FOOTNOTES:

FOOTNOTES:[1]Vide pagevi.[2]The Articles omitted consist chiefly of directions, &c., or are not generally required.[3]Note.In the “Exercise and Movements.”Commander’s Words are printed inSmall Capitals.ExecutiveSmall print.Directions, &c.Italics.[4]Note.—Vide “Motion,” “Forces,” &c., Velocity, Gravity, and Amplitude.[5]Vide “Tables,” “Excentric Shot, Experiments.”[6]When a shot is jammed in a gun, and cannot be rammed home to the cartridge, destroy the charge by pouring water down the vent, and muzzle until the ingredients are dissolved, and cleared out of the bore; then introduce a small quantity of powder through the vent, and blow out the shot.[7]The recoil of guns on sleighs varies from fourto five feetwhen on rough ground or in deep snow; to twenty or thirty yards when on glare ice. In the latter case it is of course necessary to send the ammunition sleighs further to the rear; but the recoil may be considerably lessened by placing a small chain round each of the runners.Ice of eight inches thick will bear with safety a weight of 1115 lb. (or nearly half a ton) on the square foot.[8]Old pattern.[9]Further information relative to mixing the composition, and filling combustibles, &c., &c., may be obtained from the “Aide Mémoire,” under the head, “Pyrotechny, Military.”[10]This will be discontinued when Shrapnell Diaphragm shells are generally introduced into the Service.[11]VidePracticeTables for Ranges, Elevations, &c.[12]The composition for French cannon tubes is two parts of fulminate of mercury and two of mealed powder, mixed together: then formed into a paste with distilled water, slightly impregnated with gum arabic.[13]Extracted from “Instructions and Regulations for Field Battery Exercise and Movements” for the Royal Regiment of Artillery: the Sections, &c., being similarly numbered.Commander’s Words are printed inSmall Capitals.ExecutiveCommon type.Directions, &c.Italics.[14]The Sections, of which merely the heads are given, consist chiefly of details too long for the limited size of the Manual, and they are therefore necessarily omitted.[15]When Guns are in action, and “CEASE FIRING” is given, all Guns then loaded are to be fired off, and on no account is a Gun to be limbered up, or to move whilst loaded.[16]The Commanding officer’s Word of command is always to be repeated by the officers.[17]From “Field Battery Exercise.”[18]From “Field Battery Exercise,” &c.[19]From “Field Battery Exercise,” &c.[20]In the transport of horses to Turkey (July, 1854,) in the Himalaya and Simla steamers, the distance between the upright posts was 2 feet 1 inch in the clear per horse, and the length 9 feet.[21]“For the guidance of the Farriers of the Royal Artillery. Suggested by Charles Percival, Veterinary Surgeon; and approved of by the Right Honourable the Master-General, and Honourable Board of Ordnance.”[22]In administering draughts to horses, the greatest possible care and attention are required; should the horse cough, or make an attempt to do so, his head must be instantly lowered, otherwise a portion of the drink will be apt to find its way into the trachea or windpipe, which will produce most distressing symptoms, and often be followed by death. In lowering the head, a can or vessel of any kind should be held under the mouth to catch the drink as it escapes.[23]From “Instructions for the Service of Heavy Ordnance.”—Article 15.[24]Words of command—SMALL CAPITALS.[25]From “Instructions, and Regulations for the Service, and Management of Heavy Ordnance, for the Royal Regiment of Artillery.” Fourth edition. The Parts, and Articles are numbered in conformity thereto.[26]Words of command—SMALL CAPITALS.[27]VidePart 12, “Artillerist’s Manual,” etc., The Mechanical powers.The Lever.[28]By the ballistic experiment, conducted in May, 1837, it was found that, with a heavy 6-pounder gun, a charge of 1½ lb. gave a velocity of 1740 feet, and a charge of 2 lb. a velocity of 1892 feet per second. The shot employed were of a high gauge, windage only ·078 inch, and the powder was of the strongest quality; the weight of the pendulum fired into was 58 cwt. 3 qrs. 16 lb. A light 6-pounder, two feet shorter than the heavy 6-pounder, with similar charges, gave velocities of about 190 feet less.[29]Extracted fromPart 2, andAppendixof General Sir Howard Douglas’ highly valued work, entitled “A Treatise on Naval Gunnery.” 3rd edition.[30]On wads for Heavy Ordnance.The presence of a compressible body, between the powder and the ball, is necessary for the preservation of the gun. The results of the experiments at Fere, in 1844; at Ruelle in 1844, and 1846; and at Gavres in 1848; with cast iron 30, and 24-pounders, proved that all the pieces, fired without a thin piece of cork interposed between the powder and the ball, burst before 500 discharges were made; whilst those, with which this precaution was taken, sustained 1800 and 2000 discharges without any damage, except an enlargement of the vent.VideUnited Service Magazine, September, 1855.[31]Vide“Treatise on Naval Gunnery.” 3rd Edition. By General Sir H. Douglas.[32]In Extreme training of a gun to the Right: Nos. 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, are placed outside; Nos. 8, 6, inside the tackle. No. 13 keeps the end of the fall coiled up.In Extreme training to the Left: Nos 4, 6, 8, 2, are placed outside; Nos. 13, 7, 5, inside the tackle. No. 2 keeps the end of the fall coiled up.[33]In running out the right guns, Nos. 3, 5, 5, 7, man the left tackle; Nos. 4, 6, 6, 2, man the right tackle.In running out the left guns, Nos. 3, 5, 7, 5, man the left tackle; Nos. 4, 6, 6, 2, man the right tackle.[34]Note.—When the direction of the gun is to be altered, the word “Traverse” is to be given, if the gun is in, and “Point,” when the gun is out.[35]VideSir Howard Douglas’s highly-valued publication, entitled “A Treatise on Naval Gunnery.” Fourth edition.[36]Vide—“United Service Magazine,” No. CCCVIII.[37]VideField Fortification,pages 246, 247.[38]VidePreface.[39]For a square, the length of the perpendicular is ⅛th the exterior side; for a pentagon ⅐th; for the hexagon, and other polygons, ⅙th.[40]VideTables of Weights, and Measures.[41]Vide Tablesof Weights, and Measures.[42]In reducing fractions to a common denominator, and in multiplication of fractions, the work may be considerably diminished by cancelling any figures, which are in all the multiples; or by dividing a figure in each of them by any figure which can divide all without any remainder.[43]SeeNote,page 268.[44]To multiply decimals by 1, with any number of ciphers, as 10, 100, &c.—This is done by only removing the decimal point so many places farther to the right hand, as there are ciphers in the multiplier, and subjoining ciphers, if need be.[45]The best way of doubling the root, to form the new divisor, is by adding the last figure always to the last divisor, as appears in the following example.After the figures belonging to the given number are all exhausted, the operation may be continued into decimals, by adding any number of periods of ciphers, two in each period.[46]This rule is only applicable to the very best-made new cordage. The circumference squared should be divided by 6 instead of 5 for the description of rope generally employed.[47]When the board is tapering, add the breadths at the two ends together, and take half the sum for the mean breadth.Or else, take the mean breadth in the middle.[48]To strengthen a beam, &c. which is required to support a great weight over a cavity, or ditch.—Place a prop, or short skid, under the centre of the beam, and pass a strong rope, or chain, over the beam lengthways, and under the skid, hauling it very tight, and making fast.[49]In Lieut.-Colonel B. Jackson’s scientific “Treatise on Military Surveying, &c., &c., &c.,”Portable trigonometry without logarithms, is thus introduced—“The following useful application of Trigonometry, by means of the natural sines, tangents, &c., is taken from an early number of that valuable periodical, ‘The Mechanics’ Magazine,’ and will be found particularly suited to the purposes of the military surveyor.”[50]For further information on Surveying, and Reconnoitring, reference should be made to the highly-valued publication, entitled “A Treatise on Military Surveying, including Sketching in the Field, Plan Drawing, Levelling, Military Reconnoissance, &c.,” by Lieut.-Colonel Basil Jackson, containing a full account of every surveying instrument, and the right adaptation of them.[51]1. The Reconnoitring protractor is not intended to supply the place of the Theodolite, or other expensive instruments, when very great accuracy is required in surveying, or in trigonometrical observations; but, in the hands of officers accustomed to the use of it, bearings may be rapidly taken, heights and distances ascertained, roads traversed, &c., &c., with sufficient accuracy for a military survey, or reconnoissance.The protractor has a tripod, on which it is to be steadily fixed for taking angles, &c.; but the instrument can nevertheless be used without the tripod; and mounted officers may, after a little practice, make a reconnoissance with the protractor alone, especially if they are able to measure, or calculate the distance of base lines, by the length of the paces of their horses.2. A survey, &c., may be very rapidly taken in the field, by laying drawing-paper on the face of the protractor, under the marginal scale, fixing it firmly by means of drawing-pins in the sides, and using, at the first station, the edge of the index as a ruler to set off on the paper, at once, by observation through the sights, the angles of the objects whose distance is required; drawing a base line parallel to the tube side of the instrument, and also lines at the angles found. At the second station, the paper must be moved a few inches, for a base line to be drawn; at the termination of which (the second station) the index is to be directed to the objects, as before, and lines are to be produced until they intersect those drawn at the first station: thus the position of the objects will be obtained; and, by using the scale on the index for the length drawn for the measured base line, as well as for the lines directed to the objects, their respective distances will be ascertained.3. The reconnoitring protractor, and all other instruments for surveying, &c., &c. can be readily obtained from Messrs. Elliott, 56, Strand, London.[52]Or Reconnoitring protractor.[53]To erect a perpendicular,vide“Practical Geometry.”[54]3 inch cube full of air floats 1 lb. in water.3 inch cube of water weighs 1 lb. in air.1 cubic foot of water weighs 64 lb. in air.1 ditto coal ditto 80 - 64 = 16 in water.1 ditto sand ditto 95 - 64 = 31 in water.A suit of clothes and a pair of boots, which weigh 7 lb. in air, when well saturated with water, only weigh in water 1 lb.[55]Vide also Definitions—Trigonometry,page 301.[56]Gunter’s chainis in length 4 poles = 22 yards = 66 feet, and is divided into 100 links. Each link is therefore22100of a yard, or66100of a foot, or 7·92 inches.Land is estimatedin acres, roods, and perches.An acrecontains 10 square chains, or as much as 10 chains in length and 1 chain in breadth; or in yards it is 220 × 22 = 4840; or in poles it is 40 × 4 = 160 square poles; or in links it is 1000 × 100 = 100,000 square links. An acre is divided into 4 parts called roods, and a rood into 40 parts called perches, which are square poles, or the square of a pole of 5½ yards long, or the square of a quarter of a chain, or of 25 links, which is 625 links. Thus the divisions of land measure are—625square links= 1 pole, or perch.40perches= 1 rood.4roods= 1 acre.The length of lines, measured with a chain, should be set down in links as integers, instead of in chains, and decimals. Therefore, after the content is found, it will be in square links.[57]57·3 is the number of pounds of powder contained in a cubic foot, when shaken; and 55 pounds when not shaken. According to the first case, one pound of powder will occupy 30 cubic inches; and according to the second case one pound will occupy 31·4182 cubic inches.

[1]Vide pagevi.

[2]The Articles omitted consist chiefly of directions, &c., or are not generally required.

[3]Note.In the “Exercise and Movements.”Commander’s Words are printed inSmall Capitals.ExecutiveSmall print.Directions, &c.Italics.

[3]Note.In the “Exercise and Movements.”

[4]Note.—Vide “Motion,” “Forces,” &c., Velocity, Gravity, and Amplitude.

[5]Vide “Tables,” “Excentric Shot, Experiments.”

[6]When a shot is jammed in a gun, and cannot be rammed home to the cartridge, destroy the charge by pouring water down the vent, and muzzle until the ingredients are dissolved, and cleared out of the bore; then introduce a small quantity of powder through the vent, and blow out the shot.

[7]The recoil of guns on sleighs varies from fourto five feetwhen on rough ground or in deep snow; to twenty or thirty yards when on glare ice. In the latter case it is of course necessary to send the ammunition sleighs further to the rear; but the recoil may be considerably lessened by placing a small chain round each of the runners.Ice of eight inches thick will bear with safety a weight of 1115 lb. (or nearly half a ton) on the square foot.

Ice of eight inches thick will bear with safety a weight of 1115 lb. (or nearly half a ton) on the square foot.

[8]Old pattern.

[9]Further information relative to mixing the composition, and filling combustibles, &c., &c., may be obtained from the “Aide Mémoire,” under the head, “Pyrotechny, Military.”

[10]This will be discontinued when Shrapnell Diaphragm shells are generally introduced into the Service.

[11]VidePracticeTables for Ranges, Elevations, &c.

[12]The composition for French cannon tubes is two parts of fulminate of mercury and two of mealed powder, mixed together: then formed into a paste with distilled water, slightly impregnated with gum arabic.

[13]Extracted from “Instructions and Regulations for Field Battery Exercise and Movements” for the Royal Regiment of Artillery: the Sections, &c., being similarly numbered.Commander’s Words are printed inSmall Capitals.ExecutiveCommon type.Directions, &c.Italics.

[13]Extracted from “Instructions and Regulations for Field Battery Exercise and Movements” for the Royal Regiment of Artillery: the Sections, &c., being similarly numbered.

[14]The Sections, of which merely the heads are given, consist chiefly of details too long for the limited size of the Manual, and they are therefore necessarily omitted.

[15]When Guns are in action, and “CEASE FIRING” is given, all Guns then loaded are to be fired off, and on no account is a Gun to be limbered up, or to move whilst loaded.

[16]The Commanding officer’s Word of command is always to be repeated by the officers.

[17]From “Field Battery Exercise.”

[18]From “Field Battery Exercise,” &c.

[19]From “Field Battery Exercise,” &c.

[20]In the transport of horses to Turkey (July, 1854,) in the Himalaya and Simla steamers, the distance between the upright posts was 2 feet 1 inch in the clear per horse, and the length 9 feet.

[21]“For the guidance of the Farriers of the Royal Artillery. Suggested by Charles Percival, Veterinary Surgeon; and approved of by the Right Honourable the Master-General, and Honourable Board of Ordnance.”

[22]In administering draughts to horses, the greatest possible care and attention are required; should the horse cough, or make an attempt to do so, his head must be instantly lowered, otherwise a portion of the drink will be apt to find its way into the trachea or windpipe, which will produce most distressing symptoms, and often be followed by death. In lowering the head, a can or vessel of any kind should be held under the mouth to catch the drink as it escapes.

[23]From “Instructions for the Service of Heavy Ordnance.”—Article 15.

[24]Words of command—SMALL CAPITALS.

[25]From “Instructions, and Regulations for the Service, and Management of Heavy Ordnance, for the Royal Regiment of Artillery.” Fourth edition. The Parts, and Articles are numbered in conformity thereto.

[26]Words of command—SMALL CAPITALS.

[27]VidePart 12, “Artillerist’s Manual,” etc., The Mechanical powers.The Lever.

[28]By the ballistic experiment, conducted in May, 1837, it was found that, with a heavy 6-pounder gun, a charge of 1½ lb. gave a velocity of 1740 feet, and a charge of 2 lb. a velocity of 1892 feet per second. The shot employed were of a high gauge, windage only ·078 inch, and the powder was of the strongest quality; the weight of the pendulum fired into was 58 cwt. 3 qrs. 16 lb. A light 6-pounder, two feet shorter than the heavy 6-pounder, with similar charges, gave velocities of about 190 feet less.

[29]Extracted fromPart 2, andAppendixof General Sir Howard Douglas’ highly valued work, entitled “A Treatise on Naval Gunnery.” 3rd edition.

[30]On wads for Heavy Ordnance.The presence of a compressible body, between the powder and the ball, is necessary for the preservation of the gun. The results of the experiments at Fere, in 1844; at Ruelle in 1844, and 1846; and at Gavres in 1848; with cast iron 30, and 24-pounders, proved that all the pieces, fired without a thin piece of cork interposed between the powder and the ball, burst before 500 discharges were made; whilst those, with which this precaution was taken, sustained 1800 and 2000 discharges without any damage, except an enlargement of the vent.VideUnited Service Magazine, September, 1855.

[30]On wads for Heavy Ordnance.

The presence of a compressible body, between the powder and the ball, is necessary for the preservation of the gun. The results of the experiments at Fere, in 1844; at Ruelle in 1844, and 1846; and at Gavres in 1848; with cast iron 30, and 24-pounders, proved that all the pieces, fired without a thin piece of cork interposed between the powder and the ball, burst before 500 discharges were made; whilst those, with which this precaution was taken, sustained 1800 and 2000 discharges without any damage, except an enlargement of the vent.VideUnited Service Magazine, September, 1855.

[31]Vide“Treatise on Naval Gunnery.” 3rd Edition. By General Sir H. Douglas.

[32]In Extreme training of a gun to the Right: Nos. 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, are placed outside; Nos. 8, 6, inside the tackle. No. 13 keeps the end of the fall coiled up.In Extreme training to the Left: Nos 4, 6, 8, 2, are placed outside; Nos. 13, 7, 5, inside the tackle. No. 2 keeps the end of the fall coiled up.

[32]In Extreme training of a gun to the Right: Nos. 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, are placed outside; Nos. 8, 6, inside the tackle. No. 13 keeps the end of the fall coiled up.

In Extreme training to the Left: Nos 4, 6, 8, 2, are placed outside; Nos. 13, 7, 5, inside the tackle. No. 2 keeps the end of the fall coiled up.

[33]In running out the right guns, Nos. 3, 5, 5, 7, man the left tackle; Nos. 4, 6, 6, 2, man the right tackle.In running out the left guns, Nos. 3, 5, 7, 5, man the left tackle; Nos. 4, 6, 6, 2, man the right tackle.

[33]In running out the right guns, Nos. 3, 5, 5, 7, man the left tackle; Nos. 4, 6, 6, 2, man the right tackle.

In running out the left guns, Nos. 3, 5, 7, 5, man the left tackle; Nos. 4, 6, 6, 2, man the right tackle.

[34]Note.—When the direction of the gun is to be altered, the word “Traverse” is to be given, if the gun is in, and “Point,” when the gun is out.

[35]VideSir Howard Douglas’s highly-valued publication, entitled “A Treatise on Naval Gunnery.” Fourth edition.

[36]Vide—“United Service Magazine,” No. CCCVIII.

[37]VideField Fortification,pages 246, 247.

[38]VidePreface.

[39]For a square, the length of the perpendicular is ⅛th the exterior side; for a pentagon ⅐th; for the hexagon, and other polygons, ⅙th.

[40]VideTables of Weights, and Measures.

[41]Vide Tablesof Weights, and Measures.

[42]In reducing fractions to a common denominator, and in multiplication of fractions, the work may be considerably diminished by cancelling any figures, which are in all the multiples; or by dividing a figure in each of them by any figure which can divide all without any remainder.

[43]SeeNote,page 268.

[44]To multiply decimals by 1, with any number of ciphers, as 10, 100, &c.—This is done by only removing the decimal point so many places farther to the right hand, as there are ciphers in the multiplier, and subjoining ciphers, if need be.

[45]The best way of doubling the root, to form the new divisor, is by adding the last figure always to the last divisor, as appears in the following example.After the figures belonging to the given number are all exhausted, the operation may be continued into decimals, by adding any number of periods of ciphers, two in each period.

[45]The best way of doubling the root, to form the new divisor, is by adding the last figure always to the last divisor, as appears in the following example.

After the figures belonging to the given number are all exhausted, the operation may be continued into decimals, by adding any number of periods of ciphers, two in each period.

[46]This rule is only applicable to the very best-made new cordage. The circumference squared should be divided by 6 instead of 5 for the description of rope generally employed.

[47]When the board is tapering, add the breadths at the two ends together, and take half the sum for the mean breadth.Or else, take the mean breadth in the middle.

[48]To strengthen a beam, &c. which is required to support a great weight over a cavity, or ditch.—Place a prop, or short skid, under the centre of the beam, and pass a strong rope, or chain, over the beam lengthways, and under the skid, hauling it very tight, and making fast.

[49]In Lieut.-Colonel B. Jackson’s scientific “Treatise on Military Surveying, &c., &c., &c.,”Portable trigonometry without logarithms, is thus introduced—“The following useful application of Trigonometry, by means of the natural sines, tangents, &c., is taken from an early number of that valuable periodical, ‘The Mechanics’ Magazine,’ and will be found particularly suited to the purposes of the military surveyor.”

[49]In Lieut.-Colonel B. Jackson’s scientific “Treatise on Military Surveying, &c., &c., &c.,”Portable trigonometry without logarithms, is thus introduced—

“The following useful application of Trigonometry, by means of the natural sines, tangents, &c., is taken from an early number of that valuable periodical, ‘The Mechanics’ Magazine,’ and will be found particularly suited to the purposes of the military surveyor.”

[50]For further information on Surveying, and Reconnoitring, reference should be made to the highly-valued publication, entitled “A Treatise on Military Surveying, including Sketching in the Field, Plan Drawing, Levelling, Military Reconnoissance, &c.,” by Lieut.-Colonel Basil Jackson, containing a full account of every surveying instrument, and the right adaptation of them.

[51]1. The Reconnoitring protractor is not intended to supply the place of the Theodolite, or other expensive instruments, when very great accuracy is required in surveying, or in trigonometrical observations; but, in the hands of officers accustomed to the use of it, bearings may be rapidly taken, heights and distances ascertained, roads traversed, &c., &c., with sufficient accuracy for a military survey, or reconnoissance.The protractor has a tripod, on which it is to be steadily fixed for taking angles, &c.; but the instrument can nevertheless be used without the tripod; and mounted officers may, after a little practice, make a reconnoissance with the protractor alone, especially if they are able to measure, or calculate the distance of base lines, by the length of the paces of their horses.2. A survey, &c., may be very rapidly taken in the field, by laying drawing-paper on the face of the protractor, under the marginal scale, fixing it firmly by means of drawing-pins in the sides, and using, at the first station, the edge of the index as a ruler to set off on the paper, at once, by observation through the sights, the angles of the objects whose distance is required; drawing a base line parallel to the tube side of the instrument, and also lines at the angles found. At the second station, the paper must be moved a few inches, for a base line to be drawn; at the termination of which (the second station) the index is to be directed to the objects, as before, and lines are to be produced until they intersect those drawn at the first station: thus the position of the objects will be obtained; and, by using the scale on the index for the length drawn for the measured base line, as well as for the lines directed to the objects, their respective distances will be ascertained.3. The reconnoitring protractor, and all other instruments for surveying, &c., &c. can be readily obtained from Messrs. Elliott, 56, Strand, London.

The protractor has a tripod, on which it is to be steadily fixed for taking angles, &c.; but the instrument can nevertheless be used without the tripod; and mounted officers may, after a little practice, make a reconnoissance with the protractor alone, especially if they are able to measure, or calculate the distance of base lines, by the length of the paces of their horses.

2. A survey, &c., may be very rapidly taken in the field, by laying drawing-paper on the face of the protractor, under the marginal scale, fixing it firmly by means of drawing-pins in the sides, and using, at the first station, the edge of the index as a ruler to set off on the paper, at once, by observation through the sights, the angles of the objects whose distance is required; drawing a base line parallel to the tube side of the instrument, and also lines at the angles found. At the second station, the paper must be moved a few inches, for a base line to be drawn; at the termination of which (the second station) the index is to be directed to the objects, as before, and lines are to be produced until they intersect those drawn at the first station: thus the position of the objects will be obtained; and, by using the scale on the index for the length drawn for the measured base line, as well as for the lines directed to the objects, their respective distances will be ascertained.

3. The reconnoitring protractor, and all other instruments for surveying, &c., &c. can be readily obtained from Messrs. Elliott, 56, Strand, London.

[52]Or Reconnoitring protractor.

[53]To erect a perpendicular,vide“Practical Geometry.”

[54]3 inch cube full of air floats 1 lb. in water.3 inch cube of water weighs 1 lb. in air.1 cubic foot of water weighs 64 lb. in air.1 ditto coal ditto 80 - 64 = 16 in water.1 ditto sand ditto 95 - 64 = 31 in water.A suit of clothes and a pair of boots, which weigh 7 lb. in air, when well saturated with water, only weigh in water 1 lb.

[54]

3 inch cube full of air floats 1 lb. in water.3 inch cube of water weighs 1 lb. in air.1 cubic foot of water weighs 64 lb. in air.1 ditto coal ditto 80 - 64 = 16 in water.1 ditto sand ditto 95 - 64 = 31 in water.

A suit of clothes and a pair of boots, which weigh 7 lb. in air, when well saturated with water, only weigh in water 1 lb.

[55]Vide also Definitions—Trigonometry,page 301.

[56]Gunter’s chainis in length 4 poles = 22 yards = 66 feet, and is divided into 100 links. Each link is therefore22100of a yard, or66100of a foot, or 7·92 inches.Land is estimatedin acres, roods, and perches.An acrecontains 10 square chains, or as much as 10 chains in length and 1 chain in breadth; or in yards it is 220 × 22 = 4840; or in poles it is 40 × 4 = 160 square poles; or in links it is 1000 × 100 = 100,000 square links. An acre is divided into 4 parts called roods, and a rood into 40 parts called perches, which are square poles, or the square of a pole of 5½ yards long, or the square of a quarter of a chain, or of 25 links, which is 625 links. Thus the divisions of land measure are—625square links= 1 pole, or perch.40perches= 1 rood.4roods= 1 acre.The length of lines, measured with a chain, should be set down in links as integers, instead of in chains, and decimals. Therefore, after the content is found, it will be in square links.

The length of lines, measured with a chain, should be set down in links as integers, instead of in chains, and decimals. Therefore, after the content is found, it will be in square links.

[57]57·3 is the number of pounds of powder contained in a cubic foot, when shaken; and 55 pounds when not shaken. According to the first case, one pound of powder will occupy 30 cubic inches; and according to the second case one pound will occupy 31·4182 cubic inches.

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