FOOTNOTES:

FOOTNOTES:[1]In the Register of the Convent of the Friars Minors in Poictiers, there appear the names of the knights and great men buried there after this battle. Among these we find, the Constable of France, the Bishop of Chalons, the Viscount of Chauvigny, the Lords of Mailly, of Rademonde, of Rochecheruire, of Chaumont, of Hes, of Corbon, and a great number of knights. In the church of the Frères Prescheurs there were buried the Duke of Bourbon, the Marshal de Clermont, the Viscount de Rochechouart, the Lord de la Fayette, the Viscount d’Aumale, the Lord St. Gildart, and more than fifty knights.[2]The rocket consisted of an iron tube, about two foot long, and three inches in diameter, attached to a bamboo cane of fifteen or twenty feet in length. The tube is filled with combustible matter; and this dreadful missile entering the head of a column, passes through a man’s body, and instantly resumes its original force; thus destroying or wounding twenty men, independent of innumerable lacerations caused by the serpentine motion of the long bamboo, which in its irresistible progress, splinters to atoms, when the iron tube assumes a rapid rotary motion, and buries itself in the earth.[3]It is a curious and interesting literary fact, that Campbell wrote this in a foreign land, viz., at Ratisbon, on hearing of war being declared against Denmark. Some portion of it is said to have been previously roughly sketched out, owing to his admiration of the music of “Ye Gentlemen of England.” His splendid lyric, “The battle of the Baltic,” soon followed.[4]Herod. 1. vii. c. 175, 177.[5]Herod. 1. vii. c. 103, 132.[6]Ibid. 1. viii. c. 116.[7]Paus. 1. x. p. 645.[8]Herod. 1. vii c. 207-231. Diod. 1. xi. p. 5-10.[9]Plut. in Lacon. Apoph. p. 225.[10]Ἀντεγραψε, μολων λαβε.[11]Οτι πολλοι μεν ανθρωποι ειεν, ολιγοι δε ανδρες.Quod multi homines essent, pauci autem viri.[12]When the Gauls 200 years after this, came to invade Greece, they possessed themselves of the Straits of Thermopylæ by means of the same by-path, which the Grecians had still neglected to secure. Pausan. 1. i. p. 7. et 8.[13]Polyb. 1. iii. p. 231-238.[14]Apparebat ferociter omnia ac præpropere acturum. Quoque pronior esset in sua vitia, agitare eum atque irritare Pœnus parat.Liv. 1. xxii. n. 3.[15]Napier, vol. v. p. 132.[16]A French writer tells us, that when he had dictated, at Paris, the bulletin of this battle, he finished, by exclaiming with a groan, “It was lost, andmy glorywith it!”[17]Hist. Memoirs, book ix, p. 209.[18]“Information which might be depended upon had made known the position of the Allies in all particulars.—Fleury, vol. ii, p. 161.“To anticipate the Allies, and to commence hostilitiesbefore they were ready, it was necessary to take the field on the 15th June.”—Hist. Memoir, Book ix, p. 59.“The period of the arrival of the English army from America was known. The Allied armies could not be in readiness to act simultaneously until July.”—Gourgaud’s Campaign, p. 29.[19]Hist. Memoir, Book ix, p. 127.[20]Gourgaud, p. 38; Fleury, vol. ii, p. 167.[21]Junot, at Rolica and Vimiera; Victor at Talavera; Massena at Busaco; Ney, after Torres Vedras; Marmont at Salamanca; Jourdan at Vittoria; and Soult in the Pyrenees, Toulouse, &c. &c.[22]History of the Restoration, vol. ii, p. 377, 388.[23]Despatches, vol. viii, p. 168.[24]O’Meara, vol. i, p. 464.[25]Brialmont’s Wellington, vol. ii, p. 440.[26]Gourgaud’s Waterloo, p. 96.[27]The first French attack was repulsed about two o’clock: but Bonaparte renewed it five or six times, until about seven o’clock in the evening.—Austrian Account.[28]Hist. Memoir, book ix, p. 143.[29]Lamartine, b. xxv, § 34.[30]Gourgaud’s Campaign of Waterloo, p. 97.[31]Page 151. This attack on the centre was made at one o’clock, and La Haye Sainte was not evacuated by the English till six in the evening. Of what occurred in the five hours which intervened the French accounts are ominously silent.[32]Fleury, vol. ii, p. 217.[33]At St. Helena, he told O’Meara, “When the English advanced, I had not a single corps of cavalry in reserve to resist them. Hence the English attack succeeded, and all was lost,”—O’Meara, vol. i, p. 465.[34]“It wasnoon, the troops of General Bulow were stationary beyond the extreme right: they appeared to form and wait for their artillery.”—Hist. Mem.b. ix, p. 150.[35]The Austrian account says “About five o’clock, the first cannon-shot of the Prussian army was fired from the heights of Aguiers.”[36]Gourgaud’s Campaign of 1815, p. 113.[37]They are described, both in Count Drouet’s speech and in “Book ix,” as “sixteen battalions.” If the battalions consisted of 600 men, this would give a total of 9600.[38]Vol. ii, p. 192.[39]Colonel Lemonnier de Lafosse: Memoirs, p. 385.[40]Reille had commanded the second corps, D’Erlon the first—each of which had consisted of about 20,000 men! Can there be a more striking proof of the utter dissolution of the French army, than this fact, narrated by a French officer?[41]Fleury de Chaboulon, vol. ii, pp. 203, 206, 218.[42]The modesty,—the singular abstinence from a boast or a vaunt,—which is perceptible in this exclamation, is wonderfully characteristic of the man. The same quietness of manner distinguished him through life; and it contrasts strongly with the constant strut and proud assumption of Napoleon.[43]Hist. Memoir, book ix, p. 203.[44]I cannot conclude this article on Waterloo without inserting the following: Many years ago a prize poem on the Duke of Wellington was announced at one of the English Universities, I forget which. The gainer took for his subject the life of Napoleon, and finished an elaborate description of that great commander, in the following couplet, which gained him the prize:“So great a man, the world scarce ever knew,Bent tothy Genius, Chief of Waterloo.”J. D. B.[45]“Mitraille,” grape shot, with scraps of metal, and all sorts of small missiles.

[1]In the Register of the Convent of the Friars Minors in Poictiers, there appear the names of the knights and great men buried there after this battle. Among these we find, the Constable of France, the Bishop of Chalons, the Viscount of Chauvigny, the Lords of Mailly, of Rademonde, of Rochecheruire, of Chaumont, of Hes, of Corbon, and a great number of knights. In the church of the Frères Prescheurs there were buried the Duke of Bourbon, the Marshal de Clermont, the Viscount de Rochechouart, the Lord de la Fayette, the Viscount d’Aumale, the Lord St. Gildart, and more than fifty knights.

[2]The rocket consisted of an iron tube, about two foot long, and three inches in diameter, attached to a bamboo cane of fifteen or twenty feet in length. The tube is filled with combustible matter; and this dreadful missile entering the head of a column, passes through a man’s body, and instantly resumes its original force; thus destroying or wounding twenty men, independent of innumerable lacerations caused by the serpentine motion of the long bamboo, which in its irresistible progress, splinters to atoms, when the iron tube assumes a rapid rotary motion, and buries itself in the earth.

[3]It is a curious and interesting literary fact, that Campbell wrote this in a foreign land, viz., at Ratisbon, on hearing of war being declared against Denmark. Some portion of it is said to have been previously roughly sketched out, owing to his admiration of the music of “Ye Gentlemen of England.” His splendid lyric, “The battle of the Baltic,” soon followed.

[4]Herod. 1. vii. c. 175, 177.

[5]Herod. 1. vii. c. 103, 132.

[6]Ibid. 1. viii. c. 116.

[7]Paus. 1. x. p. 645.

[8]Herod. 1. vii c. 207-231. Diod. 1. xi. p. 5-10.

[9]Plut. in Lacon. Apoph. p. 225.

[10]Ἀντεγραψε, μολων λαβε.

[11]Οτι πολλοι μεν ανθρωποι ειεν, ολιγοι δε ανδρες.Quod multi homines essent, pauci autem viri.

[12]When the Gauls 200 years after this, came to invade Greece, they possessed themselves of the Straits of Thermopylæ by means of the same by-path, which the Grecians had still neglected to secure. Pausan. 1. i. p. 7. et 8.

[13]Polyb. 1. iii. p. 231-238.

[14]Apparebat ferociter omnia ac præpropere acturum. Quoque pronior esset in sua vitia, agitare eum atque irritare Pœnus parat.Liv. 1. xxii. n. 3.

[15]Napier, vol. v. p. 132.

[16]A French writer tells us, that when he had dictated, at Paris, the bulletin of this battle, he finished, by exclaiming with a groan, “It was lost, andmy glorywith it!”

[17]Hist. Memoirs, book ix, p. 209.

[18]“Information which might be depended upon had made known the position of the Allies in all particulars.—Fleury, vol. ii, p. 161.“To anticipate the Allies, and to commence hostilitiesbefore they were ready, it was necessary to take the field on the 15th June.”—Hist. Memoir, Book ix, p. 59.“The period of the arrival of the English army from America was known. The Allied armies could not be in readiness to act simultaneously until July.”—Gourgaud’s Campaign, p. 29.

[18]“Information which might be depended upon had made known the position of the Allies in all particulars.—Fleury, vol. ii, p. 161.

“To anticipate the Allies, and to commence hostilitiesbefore they were ready, it was necessary to take the field on the 15th June.”—Hist. Memoir, Book ix, p. 59.

“The period of the arrival of the English army from America was known. The Allied armies could not be in readiness to act simultaneously until July.”—Gourgaud’s Campaign, p. 29.

[19]Hist. Memoir, Book ix, p. 127.

[20]Gourgaud, p. 38; Fleury, vol. ii, p. 167.

[21]Junot, at Rolica and Vimiera; Victor at Talavera; Massena at Busaco; Ney, after Torres Vedras; Marmont at Salamanca; Jourdan at Vittoria; and Soult in the Pyrenees, Toulouse, &c. &c.

[22]History of the Restoration, vol. ii, p. 377, 388.

[23]Despatches, vol. viii, p. 168.

[24]O’Meara, vol. i, p. 464.

[25]Brialmont’s Wellington, vol. ii, p. 440.

[26]Gourgaud’s Waterloo, p. 96.

[27]The first French attack was repulsed about two o’clock: but Bonaparte renewed it five or six times, until about seven o’clock in the evening.—Austrian Account.

[28]Hist. Memoir, book ix, p. 143.

[29]Lamartine, b. xxv, § 34.

[30]Gourgaud’s Campaign of Waterloo, p. 97.

[31]Page 151. This attack on the centre was made at one o’clock, and La Haye Sainte was not evacuated by the English till six in the evening. Of what occurred in the five hours which intervened the French accounts are ominously silent.

[32]Fleury, vol. ii, p. 217.

[33]At St. Helena, he told O’Meara, “When the English advanced, I had not a single corps of cavalry in reserve to resist them. Hence the English attack succeeded, and all was lost,”—O’Meara, vol. i, p. 465.

[34]“It wasnoon, the troops of General Bulow were stationary beyond the extreme right: they appeared to form and wait for their artillery.”—Hist. Mem.b. ix, p. 150.

[35]The Austrian account says “About five o’clock, the first cannon-shot of the Prussian army was fired from the heights of Aguiers.”

[36]Gourgaud’s Campaign of 1815, p. 113.

[37]They are described, both in Count Drouet’s speech and in “Book ix,” as “sixteen battalions.” If the battalions consisted of 600 men, this would give a total of 9600.

[38]Vol. ii, p. 192.

[39]Colonel Lemonnier de Lafosse: Memoirs, p. 385.

[40]Reille had commanded the second corps, D’Erlon the first—each of which had consisted of about 20,000 men! Can there be a more striking proof of the utter dissolution of the French army, than this fact, narrated by a French officer?

[41]Fleury de Chaboulon, vol. ii, pp. 203, 206, 218.

[42]The modesty,—the singular abstinence from a boast or a vaunt,—which is perceptible in this exclamation, is wonderfully characteristic of the man. The same quietness of manner distinguished him through life; and it contrasts strongly with the constant strut and proud assumption of Napoleon.

[43]Hist. Memoir, book ix, p. 203.

[44]I cannot conclude this article on Waterloo without inserting the following: Many years ago a prize poem on the Duke of Wellington was announced at one of the English Universities, I forget which. The gainer took for his subject the life of Napoleon, and finished an elaborate description of that great commander, in the following couplet, which gained him the prize:“So great a man, the world scarce ever knew,Bent tothy Genius, Chief of Waterloo.”J. D. B.

“So great a man, the world scarce ever knew,Bent tothy Genius, Chief of Waterloo.”J. D. B.

“So great a man, the world scarce ever knew,

Bent tothy Genius, Chief of Waterloo.”

J. D. B.

[45]“Mitraille,” grape shot, with scraps of metal, and all sorts of small missiles.

Chronology is the science of computing and adjusting the periods of time. It ascertains when events occurred, and assigns to each its correct date. Thus we learn from it that the world was created 4004 years before Christ, and that the flood took place 1656 years after the creation; and so of all other known and ascertained events, each one is placed in connection with its proper period or year. Of the transactions between the Creation and the Flood, we know nothing except from Scripture, and of many of those which occurred after the flood, and before the time of Christ, we know nothing with certainty, except from the same source; but about 800 or 900 years before our Saviour’s time, a succession of profane historians arose, from whom, especially those of Greece and Rome, numerous facts in Chronology have been obtained. Various Eras, Epochs, or methods of Chronology, have been adopted by different nations. The Greeks reckoned time by Olympiads of four years each, commencing from the year 776 before Christ. In marking a date by this method, the year and Olympiad were both given; for example, the year 1845 is the first of 656th Olympiad. The Romans reckoned time from the founding of Rome, 753 years before Christ. Dates reckoned from this Era are designated by the initials A. U. C. (ab urbe condita; that is, from the building of the city). The year 1845 is the 2598th year of the Roman Era. The Christian Era, now in use amongst all Christian nations, was first introduced in the sixth century, but was not very generally adopted for some centuries after. This begins 4004 years after the creation of the world, and four years after the birth of our Saviour. Dates reckoned backwards are usually marked B.C., or before Christ, but those reckoned forward are distinguished by the prefix A.D., signifying Anno Domini, or in the year of our Lord. The Mahomedans reckon time from the Hegira, or flight of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina, in the year 622 after Christ; but they use the lunar year of 354 days; so that thirty-two of our years make thirty-three of theirs. The year 1845 is the 1260th year of the Hegira. Many other epochs or eras have been used in different countries, and at different periods. The Jews, Egyptians, Tyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and other ancient nations, have each had their eras. The Hindoos and Chinese of the present day have modes of reckoning time which differ from each other, as well as from our method. In the United States, public documents, proclamations, &c. have often, besides the date in common use, the year of the national independence attached to them. This is computed from July 4th, 1776, and hence may be reckoned a national era or chronological period.

B.C.From the Creation4004 to the Deluge1656 yrs elapsed.—Antediluvian P.*From the Deluge2348 to the Call of Abraham427 yrs elapsed.—Dispersion P.From the Call of Abraham1921 to the Exode from Egypt430 yrs elapsed.—Patriarchal P.From the Exode1491 to the Kingdom of Saul396 yrs elapsed.—Theocratic P.From Saul1092 to the Captivity of Israel507 yrs elapsed.—Monarchical P.From the Captivity588 to Alexander the Great258 yrs elapsed.—Persian P.From Alexander the Great330 to Subjugation of Greece184 yrs elapsed.—Grecian P.From Subjugation of Greece146 to the birth of Christ146 yrs elapsed.—Roman P.

* P = Period.

A.D.From the Birth of Christto the Reign of Constantine the Great306 years elapsed“““to the Extinction of the Western Empire476 “““““to the flight of Mahomet622 “““““to the Crowning of Charlemagne at Rome800 “““““to the Battle of Hastings1066 “““““to the Founding of the Turkish Empire1299 “““““to the Taking of Constantinople1453 “““““to the Edict of Nantes1598 “““““to the Death of Charles XII of Sweden1718 “““““to the Battle of Waterloo1815 “““““to the Present time1866 ““

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