams, p. 204; Vaughan, p. 39.
[478]Lechford, p. 120; Williams, p. 204; Vaughan, p. 39.
[479]Wood, p. 95.
[479]Wood, p. 95.
[480]Williams, p. 204; Vaughan, p. 39.
[480]Williams, p. 204; Vaughan, p. 39.
[481]A skillful conjuror was often called upon to produce such storms; Winslow, p. 366.
[481]A skillful conjuror was often called upon to produce such storms; Winslow, p. 366.
[482]Williams, p. 134.
[482]Williams, p. 134.
[483]Ibid., pp. 78-80; Wood, p. 95.
[483]Ibid., pp. 78-80; Wood, p. 95.
[484]Vaughan, pp. 40-41.
[484]Vaughan, pp. 40-41.
[485]Ibid.
[485]Ibid.
[486]Williams, p. 63.
[486]Williams, p. 63.
[487]Ibid.
[487]Ibid.
[488]Winslow, pp. 365-66.
[488]Winslow, pp. 365-66.
[489]Williams, p. 93.
[489]Williams, p. 93.
[490]Winslow, pp. 365-66.
[490]Winslow, pp. 365-66.
[491]Ibid.; Williams, p. 93.
[491]Ibid.; Williams, p. 93.
[492]Winslow, pp. 365-66.
[492]Winslow, pp. 365-66.
[493]There are reports of the use of sweating to alleviate the symptoms of the following: “the French disease”, “plague or smallpox”, “colds, surfeits, sciatica”, “pains fixed in the limbs”; Butler, pp. 12-13; Williams, pp. 211-12.
[493]There are reports of the use of sweating to alleviate the symptoms of the following: “the French disease”, “plague or smallpox”, “colds, surfeits, sciatica”, “pains fixed in the limbs”; Butler, pp. 12-13; Williams, pp. 211-12.
[494]Gookin, p. 154; Wood, p. 84.
[494]Gookin, p. 154; Wood, p. 84.
[495]Wood, p. 84.
[495]Wood, p. 84.
[496]Frank G. Speck, “Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians,” PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS (Paris, 1917), p. 303.
[496]Frank G. Speck, “Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians,” PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS (Paris, 1917), p. 303.
[497]Williams, p. 78. There is not a great deal of specific information on the herbal remedies used by the Wampanoags and their neighbors. Writing of herbal remedies over the entire Northeastern Algonquian area, Speck notes that there is variation from area to area and probably among curers within a single area as to what herb was used for what symptom.
[497]Williams, p. 78. There is not a great deal of specific information on the herbal remedies used by the Wampanoags and their neighbors. Writing of herbal remedies over the entire Northeastern Algonquian area, Speck notes that there is variation from area to area and probably among curers within a single area as to what herb was used for what symptom.
[498]Gookin, p. 154; Mayhew, letter in “The Light Appearing More and More Towards the Perfect Day, etc.”, Henry Whitfield, compiler, Massachusetts Historical Society, COLLECTIONS, Ser. 3 IV (Boston, 1834) p. 202; Williams, pp. 212-13; Winslow, pp. 357-58; Wood, p. 84.
[498]Gookin, p. 154; Mayhew, letter in “The Light Appearing More and More Towards the Perfect Day, etc.”, Henry Whitfield, compiler, Massachusetts Historical Society, COLLECTIONS, Ser. 3 IV (Boston, 1834) p. 202; Williams, pp. 212-13; Winslow, pp. 357-58; Wood, p. 84.
[499]Williams, p. 210; Winslow, pp. 313, 317-18, 362-63.
[499]Williams, p. 210; Winslow, pp. 313, 317-18, 362-63.
[500]Williams, pp. 152, 212-13; Winslow, pp. 357-58.
[500]Williams, pp. 152, 212-13; Winslow, pp. 357-58.
[501]Wood, pp. 92-93.
[501]Wood, pp. 92-93.
[502]Mayhew, p. 202; Williams, p. 152; Winslow, pp. 357-58.
[502]Mayhew, p. 202; Williams, p. 152; Winslow, pp. 357-58.
[503]Gookin, p. 154.
[503]Gookin, p. 154.
[504]Ibid.; Mayhew, p. 202; Williams, pp. 212-13; Winslow, pp. 317-18; Wood, pp. 92-93. Gookin says that there were both male and female powows and that they cured both by magic and by herbal means. Williams states that the powows administered nothing in the course of a cure, but proceeded by verbal means only. In none of the reports that recount the actual actions used by the powow is there any mention of the use of herbal cures as part of the process.
[504]Ibid.; Mayhew, p. 202; Williams, pp. 212-13; Winslow, pp. 317-18; Wood, pp. 92-93. Gookin says that there were both male and female powows and that they cured both by magic and by herbal means. Williams states that the powows administered nothing in the course of a cure, but proceeded by verbal means only. In none of the reports that recount the actual actions used by the powow is there any mention of the use of herbal cures as part of the process.
[505]Williams, pp. 212-13.
[505]Williams, pp. 212-13.
[506]Winslow, pp. 362-63.
[506]Winslow, pp. 362-63.
[507]Ibid., p. 359.
[507]Ibid., p. 359.
[508]B. Bassett, “Fabulous Traditions and Customs of the Indians of Martha’s Vineyard,” Massachusetts Historical Society, COLLECTIONS, Ser. 1, I (Boston, 1792), p. 40.
[508]B. Bassett, “Fabulous Traditions and Customs of the Indians of Martha’s Vineyard,” Massachusetts Historical Society, COLLECTIONS, Ser. 1, I (Boston, 1792), p. 40.
[509]Williams, p. 210.
[509]Williams, p. 210.
[510]Wood, pp. 84-85.
[510]Wood, pp. 84-85.
[511]Williams, p. 148.
[511]Williams, p. 148.