Hereafter will be counted as a martyr."
The New England Tragedies.
ROGER LUDLOW
The Connecticut historians to a very recent date, in ignorance of the facts, and despite his notable services of twenty-four years to the colonies, left Ludlow to die in obscurity in Virginia or elsewhere, and some of the traditions, based on no record or other evidence, have been recently repeated. It is therefore proper to state here in few words who Ludlow was, what he did both in Massachusetts and Connecticut, and after his "return into England" in 1654.
Ludlow came of an ancient English family, which gave to history in his own time and generation such illustrious kinsmen as Sir Henry Ludlow, a member of the Long Parliament and one of the Puritan leaders, and Sir Edmund Ludlow, member of Parliament, Lieutenant-General under Cromwell, member of the court at King Charles' trial, and whom Macaulay named "the most illustrious saviour of a mighty race of men, the judges of a king, the founders of a republic."
In May, 1630, Ludlow came to Massachusetts, as one of the Assistants under the charter of "The Governor and company of Massachusetts Bay in New England."
His services in the Bay Colony from 1630-35 ranged from the duties of a magistrate in the Great Charter Court to those of the high office of Deputy Governor. Thequality of that service is written in a bare statement of his various offices—surveyor, negotiator of the Pequot treaty, colonel ex officio, auditor of Governor Winthrop's accounts, superintendent of fortifications, military commissioner, member of the General Court, Deputy Governor when Thomas Dudley was Governor; and he was always one of the foremost men in civil, political, and social affairs, to the day of his departure to "the valley of the long river,"—a day of good fortune for Connecticut.
When Massachusetts established church membership as the condition of suffrage,—and radical differences of opinion on other matters arose,—it marked the culmination of a set purpose of some of her ablest men to remove from her jurisdiction, among whom Hooker, Ludlow, and Haynes were the most notable. The General Court created a commission to govern Connecticut for a year, and made Ludlow its chief. He came to the new land of promise with the Dorchester men, and settled in Windsor in 1635-36.
What he did in the nineteen years of his residence at Windsor and Fairfield is epitomized in a brief summary of the duties and honors to which he was called by his fellowmen:
Chief of the Massachusetts commission and the first Governor, de facto; organizer and chief magistrate of the first court; writer of the earliest laws; president of the court which declared war against the Pequots; framer of the Fundamental Orders—the Constitution of 1639—which embodied the great principles of government by the people propounded and elucidated by the illustrious Thomas Hooker, in his letter to Governor Winthrop, andin his famous sermon; compiler, at the request of the General Court, of theBody of Lawes, theCode of 1650; commissioner on important state matters; commissioner for the United Colonies; founder and defender of Fairfield; patriot, jurist, statesman.
Ludlow left Connecticut in 1654, not to die in obscurity as the earlier writers imagined, but to serve abroad for several years in positions of honor and distinction.
Cromwell invited him to return, as he did many of the leading Puritans in New England, and appointed him a commissioner for the administration of justice in Dublin; also to serve with the chief justice of the upper bench and other distinguished lawyers, to determine all the claims to the forfeited Irish lands, and at last as a Master in Chancery.
Ten years Ludlow served in these important stations; and at his death, probably in 1664, he was buried in St. Michael's churchyard in Dublin, with his wife—a sister of Governor John Endicott—and other members of his family.[K]
[K]Roger Ludlow—The Colonial Lawmaker—TAYLOR.
Some of the authorities and records in witchcraft literature consulted in the writing of this essay are here cited for reference and information:
Connecticut Archives:Wyllys Papers, Original Witchcraft Depositions; Records:General Court, Particular Court, Court of Assistants, County Court, Colonial Boundaries, Crimes and Misdemeanors, Connecticut Colonial, New Haven Colonial, Hartford Probate, New Haven Town; Magnolia Christi Americana(MATHER); MATTHEW GRANT'SDiary(TRUMBULL'SObservations)Courant Literary Section, 12-3-1904; HOADLEY'SWitchcraft Trials and Notes(Manuscript); WINTHROP'SHistory of New England; STILES'History of Windsor; Blue Laws, True and False(TRUMBULL); PERKINS'Discourse; The Literature of Witchcraft(BURR);Hammurabi's Code; Cent. Mag., June, 1903; BLACKSTONE'SCommentaries; A Tale of the Witches(STONE); LECKY'SRationalism in Europe; The Witch Persecutions(BURR); Encyc. Articles ("Witchcraft"):Britannica, Americana, International, Chambers', Johnson's; Connecticut: Origin of her Courts and Laws(HAMERSLEY); BARBER'SConnecticut Historical Collections; SCHENCK'SFairfield; Connecticut as a Colony and State(MORGAN et al.);The House of the Seven Gables(HAWTHORNE); LATIMER'SSalem; JOHNSTON'SNathan Hale; Connecticut History(TRUMBULL); UPHAM'SSalemWitchcraft; Conn. Mag., Nov., 1899; Dalton'sJustice; Mem. Hist, of Boston; Mem. Hist, of Hartford County; Palfrey'sNew England; Historic Towns of New England(Latimer);Giles Corey of the Salem Farms(Longfellow);New France and New England(Fiske); Scott'sDemonology and Witchcraft; Lowell's "Witchcraft" (Among My Books); Whitmore'sColonial Laws; Drake'sWitchcraft Delusion in New England; Fowler'sSalem Witchcraft; Hutchinson'sHist, of Massachusetts Bay; Larned'sHist, of Ready Reference(Mass.); Howe'sPuritan Republic; Goodwin'sPilgrim Republic; Merejkowski'sRomance of Leonardo da Vinci; Bulwer'sLast Days of Pompeii; Weyman'sThe Long Night; Crockett'sThe Black Douglas; Lea'sHist, of the Inquisition; Scarlet Letter(Hawthorne);A Case of Witchcraft in Connecticut(Hoadley);Witches in Connecticut(Bliss);Historical Discourses(Bacon);History of Wethersfield(Stiles);History of Long Island(Thompson),Witchcraft in Boston(Poole);Literature of Witchcraft in New England(Winsor);Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Scottish Highlands(Campbell);Witch-hunter in the Bookshops(Burr);Epidemic Delusions(Carpenter);History of New England(Neal);History of Colonization of U.S.(Bancroft);Salem Witchcraft(Fowler); Bouvier'sLaw Dic.; Witchcraft in Connecticut(Livermore);Witchcraft in Salem Village, 1692 (Nevins);History of Stratford and Bridgeport(Orcutt);Bench and Bar(Adams); Conway'sDemonology and Devil-lore; Domestic and Social Life in Colonial Times(Warner);Nat. Mag.Nov. 15, 1891.
A
Allyn, JohnAllyn, ThomasAshley, JonathanAusten, ThomasAyres, GoodyAyres, William
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Baldwin, GoodwifeBall, AllenBankes, JohnBarlow, GoodwifeBarlow, JohnBarnard, BartholomewBarnes, MaryBassett, GoodyBates, SarahBayley, GoodwifeBayley, NicholasBelden, SamuelBell, JonathanBenham, Winifred, Jr. and Sr.Benit, ElizabethBenit, ThomasBenit, Thomas, Jr.Birdsall, GoodyBishop, BridgettBishop, EbenezerBishop, EdwardBowman, NathanaelBracy, ThomasBranch, CatherineBrewster, ElizabethBrewster, MaryBrundish, BethiaBryan, EnsignBulkeley, Rev. GershomBull, JosephBurr, AbigailBurr, JohnBurr, SarahBuxstum, Clement
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Carrington, JoanCarrington, JohnCarter, Dr. Samuel T.Chester, StephenClarke, Mr.Clarke, HenryClarke, WilliamClawson, ElizabethClawson, StephenCole, AnnCollins, SamuelComstock, ChristopherCorey, GilesCorwin, GeorgeCorwin, JonathanCross, AbigailCross, NathanaelCrotia, HughCullick, Mr.
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Davenport, Rev. JohnDavis, GoodyDesborough, NicholasDickinson, JosephDisborough, MercyDisborough, ThomasDuning, Benjamin
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E
Eaton, TheophilusEdwards, GoodyEdwards, JonathanEliot, Joseph
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F
Finch, AbrahamFowler, WilliamFrancis, JoaneFyler, Walt.
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Gardiner, LionGarlick, ElizabethGarlick, JoshuaGarney, JosephGarrett, DanielGarrett, MargaretGedney, BartholomewGibbons, WilliamGilbert, LydiaGillett, CorneliusGodfree, AnnGodman, ElizabethGold, NathanGoodyear, StephenGould, GoodwifeGrant, MatthewGraves, JohnGreensmith, NathanielGreensmith, RebeccaGrey, HenryGriswold, EdwardGriswold, MichaelGrummon, John
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H
Hale, MaryHalliberch, ThomasHand, GoodyHarrison, KatherineHart, StephenHarvey, HannahHarvey, MaryHathorne, JohnHaynes, JohnHeyden, DanielHollister, Mr.Holly, SamuelHooker, ThomasHopkins, EdwardHopkins, MatthewHoward, AbigailHowell, GoodwifeHubbard, ElizabethHull, RebeccaHull, Cornelius
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Jennings, MargaretJennings, NicholasJesop, EdwardJoanes, WilliamJohnson, JacobJohnson, MaryJones, MarthaJones, WilliamJudd, Theo.
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Kecham, SarahKelsey, StephenKnapp, Goodwife
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L
Lamberton, DesireLamberton, ElizabethLamberton, HannahLangton, JosephLeawis, Will.Leete, WilliamLewis, MercyLockwood, DeborahLockwood, RobertLockwood, SusanLoomis, JonathanLoomis, NathanaelLudlow, RogerLyon, Thomas
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Mansfield, MosesMarsh, JohnMason, JohnMather, CottonMeaker, WilliamMigat, Mrs.Miller, GoodyMilton, DanielMore, JohnMontague, RichardMullener, ThomasMygatt, Joseph
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Newell, SamuelNewton, ThomasNorth, JosephNorton
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Odell, Goodwife
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Palmer, KatherinePantry, JohnPell, LucePenoir, LydiaPhelps, AbrahamPhelps, Mr.Pitkin, WilliamPratt, DanielPratt, JohnPurdy, GoodwifePutnam, Ann
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Renels, JohnRichards, JohnRussel, William
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Saltonstall, Nathl.Sanford, AndrewSanford, MarySeager, ElizabethSelleck, DavidSelleck, JonathanSergeant, PeterSewall, SamuelShervington, ThomasSherwood, IsaacSherwood, Mistress ThomasSlawson, ElezerSmith, ElizabethSmith, PhilipSmith, SamuelSpencer, SarahStanly, CalebStanly, Nath.Staplies, MaryStaplies, ThomasSteele, JamesSterne, RobertStiles, HenryStirg, JosephStoughton, JohnStoughton, William
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T
Tailecote, Mr.Tash, JohnTompson, J.Treat, RobertTrumbull, J. Hammond
38140,141129,13548,62,117v
V
Varlett, Judith
151,157
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Wadsworth, JosephWakely, JamesWakeman, SarahWalcott, MaryWalkley, JamesWard, AndrewWard, HesterWard, ThomasWebster, Mr.Wells, Mr.Wells, HughWescot, AbigailWescot, DanielWhite, JohnWhiting, Rev. JohnWhitlock, GoodwifeWiat, Nath.Willard, JosiahWilliams, AbigailWilliams, WilliamWillis, SamuelWilson, HannahWilton, DavidWinthrop, JohnWinthrop, WaitWoodbridge, Rev. TimothyWoolcott, Mr.
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Young, Alse
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