Chapter 10

A complete catalogue of the trees, plants, fruits, &c., is probably not desired. I will sketch out those which would principally attract notice, as being first, Medicinal; second, Esculent; third, Ornamental; or four, useful for fabrication; adding the Linnæan to the popular names, as the latter might not convey precise information to a foreigner. I shall confine myself too to native plants.

1. Senna.Cassia ligustrina.Arsmart.Polygonum Sagittatum.Clivers, or goose-grass.Galium spurium.Lobelia of several species.Palma Christi.Ricinus.(3,)Jamestown weed.Datura Stramonium.Mallow.Malva rotundafolia.Syrian mallow.Hibiscus moschentos.Hibiscus Virginicus.Indian mallow.Sida rhombifolia.Sida abutilon.Virginia marshmallow.Napæa hermaphrodita.Napæa dioica.Indian physic.Spirea trifoliata.Euphorbia Ipecacuanhæ.Pleurisy root.Asclepias decumbens.Virginia snake-root.Aristolochia serpentaria.Black snake-root.Actæa racemosa.Seneca rattlesnake-root.Polygala Senega.Valerian.Valeriana locusta radiata.Gentiana,Saponaria,Villosa&Centaurium.Ginseng.Panax quinquefolius.Angelica.Angelica sylvestris.Cassava.Jatropha urens.2. Tuckahoe.Lycoperdon tuber.Jerusalem artichoke.Helianthus tuberosus.Long potatoes.Convolvulus batatas.Granadillas. Maycocks, Maracocks,Passiflora incarnata.Panic.Panicumof many species.Indian millet.Holcus laxus.Indian millet.Holcus striosus.Wild oat.Zizania aquatica.Wild pea.Dolichosof Clayton.Lupine.Lupinus perennis.Wild hop.Humulus lupulus.Wild cherry.Prunus Virginiana.Cherokee plum.Prunus sylvestris fructu majori.Clayton.Wild plum.Prunus sylvestris fructu minori.Clayton.Wild crab apple.Pyrus coronaria.Red mulberry.Morus rubra.Persimmon.Diospiros Virginiana.Sugar maple.Acer saccarinum.Scaly bark hiccory.Juglans alba cortice squamoso.Clayton.Common hiccory.Juglans alba,fructu minore rancido.Clayton.Paccan, or Illinois nut. Not described by Linnæus, Millar, or Clayton. Were I to venture to describe this, speaking of the fruit from memory, and of the leaf from plants of two years' growth, I should specify it asJuglans alba, foliolis lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis, tomentosis, fructu minore, ovato, compresso, vix insculpto, dulci, putamine tenerrimo.It grows on the Illinois, Wabash, Ohio, and Mississippi. It is spoken of by Don Ulloa under the name of Pacanos, in hisNoticias Americanas. Entret.6.Black walnut.Juglans nigra.White walnut.Juglans alba.Chesnut.Fagus castanea.Chinquapin.Fagus pumila.Hazlenut.Corylus avellana.Grapes.Vitis.Various kinds; though only three described by Clayton.Scarlet strawberries.Fragaria Virginianaof Millar.Whortleberries.Vaccinium uliginosum.Wild gooseberries.Ribes grossularia.Cranberries.Vaccinium oxycoccos.Black raspberries.Rubus occidentalis.Blackberries.Rubus fruticosus.Dewberries.Rubus cæsius.Cloudberries.Rubus Chamæmorus.3. Plane tree.Platanus occidentalis.Poplar.Liriodendron tulipifera.Populus heterophylla.Black poplar.Populus nigra.Aspen.Populus tremula.Linden, or lime.Telia Americana.Red flowering maple.Acer rubrum.Horse-chesnut, or buck's-eye.Æsculus pavia.Catalpa.Bignonia catalpa.Umbrella.Magnolia tripetala.Swamp laurel.Magnolia glauca.Cucumber-tree.Magnolia acuminata.Portugal bay.Laurus indica.Red bay.Laurus borbonia.Dwarf-rose bay.Rhododendron maximum.Laurel of the western country. Qu. species?Wild pimento.Laurus benzoin.Sassafras.Laurus sassafras.Locust.Robinia pseudo-acacia.Honey-locust.Gleditsia.1.bDogwood.Cornus florida.Fringe, or snow-drop tree.Chionanthus Virginica.Barberry.Barberis vulgaris.Redbud, or Judas-tree.Cercis Canadensis.Holly.Ilex aquifolium.Cockspur hawthorn.Cratægus coccinea.Spindle-tree.Euonymus Europæus.Evergreen spindle-tree.Euonymus Americanus.Itea Virginica.Elder.Sambucus nigra.Papaw.Annona triloba.Candleberry myrtle.Myrica cerifera.Dwarf laurel.Kalmia angustifolia} called ivy with us.Kalmia latifolia}Ivy.Hedera quinquefolia.Trumpet honeysuckle.Lonicera sempervirens.Upright honeysuckle.Azalea nudiflora.Yellow jasmine.Bignonia sempervirens.Calycanthus floridus.American aloe.Agave Virginica.Sumach.Rhus.Qu. species?Poke.Phytolacca decandra.Long moss.Tillandsia Usneoides.4. Reed.Arundo phragmitis.Virginia hemp.Acnida cannabina.Flax.Linum Virginianum.Black, or pitch-pine.Pinus tæda.White pine.Pinus strobus.Yellow pine.Pinus Virginica.Spruce pine.Pinus foliis singularibus.Clayton.Hemlock spruce Fir.Pinus Canadensis.Arbor vitæ.Thuya occidentalis.Juniper.Juniperus Virginica(called cedar with us.)Cypress.Cupressus disticha.White cedar.Cupressus Thyoides.Black oak.Quercus nigra.White oak.Quercus alba.Red oak.Quercus rubra.Willow oak.Quercus phellos.Chesnut oak.Quercus prinus.Black jack oak.Quercus aquatica.Clayton.Ground oak.Quercus pumila.Clayton.Live oak.Quercus Virginiana.Millar.Black birch.Betula nigra.White birch.Betula alba.Beach.Fagus sylvatica.Ash.Fraxinus Americana.Fraxinus Novæ Angliæ.Millar.Elm.Ulmus Americana.Willow.Salix.Qu. species?Sweet gum.Liquidambar styraciflua.

1. Senna.Cassia ligustrina.

Arsmart.Polygonum Sagittatum.

Clivers, or goose-grass.Galium spurium.

Lobelia of several species.

Palma Christi.Ricinus.

(3,)Jamestown weed.Datura Stramonium.

Mallow.Malva rotundafolia.

Syrian mallow.Hibiscus moschentos.

Hibiscus Virginicus.

Indian mallow.Sida rhombifolia.

Sida abutilon.

Virginia marshmallow.Napæa hermaphrodita.

Napæa dioica.

Indian physic.Spirea trifoliata.

Euphorbia Ipecacuanhæ.

Pleurisy root.Asclepias decumbens.

Virginia snake-root.Aristolochia serpentaria.

Black snake-root.Actæa racemosa.

Seneca rattlesnake-root.Polygala Senega.

Valerian.Valeriana locusta radiata.

Gentiana,Saponaria,Villosa&Centaurium.

Ginseng.Panax quinquefolius.

Angelica.Angelica sylvestris.

Cassava.Jatropha urens.

2. Tuckahoe.Lycoperdon tuber.

Jerusalem artichoke.Helianthus tuberosus.

Long potatoes.Convolvulus batatas.

Granadillas. Maycocks, Maracocks,Passiflora incarnata.

Panic.Panicumof many species.

Indian millet.Holcus laxus.

Indian millet.Holcus striosus.

Wild oat.Zizania aquatica.

Wild pea.Dolichosof Clayton.

Lupine.Lupinus perennis.

Wild hop.Humulus lupulus.

Wild cherry.Prunus Virginiana.

Cherokee plum.Prunus sylvestris fructu majori.Clayton.

Wild plum.Prunus sylvestris fructu minori.Clayton.

Wild crab apple.Pyrus coronaria.

Red mulberry.Morus rubra.

Persimmon.Diospiros Virginiana.

Sugar maple.Acer saccarinum.

Scaly bark hiccory.Juglans alba cortice squamoso.Clayton.

Common hiccory.Juglans alba,fructu minore rancido.Clayton.

Paccan, or Illinois nut. Not described by Linnæus, Millar, or Clayton. Were I to venture to describe this, speaking of the fruit from memory, and of the leaf from plants of two years' growth, I should specify it asJuglans alba, foliolis lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis, tomentosis, fructu minore, ovato, compresso, vix insculpto, dulci, putamine tenerrimo.It grows on the Illinois, Wabash, Ohio, and Mississippi. It is spoken of by Don Ulloa under the name of Pacanos, in hisNoticias Americanas. Entret.6.

Black walnut.Juglans nigra.

White walnut.Juglans alba.

Chesnut.Fagus castanea.

Chinquapin.Fagus pumila.

Hazlenut.Corylus avellana.

Grapes.Vitis.Various kinds; though only three described by Clayton.

Scarlet strawberries.Fragaria Virginianaof Millar.

Whortleberries.Vaccinium uliginosum.

Wild gooseberries.Ribes grossularia.

Cranberries.Vaccinium oxycoccos.

Black raspberries.Rubus occidentalis.

Blackberries.Rubus fruticosus.

Dewberries.Rubus cæsius.

Cloudberries.Rubus Chamæmorus.

3. Plane tree.Platanus occidentalis.

Poplar.Liriodendron tulipifera.

Populus heterophylla.

Black poplar.Populus nigra.

Aspen.Populus tremula.

Linden, or lime.Telia Americana.

Red flowering maple.Acer rubrum.

Horse-chesnut, or buck's-eye.Æsculus pavia.

Catalpa.Bignonia catalpa.

Umbrella.Magnolia tripetala.

Swamp laurel.Magnolia glauca.

Cucumber-tree.Magnolia acuminata.

Portugal bay.Laurus indica.

Red bay.Laurus borbonia.

Dwarf-rose bay.Rhododendron maximum.

Laurel of the western country. Qu. species?

Wild pimento.Laurus benzoin.

Sassafras.Laurus sassafras.

Locust.Robinia pseudo-acacia.

Honey-locust.Gleditsia.1.b

Dogwood.Cornus florida.

Fringe, or snow-drop tree.Chionanthus Virginica.

Barberry.Barberis vulgaris.

Redbud, or Judas-tree.Cercis Canadensis.

Holly.Ilex aquifolium.

Cockspur hawthorn.Cratægus coccinea.

Spindle-tree.Euonymus Europæus.

Evergreen spindle-tree.Euonymus Americanus.

Itea Virginica.

Elder.Sambucus nigra.

Papaw.Annona triloba.

Candleberry myrtle.Myrica cerifera.

Dwarf laurel.Kalmia angustifolia} called ivy with us.

Kalmia latifolia}

Ivy.Hedera quinquefolia.

Trumpet honeysuckle.Lonicera sempervirens.

Upright honeysuckle.Azalea nudiflora.

Yellow jasmine.Bignonia sempervirens.

Calycanthus floridus.

American aloe.Agave Virginica.

Sumach.Rhus.Qu. species?

Poke.Phytolacca decandra.

Long moss.Tillandsia Usneoides.

4. Reed.Arundo phragmitis.

Virginia hemp.Acnida cannabina.

Flax.Linum Virginianum.

Black, or pitch-pine.Pinus tæda.

White pine.Pinus strobus.

Yellow pine.Pinus Virginica.

Spruce pine.Pinus foliis singularibus.Clayton.

Hemlock spruce Fir.Pinus Canadensis.

Arbor vitæ.Thuya occidentalis.

Juniper.Juniperus Virginica(called cedar with us.)

Cypress.Cupressus disticha.

White cedar.Cupressus Thyoides.

Black oak.Quercus nigra.

White oak.Quercus alba.

Red oak.Quercus rubra.

Willow oak.Quercus phellos.

Chesnut oak.Quercus prinus.

Black jack oak.Quercus aquatica.Clayton.

Ground oak.Quercus pumila.Clayton.

Live oak.Quercus Virginiana.Millar.

Black birch.Betula nigra.

White birch.Betula alba.

Beach.Fagus sylvatica.

Ash.Fraxinus Americana.

Fraxinus Novæ Angliæ.Millar.

Elm.Ulmus Americana.

Willow.Salix.Qu. species?

Sweet gum.Liquidambar styraciflua.

The following were found in Virginia when first visited by the English; but it is not said whether of spontaneous growth, or by cultivation only. Most probably they were natives of more southern climates, and handed along the continent from one nation to another of the savages.

Tobacco.Nicotiana.Maize.Zea mays.Round potatoes.Solanum tuberosum.Pumpkins.Cucurbita pepo.Cymlings.Cucurbita verrucosa.Squashes.Cucurbita melopepo.

Tobacco.Nicotiana.

Maize.Zea mays.

Round potatoes.Solanum tuberosum.

Pumpkins.Cucurbita pepo.

Cymlings.Cucurbita verrucosa.

Squashes.Cucurbita melopepo.

There is an infinitude of other plants and flowers, for an enumeration and scientific description of which I must refer to the Flora Virginica of our great botanist, Dr. Clayton, published by Gronovius at Leyden, in 1762. This accurate observer was a native and resident of this State, passed a long life in exploring and describing its plants, and is supposed to have enlarged the botanical catalogue as much as almost any man who has lived.

Besides these plants, which are native, ourfarmsproduce wheat, rye, barley, oats, buck-wheat, broom corn, and Indian corn. The climate suits rice well enough, wherever the lands do. Tobacco, hemp, flax, and cotton, are staple commodities. Indigo yields two cuttings. The silk-worm is a native, and the mulberry, proper for its food, grows kindly.

We cultivate, also, potatoes, both the long and the round, turnips, carrots, parsnips, pumkins, and ground nuts (Arachis.) Our grasses are lucerne, st. foin, burnet, timothy, ray, and orchard grass; red, white, and yellow clover; greensward, blue grass, and crab grass.

Thegardensyield musk-melons, water-melons, tomatoes, okra, pomegranates, figs, and the esculant plants of Europe.

Theorchardsproduce apples, pears, cherries, quinces, peaches, nectarines, apricots, almonds, and plums.

Our quadrupeds have been mostly described by Linnæus and Mons. de Buffon. Of these the mammoth, or big buffalo, as called by the Indians, must certainly have been the largest. Their tradition is, that he was carnivorous, and still exists in the northern parts of America. A delegation of warriors from the Delaware tribe having visited the Governor of Virginia, during the revolution, on matters of business, after these had been discussed and settled in council, the Governor asked them some questions relative to their country, and among others, what they knew or had heard of the animal whose bones were found at theSaltlicks on the Ohio. Their chief speaker immediately put himself into an attitude of oratory, and with a pomp suited to what he conceived the elevation of his subject, informed him that it was a tradition handed down from their fathers, "That in ancient times a herd of these tremendous animals came to the Big-bone licks, and began an universal destruction of the bear, deer, elks, buffaloes, and other animals which had been created for the use of the Indians; that the Great Man above, looking down and seeing this, was so enraged that he seized his lightning, descended on the earth, seated himself on a neighboring mountain, on a rock of which his seat and the print of his feet are still to be seen, and hurled his bolts among them till the whole were slaughtered, except the big bull, who presenting his forehead to the shafts, shook them off as they fell; but missing one at length, it wounded him in the side; whereon, springing round, he bounded over the Ohio, over the Wabash, the Illinois, and finally over the great lakes, where he is living at this day." It is well known, that on the Ohio, and in many parts of America further north, tusks, grinders, and skeletons of unparalleled magnitude, are found in great numbers, some lying on the surface of the earth, and some a little below it. A Mr. Stanley, taken prisoner near the mouth of the Tennessee, relates, that after being transferred through several tribes, from one to another, he was at length carried over the mountains west of the Missouri to a river which runs westwardly; that these bones abounded there, and that the natives described to him the animal to which they belonged as still existing in the northern parts of their country; from which description he judged it to be an elephant. Bones of the same kind have been lately found, some feet below the surface of the earth, in salines opened on the North Holston, a branch of the Tennessee, about the latitude of 36½° north. From the accounts published in Europe, I suppose it to be decided that these are of the same kind with those found in Siberia. Instances are mentioned of like animal remains found in the more southern climates of both hemispheres; but they are either so loosely mentioned as to leave a doubt of the fact, so inaccurately described as not to authorize the classing them with thegreat northern bones, or so rare as to found a suspicion that they have been carried thither as curiosities from the northern regions. So that, on the whole, there seem to be no certain vestiges of the existence of this animal farther south than the salines just mentioned. It is remarkable that the tusks and skeletons have been ascribed by the naturalists of Europe to the elephant, while the grinders have been given to the hippopotamus, or river horse. Yet it is acknowledged, that the tusks and skeletons are much larger than those of the elephant, and the grinders many times greater than those of the hippopotamus, and essentially different in form. Wherever these grinders are found, there also we find the tusks and skeleton; but no skeleton of the hippopotamus nor grinders of the elephant. It will not be said that the hippopotamus and elephant came always to the same spot, the former to deposit his grinders, and the latter his tusks and skeleton. For what became of the parts not deposited there? We must agree then, that these remains belong to each other, that they are of one and the same animal, that this was not a hippopotamus, because the hippopotamus had no tusks, nor such a frame, and because the grinders differ in their size as well as in the number and form of their points. That this was not an elephant, I think ascertained by proofs equally decisive. I will not avail myself of the authority of the celebrated[4]anatomist, who, from an examination of the form and structure of the tusks, has declared they were essentially different from those of the elephant; because another[5]anatomist, equally celebrated, has declared, on a like examination, that they are precisely the same. Between two such authorities I will suppose this circumstance equivocal. But, 1. The skeleton of the mammoth (for so the incognitum has been called) bespeaks an animal of five or six times the cubic volume of the elephant, as Mons. de Buffon has admitted. 2. The grinders are five times as large, are square, and the grinding surface studded with four or five rows of blunt points; whereas those of the elephant are broad and thin, and their grinding surface flat. 3. I have never heard an instance, and suppose there has been none, of the grinder of an elephant being found in America. 4.From the known temperature and constitution of the elephant, he could never have existed in those regions where the remains of the mammoth have been found. The elephant is a native only of the torrid zone and its vicinities; if, with the assistance of warm apartments and warm clothing, he has been preserved in the temperate climates of Europe, it has only been for a small portion of what would have been his natural period, and no instance of his multiplication in them has ever been known. But no bones of the mammoth, as I have before observed, have been ever found further south than the salines of Holston, and they have been found as far north as the Arctic circle. Those, therefore, who are of opinion that the elephant and mammoth are the same, must believe, 1. That the elephant known to us can exist and multiply in the frozen zone; or, 2. That an eternal fire may once have warmed those regions, and since abandoned them, of which, however, the globe exhibits no unequivocal indications; or, 3. That the obliquity of the ecliptic, when these elephants lived, was so great as to include within the tropics all those regions in which the bones are found; the tropics being, as is before observed, the natural limits of habitation for the elephant. But if it be admitted that this obliquity has really decreased, and we adopt the highest rate of decrease yet pretended, that is, of one minute in a century, to transfer the northern tropic to the Arctic circle, would carry the existence of these supposed elephants two hundred and fifty thousand years back; a period far beyond our conception of the duration of animal bones less exposed to the open air than these are in many instances. Besides, though these regions would then be supposed within the tropics, yet their winters would have been too severe for the sensibility of the elephant. They would have had, too, but one day and one night in the year, a circumstance to which we have no reason to suppose the nature of the elephant fitted. However, it has been demonstrated, that, if a variation of obliquity in the ecliptic takes place at all, it is vibratory, and never exceeds the limits of nine degrees, which is not sufficient to bring these bones within the tropics. One of these hypotheses, or some other equally voluntary and inadmissible to cautious philosophy,must be adopted to support the opinion that these are the bones of the elephant. For my own part, I find it easier to believe that an animal may have existed, resembling the elephant in his tusks, and general anatomy, while his nature was in other respects extremely different. From the 30th degree of south latitude to the 30th degree of north, are nearly the limits which nature has fixed for the existence and multiplication of the elephant known to us. Proceeding thence northwardly to 36½ degrees, we enter those assigned to the mammoth. The farther we advance north, the more their vestiges multiply as far as the earth has been explored in that direction; and it is as probable as otherwise, that this progression continues to the pole itself, if land extends so far. The centre of the frozen zone, then, may be the acme of their vigor, as that of the torrid is of the elephant. Thus nature seems to have drawn a belt of separation between these two tremendous animals, whose breadth, indeed, is not precisely known, though at present we may suppose it about 6½ degrees of latitude; to have assigned to the elephant the regions south of these confines, and those north to the mammoth, founding the constitution of the one in her extreme of heat, and that of the other in the extreme of cold. When the Creator has therefore separated their nature as far as the extent of the scale of animal life allowed to this planet would permit, it seems perverse to declare it the same, from a partial resemblance of their tusks and bones. But to whatever animal we ascribe these remains, it is certain such a one has existed in America, and that it has been the largest of all terrestrial beings. It should have sufficed to have rescued the earth it inhabited, and the atmosphere it breathed, from the imputation of impotence in the conception and nourishment of animal life on a large scale; to have stifled, in its birth, the opinion of a writer, the most learned, too, of all others in the science of animal history, that in the new world,"La nature vivante est beaucoup moins agissante, beaucoup moins forte:"[6]that nature is less active, less energetic on one side of the globe than she is on the other. As if both sides were not warmed by the same genial sun; as if asoil of the same chemical composition was less capable of elaboration into animal nutriment; as if the fruits and grains from that soil and sun yielded a less rich chyle, gave less extension to the solids and fluids of the body, or produced sooner in the cartilages, membranes, and fibres, that rigidity which restrains all further extension, and terminates animal growth. The truth is, that a pigmy and a Patagonian, a mouse and a mammoth, derive their dimensions from the same nutritive juices. The difference of increment depends on circumstances unsearchable to beings with our capacities. Every race of animals seems to have received from their Maker certain laws of extension at the time of their formation. Their elaborate organs were formed to produce this, while proper obstacles were opposed to its further progress. Below these limits they cannot fall, nor rise above them. What intermediate station they shall take may depend on soil, on climate, on food, on a careful choice of breeders. But all the manna of heaven would never raise the mouse to the bulk of the mammoth.

The opinion advanced by the Count de Buffon,[7]is 1. That the animals common both to the old and new world are smaller in the latter. 2. That those peculiar to the new are on a smaller scale. 3. That those which have been domesticated in both have degenerated in America; and 4. That on the whole it exhibits fewer species. And the reason he thinks is, that the heats of America are less; that more waters are spread over its surface by nature, and fewer of these drained off by the hand of man. In other words, thatheatis friendly, andmoistureadverse to the production and development of large quadrupeds. I will not meet this hypothesis on its first doubtful ground, whether the climate of America be comparatively more humid? Because we are not furnished with observations sufficient to decide this question. And though, till it be decided, we are as free to deny as others are to affirm the fact, yet for a moment let it be supposed. The hypothesis, after this supposition, proceeds to another; thatmoistureis unfriendly to animal growth. The truth of this is inscrutable to us by reasoningsà priori. Nature hashidden from us hermodus agendi. Our only appeal on such questions is to experience; and I think that experience is against the supposition. It is by the assistance ofheatandmoisturethat vegetables are elaborated from the elements of earth, air, water, and fire. We accordingly see the more humid climates produce the greater quantity of vegetables. Vegetables are mediately or immediately the food of every animal; and in proportion to the quantity of food, we see animals not only multiplied in their numbers, but improved in their bulk, as far as the laws of their nature will admit. Of this opinion is the Count de Buffon himself in another part of his work;[8]"en general il paroit ques les pays un peufroidsconviennent mieux á nos boeufs que les pays chauds, et qu'ils sont d'autant plus gross et plus grands que le climat est plushumideet plus abondans en paturages. Les boeufs de Danemarck, de la Podolie, de l'Ulkraine et de la Tartarie qu habitent les Calmouques sont les plus grands de tous."Here then a race of animals, and one of the largest too, has been increased in its dimensions bycoldandmoisture, in direct opposition to the hypothesis, which supposes that these two circumstances diminish animal bulk, and that it is their contrariesheatanddrynesswhich enlarge it. But when we appeal to experience we are not to rest satisfied with a single fact. Let us, therefore, try our question on more general ground. Let us take two portions of the earth, Europe and America for instance, sufficiently extensive to give operation to general causes; let us consider the circumstances peculiar to each, and observe their effect on animal nature. America, running through the torrid as well as temperate zone, has moreheatcollectively taken, than Europe. But Europe, according to our hypothesis, is thedryest. They are equally adapted then to animal productions; each being endowed with one of those causes which befriend animal growth, and with one which opposes it. If it be thought unequal to compare Europe with America, which is so much larger, I answer, not more so than to compare America with the whole world. Besides, the purpose of the comparison is to try an hypothesis, which makes the sizeof animals depend on theheatandmoistureof climate. If, therefore, we take a region so extensive as to comprehend a sensible distinction of climate, and so extensive too as that local accidents, or the intercourse of animals on its borders, may not materially affect the size of those in its interior parts, we shall comply with those conditions which the hypothesis may reasonably demand. The objection would be the weaker in the present case, because any intercourse of animals which may take place on the confines of Europe and Asia, is to the advantage of the former, Asia producing certainly larger animals than Europe. Let us then take a comparative view of the quadrupeds of Europe and America, presenting them to the eye in three different tables, in one of which shall be enumerated those found in both countries; in a second, those found in one only; in a third, those which have been domesticated in both. To facilitate the comparison, let those of each table be arranged in gradation according to their sizes, from the greatest to the smallest, so far as their sizes can be conjectured. The weights of the large animals shall be expressed in the English avoirdupois and its decimals; those of the smaller, in the same ounce and its decimals. Those which are marked thus *, are actual weights of particular subjects, deemed among the largest of their species. Those marked thus †, are furnished by judicious persons, well acquainted with the species, and saying, from conjecture only, what the largest individual they had seen would probably have weighed. The other weights are taken from Messrs. Buffon and D'Aubenton, and are of such subjects as came casually to their hands for dissection. This circumstance must be remembered where their weights and mine stand opposed; the latter being stated not to produce a conclusion in favor of the American species, but to justify a suspension of opinion until we are better informed, and a suspicion, in the meantime, that there is no uniform difference in favor of either; which is all I pretend.

A comparative view of the Quadrupeds of Europe and of America.

I have not inserted in the first table the Phoca,[9]nor leather-winged bat, because the one living half the year in the water, and the other being a winged animal, the individuals of each species may visit both continents.

Of the animals in the first table, Monsieur de Buffon himself informs us, [XXVII. 130, XXX. 213,] that the beaver, the otter, and shrew mouse, though of the same species, are larger in America than in Europe. This should therefore have corrected the generality of his expressions, XVIII. 145, and elsewhere, that the animals common to the two countries, are considerably less in America than in Europe,"et cela sans aucune exception."He tells us too, [Quadrup. VIII. 334, edit. Paris, 1777,] that on examining a bear from America, he remarked no difference,"dansla formede cet ours d'Amerique comparé a celui d'Europe,"but adds from Bartram's journal, that an American bear weighed four hundred pounds, English, equal to three hundred and sixty-seven pounds French; whereas we find the European bear examined by Mons. D'Aubenton, [XVII. 82,] weighed but one hundred and forty-one pounds French. That the palmated elk is larger in America than in Europe, we are informed by Kalm,[10]a naturalist, who visited the former by public appointment, for the express purpose of examining the subjects of naturalhistory. In this fact Pennant concurs with him. [Barrington's Miscellanies.] The same Kalm tells us[11]that the black moose, or renne of America, is as high as a tall horse; and Catesby,[12]that it is about the bigness of a middle-sized ox. The same account of their size has been given me by many who have seen them. But Monsieur D'Aubenton says[13]that the renne of Europe is about the size of a red deer. The weasel is larger in America than in Europe, as may be seen by comparing its dimensions as reported by Monsieur D'Aubenton[14]and Kalm. The latter tells us,[15]that the lynx, badger, red fox, and flying squirrel, are thesamein America as in Europe; by which expression I understand, they are the same in all material circumstances, in size as well as others; for if they were smaller, they would differ from the European. Our gray fox is, by Catesby's account,[16]little different in size and shape from the European fox. I presume he means the red fox of Europe, as does Kalm, where he says,[17]that in size "they do not quite come up to our foxes." For proceeding next to the red fox of America, he says, "they are entirely the same with the European sort;" which shows he had in view one European sort only, which was the red. So that the result of their testimony is, that the American gray fox is somewhat less than the European red; which is equally true of the gray fox of Europe, as may be seen by comparing the measures of the Count de Buffon and Monsieur D'Aubenton.[18]The white bear of America is as large as that of Europe. The bones of the mammoth which has been found in America, are as large as those found in the old world. It may be asked, why I insert the mammoth, as if it still existed? I ask in return, why I should omit it, as if it did not exist? Such is the economy of nature, that no instance can be produced, of her having permitted any one race of her animals to become extinct; of her having formed any link in her great work so weak as to be broken. To add to this, the traditionary testimony of the Indians, that this animal still exists in the northern and western parts of America, wouldbe adding the light of a taper to that of the meridian sun. Those parts still remain in their aboriginal state, unexplored and undisturbed by us, or by others for us. He may as well exist there now, as he did formerly where we find his bones. If he be a carnivorous animal, as some anatomists have conjectured, and the Indians affirm, his early retirement may be accounted for from the general destruction of the wild game by the Indians, which commences in the first instant of their connection with us, for the purpose of purchasing match-coats, hatchets, and firelocks, with their skins. There remain then the buffalo, red deer, fallow deer, wolf, roe, glutton, wild cat, monax, bison, hedgehog, marten, and water-rat, of the comparative sizes of which we have not sufficient testimony. It does not appear that Messieurs de Buffon and D'Aubenton have measured, weighed, or seen those of America. It is said of some of them, by some travellers, that they are smaller than the European. But who were these travellers? Have they not been men of a very different description from those who have laid open to us the other three quarters of the world? Was natural history the object of their travels? Did they measure or weigh the animals they speak of? or did they not judge of them by sight, or perhaps even from report only? Were they acquainted with the animals of their own country, with which they undertake to compare them? Have they not been so ignorant as often to mistake the species? A true answer to these questions would probably lighten their authority, so as to render it insufficient for the foundation of an hypothesis. How unripe we yet are, for an accurate comparison of the animals of the two countries, will appear from the work of Monsieur de Buffon. The ideas we should have formed of the sizes of some animals, from the information he had received at his first publications concerning them, are very different from what his subsequent communications give us. And indeed his candor in this can never be too much praised. One sentence of his book must do him immortal honor."J'aime autant une personne qui me releve d'une erreur, qu'une autre qui m'apprend une verité, parce qu'en effet une erreur corrigée est une verité."[19]He seems to have thought the cabiai he first examined wanted little of its full growth."Il n'etoit pas encore tout-a-fait adulte."[20]Yet he weighed but forty-six and a half pounds, and he found afterwards,[21]that these animals, when full grown, weigh one hundred pounds. He had supposed, from the examination of a jaguar,[22]said to be two years old, which weighed but sixteen pounds twelve ounces, that when he should have acquired his full growth, he would not be larger than a middle-sized dog. But a subsequent account[23]raises his weight to two hundred pounds. Further information will, doubtless, produce further corrections. The wonder is, not that there is yet something in this great work to correct, but that there is so little. The result of this view then is, that of twenty-six quadrupeds common to both countries, seven are said to be larger in America, seven of equal size, and twelve not sufficiently examined. So that the first table impeaches the first member of the assertion, that of the animals common to both countries, the American are smallest,"et cela sans aucune exception."It shows it is not just, in all the latitude in which its author has advanced it, and probably not to such a degree as to found a distinction between the two countries.

Proceeding to the second table, which arranges the animals found in one of the two countries only, Monsieur de Buffon observes, that the tapir, the elephant of America, is but of the size of a small cow. To preserve our comparison, I will add, that the wild boar, the elephant of Europe, is little more than half that size. I have made an elk with round or cylindrical horns an animal of America, and peculiar to it; because I have seen many of them myself, and more of their horns; and because I can say, from the best information, that, in Virginia, this kind of elk has abounded much, and still exists in smaller numbers; and I could never learn that the palmated kind had been seen here at all. I suppose this confined to the more northern latitudes.[24]I have made our hare or rabbit peculiar, believing itto be different from both the European animals of those denominations, and calling it therefore by its Algonquin name, Whabus, to keep it distinct from these. Kalm is of the same opinion.[25]I have enumerated the squirrels according to our own knowledge, derived from daily sight of them, because I am not able to reconcile with that the European appellations and descriptions. I have heard of other species, but they have never come within my own notice. These, I think, are the only instancesin which I have departed from the authority of Monsieur de Buffon in the construction of this table. I take him for my ground work, because I think him the best informed of any naturalist who has ever written. The result is, that there are eighteen quadrupeds peculiar to Europe; more than four times as many, to wit, seventy four, peculiar to America; that the[26]first of these seventy-four weighs more than the whole column of Europeans; and consequently this second table disproves the second member of the assertion, that the animals peculiar to the new world are on a smaller scale, so far as that assertion relied on European animals for support; and it is in full opposition to the theory which makes the animal volume to depend on the circumstances ofheatandmoisture.

The third table comprehends those quadrupeds only which are domestic in both countries. That some of these, in some parts of America, have become less than their original stock, is doubtless true; and the reason is very obvious. In a thinly-peopled country, the spontaneous productions of the forests, and waste fields, are sufficient to support indifferently the domestic animals of the farmer, with a very little aid from him, in the severest and scarcest season. He therefore finds it more convenient to receive them from the hand of nature in that indifferent state, than to keep up their size by a care and nourishment which would cost him much labor. If, on this low fare, these animals dwindle, it is no more than they do in those parts of Europe where the poverty of the soil, or the poverty of the owner, reduces them to the same scanty subsistence. It is the uniform effect of one and the same cause, whether acting on this or that side of the globe. It would be erring, therefore, against this ruleof philosophy, which teaches us to ascribe like effects to like causes, should we impute this diminution of size in America to any imbecility or want of uniformity in the operations of nature. It may be affirmed with truth, that, in those countries, and with those individuals in America, where necessity or curiosity has produced equal attention, as in Europe, to the nourishment of animals, the horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs, of the one continent are as large as those of the other. There are particular instances, well attested, where individuals of this country have imported good breeders from England, and have improved their size by care in the course of some years. To make a fair comparison between the two countries, it will not answer to bring together animals of what might be deemed the middle or ordinary size of then species; because an error in judging of that middle or ordinary size, would vary the result of the comparison. Thus Mons. D'Aubenton[27]considers a horse of 4 feet five inches high and 400 lb. weight French, equal to 4 feet 8.6 inches and 436 lb. English, as a middle-sized horse. Such a one is deemed a small horse in America. The extremes must therefore be resorted to. The same anatomist[28]dissected a horse of 5 feet 9 inches height, French measure, equal to 6 feet 1.7 English. This is near 6 inches higher than any horse I have seen; and could it be supposed that I had seen the largest horses in America, the conclusion would be, that ours have diminished, or that we have bred from a smaller stock. In Connecticut and Rhode Island, where the climate is favorable to the production of grass, bullocks have been slaughtered which weighed 2,500, 2,200, and 2,100 lbs. nett; and those of 1,800 lbs. have been frequent. I have seen a hog[29]weigh 1,050 lbs. after the blood, bowels, and hair had been taken from him. Before he was killed, an attempt was made to weigh him with a pair of steel yards, graduated to 1,200 lbs., but he weighed more. Yet this hog was probably not within fifty generations of the European stock. I am well informed of another which weighed 1,100 lbs. gross. Asses have been still more neglected than any other domestic animal in America. They are neither fed or housed in the most rigorous season ofthe year. Yet they are larger than those measured by Mons. D'Aubenton,[30]of 3 feet 7¼ inches, 3 feet 4 inches, and 3 feet 2½ inches, the latter weighing only 215.8 lbs. These sizes, I suppose, have been produced by the same negligence in Europe, which has produced a like diminution here. Where care has been taken of them on that side of the water, they have been raised to a size bordering on that of the horse; not by theheatanddrynessof the climate, but by good food and shelter. Goats have been also much neglected in America. Yet they are very prolific here, bearing twice or three times a year, and from one to five kids at a birth. Mons. de Buffon has been sensible of a difference in this circumstance in favor of America.[31]But what are their greatest weights, I cannot say. A large sheep here weighs 100 lbs. I observe Mons. D'Aubenton calls a ram of 62 lbs. one of the middle size.[32]But to say what are the extremes of growth in these and the other domestic animals of America, would require information of which no one individual is possessed. The weights actually known and stated in the third table preceding will suffice to show, that we may conclude on probable grounds, that, with equal food and care, the climate of America will preserve the races of domestic animals as large as the European stock from which they are derived; and, consequently, that the third member of Mons. de Buffon's assertion that the domestic animals are subject to degeneration from the climate of America, is as probably wrong as the first and second were certainly so.

That the last part of it is erroneous, which affirms that the species of American quadrupeds are comparatively few, is evident from the tables taken together. By these it appears that there are an hundred species aboriginal in America. Mons. de Buffon supposes about double that number existing on the whole earth.[33]Of these Europe, Asia, and Africa, furnish suppose one hundred and twenty-six; that is, the twenty-six common to Europe and America, and about one hundred which are not in America at all. The American species, then, are to those of the rest of the earth, as one hundred to one hundred and twenty-six, or four tofive. But the residue of the earth being double the extent of America, the exact proportion would have been but as four to eight.

Hitherto I have considered this hypothesis as applied to brute animals only, and not in its extension to the man of America, whether aboriginal or transplanted. It is the opinion of Mons. de Buffon that the former furnishes no exception to it.[34]

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