Notes on the Text.The Roundheads.Dedicationp. 337To The Right Noble Henry Fitz-Roy.The Dedicatory Epistle only appears in the two 4tos, 1682 and 1698.p. 337, l. 31Good Old Couse.‘Couse’ to represent a Cockney pronunciation.p.338, l. 28Ignoramus the 1st and the 2d.Mrs. Behn deftly compares the verdict of that faction which would have damned her play with the verdict given by the City jury who acquitted Shaftesbury.Prologuep. 341, l. 7ycleped Hewson.4to ‘Eclipsed Huson’.Dramatis Personæp. 343Dramatis Personæ.I have added, ‘Captain of the Prentices, Page to Lady Fleetwood, A Felt-maker, A Joyner, Doorkeeper, Two Clerks, Three Soldiers, Women Servants to Lady Lambert, Petitioners, Servants, Guards.’ The name of Lady Desbro’s Page, Tom, is supplied by Act iv, 1. ForSanctify’d Mobile, 1724 reads ‘Sanctify’d Mobility’.Act I: Scene ip. 344, l. 21Push a Pike.1724 ‘Push of Pike’.p. 347, l. 3Go out.1724 ‘Goes out’.p. 347, l. 11the rest of the Soldiers.1724 ‘the rest of Soldiers’.p. 350, l. 14Love, Wit and Beauty.1724 prints these lines as prose.p. 350, l. 17A God! altho his outside.4tos and 1724 print this speech as prose.p. 350, l. 22No, methought he grew.1724 prints this speech as prose.p. 351, l. 10Ha, he’s yonder.1724 prints this speech as prose.p. 353, l. 16Exeunt both.1724 ‘exeunt’, 4tos ‘exit both’.Act I: Scene iip. 353, l. 17Scene II. A Chamber in Lambert’s House.4tos ‘Scene a Chamber.’ 1724 ‘Scene.A Chamber.’ I have added ‘II’ and ‘in Lambert’s House.’p. 354, l. 19how have I show’d.1724 misprints ‘how have show’d’.p. 355, l. 28the Lard’s handling.1724 ‘the Lord’s’, 4tos ‘Lard’s’.p. 356, l. 28light on yu.1724 ‘light on you’.p. 358, l. 1a brave Mon.1724 ‘a brave Man’.p. 358, l. 1I may cooncel.1724 ‘I may counsel’.p. 358, l. 10he’s a brave Mon, a Mon indeed,gen.1724 ‘he’s a brave Mon indeed gen’.Act II: Scene ip. 359, l. 11Scene I. A Chamber of State in Lambert’s House.I have added ‘in Lambert’s House’.p. 360, l. 22admit him tho’.1724 omits ‘tho’’.p. 360, l. 25I shou’d say.1724 misprints ‘I shou’d stay’.p. 360, l. 27these Heroicks are punctual men.1724 omits ‘men’.p. 361, l. 4Walks away.1724 omits this stage direction.p. 361, l. 17Some such trivial thing.1724 ‘some such trifling thing’.p. 365, l. 28Verily we should live.1724 ‘Verily ye should live’.p. 366, l. 21Write Panegyricks.1724 prints these concluding four lines as prose. 4tos metrically.p. 367, l. 2Lambert will destroy all.1724 ‘Lambert would destroy all’.p. 368, l. 1Or Mind embyass’d.1724 ‘Embarass’d’.p. 368, l. 12Execrations.1724 ‘Excrations’.p. 368, l. 28Cry mercy, Madam.1724 omits ‘Madam’.p. 368, l. 29most lucky Minute.1724 ‘most unlucky Minute’.p. 370, l. 19my Honourable Lord is busied.1724 ‘has business’.p. 370, l. 22extemporary.1724 ‘extempore’.p. 373, l. 33Old Oliver’s Brains.1724 ‘Brain’.Act III: Scene ip. 374, l. 31take ’em then for Archibald; ’tis.1724 ‘take ’em then for Archibald? ’tis’.p. 374, l. 32warse.1724 ‘worse’.p. 376, l. 6Hew. My Lord, I am sorry.1724 ‘Hew. I am sorry’.p. 377, l. 28what stuff’s here.1724 ‘what’s stuff’s here’.p. 378, l. 4Walter Walton.1724 ‘Walter Walter’.p. 378, l. 19ever cam into lour, readever came intol our.1724 ‘ever came into’.p. 378, l. 23I’s larne.1724 ‘I’s learn’.p. 379, l. 14se fast.1724 ‘so fast’.p. 380, l. 16shoos in yar.1724 ‘shoes’.p. 380, l. 28Malignant’s Estates.1724 ‘Malignant Estates’.p. 382, l. 36she has danc’d after.1724 ‘she has danc’d here after’.Act III: Scene iip. 383, l. 31Scene II. A Chamber in Lady Desbro’s House.4tos and 1724 ‘Scene, a Chamber’.p. 384, l. 7Enter Tom.4tos and 1724 ‘Enter Page’ with speech-prefix— ‘Pag.’ and ‘Exit Page’; but Act iv, 1, 4tos we have ‘Enter Page’ with speech-prefix ‘Tom’ and later in the same scene ‘Enter Tom Page’.p. 384, l. 12hear him preach.1724 ‘here him preach’.p. 385, l. 8Beau - - ty.And later‘fall - ing’to mark the sanctimonious drawl. 1724 prints ‘Beauty’ and ‘falling’.p. 388, ll. 8, 10Exeunt.4tos omit. 1724 omits ‘Ex. Ana.’Act IV: Scene ip. 388, l. 12A Chamber in La. Desbro’s House.4tos and 1724 ‘Chamber, Candles and Lights’.p. 390, l. 33gives us notice of.1724 ‘gives us notice of it’.p. 391, l. 29come a Gad’s Name.1724 ‘come in Gad’s Name’.p. 392, l. 11Nay, I say verily, nay.1724 ‘I say verily, nay’.p. 392, l. 17the Lard hath given.1724 ‘the Lard has given’.p. 392, l. 22Enter Tom.1724 ‘Enter Page’, speech-prefix ‘Page’, and ‘Ex. Page’; 4tos ‘Enter Page’, speech-prefix ‘Tom’, ‘Ex. Tom Page’.p. 392, l. 29we have hitherto maintain’d.1724 omits ‘hitherto’.Act IV: Scene iip. 394, l. 6A fine Chamber.I have added to 4tos and 1724 ‘in La. Lambert’s House’.Act IV: Scene iiip. 395, l. 8A great Chamber.I have added to 4tos and 1724 ‘in Lambert’s House’.p. 395, l. 26I’s drink tol yar gued Fortune.1724 ‘to yar gued Fortune’.p. 396, l. 17Ex. L. Lam. and Gill.I have added ‘and Gill’.p. 396, l. 22light your Flambeaus.1724 ‘your Flambeau’.p. 396, l. 30when we real.1724 ‘when we reel’.p. 397, l. 8o’er yar Liquer.1724 ‘Liquor’.p. 397, l. 15I’s for a Horn-pipe.1724 omits ‘for’.p. 397, l. 24Scotch Poond.1724 ‘Pound’.p. 397, l. 24yar Song.1724 ‘your Song’.p. 398, l. 15lead the Donce.1724 ‘lead the Dance’.Act IV: Scene ivp. 399, l. 28As well as to give.1724 ‘As well as give’.p. 399, l. 36Kneels.4to 1698 and 1724 omit this stage direction.p. 400, l. 23he puts it back.4tos ‘he put it back’. 1724 ‘he puts it off’.p. 401, l. 26my Husband wou’d withdraw.1724 ‘my Husband cou’d withdraw’.p. 401, l. 32He lies down along on the Couch.1724 ‘He lies down on the Couch’.Act V: Scene ip. 405, l. 14Scene I. A Street.1724 ‘Scene I. Street’.p. 407, l. 28Viva le Roy, Viva le Monk!4tos ‘Via la Roy, Via la Monk.’p. 408, l. 23Why, so there’s some trusting.1724 omits ‘so’.p. 408, l. 33Viva the brave.1724 ‘Vive the brave’.p. 410, l. 9Ana. gets a Sword, and fights too.1724 ‘and fights ’em’.Act V: Scene iip. 410, l. 10Scene II. Changes to a Chamber in La. Lambert’s House.4tos and 1724 ‘Scene changes to a Chamber’.Act V: Scene iiap. 411, l. 12and I shall keep it.1724 omits ‘I’.p. 412, l. 22L. Lam. Thou ly’st.4tos and 1724 print this speech as prose, but it admits of metrical division.p. 413, l. 9Gog and Magog.4tos ‘God and Magog’.p. 415, l. 6Morning and Evening Lectures.4tos ‘Mornings and Evenings Lectures’.p. 415, l. 23Enter Page with Messenger.1724 ‘Enter Page with Messengers’.p. 415, l. 30Where’s that brutal Courage.1724 ‘the Brutal Courage’.p. 416, l. 16whose wise work was that?1724 ‘whose wise work’s that?’p. 416, l. 29Wans, Sirs.1724 ‘Wons, Sirs’.p. 417, l. 5ya’s ene.1724 ‘ye’s ene’.p. 417, l. 6Mr. Leyer.1724‘Mr. Lyar’.p. 417, l. 12makes ye look.1724 ‘makes you look’.p. 417, l. 36L. Fleet and Pag.1724 omits ‘and Pag.’p. 418, l. 6no more. [Weep.1724 omits ‘Weep’.p. 419, l. 11Go in.1724 only marks ‘Ex.’ for all characters.Act V: Scene iiip. 419, l. 13Scene III. The Street.4tos and 1724 ‘Scene the Street’.p. 420, l. 3Viva le Roy, viva.1724 ‘Vive le Roy, vive’.p. 420, l. 14ill, I fear; ’tis a bad.1724 ‘ill, I fear ’tis a bad’.p. 420, l. 32are here? [Exeunt.4tos and 1724 omit ‘Exeunt’. I supply this as, obviously, these characters must leave the stage when the Prentices rush on.p. 421, l. 12ay, Ah, Lard, ah what.4tos ‘ay, ah Lard, what’. 1724 ‘ay. Lard, ah what’.Act V: Scene ivp. 421, l. 14Scene IV. A Chamber in Lambert’s House.4tos and 1724 ‘Scene, A Chamber’.p. 421, l. 23share in its kindly.1724 ‘share its kindly’.p. 422, l. 7and Tom with jewels.4tos and 1724 ‘Page with jewels’.p. 422, l. 25Well, if you do.1724 ‘Why, if you do’.Act V: Scene vp. 422, l. 29Scene V. A Street.4tos and 1724 ‘Scene, a Street’.p. 423, l. 3Gill. Tom, Pages, &c.I have inserted Tom’s name here.p. 424, l. 5come a merry-making.1724 ‘come merry-making’.p. 424, l. 33you grow so vain.1724 ‘you grew so vain’.p. 425, l. 7.In a preaching tone.1724 ‘In a preachin tone’. The dropped ‘g’, is not intentional here, but a misprint.Notes: Critical And Explanatory.The Roundheads.Dedicationp. 337To the Right Noble Henry Fitzroy.Second son of Charles II by Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine, afterwards Duchess of Cleveland, was born 20 September, 1663. He married, 1 August, 1672, Isabella, daughter and heiress of Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington. The bride was then only five years old. In September, 1675, Henry Fitzroy was created Duke of Grafton, and on 30 September, 1680, was installed by proxy as Knight of the Garter. In 1682 hebecame colonel of the first foot guards. He died 9 October, 1690, from a wound he received under the walls of Cork during Marlborough’s expedition to Ireland. Brave and even reckless to a fault, he is said to have been the most popular and the ablest of the sons of Charles II.Prologuep. 341noise of Plots.The ferment occasioned by the pretended Popish Plot of 1678 and the illegal Exclusion Bill was in full blast.p. 341Presbytery.Presbyterianism.p. 341Forty One.1641 was the date of the Grand Remonstrance and Petition to Charles I.p. 341Ignoramus.When Shaftesbury was indicted for high treason, 24 November, 1681, the grand jury ignored or threw out the bill. Their declaration was ‘ignoramus’. cf. Dryden’s prologue toThe Duke of Guise(1682):—Let ignoramus juries find no traitors,and other innumerable references to this verdict.Dramatis Personæp. 343Fleetwood.Lieutenant-General Charles Fleetwood was son-in-law to Oliver Cromwell, and for a time Lord-Deputy of Ireland. He was mainly instrumental in the resignation of Richard Cromwell, but so weak and vacillating that he lost favour with all parties. His name was excepted from the general amnesty, and it was only with great difficulty that, owing to the influence of Lord Litchfield, he escaped with his life. He died in obscurity at Stoke Newington, 4 October, 1692.p. 343Lambert.Major-General Lambert (1619-83) lost his commissions owing to the jealousy of Oliver Cromwell, on whose death he privily opposed Richard Cromwell. In August, 1659, he defeated the Royalist forces under Sir George Booth in Cheshire, but subsequently his army deserted. On his return to London he was arrested (5 March, 1660), by the Parliament, but escaped. Tried for high treason at the Restoration, he was banished to Guernsey, where he died in the winter of 1683.p. 343Wariston.Archibald Johnston, Lord Wariston, a fierce fanatic, was parliamentary commissioner for the administration of justice in Scotland and a member of Cromwell’s House of Peers. On the revival of the Rump he became president of the Council of State, and permanent president of the Committee of Safety. At the Restoration he fled, but was brought back from Rouen to be hanged at the Market Cross, Edinburgh, 23 July, 1663. Carlyle dubs him a ‘lynx-eyed lawyer and austere presbyterian zealot’, and Burnet says, ‘Presbyterianism was more to him than all the world.’p. 343Hewson.John Hewson, regicide, a shoemaker, was a commander under Cromwell, and afterwards a peer in the Upper House. At the Restoration he escaped to the Continent and died in exile at Amsterdam, 1662, or, by another account, at Rouen.p. 343Desbro.John Desborough, Desborow, or Disbrowe (1608-80) was Cromwell’s brother-in-law. Being left a widower, he married again April, 1658. As he had refused to sit as a judge at the trial of Charles I, he was not exempted from the amnesty; but being considered a source of danger, he was, after the Restoration, ‘always watched with peculiar jealousy,’ and suffered some short term of imprisonment.p. 343Duckingfield.Robert Duckenfield (1619-89), a strong Parliamentarian, but one who refused to assist at the King’s trial. He had large estates in Cheshire, where he lived retired after a short imprisonment at the Restoration. His son Robert, who succeeded him, was subsequently created a baronet by Charles II, 16 June, 1665.p. 343Corbet.Although this name is here given as Corbet, Colonel Cobbet occurs Act i, II (p. 355), and we have Cobbet again Act iii, I (p. 374). This character is certainly not Miles Corbet the regicide, but Ralph Cobbet, who was both a colonel and a member of the Committee of Safety. Ralph Cobbet is frequently alluded to in the satires of the time, e.g.The Gang; or, The Nine Worthies and Champions(17 January, 1659-60):—A man of stomack in the next deal,With a hey down, &c.Was hungry Colonel Cobbet;He would eat at a mealeA whole commonweale,And make a joint but a gobbet.p. 343Whitlock.Bulstrode Whitelock (1605-75), keeper of the Great Seal, and in August, 1659, president of the Council of State, was always inclined to royalism, and even advised Cromwell to restore Charles II. At the Restoration he was allowed to retire to Chilton Park, Hungerford, Wilts, and died there 28 July, 1675. According to some accounts his death took place at Fawley, Bucks.p. 343Lady Lambert.Lady Lambert was Frances, daughter of Sir William Lister, knight, of Thornton in Craven, Yorks. She was married 10 September, 1639. Contemporaries attribute Lambert’s ambition to the influence of his wife, whose pride is frequently alluded to. e.g.Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson, edited by C. H. Firth (Nimmo, 1885), Vol. II, p. 189, ‘There went a story that as my Lady Ireton was walking in St. James’ Park the Lady Lambert, as proud as her husband, came by where she was, and as the present princess always has precedency of the relict of the dead prince, so she put my Lady Ireton below; who, notwithstanding her piety and humility, was a little grieved at the affront.’p. 343Lady Desbro.Desborough’s second wife, whom he married April, 1658, is said, on the dubious authority of Betham, to have been Anne, daughter of Sir Richard Everard, Bart., of Much Waltham. Mrs. Behn’s amorous lady, Maria, is, of course, purely fictional.p. 343Lady Fleetwood.Bridget, eldest daughter of Oliver Cromwell, was married first to Ireton, who died 26 November, 1651, and secondly, in 1652, to Fleetwood. She did not live long after the Restoration, and was buried at S. Anne’s, Blackfriars, 1 July, 1662.p. 343Lady Cromwell.Cromwell married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Bourchier, 22 August, 1620. She survived her husband seven years, dying 19 November, 1665. After the Restoration she lived in great seclusion at Norboro’, Northamptonshire, the house of her son-in-law, John Claypoole.p. 343Clement’s Parish.Probably St. Clements, Eastcheap. This church, described by Stow as being ‘small and void of monuments’, was destroyed in the Great Fire and rebuilt 1686. The old church of St. Clement Danes, Strand, being in a ruinous condition, was pulled down in 1680 and built again on the same site. The Puritans always omitted the prefix ‘St.’ and spoke of churches as ‘Paul’s’, ‘Mary’s’, ‘Bartholomew’s’, ‘Helen’s’ and the like.The above Note refers to the male character Ananias Goggle, but is printed after the Commentary on the four main female characters.Act I: Scene ip. 344Gad and the Lord Fleetwood.Fleetwood, even in an age of Tartuffes, was especially distinguished for the fluency of his canting hypocrisy and godliness. He was a bitter persecutor of Catholics, a warm favourer of Anabaptists and the extremer fanatics of every kidney.p. 345Vane.Sir Harry Vane (1613-62), the prominent Parliamentarian and a leading member of the Committee of Safety was executed as a regicide, June, 1662.p. 345Fifth Monarchy.The Fifth Monarchy men were a sect of wild enthusiasts who declared themselves ‘subjects only of King Jesus’, and held that a fifth universal monarchy (like those of Assyria, Persia, Greece, and Rome) would be established by Christ in person, until which time no single person must presume to rule or be king.p. 346Haslerig.Sir Arthur Heselrige, one of the Five Members whom Parliament refused to yield to Charles I in January, 1642, was a republican of the most violent type. He died a prisoner in the Tower, 7 January, 1661.p. 349an errant Heroick.A term for a cavalier or Royalist, cf. Edward Waterhouse’sA Short Narrative of the late Dreadful Fire in London(1667, 12mo): ‘Even so, O Lord, rebuke the evil spirit of theseSanballats, and raise up the spirit of theNehemiahsand other such Heroicks of Kindness and Ability to considerLondon.’ Tatham, inThe Rump(4to, 1660; 1661), Act ii, 1, has ‘The very names of the Cromwells will become far more odious than ever Needham could make the Heroicks’.p. 349cuckold the Ghost of Old Oliver.The intrigue between Cromwell and Lambert’s wife is affirmed in ‘Newes from the New Exchange; or, the Commonwealth of Ladies ...London; printed in the year of women without grace, 1650’ (4to). Noble, in hisMemoirs of the Cromwell Family(8vo, London, 1787, 3rd edit., Vol. II, p. 369), says that the lady ‘was an elegant and accomplished woman’, she was ‘suppos’d to have been partial to Oliver the Protector.’ A scarce poem,Iter Australe(London, 1660, 4to), declares of Cromwell that someWould have him a David, ’cause he wentTo Lambert’s wife, when he was in his tent.Some six months before Cromwell’s death, when Lambert visited him, Noll ‘fell on his neck, kissed him, inquired of dear Johnny for his jewel (so he called Mrs. Lambert) and for all his children by name.’ Cromwell’s immoralities in youth, when a brewer at Ely, were notorious. Although the parish registers of S. John’s, Huntingdon, have been tampered with, the following, under the years 1621 and 1628, remain: ‘Oliverus Cromwell reprehensus erat coram tota Ecclesia pro factis.’and ‘Hoc anno Oliverus Cromwell fecit penitentiam coram tota ecclesia.’ An attempt has been made to erase these.Act I: Scene iip. 354Tony.Anthony Ashley Cooper; afterwards first Earl of Shaftesbury.p. 357Wallingford House.Stood on the site of the present Admiralty. It was so called from Sir William Knollys, Baron Wallingford, Treasurer of the Household to Elizabeth and James I. After Cromwell’s death the General Council of the Officers of the Army (Wallingford House Party) met here. Fleetwood actually lived in the house. At the Restoration it reverted to the Duke of Buckingham. The Crown purchased it 1680, and the Admiralty was built about 1720.Act II: Scene ip. 361Cobler’s-Stall.Hewson, says Wood, had originally been ‘an honest shoemaker in Westminster.’p. 362Conventickling.Conventicle was accentuated upon the third syllable. This, of course, led to innuendo, cf. 1Hudibras(1663) Canto ii, 437:He used to lay about and stickleLike ram or bull at conventicleand Dryden, inThe Medal(1682):—A tyrant theirs; the heaven their priesthood paintsA conventicle of gloomy sullen saints.p. 363Pryn.William Prynne (1600-69) had been sentenced to severe punishment in February, 1634, for the scandals and libels contained in his dull diatribe,Histriomastix.He lost both his ears in the pillory.p. 365Needham.Marchamont Nedham, ‘the Commonwealth’s Didaper’, was a graduate of All Souls, Oxon, and sometime an usher at Merchant Taylors’ school. He also seems to have been connected with the legal profession. ‘The skip-jack of all fortunes’, neither side has a good word for this notorious pamphleteer, the very scum of our early journalism. WhenMercurius Britannicustemporarily ceased publication with No. 50, 9 September, 1644, Nedham recommenced it on the 30th of the same month with No. 51 (not No. 52 as is sometimes stated). No. 92, 28 July-4 August, 1645, and the number 11-18 May, 1646, revile the King in such scurrilous terms that Nedham was haled to the bar of the House of Lords and imprisoned. Later he turned Royalist, but in 1650 publishedThe Case of the Commonwealth Stated, a defence of the regicides, for which he received a pension of £100 a year. He fled to Holland, April, 1660, but being pardoned, returned to England. He died in Devereux Court, Temple Bar, November, 1678, and is buried in St. Clement Danes. Wood characterizes him as ‘a most seditious, mutable and railing author,’ whilst Cleveland terms him ‘that impudent and incorrigible reviler’.p. 365Ireton, my best of Sons.Noble, in hisMemoirs of the Cromwell Family, says that the fact Fleetwood had not the abilities of her first husband gave his wife much concern, as she saw with great regret the ruin his conduct must bring on herself and her children.p. 366Richard’s Wife.Richard Cromwell at the age of 23 married Dorothy, daughter of Richard Major, of Hursley, Hampshire.p. 366glorious Titles.Cromwell’s wife was, as a matter of fact, very averse to all grandeur and state. The satires of the time laugh at her homeliness and parsimony.p. 369Ormond.James Butler, Duke of Ormond, was lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1643-47.p. 370Exercise.A common term amongst the Puritans for worship; a sermon or extemporary prayer. As early as 1574. Archbishop Whitgift speaks of the exercises of ‘praying, singing of psalms, interpreting and prophesying’, cf. Davenant,The Wits(4to 1636):—I am a new man, Luce; thou shalt find meIn a Geneva band....And squire thy untooth’d aunt to an exercise,and also:—[she] dividesThe day in exercise.— Mayne’sCity Match(1639), iv, v.p. 372Duke of Glocester.Henry of Oatlands, Duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Charles I. Born 8 July, 1639, he died of smallpox at Whitehall 13 September, 1660. The Parliament sent him to the continent on 11 February, 1653.p. 373he should have been bound Prentice.A proposition was actually made in Parliament that the young Duke of Gloucester should be bound to a trade, in order, as it was impudently expressed, ‘that he might earn his bread honestly.’ Fortunately, saner counsels prevailed, in which his fate was happier than that of the Dauphin committed to the cruelties of Citizen Simon, cordwainer.p. 373Old Thurlo.John Thurloe (1616-68), Secretary of State to Cromwell; M.P. for Ely, 1654 and 1656. He died 21 February, 1668.Act III: Scene ip. 378Highness’s Funeral.A large portion of the debt incurred for Oliver Cromwell’s magnificently extravagant funeral ceremonies fell on Richard, who was obliged to retire for a while to the continent to avoid arrest and await some settlement. These obsequies cost in all the huge sum of £60,000, which there was a great difficulty in paying. The chief undertaker’s name was Rolt. See note onThe Widow Ranter— ‘Trusting for Old Oliver’s funeral,’ Act i. (Vol. IV.)p. 378Walter Frost.Walter Frost, secretary to the Republican Council of State, was quondam manciple of Emmanuel, Cambridge, and acted as spy-master and manager of the ‘committee hackneys,’ which hunted down and betrayed Royalists. This infamous fellow, who dubbed himself Esquire and Latinized his name to Gualter, was authorized to publish (i.e. write) ‘intelligence every week upon Thursday according to an Act of Parliament for that purpose.’ He licensedA Briefe Relation(No 1, 2 October, 1649) from its second number until 22 October, 1650. This is certainly one of the most evil and lying of the Republican diurnals.p. 378Hutchinson.Richard Hutchinson, deputy treasurer to Sir Henry Vane. He succeeded as Treasurer to the Navy in 1651 and continued to hold office after the Restoration. He is several times mentioned by Pepys.p. 379Jacobus.A gold coin value 25s., first current in the reign of James I.p. 379Mr. Ice.Perhaps Stephen Isles who was appointed a Commissioner for the London Militia, 7 July, 1659. The name ‘Mr. Ice’ occurs in Tatham’sRumpin the same context.p. 379Loether.Sir Gerard Lowther, who, once a loyalist, became a republican, and in 1654 was one of the Three Commissioners of the Great Seal in Ireland. He acquired large estates and died very wealthy on the eve of the Restoration.p. 381Duke of Buckingham’s Estate ... with Chelsey House.Bulstrode Whitelocke actually had obtained the Duke’s sequestered estate, and stood for Bucks in Parliament. During the Commonwealth Chelsea House was bestowed upon him as an official residence, and he lived there till the Restoration, when it reverted to the Duke, to whose father it had been granted in 1627 by Charles I. He sold it in 1664 to the trustees of George Digby, Earl of Bristol. In 1682 it became the property of Henry, Marquis of Worcester, afterwards Duke of Beaufort, and was renamed Beaufort House. Sir Hans Sloane purchased it in 1738, and it was demolished two years later.p. 381Hugh Peters.This divine, who had been chaplain to Sir Thomas Fairfax, was notorious for his fanatical and ranting sermons. Having openly advocated and preached the death of Charles I, he was, at the Restoration, excluded from the general amnesty, tried for high treason, and executed 16 October, 1660.p. 382Scobel.Henry Scobell, clerk to the Long Parliament. His name appeared as the licenser of various newsbooks, and he superintended the publication ofSeverall Proceedings in Parliament, No. 1, 25 Sept.-9 Oct., 1649. Scobell died in 1660, his will being proved 29 Sept. of that year.Act IV: Scene iip. 394Vails.Avails; profits. Money given to servants: ‘tips’.Act IV: Scene iiip. 398Cushion-Dance.A merry old English round action dance common in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.p. 398Nickers.Or knickers, marbles generally made of baked clay. cf. Duffet’s farce,The Mock Tempest(1675), Act iv, I:—EnterHypolito playing with Nickers.Hyp.Anan, Anan, forsooth— you, Sir, don’t you stir the Nickers. I’l play out my game presently.Act IV: Scene ivp. 402Joan Sanderson.The air to which the Cushion Dance was usually performed. It may be found in Playford’sDancing Master, 1686. Sometimes the dance itself was known as Joan Sanderson.Act V: Scene ip. 406The Tall Irishman.Oliver Cromwell’s porter, yclept Daniel, was a giant. This fellow, through poring over mystical divinity, lost his wits: he preached, prophesied, and raved until finally he was incarcerated in Bedlam, where, after a while, his liberty was allowed him. A famous item amongst his books was a large Bible presented by Neil Gwynne. D’Urfey in his Prologue toSir Barnaby Whigg(1681), has: ‘Like Oliver’s porter, but not so devout.’ There is a rare, if not unique, portrait of Daniel in the Print Room, British Museum. The reputed portrait in Pierce Tempest’sCryes of the City of London(No. 71. Un insensé pour la Religion. M. Lauron del. P. Tempest ex.) is not that of a remarkably tall man.p. 410Enter Hewson with Guards.5 December, 1659, Hewson did actually suppress a rising of London prentices, two or three of whom were killed and some score wounded. This made him very unpopular.Act V: Scene iiap. 412Lord Capel.Arthur, Lord Capel, Baron Hadham, a gallant royalist leader, was, after the surrender of Colchester, treacherously imprisoned. He escaped, but was betrayed, and beheaded 9 March, 1649.p. 412Brown Bushel.A sea captain. Originally inclined to the Parliament, he became a royalist. In 1643 he was taken prisoner, but after being exchanged lived quietly and retired till 1648, when he was seized as a deserter, and after three years captivity, tried, and executed 29 April, 1651.p. 413Earl of Holland.Henry Rich, Earl of Holland (1590-1649), a staunch royalist, was executed 9 March, 1649, in company with Lord Capel and the Duke of Hamilton.p. 413Judas.The piece of plate dubb’d Judas would be gilded, cf. Middleton’sChaste Maid in Cheapside, (4to, 1630), iii, 2.3rd Gossip.Two great ’postle-spoons, one of them gilt.1st Puritan.Sure that was Judas then with the red beard.Red is the traditional colour of Judas’ hair. cf. Dryden’s lines on Jacob Tonson the publisher:—With two left legs and Judas-coloured hair.p. 414an act,24 June.Cromwell’s parliament passed Draconian Acts punishing adultery, incest, fornication, with death; the two former on the first offence, the last on the second conviction.Mercurius Politicus, No. 168. Thursday, 25 August— Thursday, 1 September, 1653 (p. 2700), records the execution of an old man of eighty-nine who was found guilty at Monmouth Assize of adultery with a woman over sixty. It is well known that under the Commonwealth the outskirts of London were crowded with brothels, and the license of Restoration days pales before the moral evils and cankers existing under Cromwell. The officially recognized independent diurnalsMercurius Democritus,Mercurius Fumigosus, have been described as ‘abominable’. In 1660, when the writers of these attempted to circulate literature which had been common in the preceeding decade, they were promptly ‘clapt up in Newgate’.p. 414Peters the first,Martin the Second.Hugh Peters has been noticed before. Henry Martin was an extreme republican, and at one time even a Leveller. He was a commissioner of the High Court of Justice and a regicide. At the Restoration he was imprisoned for life and died at Chepstow Castle, 1681, aged seventy-eight. He was notorious for profligacy and shamelessness, and kept a very seraglio of mistresses.p. 415Tantlings.St. Antholin’s (St. Anthling’s), Budge Row, Watling Street, had long been a stronghold of puritanism. As early as 1599, morning prayer and lecture were instituted, ‘after the Geneva fashion’. The bells began at five in the morning. This church was largely attended by fanatics and extremists. There are frequent allusions to St. Antholin’s and its matutinal chimes. The church was burned down in the Great Fire. Middleton and Dekker’sRoaring Girl(1611): ‘Sha’s a tongue will be heard further in a still morning than Saint Antling’s bell.’She will outprayA preacher at St. Antlin’s.— Mayne’sCity Match(1639), iv, v.Davenant’sNews from Plymouth(fol. 1673, licensed 1635), i, I:—Two disciples to St. Tantlin,That rise to long exercise before day.p. 416Lilly.William Lilly (1602-81). The famous astrologer and fortune-teller. In Tatham’sThe Rump(1660), he is introduced on the stage, and there is a scene between him and Lady Lambert, Act iv.p. 416sisseraro.More usually sasarara. A corruption ofcertiorari, a writ in law to expedite justice. ‘If it be lost or stole ... I could bring him to a cunning kinsman of mine that would fetcht again with a sesarara,’—The Puritan(1607). ‘Their souls fetched up to Heaven with a sasarara.’—The Revenger’s Tragedy, iv, 2 (1607),The Vicar of Wakefield(1766), ch. xxi: ‘“As for the matter of that,” returned the hostess, “gentle or simple, out she shall pack with a sussarara”.’Act V: Scene iiip. 421Twelve Houses.Each of the astrological divisions of the heavens denoting the station of a planet is termed a house.Act V: Scene vp. 423bear the bob.To join in the chorus. Bob is the burden or refrain of a song.p. 423Colt-staff.Or col-staff (Latincollum). A staff by which two men carry a load, one end of the pole resting on a shoulder of each porter. cf.Merry Wives of Windsor, iii, 3, ‘Where’s the cowl-staff?’p. 423Fortune my Foe.This extremely popular old tune is in Queen Elizabeth’sVirginal Book; in William Ballet’s MS. Lute Book; inBellerophon(1622), and in numerous other old musical works. There are allusions to it in Shakespeare and many of the dramatists.
Dedication
p. 337To The Right Noble Henry Fitz-Roy.The Dedicatory Epistle only appears in the two 4tos, 1682 and 1698.
p. 337, l. 31Good Old Couse.‘Couse’ to represent a Cockney pronunciation.
p.338, l. 28Ignoramus the 1st and the 2d.Mrs. Behn deftly compares the verdict of that faction which would have damned her play with the verdict given by the City jury who acquitted Shaftesbury.
Prologue
p. 341, l. 7ycleped Hewson.4to ‘Eclipsed Huson’.
Dramatis Personæ
p. 343Dramatis Personæ.I have added, ‘Captain of the Prentices, Page to Lady Fleetwood, A Felt-maker, A Joyner, Doorkeeper, Two Clerks, Three Soldiers, Women Servants to Lady Lambert, Petitioners, Servants, Guards.’ The name of Lady Desbro’s Page, Tom, is supplied by Act iv, 1. ForSanctify’d Mobile, 1724 reads ‘Sanctify’d Mobility’.
Act I: Scene i
p. 344, l. 21Push a Pike.1724 ‘Push of Pike’.
p. 347, l. 3Go out.1724 ‘Goes out’.
p. 347, l. 11the rest of the Soldiers.1724 ‘the rest of Soldiers’.
p. 350, l. 14Love, Wit and Beauty.1724 prints these lines as prose.
p. 350, l. 17A God! altho his outside.4tos and 1724 print this speech as prose.
p. 350, l. 22No, methought he grew.1724 prints this speech as prose.
p. 351, l. 10Ha, he’s yonder.1724 prints this speech as prose.
p. 353, l. 16Exeunt both.1724 ‘exeunt’, 4tos ‘exit both’.
Act I: Scene ii
p. 353, l. 17Scene II. A Chamber in Lambert’s House.4tos ‘Scene a Chamber.’ 1724 ‘Scene.A Chamber.’ I have added ‘II’ and ‘in Lambert’s House.’
p. 354, l. 19how have I show’d.1724 misprints ‘how have show’d’.
p. 355, l. 28the Lard’s handling.1724 ‘the Lord’s’, 4tos ‘Lard’s’.
p. 356, l. 28light on yu.1724 ‘light on you’.
p. 358, l. 1a brave Mon.1724 ‘a brave Man’.
p. 358, l. 1I may cooncel.1724 ‘I may counsel’.
p. 358, l. 10he’s a brave Mon, a Mon indeed,gen.1724 ‘he’s a brave Mon indeed gen’.
Act II: Scene i
p. 359, l. 11Scene I. A Chamber of State in Lambert’s House.I have added ‘in Lambert’s House’.
p. 360, l. 22admit him tho’.1724 omits ‘tho’’.
p. 360, l. 25I shou’d say.1724 misprints ‘I shou’d stay’.
p. 360, l. 27these Heroicks are punctual men.1724 omits ‘men’.
p. 361, l. 4Walks away.1724 omits this stage direction.
p. 361, l. 17Some such trivial thing.1724 ‘some such trifling thing’.
p. 365, l. 28Verily we should live.1724 ‘Verily ye should live’.
p. 366, l. 21Write Panegyricks.1724 prints these concluding four lines as prose. 4tos metrically.
p. 367, l. 2Lambert will destroy all.1724 ‘Lambert would destroy all’.
p. 368, l. 1Or Mind embyass’d.1724 ‘Embarass’d’.
p. 368, l. 12Execrations.1724 ‘Excrations’.
p. 368, l. 28Cry mercy, Madam.1724 omits ‘Madam’.
p. 368, l. 29most lucky Minute.1724 ‘most unlucky Minute’.
p. 370, l. 19my Honourable Lord is busied.1724 ‘has business’.
p. 370, l. 22extemporary.1724 ‘extempore’.
p. 373, l. 33Old Oliver’s Brains.1724 ‘Brain’.
Act III: Scene i
p. 374, l. 31take ’em then for Archibald; ’tis.1724 ‘take ’em then for Archibald? ’tis’.
p. 374, l. 32warse.1724 ‘worse’.
p. 376, l. 6Hew. My Lord, I am sorry.1724 ‘Hew. I am sorry’.
p. 377, l. 28what stuff’s here.1724 ‘what’s stuff’s here’.
p. 378, l. 4Walter Walton.1724 ‘Walter Walter’.
p. 378, l. 19ever cam into lour, readever came intol our.1724 ‘ever came into’.
p. 378, l. 23I’s larne.1724 ‘I’s learn’.
p. 379, l. 14se fast.1724 ‘so fast’.
p. 380, l. 16shoos in yar.1724 ‘shoes’.
p. 380, l. 28Malignant’s Estates.1724 ‘Malignant Estates’.
p. 382, l. 36she has danc’d after.1724 ‘she has danc’d here after’.
Act III: Scene ii
p. 383, l. 31Scene II. A Chamber in Lady Desbro’s House.4tos and 1724 ‘Scene, a Chamber’.
p. 384, l. 7Enter Tom.4tos and 1724 ‘Enter Page’ with speech-prefix— ‘Pag.’ and ‘Exit Page’; but Act iv, 1, 4tos we have ‘Enter Page’ with speech-prefix ‘Tom’ and later in the same scene ‘Enter Tom Page’.
p. 384, l. 12hear him preach.1724 ‘here him preach’.
p. 385, l. 8Beau - - ty.And later‘fall - ing’to mark the sanctimonious drawl. 1724 prints ‘Beauty’ and ‘falling’.
p. 388, ll. 8, 10Exeunt.4tos omit. 1724 omits ‘Ex. Ana.’
Act IV: Scene i
p. 388, l. 12A Chamber in La. Desbro’s House.4tos and 1724 ‘Chamber, Candles and Lights’.
p. 390, l. 33gives us notice of.1724 ‘gives us notice of it’.
p. 391, l. 29come a Gad’s Name.1724 ‘come in Gad’s Name’.
p. 392, l. 11Nay, I say verily, nay.1724 ‘I say verily, nay’.
p. 392, l. 17the Lard hath given.1724 ‘the Lard has given’.
p. 392, l. 22Enter Tom.1724 ‘Enter Page’, speech-prefix ‘Page’, and ‘Ex. Page’; 4tos ‘Enter Page’, speech-prefix ‘Tom’, ‘Ex. Tom Page’.
p. 392, l. 29we have hitherto maintain’d.1724 omits ‘hitherto’.
Act IV: Scene ii
p. 394, l. 6A fine Chamber.I have added to 4tos and 1724 ‘in La. Lambert’s House’.
Act IV: Scene iii
p. 395, l. 8A great Chamber.I have added to 4tos and 1724 ‘in Lambert’s House’.
p. 395, l. 26I’s drink tol yar gued Fortune.1724 ‘to yar gued Fortune’.
p. 396, l. 17Ex. L. Lam. and Gill.I have added ‘and Gill’.
p. 396, l. 22light your Flambeaus.1724 ‘your Flambeau’.
p. 396, l. 30when we real.1724 ‘when we reel’.
p. 397, l. 8o’er yar Liquer.1724 ‘Liquor’.
p. 397, l. 15I’s for a Horn-pipe.1724 omits ‘for’.
p. 397, l. 24Scotch Poond.1724 ‘Pound’.
p. 397, l. 24yar Song.1724 ‘your Song’.
p. 398, l. 15lead the Donce.1724 ‘lead the Dance’.
Act IV: Scene iv
p. 399, l. 28As well as to give.1724 ‘As well as give’.
p. 399, l. 36Kneels.4to 1698 and 1724 omit this stage direction.
p. 400, l. 23he puts it back.4tos ‘he put it back’. 1724 ‘he puts it off’.
p. 401, l. 26my Husband wou’d withdraw.1724 ‘my Husband cou’d withdraw’.
p. 401, l. 32He lies down along on the Couch.1724 ‘He lies down on the Couch’.
Act V: Scene i
p. 405, l. 14Scene I. A Street.1724 ‘Scene I. Street’.
p. 407, l. 28Viva le Roy, Viva le Monk!4tos ‘Via la Roy, Via la Monk.’
p. 408, l. 23Why, so there’s some trusting.1724 omits ‘so’.
p. 408, l. 33Viva the brave.1724 ‘Vive the brave’.
p. 410, l. 9Ana. gets a Sword, and fights too.1724 ‘and fights ’em’.
Act V: Scene ii
p. 410, l. 10Scene II. Changes to a Chamber in La. Lambert’s House.4tos and 1724 ‘Scene changes to a Chamber’.
Act V: Scene iia
p. 411, l. 12and I shall keep it.1724 omits ‘I’.
p. 412, l. 22L. Lam. Thou ly’st.4tos and 1724 print this speech as prose, but it admits of metrical division.
p. 413, l. 9Gog and Magog.4tos ‘God and Magog’.
p. 415, l. 6Morning and Evening Lectures.4tos ‘Mornings and Evenings Lectures’.
p. 415, l. 23Enter Page with Messenger.1724 ‘Enter Page with Messengers’.
p. 415, l. 30Where’s that brutal Courage.1724 ‘the Brutal Courage’.
p. 416, l. 16whose wise work was that?1724 ‘whose wise work’s that?’
p. 416, l. 29Wans, Sirs.1724 ‘Wons, Sirs’.
p. 417, l. 5ya’s ene.1724 ‘ye’s ene’.
p. 417, l. 6Mr. Leyer.1724‘Mr. Lyar’.
p. 417, l. 12makes ye look.1724 ‘makes you look’.
p. 417, l. 36L. Fleet and Pag.1724 omits ‘and Pag.’
p. 418, l. 6no more. [Weep.1724 omits ‘Weep’.
p. 419, l. 11Go in.1724 only marks ‘Ex.’ for all characters.
Act V: Scene iii
p. 419, l. 13Scene III. The Street.4tos and 1724 ‘Scene the Street’.
p. 420, l. 3Viva le Roy, viva.1724 ‘Vive le Roy, vive’.
p. 420, l. 14ill, I fear; ’tis a bad.1724 ‘ill, I fear ’tis a bad’.
p. 420, l. 32are here? [Exeunt.4tos and 1724 omit ‘Exeunt’. I supply this as, obviously, these characters must leave the stage when the Prentices rush on.
p. 421, l. 12ay, Ah, Lard, ah what.4tos ‘ay, ah Lard, what’. 1724 ‘ay. Lard, ah what’.
Act V: Scene iv
p. 421, l. 14Scene IV. A Chamber in Lambert’s House.4tos and 1724 ‘Scene, A Chamber’.
p. 421, l. 23share in its kindly.1724 ‘share its kindly’.
p. 422, l. 7and Tom with jewels.4tos and 1724 ‘Page with jewels’.
p. 422, l. 25Well, if you do.1724 ‘Why, if you do’.
Act V: Scene v
p. 422, l. 29Scene V. A Street.4tos and 1724 ‘Scene, a Street’.
p. 423, l. 3Gill. Tom, Pages, &c.I have inserted Tom’s name here.
p. 424, l. 5come a merry-making.1724 ‘come merry-making’.
p. 424, l. 33you grow so vain.1724 ‘you grew so vain’.
p. 425, l. 7.In a preaching tone.1724 ‘In a preachin tone’. The dropped ‘g’, is not intentional here, but a misprint.
Dedication
p. 337To the Right Noble Henry Fitzroy.Second son of Charles II by Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine, afterwards Duchess of Cleveland, was born 20 September, 1663. He married, 1 August, 1672, Isabella, daughter and heiress of Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington. The bride was then only five years old. In September, 1675, Henry Fitzroy was created Duke of Grafton, and on 30 September, 1680, was installed by proxy as Knight of the Garter. In 1682 hebecame colonel of the first foot guards. He died 9 October, 1690, from a wound he received under the walls of Cork during Marlborough’s expedition to Ireland. Brave and even reckless to a fault, he is said to have been the most popular and the ablest of the sons of Charles II.
Prologue
p. 341noise of Plots.The ferment occasioned by the pretended Popish Plot of 1678 and the illegal Exclusion Bill was in full blast.
p. 341Presbytery.Presbyterianism.
p. 341Forty One.1641 was the date of the Grand Remonstrance and Petition to Charles I.
p. 341Ignoramus.When Shaftesbury was indicted for high treason, 24 November, 1681, the grand jury ignored or threw out the bill. Their declaration was ‘ignoramus’. cf. Dryden’s prologue toThe Duke of Guise(1682):—
Let ignoramus juries find no traitors,
and other innumerable references to this verdict.
Dramatis Personæ
p. 343Fleetwood.Lieutenant-General Charles Fleetwood was son-in-law to Oliver Cromwell, and for a time Lord-Deputy of Ireland. He was mainly instrumental in the resignation of Richard Cromwell, but so weak and vacillating that he lost favour with all parties. His name was excepted from the general amnesty, and it was only with great difficulty that, owing to the influence of Lord Litchfield, he escaped with his life. He died in obscurity at Stoke Newington, 4 October, 1692.
p. 343Lambert.Major-General Lambert (1619-83) lost his commissions owing to the jealousy of Oliver Cromwell, on whose death he privily opposed Richard Cromwell. In August, 1659, he defeated the Royalist forces under Sir George Booth in Cheshire, but subsequently his army deserted. On his return to London he was arrested (5 March, 1660), by the Parliament, but escaped. Tried for high treason at the Restoration, he was banished to Guernsey, where he died in the winter of 1683.
p. 343Wariston.Archibald Johnston, Lord Wariston, a fierce fanatic, was parliamentary commissioner for the administration of justice in Scotland and a member of Cromwell’s House of Peers. On the revival of the Rump he became president of the Council of State, and permanent president of the Committee of Safety. At the Restoration he fled, but was brought back from Rouen to be hanged at the Market Cross, Edinburgh, 23 July, 1663. Carlyle dubs him a ‘lynx-eyed lawyer and austere presbyterian zealot’, and Burnet says, ‘Presbyterianism was more to him than all the world.’
p. 343Hewson.John Hewson, regicide, a shoemaker, was a commander under Cromwell, and afterwards a peer in the Upper House. At the Restoration he escaped to the Continent and died in exile at Amsterdam, 1662, or, by another account, at Rouen.
p. 343Desbro.John Desborough, Desborow, or Disbrowe (1608-80) was Cromwell’s brother-in-law. Being left a widower, he married again April, 1658. As he had refused to sit as a judge at the trial of Charles I, he was not exempted from the amnesty; but being considered a source of danger, he was, after the Restoration, ‘always watched with peculiar jealousy,’ and suffered some short term of imprisonment.
p. 343Duckingfield.Robert Duckenfield (1619-89), a strong Parliamentarian, but one who refused to assist at the King’s trial. He had large estates in Cheshire, where he lived retired after a short imprisonment at the Restoration. His son Robert, who succeeded him, was subsequently created a baronet by Charles II, 16 June, 1665.
p. 343Corbet.Although this name is here given as Corbet, Colonel Cobbet occurs Act i, II (p. 355), and we have Cobbet again Act iii, I (p. 374). This character is certainly not Miles Corbet the regicide, but Ralph Cobbet, who was both a colonel and a member of the Committee of Safety. Ralph Cobbet is frequently alluded to in the satires of the time, e.g.The Gang; or, The Nine Worthies and Champions(17 January, 1659-60):—
A man of stomack in the next deal,With a hey down, &c.Was hungry Colonel Cobbet;He would eat at a mealeA whole commonweale,And make a joint but a gobbet.
A man of stomack in the next deal,
With a hey down, &c.
Was hungry Colonel Cobbet;
He would eat at a meale
A whole commonweale,
And make a joint but a gobbet.
p. 343Whitlock.Bulstrode Whitelock (1605-75), keeper of the Great Seal, and in August, 1659, president of the Council of State, was always inclined to royalism, and even advised Cromwell to restore Charles II. At the Restoration he was allowed to retire to Chilton Park, Hungerford, Wilts, and died there 28 July, 1675. According to some accounts his death took place at Fawley, Bucks.
p. 343Lady Lambert.Lady Lambert was Frances, daughter of Sir William Lister, knight, of Thornton in Craven, Yorks. She was married 10 September, 1639. Contemporaries attribute Lambert’s ambition to the influence of his wife, whose pride is frequently alluded to. e.g.Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson, edited by C. H. Firth (Nimmo, 1885), Vol. II, p. 189, ‘There went a story that as my Lady Ireton was walking in St. James’ Park the Lady Lambert, as proud as her husband, came by where she was, and as the present princess always has precedency of the relict of the dead prince, so she put my Lady Ireton below; who, notwithstanding her piety and humility, was a little grieved at the affront.’
p. 343Lady Desbro.Desborough’s second wife, whom he married April, 1658, is said, on the dubious authority of Betham, to have been Anne, daughter of Sir Richard Everard, Bart., of Much Waltham. Mrs. Behn’s amorous lady, Maria, is, of course, purely fictional.
p. 343Lady Fleetwood.Bridget, eldest daughter of Oliver Cromwell, was married first to Ireton, who died 26 November, 1651, and secondly, in 1652, to Fleetwood. She did not live long after the Restoration, and was buried at S. Anne’s, Blackfriars, 1 July, 1662.
p. 343Lady Cromwell.Cromwell married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Bourchier, 22 August, 1620. She survived her husband seven years, dying 19 November, 1665. After the Restoration she lived in great seclusion at Norboro’, Northamptonshire, the house of her son-in-law, John Claypoole.
p. 343Clement’s Parish.Probably St. Clements, Eastcheap. This church, described by Stow as being ‘small and void of monuments’, was destroyed in the Great Fire and rebuilt 1686. The old church of St. Clement Danes, Strand, being in a ruinous condition, was pulled down in 1680 and built again on the same site. The Puritans always omitted the prefix ‘St.’ and spoke of churches as ‘Paul’s’, ‘Mary’s’, ‘Bartholomew’s’, ‘Helen’s’ and the like.
The above Note refers to the male character Ananias Goggle, but is printed after the Commentary on the four main female characters.
Act I: Scene i
p. 344Gad and the Lord Fleetwood.Fleetwood, even in an age of Tartuffes, was especially distinguished for the fluency of his canting hypocrisy and godliness. He was a bitter persecutor of Catholics, a warm favourer of Anabaptists and the extremer fanatics of every kidney.
p. 345Vane.Sir Harry Vane (1613-62), the prominent Parliamentarian and a leading member of the Committee of Safety was executed as a regicide, June, 1662.
p. 345Fifth Monarchy.The Fifth Monarchy men were a sect of wild enthusiasts who declared themselves ‘subjects only of King Jesus’, and held that a fifth universal monarchy (like those of Assyria, Persia, Greece, and Rome) would be established by Christ in person, until which time no single person must presume to rule or be king.
p. 346Haslerig.Sir Arthur Heselrige, one of the Five Members whom Parliament refused to yield to Charles I in January, 1642, was a republican of the most violent type. He died a prisoner in the Tower, 7 January, 1661.
p. 349an errant Heroick.A term for a cavalier or Royalist, cf. Edward Waterhouse’sA Short Narrative of the late Dreadful Fire in London(1667, 12mo): ‘Even so, O Lord, rebuke the evil spirit of theseSanballats, and raise up the spirit of theNehemiahsand other such Heroicks of Kindness and Ability to considerLondon.’ Tatham, inThe Rump(4to, 1660; 1661), Act ii, 1, has ‘The very names of the Cromwells will become far more odious than ever Needham could make the Heroicks’.
p. 349cuckold the Ghost of Old Oliver.The intrigue between Cromwell and Lambert’s wife is affirmed in ‘Newes from the New Exchange; or, the Commonwealth of Ladies ...London; printed in the year of women without grace, 1650’ (4to). Noble, in hisMemoirs of the Cromwell Family(8vo, London, 1787, 3rd edit., Vol. II, p. 369), says that the lady ‘was an elegant and accomplished woman’, she was ‘suppos’d to have been partial to Oliver the Protector.’ A scarce poem,Iter Australe(London, 1660, 4to), declares of Cromwell that some
Would have him a David, ’cause he wentTo Lambert’s wife, when he was in his tent.
Would have him a David, ’cause he went
To Lambert’s wife, when he was in his tent.
Some six months before Cromwell’s death, when Lambert visited him, Noll ‘fell on his neck, kissed him, inquired of dear Johnny for his jewel (so he called Mrs. Lambert) and for all his children by name.’ Cromwell’s immoralities in youth, when a brewer at Ely, were notorious. Although the parish registers of S. John’s, Huntingdon, have been tampered with, the following, under the years 1621 and 1628, remain: ‘Oliverus Cromwell reprehensus erat coram tota Ecclesia pro factis.’and ‘Hoc anno Oliverus Cromwell fecit penitentiam coram tota ecclesia.’ An attempt has been made to erase these.
Act I: Scene ii
p. 354Tony.Anthony Ashley Cooper; afterwards first Earl of Shaftesbury.
p. 357Wallingford House.Stood on the site of the present Admiralty. It was so called from Sir William Knollys, Baron Wallingford, Treasurer of the Household to Elizabeth and James I. After Cromwell’s death the General Council of the Officers of the Army (Wallingford House Party) met here. Fleetwood actually lived in the house. At the Restoration it reverted to the Duke of Buckingham. The Crown purchased it 1680, and the Admiralty was built about 1720.
Act II: Scene i
p. 361Cobler’s-Stall.Hewson, says Wood, had originally been ‘an honest shoemaker in Westminster.’
p. 362Conventickling.Conventicle was accentuated upon the third syllable. This, of course, led to innuendo, cf. 1Hudibras(1663) Canto ii, 437:
He used to lay about and stickleLike ram or bull at conventicle
He used to lay about and stickle
Like ram or bull at conventicle
and Dryden, inThe Medal(1682):—
A tyrant theirs; the heaven their priesthood paintsA conventicle of gloomy sullen saints.
A tyrant theirs; the heaven their priesthood paints
A conventicle of gloomy sullen saints.
p. 363Pryn.William Prynne (1600-69) had been sentenced to severe punishment in February, 1634, for the scandals and libels contained in his dull diatribe,Histriomastix.He lost both his ears in the pillory.
p. 365Needham.Marchamont Nedham, ‘the Commonwealth’s Didaper’, was a graduate of All Souls, Oxon, and sometime an usher at Merchant Taylors’ school. He also seems to have been connected with the legal profession. ‘The skip-jack of all fortunes’, neither side has a good word for this notorious pamphleteer, the very scum of our early journalism. WhenMercurius Britannicustemporarily ceased publication with No. 50, 9 September, 1644, Nedham recommenced it on the 30th of the same month with No. 51 (not No. 52 as is sometimes stated). No. 92, 28 July-4 August, 1645, and the number 11-18 May, 1646, revile the King in such scurrilous terms that Nedham was haled to the bar of the House of Lords and imprisoned. Later he turned Royalist, but in 1650 publishedThe Case of the Commonwealth Stated, a defence of the regicides, for which he received a pension of £100 a year. He fled to Holland, April, 1660, but being pardoned, returned to England. He died in Devereux Court, Temple Bar, November, 1678, and is buried in St. Clement Danes. Wood characterizes him as ‘a most seditious, mutable and railing author,’ whilst Cleveland terms him ‘that impudent and incorrigible reviler’.
p. 365Ireton, my best of Sons.Noble, in hisMemoirs of the Cromwell Family, says that the fact Fleetwood had not the abilities of her first husband gave his wife much concern, as she saw with great regret the ruin his conduct must bring on herself and her children.
p. 366Richard’s Wife.Richard Cromwell at the age of 23 married Dorothy, daughter of Richard Major, of Hursley, Hampshire.
p. 366glorious Titles.Cromwell’s wife was, as a matter of fact, very averse to all grandeur and state. The satires of the time laugh at her homeliness and parsimony.
p. 369Ormond.James Butler, Duke of Ormond, was lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1643-47.
p. 370Exercise.A common term amongst the Puritans for worship; a sermon or extemporary prayer. As early as 1574. Archbishop Whitgift speaks of the exercises of ‘praying, singing of psalms, interpreting and prophesying’, cf. Davenant,The Wits(4to 1636):—
I am a new man, Luce; thou shalt find meIn a Geneva band....And squire thy untooth’d aunt to an exercise,
I am a new man, Luce; thou shalt find me
In a Geneva band....
And squire thy untooth’d aunt to an exercise,
and also:—
[she] dividesThe day in exercise.— Mayne’sCity Match(1639), iv, v.
[she] divides
The day in exercise.
— Mayne’sCity Match(1639), iv, v.
p. 372Duke of Glocester.Henry of Oatlands, Duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Charles I. Born 8 July, 1639, he died of smallpox at Whitehall 13 September, 1660. The Parliament sent him to the continent on 11 February, 1653.
p. 373he should have been bound Prentice.A proposition was actually made in Parliament that the young Duke of Gloucester should be bound to a trade, in order, as it was impudently expressed, ‘that he might earn his bread honestly.’ Fortunately, saner counsels prevailed, in which his fate was happier than that of the Dauphin committed to the cruelties of Citizen Simon, cordwainer.
p. 373Old Thurlo.John Thurloe (1616-68), Secretary of State to Cromwell; M.P. for Ely, 1654 and 1656. He died 21 February, 1668.
Act III: Scene i
p. 378Highness’s Funeral.A large portion of the debt incurred for Oliver Cromwell’s magnificently extravagant funeral ceremonies fell on Richard, who was obliged to retire for a while to the continent to avoid arrest and await some settlement. These obsequies cost in all the huge sum of £60,000, which there was a great difficulty in paying. The chief undertaker’s name was Rolt. See note onThe Widow Ranter— ‘Trusting for Old Oliver’s funeral,’ Act i. (Vol. IV.)
p. 378Walter Frost.Walter Frost, secretary to the Republican Council of State, was quondam manciple of Emmanuel, Cambridge, and acted as spy-master and manager of the ‘committee hackneys,’ which hunted down and betrayed Royalists. This infamous fellow, who dubbed himself Esquire and Latinized his name to Gualter, was authorized to publish (i.e. write) ‘intelligence every week upon Thursday according to an Act of Parliament for that purpose.’ He licensedA Briefe Relation(No 1, 2 October, 1649) from its second number until 22 October, 1650. This is certainly one of the most evil and lying of the Republican diurnals.
p. 378Hutchinson.Richard Hutchinson, deputy treasurer to Sir Henry Vane. He succeeded as Treasurer to the Navy in 1651 and continued to hold office after the Restoration. He is several times mentioned by Pepys.
p. 379Jacobus.A gold coin value 25s., first current in the reign of James I.
p. 379Mr. Ice.Perhaps Stephen Isles who was appointed a Commissioner for the London Militia, 7 July, 1659. The name ‘Mr. Ice’ occurs in Tatham’sRumpin the same context.
p. 379Loether.Sir Gerard Lowther, who, once a loyalist, became a republican, and in 1654 was one of the Three Commissioners of the Great Seal in Ireland. He acquired large estates and died very wealthy on the eve of the Restoration.
p. 381Duke of Buckingham’s Estate ... with Chelsey House.Bulstrode Whitelocke actually had obtained the Duke’s sequestered estate, and stood for Bucks in Parliament. During the Commonwealth Chelsea House was bestowed upon him as an official residence, and he lived there till the Restoration, when it reverted to the Duke, to whose father it had been granted in 1627 by Charles I. He sold it in 1664 to the trustees of George Digby, Earl of Bristol. In 1682 it became the property of Henry, Marquis of Worcester, afterwards Duke of Beaufort, and was renamed Beaufort House. Sir Hans Sloane purchased it in 1738, and it was demolished two years later.
p. 381Hugh Peters.This divine, who had been chaplain to Sir Thomas Fairfax, was notorious for his fanatical and ranting sermons. Having openly advocated and preached the death of Charles I, he was, at the Restoration, excluded from the general amnesty, tried for high treason, and executed 16 October, 1660.
p. 382Scobel.Henry Scobell, clerk to the Long Parliament. His name appeared as the licenser of various newsbooks, and he superintended the publication ofSeverall Proceedings in Parliament, No. 1, 25 Sept.-9 Oct., 1649. Scobell died in 1660, his will being proved 29 Sept. of that year.
Act IV: Scene ii
p. 394Vails.Avails; profits. Money given to servants: ‘tips’.
Act IV: Scene iii
p. 398Cushion-Dance.A merry old English round action dance common in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
p. 398Nickers.Or knickers, marbles generally made of baked clay. cf. Duffet’s farce,The Mock Tempest(1675), Act iv, I:—
EnterHypolito playing with Nickers.Hyp.Anan, Anan, forsooth— you, Sir, don’t you stir the Nickers. I’l play out my game presently.
EnterHypolito playing with Nickers.
Hyp.Anan, Anan, forsooth— you, Sir, don’t you stir the Nickers. I’l play out my game presently.
Act IV: Scene iv
p. 402Joan Sanderson.The air to which the Cushion Dance was usually performed. It may be found in Playford’sDancing Master, 1686. Sometimes the dance itself was known as Joan Sanderson.
Act V: Scene i
p. 406The Tall Irishman.Oliver Cromwell’s porter, yclept Daniel, was a giant. This fellow, through poring over mystical divinity, lost his wits: he preached, prophesied, and raved until finally he was incarcerated in Bedlam, where, after a while, his liberty was allowed him. A famous item amongst his books was a large Bible presented by Neil Gwynne. D’Urfey in his Prologue toSir Barnaby Whigg(1681), has: ‘Like Oliver’s porter, but not so devout.’ There is a rare, if not unique, portrait of Daniel in the Print Room, British Museum. The reputed portrait in Pierce Tempest’sCryes of the City of London(No. 71. Un insensé pour la Religion. M. Lauron del. P. Tempest ex.) is not that of a remarkably tall man.
p. 410Enter Hewson with Guards.5 December, 1659, Hewson did actually suppress a rising of London prentices, two or three of whom were killed and some score wounded. This made him very unpopular.
Act V: Scene iia
p. 412Lord Capel.Arthur, Lord Capel, Baron Hadham, a gallant royalist leader, was, after the surrender of Colchester, treacherously imprisoned. He escaped, but was betrayed, and beheaded 9 March, 1649.
p. 412Brown Bushel.A sea captain. Originally inclined to the Parliament, he became a royalist. In 1643 he was taken prisoner, but after being exchanged lived quietly and retired till 1648, when he was seized as a deserter, and after three years captivity, tried, and executed 29 April, 1651.
p. 413Earl of Holland.Henry Rich, Earl of Holland (1590-1649), a staunch royalist, was executed 9 March, 1649, in company with Lord Capel and the Duke of Hamilton.
p. 413Judas.The piece of plate dubb’d Judas would be gilded, cf. Middleton’sChaste Maid in Cheapside, (4to, 1630), iii, 2.
3rd Gossip.Two great ’postle-spoons, one of them gilt.1st Puritan.Sure that was Judas then with the red beard.
3rd Gossip.Two great ’postle-spoons, one of them gilt.
1st Puritan.Sure that was Judas then with the red beard.
Red is the traditional colour of Judas’ hair. cf. Dryden’s lines on Jacob Tonson the publisher:—
With two left legs and Judas-coloured hair.
p. 414an act,24 June.Cromwell’s parliament passed Draconian Acts punishing adultery, incest, fornication, with death; the two former on the first offence, the last on the second conviction.Mercurius Politicus, No. 168. Thursday, 25 August— Thursday, 1 September, 1653 (p. 2700), records the execution of an old man of eighty-nine who was found guilty at Monmouth Assize of adultery with a woman over sixty. It is well known that under the Commonwealth the outskirts of London were crowded with brothels, and the license of Restoration days pales before the moral evils and cankers existing under Cromwell. The officially recognized independent diurnalsMercurius Democritus,Mercurius Fumigosus, have been described as ‘abominable’. In 1660, when the writers of these attempted to circulate literature which had been common in the preceeding decade, they were promptly ‘clapt up in Newgate’.
p. 414Peters the first,Martin the Second.Hugh Peters has been noticed before. Henry Martin was an extreme republican, and at one time even a Leveller. He was a commissioner of the High Court of Justice and a regicide. At the Restoration he was imprisoned for life and died at Chepstow Castle, 1681, aged seventy-eight. He was notorious for profligacy and shamelessness, and kept a very seraglio of mistresses.
p. 415Tantlings.St. Antholin’s (St. Anthling’s), Budge Row, Watling Street, had long been a stronghold of puritanism. As early as 1599, morning prayer and lecture were instituted, ‘after the Geneva fashion’. The bells began at five in the morning. This church was largely attended by fanatics and extremists. There are frequent allusions to St. Antholin’s and its matutinal chimes. The church was burned down in the Great Fire. Middleton and Dekker’sRoaring Girl(1611): ‘Sha’s a tongue will be heard further in a still morning than Saint Antling’s bell.’
She will outprayA preacher at St. Antlin’s.— Mayne’sCity Match(1639), iv, v.
She will outpray
A preacher at St. Antlin’s.
— Mayne’sCity Match(1639), iv, v.
Davenant’sNews from Plymouth(fol. 1673, licensed 1635), i, I:—
Two disciples to St. Tantlin,That rise to long exercise before day.
Two disciples to St. Tantlin,
That rise to long exercise before day.
p. 416Lilly.William Lilly (1602-81). The famous astrologer and fortune-teller. In Tatham’sThe Rump(1660), he is introduced on the stage, and there is a scene between him and Lady Lambert, Act iv.
p. 416sisseraro.More usually sasarara. A corruption ofcertiorari, a writ in law to expedite justice. ‘If it be lost or stole ... I could bring him to a cunning kinsman of mine that would fetcht again with a sesarara,’—The Puritan(1607). ‘Their souls fetched up to Heaven with a sasarara.’—The Revenger’s Tragedy, iv, 2 (1607),The Vicar of Wakefield(1766), ch. xxi: ‘“As for the matter of that,” returned the hostess, “gentle or simple, out she shall pack with a sussarara”.’
Act V: Scene iii
p. 421Twelve Houses.Each of the astrological divisions of the heavens denoting the station of a planet is termed a house.
Act V: Scene v
p. 423bear the bob.To join in the chorus. Bob is the burden or refrain of a song.
p. 423Colt-staff.Or col-staff (Latincollum). A staff by which two men carry a load, one end of the pole resting on a shoulder of each porter. cf.Merry Wives of Windsor, iii, 3, ‘Where’s the cowl-staff?’
p. 423Fortune my Foe.This extremely popular old tune is in Queen Elizabeth’sVirginal Book; in William Ballet’s MS. Lute Book; inBellerophon(1622), and in numerous other old musical works. There are allusions to it in Shakespeare and many of the dramatists.