The whole universe one system of society.
I. Here then we rest: "The Universal Cause[1264]Acts to one end,[1265]but acts by various laws."[1266]In all the madness of superfluous health,The trim of pride, the impudence of wealth,[1267]Let this great truth be present night and day:5But most be present if we preach or pray.Look round our world, behold the chain of love[1268]Combining all below and all above.See plastic nature working to this end,[1269]The single atoms each to other tend,10Attract, attracted to, the next in placeFormed and impelled its neighbour to embrace.[1270]See matter next with various life endued,Press to one centre still, the gen'ral good.[1271]See dying vegetables life sustain,15See life dissolving vegetate again:[1272]All forms that perish other forms supply,(By turns we catch the vital breath and die[1273])Like bubbles on the sea of matter born,They rise, they break, and to that sea return.20Nothing is foreign; parts relate to whole;One all-extending, all-preserving soulConnects each being, greatest with the least;[1274]Made beast in aid of man, and man of beast;[1275]All served, all serving: nothing stands alone;25The chain holds on, and where it ends unknown.Nothing made wholly for itself, nor yet wholly for another, but the happiness of all animals mutual.Has God, thou fool! worked solely for thy good,Thy joy, thy pastime, thy attire, thy food?Who for thy table feeds the wanton fawn,For him as kindly spreads the flow'ry lawn:[1276]30Is it for thee the lark ascends and sings?Joy tunes his voice, joy elevates his wings.Is it for thee the linnet pours his throat?Loves of his own and raptures[1277]swell the note.The bounding steed you pompously[1278]bestride,35Shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride.Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain?The birds of heav'n shall vindicate their grain.Thine the full harvest of the golden year?Part pays, and justly, the deserving steer;40The hog, that ploughs not, nor obeys thy call,Lives on the labours of this lord of all.[1279]Know, nature's children all divide her care;The fur that warms a monarch[1280]warmed a bear.[1281]While man exclaims, "See all things for my use!"45"See man for mine!" replies a pampered goose:[1282]And just as short of reason he must fall,Who thinks all made for one, not one for all.[1283]Grant that the pow'rful still the weak control;Be man the wit,[1284]and tyrant of the whole:50Nature that tyrant checks; he only knows,[1285]And helps, another creature's wants and woes.[1286]Say, will the falcon, stooping from above,Smit with her varying[1287]plumage, spare the dove?Admires the jay the insect's gilded wings?55Or hears the hawk when Philomela sings?[1288]Man cares for all: to birds he gives his woods,To beasts his pastures, and to fish his floods.For some his int'rest prompts him to provide,For more his pleasure, yet for more his pride:60All feed on one vain patron, and enjoyTh' extensive blessing of his luxury.[1289]That very life his learned hunger craves,He saves from famine, from the savage saves;Nay, feasts the animal he dooms his feast,65And, till he ends the being, makes it blessed,Which sees no more the stroke, or feels the pain,Than favoured man by touch ethereal[1290]slain.[1291]The creature had his feast of life before;Thou too must perish, when thy feast is o'er!70To each unthinking being, heav'n, a friend,Gives not the useless knowledge of its end:To man imparts it; but with such a view[1292]As, while he dreads it, makes him hope it too;The hour concealed, and so remote the fear,75Death still draws nearer, never seeming near.Great standing miracle! that heav'n assignedIts only thinking thing[1293]this turn of mind.[1294]Reason or instinct alike operate to the good of each individual.II. Whether with reason, or with instinct blessed,Know, all enjoy that pow'r which suits them best:[1295]80To bliss alike by that direction tend,And find the means proportion'd to their end.Say, where full instinct is th' unerring guide,What pope or council[1296]can they need beside?[1297]Reason, however able, cool at best,85Cares not for service, or but serves when pressed,Stays till we call, and then not often near;[1298]But honest instinct comes a volunteer,Sure never to o'ershoot, but just to hit,While still too wide or short is human wit;90Sure by quick nature happiness to gain,Which heavier reason labours at in vain.[1299]This too serves always, reason never long;One must go right,[1300]the other may go wrong.See then the acting and comparing pow'rs95One in their nature, which are two in ours;[1301]And reason raise o'er instinct as you can,[1302]In this 'tis God directs, in that 'tis man.[1303]Who taught the nations of the field and flood[1304]To shun their poison,[1305]and to choose their food?[1306]100Prescient, the tides or tempests to withstand,Build on the wave,[1307]or arch beneath the sand?Who made the spider parallels design,[1308]Sure as Demoivre,[1309]without rule or line?[1310]Who bid the stork, Columbus-like, explore105Heav'ns not his own, and worlds unknown before?[1311]Who calls the council, states the certain day,[1312]Who forms the phalanx, and who points the way?[1313]Reason or instinct operate also to society in all animals.III. God, in the nature of each being, foundsIts proper bliss, and sets its proper bounds:110But as he framed a whole, the whole to bless,On mutual wants built mutual happiness:[1314]So from the first, eternal order ran,And creature linked to creature, man to man.How far society carried by instinct.Whate'er of life all-quick'ning ether[1315]keeps,115Or breathes through air, or shoots beneath the deeps,Or pours profuse on earth, one nature feedsThe vital flame, and swells the genial seeds.Not man alone, but all that roam the wood,Or wing the sky, or roll along the flood,120Each loves itself, but not itself alone,Each sex desires alike, till two are one.Nor ends the pleasure with the fierce embrace:They love themselves a third time in their race.[1316]Thus beast and bird their common charge attend,125The mothers nurse it, and the sires defend;[1317]The young dismissed to wander earth or air,There stops the instinct, and there ends the care:[1318]The link dissolves, each seeks a fresh embrace,Another love succeeds, another race.130How much farther society is carried by reason.A longer care man's helpless kind demands;That longer care contracts more lasting bands:[1319]Reflection, reason, still the ties improve,At once extend the int'rest, and the love;[1320]With choice we fix,[1321]with sympathy we burn;135Each virtue in each passion takes its turn;[1322]And still new needs, new helps, new habits rise,That graft benevolence on charities.[1323]Still as one brood, and as another rose,These nat'ral love maintained, habitual those:[1324]140The last scarce ripened into perfect man,Saw helpless him from whom their life began:[1325]Mem'ry and forecast just returns engage,That pointed back to youth, this on to age;While pleasure, gratitude, and hope combined,145Still spread the int'rest, and preserved the kind.[1326]Of the state of nature that it was social.IV. Nor think in nature's state they blindly trod;The state of nature was the reign of God:[1327]Self-love and social at her birth[1328]began,Union[1329]the bond of all things, and of man.150Pride then was not; nor arts, that pride to aid;Man walked with beast joint tenant of the shade;[1330]The same his table, and the same his bed;No murder clothed him,[1331]and no murder fed.In the same temple, the resounding wood,[1332]155All vocal beings hymned their equal God:[1333]The shrine with gore unstained, with gold undressed,Unbribed, unbloody, stood the blameless priest:[1334]Heav'n's attribute was universal care,And man's prerogative to rule, but spare.160Ah! how unlike the man of times to come![1335]Of half that live the butcher and the tomb;[1336]Who, foe to nature, hears the gen'ral groan,Murders their species, and betrays his own.[1337]But just disease to luxury succeeds,165And ev'ry death its own avenger breeds;The fury-passions from that blood began,And turned on man a fiercer savage,[1338]man.[1339]Reason instructed by instinct in the invention of arts, and in the forms of society.See him from nature rising slow to art![1340]To copy instinct then was reason's part;170Thus then to man the voice of nature spake[1341]—"Go, from the creatures thy instructions take:Learn from the birds what food the thickets yield;[1342]Learn from the beasts the physic of the field;[1343]Thy arts of building from the bee receive;[1344]175Learn of the mole to plough, the worm to weave;[1345]Learn of the little nautilus to sail,Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale.[1346]Here too all forms of social union find,And hence let reason, late, instruct mankind:[1347]180Here subterranean works and cities see;There towns aërial on the waving tree.Learn each small people's genius, policies,The ants' republic, and the realm of bees:How those in common all their wealth bestow,[1348]185And anarchy without confusion know;[1349]And these for ever, though a monarch reign,Their sep'rate cells and properties maintain.[1350]Mark what unvaried laws preserve each state,Laws wise as nature, and as fixed as fate.190In vain thy reason finer webs shall draw,Entangle justice in her net of law,And right, too rigid, harden into wrong;[1351]Still for the strong too weak, the weak too strong.[1352]Yet go! and thus o'er all the creatures sway,195Thus let the wiser make the rest obey;And for those arts mere instinct could afford,Be crowned as monarchs, or as gods adored."[1353]Origin of political societies.V. Great nature spoke; observant man obeyed;Cities were built, societies were made:[1354]200Here rose one little state; another near[1355]Grew by like means, and joined through love or fear.Did here the trees with ruddier burdens bend,And there the streams in purer rills descend?What war could ravish, commerce could bestow,205And he returned a friend who came a foe.Converse and love mankind might strongly draw,[1356]When love was liberty, and nature law.[1357]Origin of monarchy.Thus states were formed: the name of king unknown,Till common int'rest placed the sway in one.[1358]210'Twas virtue only (or in arts or arms,Diffusing blessings, or averting harms),The same which in a sire the sons obeyed,[1359]A prince the father of a people made.[1360]Origin of patriarchal government.VI. Till then, by nature crowned, each patriarch sat,215King, priest, and parent of his growing state;[1361]On him, their second Providence, they hung,Their law his eye, their oracle his tongue.He from the wond'ring furrow called the food,[1362]Taught to command the fire, control the flood,220Draw forth the monsters of th' abyss profound,Or fetch th' aërial eagle to the ground,[1363]Till drooping, sick'ning, dying they began[1364]Whom they revered as god to mourn as man:Then, looking up from sire to sire, explored225One great first Father, and that first adored;[1365]Or plain tradition, that this all begun,[1366]Conveyed unbroken faith from sire to son;The worker from the work distinct was known,And simple reason never sought but one.[1367]230Ere wit oblique had broke that steady light,[1368]Man, like his Maker, saw that all was right;[1369]To virtue, in the paths of pleasure trod,And owned a father when he owned a God.[1370]Origin of true religion and government from the principle of love; and of superstition and tyranny from that of fear.Love all the faith, and all th' allegiance then,235For nature knew no right divine in men,[1371]No ill could fear in God; and understoodA sov'reign being but a sov'reign good.True faith, true policy, united ran,That was but love of God, and this of man.240Who first taught souls enslaved, and realms undone,Th' enormous[1372]faith of many made for one;That proud exception to all nature's laws,T' invert the world, and counterwork its cause?[1373]Force first made conquest, and that conquest, law;245Till superstition taught the tyrant awe,[1374]Then shared the tyranny, then lent it aid,And gods of conqu'rors, slaves of subjects made:She, midst the lightning's blaze, and thunder's sound,When rocked the mountains, and when groaned the ground,[1375]She taught the weak to bend, the proud to pray,251To pow'r unseen, and mightier far than they:She, from the rending earth and bursting skies,Saw gods descend, and fiends infernal rise:[1376]Here fixed the dreadful, there the bless'd abodes;255Fear made her devils, and weak hope her gods;Gods partial, changeful, passionate, unjust,Whose attributes were rage, revenge, or lust;[1377]Such as the souls of cowards might conceive,And, formed like tyrants, tyrants would believe.[1378]260Zeal then, not charity, became the guide;And hell was built on spite, and heav'n on pride.Then sacred seemed th' ethereal vault no more;[1379]Altars grew marble then, and reeked with gore:[1380]Then first the Flamen[1381]tasted living food;[1382]265Next his grim idol smeared with human blood;[1383]With heav'n's own thunders shook the world below,And played the god an engine on his foe.[1384]The influence of self-love operating to the social and public good.So drives self-love, through just, and through unjust,To one man's pow'r, ambition, lucre, lust:270The same self-love, in all, becomes the causeOf what restrains him, government and laws.[1385]For what one likes, if others like as well,What serves one will, when many wills rebel?How shall he keep, what, sleeping or awake,275A weaker may surprise, a stronger take?[1386]His safety must his liberty restrain:All join to guard what each desires to gain.Forced into virtue thus by self-defence,Ev'n kings learned justice and benevolence:280Self-love forsook the path it first pursued,And found the private in the public good.[1387]Restoration of true religion and government on their first principle.'Twas then the studious head or gen'rous mind,Foll'wer of God, or friend of human-kind,Poet or patriot[1388], rose but to restoreThe faith and moral nature gave before;285Relumed her ancient light, not kindled new;If not God's image, yet his shadow drew:Taught pow'r's due use to people and to kings;Taught not to slack, nor strain its tender strings,290Mixed government.The less, or greater, set so justly true,That touching one must strike the other too;[1389]Till jarring int'rests of themselves createTh' according music[1390]of a well-mixed state.[1391]Such is the world's great harmony, that springs295From order, union, full consent[1392]of things;[1393]Where small and great, where weak and mighty madeTo serve, not suffer, strengthen, not invade;[1394]More pow'rful each as needful to the rest,And in proportion as it blesses, bless'd;300Draw to one point, and to one centre bringBeast, man, or angel, servant, lord, or king.Various forms of each, and the true use of all.For forms of government let fools contest;Whate'er is best administered is best;[1395]For modes of faith let graceless zealots fight;305His can't be wrong whose life is in the right:[1396]In faith and hope the world will disagree,[1397]But all mankind's concern is charity:[1398]All must be false that thwart this one great end;And all of God, that bless mankind, or mend.310Man, like the gen'rous vine, supported lives;The strength he gains is from th' embrace he gives.[1399]On their own axis as the planets run,Yet make at once[1400]their circle round the sun,[1401]So two consistent motions act the soul,315And one regards itself, and one the whole.Thus God and nature[1402]linked the gen'ral frame,And bade self-love and social be the same.[1403]
I. Here then we rest: "The Universal Cause[1264]Acts to one end,[1265]but acts by various laws."[1266]In all the madness of superfluous health,The trim of pride, the impudence of wealth,[1267]Let this great truth be present night and day:5But most be present if we preach or pray.Look round our world, behold the chain of love[1268]Combining all below and all above.See plastic nature working to this end,[1269]The single atoms each to other tend,10Attract, attracted to, the next in placeFormed and impelled its neighbour to embrace.[1270]See matter next with various life endued,Press to one centre still, the gen'ral good.[1271]See dying vegetables life sustain,15See life dissolving vegetate again:[1272]All forms that perish other forms supply,(By turns we catch the vital breath and die[1273])Like bubbles on the sea of matter born,They rise, they break, and to that sea return.20Nothing is foreign; parts relate to whole;One all-extending, all-preserving soulConnects each being, greatest with the least;[1274]Made beast in aid of man, and man of beast;[1275]All served, all serving: nothing stands alone;25The chain holds on, and where it ends unknown.Nothing made wholly for itself, nor yet wholly for another, but the happiness of all animals mutual.Has God, thou fool! worked solely for thy good,Thy joy, thy pastime, thy attire, thy food?Who for thy table feeds the wanton fawn,For him as kindly spreads the flow'ry lawn:[1276]30Is it for thee the lark ascends and sings?Joy tunes his voice, joy elevates his wings.Is it for thee the linnet pours his throat?Loves of his own and raptures[1277]swell the note.The bounding steed you pompously[1278]bestride,35Shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride.Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain?The birds of heav'n shall vindicate their grain.Thine the full harvest of the golden year?Part pays, and justly, the deserving steer;40The hog, that ploughs not, nor obeys thy call,Lives on the labours of this lord of all.[1279]Know, nature's children all divide her care;The fur that warms a monarch[1280]warmed a bear.[1281]While man exclaims, "See all things for my use!"45"See man for mine!" replies a pampered goose:[1282]And just as short of reason he must fall,Who thinks all made for one, not one for all.[1283]Grant that the pow'rful still the weak control;Be man the wit,[1284]and tyrant of the whole:50Nature that tyrant checks; he only knows,[1285]And helps, another creature's wants and woes.[1286]Say, will the falcon, stooping from above,Smit with her varying[1287]plumage, spare the dove?Admires the jay the insect's gilded wings?55Or hears the hawk when Philomela sings?[1288]Man cares for all: to birds he gives his woods,To beasts his pastures, and to fish his floods.For some his int'rest prompts him to provide,For more his pleasure, yet for more his pride:60All feed on one vain patron, and enjoyTh' extensive blessing of his luxury.[1289]That very life his learned hunger craves,He saves from famine, from the savage saves;Nay, feasts the animal he dooms his feast,65And, till he ends the being, makes it blessed,Which sees no more the stroke, or feels the pain,Than favoured man by touch ethereal[1290]slain.[1291]The creature had his feast of life before;Thou too must perish, when thy feast is o'er!70To each unthinking being, heav'n, a friend,Gives not the useless knowledge of its end:To man imparts it; but with such a view[1292]As, while he dreads it, makes him hope it too;The hour concealed, and so remote the fear,75Death still draws nearer, never seeming near.Great standing miracle! that heav'n assignedIts only thinking thing[1293]this turn of mind.[1294]Reason or instinct alike operate to the good of each individual.II. Whether with reason, or with instinct blessed,Know, all enjoy that pow'r which suits them best:[1295]80To bliss alike by that direction tend,And find the means proportion'd to their end.Say, where full instinct is th' unerring guide,What pope or council[1296]can they need beside?[1297]Reason, however able, cool at best,85Cares not for service, or but serves when pressed,Stays till we call, and then not often near;[1298]But honest instinct comes a volunteer,Sure never to o'ershoot, but just to hit,While still too wide or short is human wit;90Sure by quick nature happiness to gain,Which heavier reason labours at in vain.[1299]This too serves always, reason never long;One must go right,[1300]the other may go wrong.See then the acting and comparing pow'rs95One in their nature, which are two in ours;[1301]And reason raise o'er instinct as you can,[1302]In this 'tis God directs, in that 'tis man.[1303]Who taught the nations of the field and flood[1304]To shun their poison,[1305]and to choose their food?[1306]100Prescient, the tides or tempests to withstand,Build on the wave,[1307]or arch beneath the sand?Who made the spider parallels design,[1308]Sure as Demoivre,[1309]without rule or line?[1310]Who bid the stork, Columbus-like, explore105Heav'ns not his own, and worlds unknown before?[1311]Who calls the council, states the certain day,[1312]Who forms the phalanx, and who points the way?[1313]Reason or instinct operate also to society in all animals.III. God, in the nature of each being, foundsIts proper bliss, and sets its proper bounds:110But as he framed a whole, the whole to bless,On mutual wants built mutual happiness:[1314]So from the first, eternal order ran,And creature linked to creature, man to man.How far society carried by instinct.Whate'er of life all-quick'ning ether[1315]keeps,115Or breathes through air, or shoots beneath the deeps,Or pours profuse on earth, one nature feedsThe vital flame, and swells the genial seeds.Not man alone, but all that roam the wood,Or wing the sky, or roll along the flood,120Each loves itself, but not itself alone,Each sex desires alike, till two are one.Nor ends the pleasure with the fierce embrace:They love themselves a third time in their race.[1316]Thus beast and bird their common charge attend,125The mothers nurse it, and the sires defend;[1317]The young dismissed to wander earth or air,There stops the instinct, and there ends the care:[1318]The link dissolves, each seeks a fresh embrace,Another love succeeds, another race.130How much farther society is carried by reason.A longer care man's helpless kind demands;That longer care contracts more lasting bands:[1319]Reflection, reason, still the ties improve,At once extend the int'rest, and the love;[1320]With choice we fix,[1321]with sympathy we burn;135Each virtue in each passion takes its turn;[1322]And still new needs, new helps, new habits rise,That graft benevolence on charities.[1323]Still as one brood, and as another rose,These nat'ral love maintained, habitual those:[1324]140The last scarce ripened into perfect man,Saw helpless him from whom their life began:[1325]Mem'ry and forecast just returns engage,That pointed back to youth, this on to age;While pleasure, gratitude, and hope combined,145Still spread the int'rest, and preserved the kind.[1326]Of the state of nature that it was social.IV. Nor think in nature's state they blindly trod;The state of nature was the reign of God:[1327]Self-love and social at her birth[1328]began,Union[1329]the bond of all things, and of man.150Pride then was not; nor arts, that pride to aid;Man walked with beast joint tenant of the shade;[1330]The same his table, and the same his bed;No murder clothed him,[1331]and no murder fed.In the same temple, the resounding wood,[1332]155All vocal beings hymned their equal God:[1333]The shrine with gore unstained, with gold undressed,Unbribed, unbloody, stood the blameless priest:[1334]Heav'n's attribute was universal care,And man's prerogative to rule, but spare.160Ah! how unlike the man of times to come![1335]Of half that live the butcher and the tomb;[1336]Who, foe to nature, hears the gen'ral groan,Murders their species, and betrays his own.[1337]But just disease to luxury succeeds,165And ev'ry death its own avenger breeds;The fury-passions from that blood began,And turned on man a fiercer savage,[1338]man.[1339]Reason instructed by instinct in the invention of arts, and in the forms of society.See him from nature rising slow to art![1340]To copy instinct then was reason's part;170Thus then to man the voice of nature spake[1341]—"Go, from the creatures thy instructions take:Learn from the birds what food the thickets yield;[1342]Learn from the beasts the physic of the field;[1343]Thy arts of building from the bee receive;[1344]175Learn of the mole to plough, the worm to weave;[1345]Learn of the little nautilus to sail,Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale.[1346]Here too all forms of social union find,And hence let reason, late, instruct mankind:[1347]180Here subterranean works and cities see;There towns aërial on the waving tree.Learn each small people's genius, policies,The ants' republic, and the realm of bees:How those in common all their wealth bestow,[1348]185And anarchy without confusion know;[1349]And these for ever, though a monarch reign,Their sep'rate cells and properties maintain.[1350]Mark what unvaried laws preserve each state,Laws wise as nature, and as fixed as fate.190In vain thy reason finer webs shall draw,Entangle justice in her net of law,And right, too rigid, harden into wrong;[1351]Still for the strong too weak, the weak too strong.[1352]Yet go! and thus o'er all the creatures sway,195Thus let the wiser make the rest obey;And for those arts mere instinct could afford,Be crowned as monarchs, or as gods adored."[1353]Origin of political societies.V. Great nature spoke; observant man obeyed;Cities were built, societies were made:[1354]200Here rose one little state; another near[1355]Grew by like means, and joined through love or fear.Did here the trees with ruddier burdens bend,And there the streams in purer rills descend?What war could ravish, commerce could bestow,205And he returned a friend who came a foe.Converse and love mankind might strongly draw,[1356]When love was liberty, and nature law.[1357]Origin of monarchy.Thus states were formed: the name of king unknown,Till common int'rest placed the sway in one.[1358]210'Twas virtue only (or in arts or arms,Diffusing blessings, or averting harms),The same which in a sire the sons obeyed,[1359]A prince the father of a people made.[1360]Origin of patriarchal government.VI. Till then, by nature crowned, each patriarch sat,215King, priest, and parent of his growing state;[1361]On him, their second Providence, they hung,Their law his eye, their oracle his tongue.He from the wond'ring furrow called the food,[1362]Taught to command the fire, control the flood,220Draw forth the monsters of th' abyss profound,Or fetch th' aërial eagle to the ground,[1363]Till drooping, sick'ning, dying they began[1364]Whom they revered as god to mourn as man:Then, looking up from sire to sire, explored225One great first Father, and that first adored;[1365]Or plain tradition, that this all begun,[1366]Conveyed unbroken faith from sire to son;The worker from the work distinct was known,And simple reason never sought but one.[1367]230Ere wit oblique had broke that steady light,[1368]Man, like his Maker, saw that all was right;[1369]To virtue, in the paths of pleasure trod,And owned a father when he owned a God.[1370]Origin of true religion and government from the principle of love; and of superstition and tyranny from that of fear.Love all the faith, and all th' allegiance then,235For nature knew no right divine in men,[1371]No ill could fear in God; and understoodA sov'reign being but a sov'reign good.True faith, true policy, united ran,That was but love of God, and this of man.240Who first taught souls enslaved, and realms undone,Th' enormous[1372]faith of many made for one;That proud exception to all nature's laws,T' invert the world, and counterwork its cause?[1373]Force first made conquest, and that conquest, law;245Till superstition taught the tyrant awe,[1374]Then shared the tyranny, then lent it aid,And gods of conqu'rors, slaves of subjects made:She, midst the lightning's blaze, and thunder's sound,When rocked the mountains, and when groaned the ground,[1375]She taught the weak to bend, the proud to pray,251To pow'r unseen, and mightier far than they:She, from the rending earth and bursting skies,Saw gods descend, and fiends infernal rise:[1376]Here fixed the dreadful, there the bless'd abodes;255Fear made her devils, and weak hope her gods;Gods partial, changeful, passionate, unjust,Whose attributes were rage, revenge, or lust;[1377]Such as the souls of cowards might conceive,And, formed like tyrants, tyrants would believe.[1378]260Zeal then, not charity, became the guide;And hell was built on spite, and heav'n on pride.Then sacred seemed th' ethereal vault no more;[1379]Altars grew marble then, and reeked with gore:[1380]Then first the Flamen[1381]tasted living food;[1382]265Next his grim idol smeared with human blood;[1383]With heav'n's own thunders shook the world below,And played the god an engine on his foe.[1384]The influence of self-love operating to the social and public good.So drives self-love, through just, and through unjust,To one man's pow'r, ambition, lucre, lust:270The same self-love, in all, becomes the causeOf what restrains him, government and laws.[1385]For what one likes, if others like as well,What serves one will, when many wills rebel?How shall he keep, what, sleeping or awake,275A weaker may surprise, a stronger take?[1386]His safety must his liberty restrain:All join to guard what each desires to gain.Forced into virtue thus by self-defence,Ev'n kings learned justice and benevolence:280Self-love forsook the path it first pursued,And found the private in the public good.[1387]Restoration of true religion and government on their first principle.'Twas then the studious head or gen'rous mind,Foll'wer of God, or friend of human-kind,Poet or patriot[1388], rose but to restoreThe faith and moral nature gave before;285Relumed her ancient light, not kindled new;If not God's image, yet his shadow drew:Taught pow'r's due use to people and to kings;Taught not to slack, nor strain its tender strings,290Mixed government.The less, or greater, set so justly true,That touching one must strike the other too;[1389]Till jarring int'rests of themselves createTh' according music[1390]of a well-mixed state.[1391]Such is the world's great harmony, that springs295From order, union, full consent[1392]of things;[1393]Where small and great, where weak and mighty madeTo serve, not suffer, strengthen, not invade;[1394]More pow'rful each as needful to the rest,And in proportion as it blesses, bless'd;300Draw to one point, and to one centre bringBeast, man, or angel, servant, lord, or king.Various forms of each, and the true use of all.For forms of government let fools contest;Whate'er is best administered is best;[1395]For modes of faith let graceless zealots fight;305His can't be wrong whose life is in the right:[1396]In faith and hope the world will disagree,[1397]But all mankind's concern is charity:[1398]All must be false that thwart this one great end;And all of God, that bless mankind, or mend.310Man, like the gen'rous vine, supported lives;The strength he gains is from th' embrace he gives.[1399]On their own axis as the planets run,Yet make at once[1400]their circle round the sun,[1401]So two consistent motions act the soul,315And one regards itself, and one the whole.Thus God and nature[1402]linked the gen'ral frame,And bade self-love and social be the same.[1403]
I. Here then we rest: "The Universal Cause[1264]Acts to one end,[1265]but acts by various laws."[1266]In all the madness of superfluous health,The trim of pride, the impudence of wealth,[1267]Let this great truth be present night and day:5But most be present if we preach or pray.Look round our world, behold the chain of love[1268]Combining all below and all above.See plastic nature working to this end,[1269]The single atoms each to other tend,10Attract, attracted to, the next in placeFormed and impelled its neighbour to embrace.[1270]See matter next with various life endued,Press to one centre still, the gen'ral good.[1271]See dying vegetables life sustain,15See life dissolving vegetate again:[1272]All forms that perish other forms supply,(By turns we catch the vital breath and die[1273])Like bubbles on the sea of matter born,They rise, they break, and to that sea return.20Nothing is foreign; parts relate to whole;One all-extending, all-preserving soulConnects each being, greatest with the least;[1274]Made beast in aid of man, and man of beast;[1275]All served, all serving: nothing stands alone;25The chain holds on, and where it ends unknown.Nothing made wholly for itself, nor yet wholly for another, but the happiness of all animals mutual.Has God, thou fool! worked solely for thy good,Thy joy, thy pastime, thy attire, thy food?Who for thy table feeds the wanton fawn,For him as kindly spreads the flow'ry lawn:[1276]30Is it for thee the lark ascends and sings?Joy tunes his voice, joy elevates his wings.Is it for thee the linnet pours his throat?Loves of his own and raptures[1277]swell the note.The bounding steed you pompously[1278]bestride,35Shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride.Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain?The birds of heav'n shall vindicate their grain.Thine the full harvest of the golden year?Part pays, and justly, the deserving steer;40The hog, that ploughs not, nor obeys thy call,Lives on the labours of this lord of all.[1279]Know, nature's children all divide her care;The fur that warms a monarch[1280]warmed a bear.[1281]While man exclaims, "See all things for my use!"45"See man for mine!" replies a pampered goose:[1282]And just as short of reason he must fall,Who thinks all made for one, not one for all.[1283]Grant that the pow'rful still the weak control;Be man the wit,[1284]and tyrant of the whole:50Nature that tyrant checks; he only knows,[1285]And helps, another creature's wants and woes.[1286]Say, will the falcon, stooping from above,Smit with her varying[1287]plumage, spare the dove?Admires the jay the insect's gilded wings?55Or hears the hawk when Philomela sings?[1288]Man cares for all: to birds he gives his woods,To beasts his pastures, and to fish his floods.For some his int'rest prompts him to provide,For more his pleasure, yet for more his pride:60All feed on one vain patron, and enjoyTh' extensive blessing of his luxury.[1289]That very life his learned hunger craves,He saves from famine, from the savage saves;Nay, feasts the animal he dooms his feast,65And, till he ends the being, makes it blessed,Which sees no more the stroke, or feels the pain,Than favoured man by touch ethereal[1290]slain.[1291]The creature had his feast of life before;Thou too must perish, when thy feast is o'er!70To each unthinking being, heav'n, a friend,Gives not the useless knowledge of its end:To man imparts it; but with such a view[1292]As, while he dreads it, makes him hope it too;The hour concealed, and so remote the fear,75Death still draws nearer, never seeming near.Great standing miracle! that heav'n assignedIts only thinking thing[1293]this turn of mind.[1294]Reason or instinct alike operate to the good of each individual.II. Whether with reason, or with instinct blessed,Know, all enjoy that pow'r which suits them best:[1295]80To bliss alike by that direction tend,And find the means proportion'd to their end.Say, where full instinct is th' unerring guide,What pope or council[1296]can they need beside?[1297]Reason, however able, cool at best,85Cares not for service, or but serves when pressed,Stays till we call, and then not often near;[1298]But honest instinct comes a volunteer,Sure never to o'ershoot, but just to hit,While still too wide or short is human wit;90Sure by quick nature happiness to gain,Which heavier reason labours at in vain.[1299]This too serves always, reason never long;One must go right,[1300]the other may go wrong.See then the acting and comparing pow'rs95One in their nature, which are two in ours;[1301]And reason raise o'er instinct as you can,[1302]In this 'tis God directs, in that 'tis man.[1303]Who taught the nations of the field and flood[1304]To shun their poison,[1305]and to choose their food?[1306]100Prescient, the tides or tempests to withstand,Build on the wave,[1307]or arch beneath the sand?Who made the spider parallels design,[1308]Sure as Demoivre,[1309]without rule or line?[1310]Who bid the stork, Columbus-like, explore105Heav'ns not his own, and worlds unknown before?[1311]Who calls the council, states the certain day,[1312]Who forms the phalanx, and who points the way?[1313]Reason or instinct operate also to society in all animals.III. God, in the nature of each being, foundsIts proper bliss, and sets its proper bounds:110But as he framed a whole, the whole to bless,On mutual wants built mutual happiness:[1314]So from the first, eternal order ran,And creature linked to creature, man to man.How far society carried by instinct.Whate'er of life all-quick'ning ether[1315]keeps,115Or breathes through air, or shoots beneath the deeps,Or pours profuse on earth, one nature feedsThe vital flame, and swells the genial seeds.Not man alone, but all that roam the wood,Or wing the sky, or roll along the flood,120Each loves itself, but not itself alone,Each sex desires alike, till two are one.Nor ends the pleasure with the fierce embrace:They love themselves a third time in their race.[1316]Thus beast and bird their common charge attend,125The mothers nurse it, and the sires defend;[1317]The young dismissed to wander earth or air,There stops the instinct, and there ends the care:[1318]The link dissolves, each seeks a fresh embrace,Another love succeeds, another race.130How much farther society is carried by reason.A longer care man's helpless kind demands;That longer care contracts more lasting bands:[1319]Reflection, reason, still the ties improve,At once extend the int'rest, and the love;[1320]With choice we fix,[1321]with sympathy we burn;135Each virtue in each passion takes its turn;[1322]And still new needs, new helps, new habits rise,That graft benevolence on charities.[1323]Still as one brood, and as another rose,These nat'ral love maintained, habitual those:[1324]140The last scarce ripened into perfect man,Saw helpless him from whom their life began:[1325]Mem'ry and forecast just returns engage,That pointed back to youth, this on to age;While pleasure, gratitude, and hope combined,145Still spread the int'rest, and preserved the kind.[1326]Of the state of nature that it was social.IV. Nor think in nature's state they blindly trod;The state of nature was the reign of God:[1327]Self-love and social at her birth[1328]began,Union[1329]the bond of all things, and of man.150Pride then was not; nor arts, that pride to aid;Man walked with beast joint tenant of the shade;[1330]The same his table, and the same his bed;No murder clothed him,[1331]and no murder fed.In the same temple, the resounding wood,[1332]155All vocal beings hymned their equal God:[1333]The shrine with gore unstained, with gold undressed,Unbribed, unbloody, stood the blameless priest:[1334]Heav'n's attribute was universal care,And man's prerogative to rule, but spare.160Ah! how unlike the man of times to come![1335]Of half that live the butcher and the tomb;[1336]Who, foe to nature, hears the gen'ral groan,Murders their species, and betrays his own.[1337]But just disease to luxury succeeds,165And ev'ry death its own avenger breeds;The fury-passions from that blood began,And turned on man a fiercer savage,[1338]man.[1339]Reason instructed by instinct in the invention of arts, and in the forms of society.See him from nature rising slow to art![1340]To copy instinct then was reason's part;170Thus then to man the voice of nature spake[1341]—"Go, from the creatures thy instructions take:Learn from the birds what food the thickets yield;[1342]Learn from the beasts the physic of the field;[1343]Thy arts of building from the bee receive;[1344]175Learn of the mole to plough, the worm to weave;[1345]Learn of the little nautilus to sail,Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale.[1346]Here too all forms of social union find,And hence let reason, late, instruct mankind:[1347]180Here subterranean works and cities see;There towns aërial on the waving tree.Learn each small people's genius, policies,The ants' republic, and the realm of bees:How those in common all their wealth bestow,[1348]185And anarchy without confusion know;[1349]And these for ever, though a monarch reign,Their sep'rate cells and properties maintain.[1350]Mark what unvaried laws preserve each state,Laws wise as nature, and as fixed as fate.190In vain thy reason finer webs shall draw,Entangle justice in her net of law,And right, too rigid, harden into wrong;[1351]Still for the strong too weak, the weak too strong.[1352]Yet go! and thus o'er all the creatures sway,195Thus let the wiser make the rest obey;And for those arts mere instinct could afford,Be crowned as monarchs, or as gods adored."[1353]Origin of political societies.V. Great nature spoke; observant man obeyed;Cities were built, societies were made:[1354]200Here rose one little state; another near[1355]Grew by like means, and joined through love or fear.Did here the trees with ruddier burdens bend,And there the streams in purer rills descend?What war could ravish, commerce could bestow,205And he returned a friend who came a foe.Converse and love mankind might strongly draw,[1356]When love was liberty, and nature law.[1357]Origin of monarchy.Thus states were formed: the name of king unknown,Till common int'rest placed the sway in one.[1358]210'Twas virtue only (or in arts or arms,Diffusing blessings, or averting harms),The same which in a sire the sons obeyed,[1359]A prince the father of a people made.[1360]Origin of patriarchal government.VI. Till then, by nature crowned, each patriarch sat,215King, priest, and parent of his growing state;[1361]On him, their second Providence, they hung,Their law his eye, their oracle his tongue.He from the wond'ring furrow called the food,[1362]Taught to command the fire, control the flood,220Draw forth the monsters of th' abyss profound,Or fetch th' aërial eagle to the ground,[1363]Till drooping, sick'ning, dying they began[1364]Whom they revered as god to mourn as man:Then, looking up from sire to sire, explored225One great first Father, and that first adored;[1365]Or plain tradition, that this all begun,[1366]Conveyed unbroken faith from sire to son;The worker from the work distinct was known,And simple reason never sought but one.[1367]230Ere wit oblique had broke that steady light,[1368]Man, like his Maker, saw that all was right;[1369]To virtue, in the paths of pleasure trod,And owned a father when he owned a God.[1370]Origin of true religion and government from the principle of love; and of superstition and tyranny from that of fear.Love all the faith, and all th' allegiance then,235For nature knew no right divine in men,[1371]No ill could fear in God; and understoodA sov'reign being but a sov'reign good.True faith, true policy, united ran,That was but love of God, and this of man.240Who first taught souls enslaved, and realms undone,Th' enormous[1372]faith of many made for one;That proud exception to all nature's laws,T' invert the world, and counterwork its cause?[1373]Force first made conquest, and that conquest, law;245Till superstition taught the tyrant awe,[1374]Then shared the tyranny, then lent it aid,And gods of conqu'rors, slaves of subjects made:She, midst the lightning's blaze, and thunder's sound,When rocked the mountains, and when groaned the ground,[1375]She taught the weak to bend, the proud to pray,251To pow'r unseen, and mightier far than they:She, from the rending earth and bursting skies,Saw gods descend, and fiends infernal rise:[1376]Here fixed the dreadful, there the bless'd abodes;255Fear made her devils, and weak hope her gods;Gods partial, changeful, passionate, unjust,Whose attributes were rage, revenge, or lust;[1377]Such as the souls of cowards might conceive,And, formed like tyrants, tyrants would believe.[1378]260Zeal then, not charity, became the guide;And hell was built on spite, and heav'n on pride.Then sacred seemed th' ethereal vault no more;[1379]Altars grew marble then, and reeked with gore:[1380]Then first the Flamen[1381]tasted living food;[1382]265Next his grim idol smeared with human blood;[1383]With heav'n's own thunders shook the world below,And played the god an engine on his foe.[1384]The influence of self-love operating to the social and public good.So drives self-love, through just, and through unjust,To one man's pow'r, ambition, lucre, lust:270The same self-love, in all, becomes the causeOf what restrains him, government and laws.[1385]For what one likes, if others like as well,What serves one will, when many wills rebel?How shall he keep, what, sleeping or awake,275A weaker may surprise, a stronger take?[1386]His safety must his liberty restrain:All join to guard what each desires to gain.Forced into virtue thus by self-defence,Ev'n kings learned justice and benevolence:280Self-love forsook the path it first pursued,And found the private in the public good.[1387]Restoration of true religion and government on their first principle.'Twas then the studious head or gen'rous mind,Foll'wer of God, or friend of human-kind,Poet or patriot[1388], rose but to restoreThe faith and moral nature gave before;285Relumed her ancient light, not kindled new;If not God's image, yet his shadow drew:Taught pow'r's due use to people and to kings;Taught not to slack, nor strain its tender strings,290Mixed government.The less, or greater, set so justly true,That touching one must strike the other too;[1389]Till jarring int'rests of themselves createTh' according music[1390]of a well-mixed state.[1391]Such is the world's great harmony, that springs295From order, union, full consent[1392]of things;[1393]Where small and great, where weak and mighty madeTo serve, not suffer, strengthen, not invade;[1394]More pow'rful each as needful to the rest,And in proportion as it blesses, bless'd;300Draw to one point, and to one centre bringBeast, man, or angel, servant, lord, or king.Various forms of each, and the true use of all.For forms of government let fools contest;Whate'er is best administered is best;[1395]For modes of faith let graceless zealots fight;305His can't be wrong whose life is in the right:[1396]In faith and hope the world will disagree,[1397]But all mankind's concern is charity:[1398]All must be false that thwart this one great end;And all of God, that bless mankind, or mend.310Man, like the gen'rous vine, supported lives;The strength he gains is from th' embrace he gives.[1399]On their own axis as the planets run,Yet make at once[1400]their circle round the sun,[1401]So two consistent motions act the soul,315And one regards itself, and one the whole.Thus God and nature[1402]linked the gen'ral frame,And bade self-love and social be the same.[1403]
Nothing made wholly for itself, nor yet wholly for another, but the happiness of all animals mutual.
Reason or instinct alike operate to the good of each individual.
Reason or instinct operate also to society in all animals.
How far society carried by instinct.
How much farther society is carried by reason.
Of the state of nature that it was social.
Reason instructed by instinct in the invention of arts, and in the forms of society.
Origin of political societies.
Origin of monarchy.
Origin of patriarchal government.
Origin of true religion and government from the principle of love; and of superstition and tyranny from that of fear.
The influence of self-love operating to the social and public good.
Restoration of true religion and government on their first principle.
Mixed government.
Various forms of each, and the true use of all.
ARGUMENT OF EPISTLE IV.
OF THE NATURE AND STATE OF MAN WITH RESPECT TO HAPPINESS.
I. False notions of happiness, philosophical and popular, answered from ver. 19 to 26. II. It is the end of all men, and attainable by all, ver. 29. God intends happiness to be equal; and, to be so, it must be social, since all particular happiness depends on general, and since he governs by general, not particular laws, ver. 35. As it is necessary for order, and the peace and welfare of society, that external goods should be unequal, happiness is not made to consist in these, ver. 49. But notwithstanding that inequality, the balance of happiness among mankind is kept even by Providence, by the two passions of hope and fear, ver. 67. III. What the happiness of individuals is, as far as is consistent with the constitution of this world; and that the good man has here the advantage, ver. 77. The error of imputing to virtue what are only the calamities of nature, or of fortune, ver. 93. IV. The folly of expecting that God should alter his general laws in favour of particulars, ver. 121. V. That we are not judges who are good; but that whoever they are, they must be happiest, ver. 131, &c. VI. That external goods are not the proper rewards, but often inconsistent with, or destructive of virtue, ver. 167. That even these can make no man happy without virtue: instanced in riches, ver. 185. Honours, ver. 193. Nobility, ver. 205. Greatness, ver. 217. Fame, ver. 237. Superior talents, ver. 259, &c. With pictures of human infelicity in men possessed of them all, ver. 269, &c. VII. That virtue only constitutes a happiness whose object is universal, and whose prospect eternal, ver. 309. That the perfection of virtue and happiness consists in a conformity to the order of Providence here, and a resignation to it here and hereafter, ver. 327, &c.
EPISTLE IV.