Poutaxat,9
Powhatan,10
Pymatuning,38,41
Pyquaag,39
Pummeecke-,40
Quansigamaug,18
Quilutamende,36
Quinni-,8,15
Quinnihticut,8
Quinebaug,16
Quinepoxet,16
Quinnipiac,15
-quoddy, -kantti,26,27
Quonshapang,43
Qussuk,16
Quunkwadchu,20
Saco,30
Sagadahock,30
Saganaw,31
Saguenay,31
Saquatucket,32
Saugatuck,32
Saukunk,31
Segoonumakaddy,27
Segubbunakaddy,26
Sepu,Seip,sipi,7
Shaume,34
Shawmut,36
Shawwunk,33
Shubenacadie,26
Shumuit,34
Sicaiook, Suckiaug,7
Soakatuck,32
Sonki-,16
Sonkipaug,16
Sowanohke,7
Squam,18
Squamacut,42
Squammagonic,42
Squamscot,18
Sucki-,7
Swamscot,18
-tchuan,12
Temigami,17
Tetiquet, Titicut,11
Tomheganomset,19
Tracady, -die,28
-tuk,8
Uhquôn,30
Wadchu,20
Wampanoags,6
Wanashqué-,18,41
Wangunbog,16
Wapanachki,7
Werowocomoco,21
Winnepesaukee,32,33
Winnesquamsaukit,18
Winnisimmit,34
Wnogquetookoke,30
Wonasquatucket,41
Wonkun,Wongun,29
Wongattuck,29
Wonkemaug,18
Wongunpaug,16
Wonnesquam,18
Wuskowhánanaukit,7
[1]Mill's Logic, B. I. ch. viii.
[1]Mill's Logic, B. I. ch. viii.
[2]Max Müller, Science of Language, (1st Series,) p. 292.
[2]Max Müller, Science of Language, (1st Series,) p. 292.
[3]These terms, though not strictly appropriate to Indian synthesis, are sufficiently explicit for the purposes of this paper. They are borrowed from the author of "Words and Places" (the Rev. Isaac Taylor), who has employed them (2d ed., p. 460) as equivalents of Förstemann's "Bestimmungswort" and "Grundwort," (Die deutschen Ortsnamen.Nordhausen, 1863, pp. 26-107, 109-174). In Indian names, the "Bestimmungswort" sometimes corresponds to the English adjective—sometimes to a noun substantive—but is more generally anadverb.
[3]These terms, though not strictly appropriate to Indian synthesis, are sufficiently explicit for the purposes of this paper. They are borrowed from the author of "Words and Places" (the Rev. Isaac Taylor), who has employed them (2d ed., p. 460) as equivalents of Förstemann's "Bestimmungswort" and "Grundwort," (Die deutschen Ortsnamen.Nordhausen, 1863, pp. 26-107, 109-174). In Indian names, the "Bestimmungswort" sometimes corresponds to the English adjective—sometimes to a noun substantive—but is more generally anadverb.
[4]It has not been thought advisable to attempt the reduction of words or names taken from different languages to a uniform orthography. When no authorities are named, it may be understood that the Massachusetts words are taken from Eliot's translation of the Bible, or from his Indian Grammar; the Narragansett, from Roger Williams's Indian Key, and his published letters; the Abnaki, from the Dictionary of Râle (Rasles), edited by Dr. Pickering; the Delaware, from Zeisberger's Vocabulary and his Grammar; the Chippewa, from Schoolcraft (Sch.), Baraga's Dictionary and Grammar (B.), and the Spelling Books published by the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions; and the Cree, from Howse's Grammar of that language.The character[oo](ooin 'food;'win 'Wabash,' 'Wisconsin'), used by Eliot, has been substituted in Abnaki words for the Greekouof Râle and the Jesuit missionaries, and for theωof Campanius. A smallnplaced above the line, shows that the vowel which it follows isnasal,—and replaces the ñ employed for the same purpose by Râle, and the short line or dash placed under a vowel, in Pickering's alphabet.In Eliot's notation,ohusually represents the sound ofoinorderand inform,—that of broada; but sometimes it stands for shorto, as innot.
[4]It has not been thought advisable to attempt the reduction of words or names taken from different languages to a uniform orthography. When no authorities are named, it may be understood that the Massachusetts words are taken from Eliot's translation of the Bible, or from his Indian Grammar; the Narragansett, from Roger Williams's Indian Key, and his published letters; the Abnaki, from the Dictionary of Râle (Rasles), edited by Dr. Pickering; the Delaware, from Zeisberger's Vocabulary and his Grammar; the Chippewa, from Schoolcraft (Sch.), Baraga's Dictionary and Grammar (B.), and the Spelling Books published by the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions; and the Cree, from Howse's Grammar of that language.
The character[oo](ooin 'food;'win 'Wabash,' 'Wisconsin'), used by Eliot, has been substituted in Abnaki words for the Greekouof Râle and the Jesuit missionaries, and for theωof Campanius. A smallnplaced above the line, shows that the vowel which it follows isnasal,—and replaces the ñ employed for the same purpose by Râle, and the short line or dash placed under a vowel, in Pickering's alphabet.
In Eliot's notation,ohusually represents the sound ofoinorderand inform,—that of broada; but sometimes it stands for shorto, as innot.
[5]Doc. Hist. of New York (4to), vol. iii. p. 656.
[5]Doc. Hist. of New York (4to), vol. iii. p. 656.
[6]Jesuit Relations, 1633, 1636, 1640.
[6]Jesuit Relations, 1633, 1636, 1640.
[7]Hind's Exploration of Labrador, i. 9, 32.
[7]Hind's Exploration of Labrador, i. 9, 32.
[8]Heckewelder's Historical account, &c., p. 33. He was mistaken in translating "the wordhittuck," by "a rapid stream."
[8]Heckewelder's Historical account, &c., p. 33. He was mistaken in translating "the wordhittuck," by "a rapid stream."
[9]Col. Records of Connecticut, 1677-89, p. 275.
[9]Col. Records of Connecticut, 1677-89, p. 275.
[10]Chandler's Survey of the Mohegan country, 1705.
[10]Chandler's Survey of the Mohegan country, 1705.
[11]See Mourt's Relation, Dexter's edition, pp. 84, 91, 99. Misled by a form of this name,Patackosi, given in the Appendix to Savage's Winthrop (ii. 478) and elsewhere, I suggested to Dr. Dexter another derivation. See his note 297, to Mourt, p. 84.
[11]See Mourt's Relation, Dexter's edition, pp. 84, 91, 99. Misled by a form of this name,Patackosi, given in the Appendix to Savage's Winthrop (ii. 478) and elsewhere, I suggested to Dr. Dexter another derivation. See his note 297, to Mourt, p. 84.
[12]Descrip. of New Sweden, b. ii. ch. 1, 2; Proud's Hist. of Pennsylvania, ii. 252.
[12]Descrip. of New Sweden, b. ii. ch. 1, 2; Proud's Hist. of Pennsylvania, ii. 252.
[13]"True Relation of Virginia," &c. (Deane's edition, Boston, 1866), p. 7. On Smith's map, 1606, the 'King's house,' at 'Powhatan,' is marked just below "The Fales" on 'Powhatan flu:' or James River.
[13]"True Relation of Virginia," &c. (Deane's edition, Boston, 1866), p. 7. On Smith's map, 1606, the 'King's house,' at 'Powhatan,' is marked just below "The Fales" on 'Powhatan flu:' or James River.
[14]History of Hadley, pp. 121, 122.
[14]History of Hadley, pp. 121, 122.
[15]See Hist. Magazine, vol. iii. p. 48.
[15]See Hist. Magazine, vol. iii. p. 48.
[16]Heckewelder, on Indian names, in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vol. iv.
[16]Heckewelder, on Indian names, in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vol. iv.
[17]Ibid.
[17]Ibid.
[18]Narrative, &c., in Mem. Hist. Society of Pennsylvania, vol. ii. p. 97.
[18]Narrative, &c., in Mem. Hist. Society of Pennsylvania, vol. ii. p. 97.
[19]Grammar of the Lenni-Lenape, transl. by Duponceau, p. 43. "Wulit, good." "Welsit(masc. and fem.), the best." "Inanimate,Welhik, best."
[19]Grammar of the Lenni-Lenape, transl. by Duponceau, p. 43. "Wulit, good." "Welsit(masc. and fem.), the best." "Inanimate,Welhik, best."
[20]Morgan's League of the Iroquois, p. 436.
[20]Morgan's League of the Iroquois, p. 436.
[21]Published in London, 1759, and re-printed in Appendix to Proud's Hist. of Penn., vol. ii. pp. 65-132.
[21]Published in London, 1759, and re-printed in Appendix to Proud's Hist. of Penn., vol. ii. pp. 65-132.
[22]Shea's Early Voyages on the Mississippi, p. 75.La Metairie's 'Olighinsipou' suggests another possible derivation which may be worth mention. The Indian name of the Alleghanies has been said,—I do not now remember on whose authority,—to mean 'Endless Mountains.' 'Endless' cannot be more exactly expressed in any Algonkin language than by 'very long' or 'longest,'—in the Delaware,Eluwi-guneu. "The very long or longest river" would beEluwi-guneu sipu, or, if the words were compounded in one,Eluwi-gunesipu.
[22]Shea's Early Voyages on the Mississippi, p. 75.
La Metairie's 'Olighinsipou' suggests another possible derivation which may be worth mention. The Indian name of the Alleghanies has been said,—I do not now remember on whose authority,—to mean 'Endless Mountains.' 'Endless' cannot be more exactly expressed in any Algonkin language than by 'very long' or 'longest,'—in the Delaware,Eluwi-guneu. "The very long or longest river" would beEluwi-guneu sipu, or, if the words were compounded in one,Eluwi-gunesipu.
[23]Paper on Indian names,ut supra, p. 367; Historical Account, &c., pp. 29-32.
[23]Paper on Indian names,ut supra, p. 367; Historical Account, &c., pp. 29-32.
[24]Morgan's League of the Iroquois, pp. 466, 468.
[24]Morgan's League of the Iroquois, pp. 466, 468.
[25]Ms. Itinerary. He was careful to preserve the Indian pronunciation of local names, and the form in which he gives this name convinces me that it is not, as I formerly supposed, thequinnuppohke(orquinuppeohke) of Eliot,—meaning 'the surrounding country' or the 'land all about' the site of New Haven.
[25]Ms. Itinerary. He was careful to preserve the Indian pronunciation of local names, and the form in which he gives this name convinces me that it is not, as I formerly supposed, thequinnuppohke(orquinuppeohke) of Eliot,—meaning 'the surrounding country' or the 'land all about' the site of New Haven.
[26]Dictionary, s.v. 'Noms.'
[26]Dictionary, s.v. 'Noms.'
[27]Paugis regularly formed frompe(Abn.bi), the base ofnippe, and may be translated more exactly by 'where water is' or 'place of water.'
[27]Paugis regularly formed frompe(Abn.bi), the base ofnippe, and may be translated more exactly by 'where water is' or 'place of water.'
[28]A bound of Human Garret's land, one mile north-easterly from Ninigret's old Fort. SeeConn. Col. Records, ii. 314.
[28]A bound of Human Garret's land, one mile north-easterly from Ninigret's old Fort. SeeConn. Col. Records, ii. 314.
[29]Foster and Whitney's Report on the Geology of Lake Superior, &c., Pt. II p. 400.
[29]Foster and Whitney's Report on the Geology of Lake Superior, &c., Pt. II p. 400.
[30]Râle gives Abn.mitsegan, 'fianté.' Thoreau, fishing in a river in Maine, caught several sucker-like fishes, which his Abnaki guide threw away, saying they were 'Michegan fish, i.e., soft and stinking fish, good for nothing.'—Maine Woods, p. 210.
[30]Râle gives Abn.mitsegan, 'fianté.' Thoreau, fishing in a river in Maine, caught several sucker-like fishes, which his Abnaki guide threw away, saying they were 'Michegan fish, i.e., soft and stinking fish, good for nothing.'—Maine Woods, p. 210.
[31]Primarily, that which 'breaks,' 'cleaves,' 'splits:' distinguishing theharderrocks—such as were used for making spear and arrow heads, axes, chisels, corn-mortars, &c., and for striking fire,—from thesofter, such as steatite (soap-stone) from which pots and other vessels, pipe-bowls, &c., were fashioned.
[31]Primarily, that which 'breaks,' 'cleaves,' 'splits:' distinguishing theharderrocks—such as were used for making spear and arrow heads, axes, chisels, corn-mortars, &c., and for striking fire,—from thesofter, such as steatite (soap-stone) from which pots and other vessels, pipe-bowls, &c., were fashioned.
[32]Mass. Records, i. 147, 226.
[32]Mass. Records, i. 147, 226.
[33]Squantam, the supposed name of an Algonkin deity, is only a corrupt form of the verbm'squantam, =musqui-antam, 'he is angry,' literally, 'he isred(bloody-) minded.'
[33]Squantam, the supposed name of an Algonkin deity, is only a corrupt form of the verbm'squantam, =musqui-antam, 'he is angry,' literally, 'he isred(bloody-) minded.'
[34]Maine Woods, pp. 145, 324.
[34]Maine Woods, pp. 145, 324.
[35]Pres. Stiles's Itinerary, 1761.
[35]Pres. Stiles's Itinerary, 1761.
[36]Conn. Col. Records, i. 434.
[36]Conn. Col. Records, i. 434.
[37]Hind's Exploration of Labrador, vol. ii. pp. 147, 148.
[37]Hind's Exploration of Labrador, vol. ii. pp. 147, 148.
[38]History of Hadley, 21, 22, 114.
[38]History of Hadley, 21, 22, 114.
[39]W.F. Goodwin, in Historical Magazine, ix. 28.
[39]W.F. Goodwin, in Historical Magazine, ix. 28.
[40]About half-way from Tisbury to Gay Head.
[40]About half-way from Tisbury to Gay Head.
[41]Râle, s.v.Village.
[41]Râle, s.v.Village.
[42]Shea's Hist. of Catholic Missions, 142, 145.
[42]Shea's Hist. of Catholic Missions, 142, 145.
[43]Description of New Sweden, b. ii. c. 8. (Duponceau's translation.)
[43]Description of New Sweden, b. ii. c. 8. (Duponceau's translation.)
[44]N.Y. Hist. Soc. Collections, iii. 375.
[44]N.Y. Hist. Soc. Collections, iii. 375.
[45]Dawson's Acadian Geology, App. p. 673.
[45]Dawson's Acadian Geology, App. p. 673.
[46]4th Mass. Hist. Collections, vi. 267.
[46]4th Mass. Hist. Collections, vi. 267.
[47]Otchipwe Grammar, pp. 87, 412.
[47]Otchipwe Grammar, pp. 87, 412.
[48]Mr. Rand's Micmac Vocabulary, in Schoolcraft's Collections, vol. v. p. 579.
[48]Mr. Rand's Micmac Vocabulary, in Schoolcraft's Collections, vol. v. p. 579.
[49]Coll. Me. Hist. Society, iv. 31, 105.
[49]Coll. Me. Hist. Society, iv. 31, 105.
[50]The statement that the Androscoggin received its present name in compliment to Edmond Andros, about 1684, is erroneous. This form of the name appears as early as 1639, in the release by Thomas Purchase to the Governor of Massachusetts,—correctly printed (from the original draft in the handwriting of Thomas Lechford) in Mass. Records, vol. i. p. 272.
[50]The statement that the Androscoggin received its present name in compliment to Edmond Andros, about 1684, is erroneous. This form of the name appears as early as 1639, in the release by Thomas Purchase to the Governor of Massachusetts,—correctly printed (from the original draft in the handwriting of Thomas Lechford) in Mass. Records, vol. i. p. 272.
[51]Information respecting the Indian Tribes, &c., vol. iii. p. 526.
[51]Information respecting the Indian Tribes, &c., vol. iii. p. 526.
[52]Depositions in Coll. Me. Histor. Society, iv. 113.
[52]Depositions in Coll. Me. Histor. Society, iv. 113.
[53]3 Mass. Hist. Coll., iii. 181.
[53]3 Mass. Hist. Coll., iii. 181.
[54]Dawson's Acadian Geology, 2d ed., (London, 1868), pp. 3, 8.
[54]Dawson's Acadian Geology, 2d ed., (London, 1868), pp. 3, 8.
[55]Acadian Geology, pp. 1, 3.
[55]Acadian Geology, pp. 1, 3.
[56]Maine Woods, pp. 194, 284, 326.
[56]Maine Woods, pp. 194, 284, 326.
[57]Voyages, p. 44.
[57]Voyages, p. 44.
[58]See Coll. Me. Hist. Society, 2d Ser., vol. i. p. 234.
[58]See Coll. Me. Hist. Society, 2d Ser., vol. i. p. 234.
[59]Acadian Geology, l.c.
[59]Acadian Geology, l.c.
[60]Cited by Dr. Kohl, in Coll. Me. Hist. Society, N.S., i. 416.
[60]Cited by Dr. Kohl, in Coll. Me. Hist. Society, N.S., i. 416.
[61]SeeNarragansett Club Publications, vol. i. p. 22 (note 6).
[61]SeeNarragansett Club Publications, vol. i. p. 22 (note 6).
[62]On Block's Map, 1616, the "Nahicans" are marked on the easternmost point of Long Island.
[62]On Block's Map, 1616, the "Nahicans" are marked on the easternmost point of Long Island.
[63]Judd's History of Hadley, 115, 116, 117.
[63]Judd's History of Hadley, 115, 116, 117.
[64]Mr. Moses Greenleaf, in 1823, wrote this name,Bakungunahik.
[64]Mr. Moses Greenleaf, in 1823, wrote this name,Bakungunahik.
[65]On Indian names, in Trans. Am. Phil. Society, N.S., vol. iv., p. 377.
[65]On Indian names, in Trans. Am. Phil. Society, N.S., vol. iv., p. 377.
[66]Ibid. p. 357.
[66]Ibid. p. 357.
[67]Paper on Indian Names, ut supra, p. 366; and 3 Mass. Historical Collections, vi. 145. [Compare, the IroquoisSwa-deh´andOswa´-go(modernOswego), which has the same meaning as Alg.sauki,—"flowing out."—Morgan's League of the Iroquois.]
[67]Paper on Indian Names, ut supra, p. 366; and 3 Mass. Historical Collections, vi. 145. [Compare, the IroquoisSwa-deh´andOswa´-go(modernOswego), which has the same meaning as Alg.sauki,—"flowing out."—Morgan's League of the Iroquois.]
[68]Saguinam, Charlevoix, i. 501; iii. 279.
[68]Saguinam, Charlevoix, i. 501; iii. 279.
[69]Relations des Jésuites, 1658, p. 22; 1648, p. 62; 1671, pp. 25, 31.
[69]Relations des Jésuites, 1658, p. 22; 1648, p. 62; 1671, pp. 25, 31.
[70]Charlevoix, Nouv. France, iii. 65; Gallatin's Synopsis, p. 24.
[70]Charlevoix, Nouv. France, iii. 65; Gallatin's Synopsis, p. 24.
[71]This name is still retained.
[71]This name is still retained.
[72]When first discovered the Saguenay was not regarded as a river, but as a strait or passage by which the waters of some northern sea flowed to the St. Lawrence. But on a French map of 1543, the 'R. de Sagnay' and the country of 'Sagnay' are laid down. See Maine Hist. Soc. Collections, 2d Series, vol. i., pp. 331, 354. Charlevoix givesPitchitaouichetz, as the Indian name of the River.
[72]When first discovered the Saguenay was not regarded as a river, but as a strait or passage by which the waters of some northern sea flowed to the St. Lawrence. But on a French map of 1543, the 'R. de Sagnay' and the country of 'Sagnay' are laid down. See Maine Hist. Soc. Collections, 2d Series, vol. i., pp. 331, 354. Charlevoix givesPitchitaouichetz, as the Indian name of the River.
[73]And in theHistorical Magazine, vol. i. p. 246.
[73]And in theHistorical Magazine, vol. i. p. 246.
[74]Vol. i. p. 246.
[74]Vol. i. p. 246.
[75]See pp.14,15.
[75]See pp.14,15.
[76]Chandler's Survey and Map of the Mohegan country, 1705. Compare the Chip.ashawiwi-sitagon, "a place from which water runs two ways," a dividing ridge or portagebetweenriver courses. Owen's Geological Survey of Wisconsin, etc., p. 312.
[76]Chandler's Survey and Map of the Mohegan country, 1705. Compare the Chip.ashawiwi-sitagon, "a place from which water runs two ways," a dividing ridge or portagebetweenriver courses. Owen's Geological Survey of Wisconsin, etc., p. 312.
[77]Blake's Annals of Dorchester, p. 9; Winthrop's Journal, vol. i. p. 28.
[77]Blake's Annals of Dorchester, p. 9; Winthrop's Journal, vol. i. p. 28.
[78]On Indian Names, inTrans. Am. Philos. Society, N.S. iv. 361.
[78]On Indian Names, inTrans. Am. Philos. Society, N.S. iv. 361.
[79]On Indian Names (ut supra), p. 365.
[79]On Indian Names (ut supra), p. 365.
[80]Stiles's History of Ancient Windsor, p. 111.
[80]Stiles's History of Ancient Windsor, p. 111.
[81]Printed in note to Savage's Winthrop's Journal, ii. 180.
[81]Printed in note to Savage's Winthrop's Journal, ii. 180.
[82]See Thornton's Ancient Pemaquid, in Maine Hist. Collections, v. 156.
[82]See Thornton's Ancient Pemaquid, in Maine Hist. Collections, v. 156.
[83]Report of American Society for Promoting Civilization of the Indian Tribes, p. 52.
[83]Report of American Society for Promoting Civilization of the Indian Tribes, p. 52.
[84]Maine Woods, 232.
[84]Maine Woods, 232.
[85]Abnaki Dictionary, s.v.Pencher. Compare, p. 545, "bimk[oo]é, il penche naturellement la tête sur un côte."
[85]Abnaki Dictionary, s.v.Pencher. Compare, p. 545, "bimk[oo]é, il penche naturellement la tête sur un côte."
[86]Wonnesquam(as should have been mentioned on the page referred to) may possibly represent the Abnaki[oo]anask[oo]ananmi[oo]ior-mek'at the end of the peninsula' ('au bout de la presqu'ile.' Râle).
[86]Wonnesquam(as should have been mentioned on the page referred to) may possibly represent the Abnaki[oo]anask[oo]ananmi[oo]ior-mek'at the end of the peninsula' ('au bout de la presqu'ile.' Râle).
[87]Schoolcraft derives the name of theNamakagunfork of the St. Croix river, Wisc., from Chip. "namai, sturgeon, andkagun, a yoke or weir."
[87]Schoolcraft derives the name of theNamakagunfork of the St. Croix river, Wisc., from Chip. "namai, sturgeon, andkagun, a yoke or weir."
[88]Col. William Lithgow's deposition, 1767,—in New England Historical and General Register, xxiv. 24.
[88]Col. William Lithgow's deposition, 1767,—in New England Historical and General Register, xxiv. 24.
[89]Whitney's Language and the Study of Language, p. 69.—"Ein natürliches Volksgefühl, oft auch der Volkswitz, den nicht mehr verstandenen Namen neu umprägte und mit anderen lebenden Wörtern in Verbindung setzte." Dr. J. Bender,Die deutschen Ortsnamen(2te Ausg.) p. 2.
[89]Whitney's Language and the Study of Language, p. 69.—"Ein natürliches Volksgefühl, oft auch der Volkswitz, den nicht mehr verstandenen Namen neu umprägte und mit anderen lebenden Wörtern in Verbindung setzte." Dr. J. Bender,Die deutschen Ortsnamen(2te Ausg.) p. 2.
[90]Haldeman's Analytic Orthography, §279, and "Etymology as a means of Education," in Pennsylvania School Journal for October, 1868.
[90]Haldeman's Analytic Orthography, §279, and "Etymology as a means of Education," in Pennsylvania School Journal for October, 1868.
[91]"Swatawro," on Sayer and Bennett's Map, 1775.
[91]"Swatawro," on Sayer and Bennett's Map, 1775.
[92]"Whiskey Jack," the name by which the Canada Jay (Perisoreus Canadensis) is best known to the lumbermen and hunters of Maine and Canada, is the MontagnaisOuishcatchan(Cree,Ouiskeshauneesh), which has passed perhaps through the transitional forms of 'Ouiske Jean' and 'Whiskey Johnny.' The Shagbark Hickory nuts, in the dialect of the Abnakis calleds'k[oo]skada´mennar, literally, 'nuts to be cracked with the teeth,' are the 'Kuskatominies' and 'Kisky Thomas' nuts of descendants of the Dutch colonists of New Jersey and New York. A contraction of thepluralform of a Massachusetts noun-generic,—asquash, denoting 'things which are eaten green, or without cooking,' was adopted as the name of a garden vegetable,—with conscious reference, perhaps, to the old English wordsquash, meaning 'something soft or immature.' Sometimes etymology overreaches itself, by regarding an aboriginal name as the corrupt form of a foreign one. Thus themaskalongéor 'great long-nose' of the St. Lawrence (seep. 43) has been reputed of French extraction,—masque elongé: andsagackomi, the northern name of a plant used as a substitute for or to mix with tobacco,—especially, of the Bearberry,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi,—is resolved intosac-à-commis, "on account of the Hudson's Bay officers carrying it in bags for smoking," as Sir John Richardson believed (Arctic Searching Expedition, ii. 303). It was left for the ingenuity of a Westminster Reviewer to discover thatbarbecue(denoting, in the language of the Indians of Guiana, a wooden frame or grille on which all kinds of flesh and fish were dry-roasted, or cured in smoke,) might be a corruption of the Frenchbarbe à queue, i.e. 'from snout to tail;' a suggestion which appears to have found favor with lexicographers.
[92]"Whiskey Jack," the name by which the Canada Jay (Perisoreus Canadensis) is best known to the lumbermen and hunters of Maine and Canada, is the MontagnaisOuishcatchan(Cree,Ouiskeshauneesh), which has passed perhaps through the transitional forms of 'Ouiske Jean' and 'Whiskey Johnny.' The Shagbark Hickory nuts, in the dialect of the Abnakis calleds'k[oo]skada´mennar, literally, 'nuts to be cracked with the teeth,' are the 'Kuskatominies' and 'Kisky Thomas' nuts of descendants of the Dutch colonists of New Jersey and New York. A contraction of thepluralform of a Massachusetts noun-generic,—asquash, denoting 'things which are eaten green, or without cooking,' was adopted as the name of a garden vegetable,—with conscious reference, perhaps, to the old English wordsquash, meaning 'something soft or immature.' Sometimes etymology overreaches itself, by regarding an aboriginal name as the corrupt form of a foreign one. Thus themaskalongéor 'great long-nose' of the St. Lawrence (seep. 43) has been reputed of French extraction,—masque elongé: andsagackomi, the northern name of a plant used as a substitute for or to mix with tobacco,—especially, of the Bearberry,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi,—is resolved intosac-à-commis, "on account of the Hudson's Bay officers carrying it in bags for smoking," as Sir John Richardson believed (Arctic Searching Expedition, ii. 303). It was left for the ingenuity of a Westminster Reviewer to discover thatbarbecue(denoting, in the language of the Indians of Guiana, a wooden frame or grille on which all kinds of flesh and fish were dry-roasted, or cured in smoke,) might be a corruption of the Frenchbarbe à queue, i.e. 'from snout to tail;' a suggestion which appears to have found favor with lexicographers.
[93]Correspondence of Duponceau and Heckewelder, in Trans. Historical and Literary Committee of Am. Philos. Society, p. 403.
[93]Correspondence of Duponceau and Heckewelder, in Trans. Historical and Literary Committee of Am. Philos. Society, p. 403.
[94]Ibid., p. 406.
[94]Ibid., p. 406.
[95]Preface to Duponceau's translation of Zeisberger's Grammar, p. 21. On Duponceau's authority, Dr. Pickering accepted this analysis and gave it currency by repeating it, in his admirable paper on "Indian Languages," in the Encyclopædia Americana, vol. vi.
[95]Preface to Duponceau's translation of Zeisberger's Grammar, p. 21. On Duponceau's authority, Dr. Pickering accepted this analysis and gave it currency by repeating it, in his admirable paper on "Indian Languages," in the Encyclopædia Americana, vol. vi.
[96]It was so interpreted in the Historical Magazine for May, 1865 (p. 90).
[96]It was so interpreted in the Historical Magazine for May, 1865 (p. 90).
[97]Ibid. To this interpretation ofPawcatuckthere is the more obvious objection that a prefix signifying 'much or many' should be followed not byahtukorattuk, 'a deer,' but by the pluralahtukquog.
[97]Ibid. To this interpretation ofPawcatuckthere is the more obvious objection that a prefix signifying 'much or many' should be followed not byahtukorattuk, 'a deer,' but by the pluralahtukquog.
[98]Etymological Vocabulary of Geographical Names, appended to the last edition of Webster's Dictionary (1864). It may be proper to remark in this connection, that the writer's responsibility for the correctness of translations given in that vocabulary does not extend beyond his own contributions to it.
[98]Etymological Vocabulary of Geographical Names, appended to the last edition of Webster's Dictionary (1864). It may be proper to remark in this connection, that the writer's responsibility for the correctness of translations given in that vocabulary does not extend beyond his own contributions to it.
[99]Abnaki and Cree,-kor-g,—Delaware and Chippewa,-ng; or-ng,—with a connecting vowel.
[99]Abnaki and Cree,-kor-g,—Delaware and Chippewa,-ng; or-ng,—with a connecting vowel.
[100]Both words have the same meaning,—that of 'a domestic animal,' or literally, 'animate property;' 'he whobelongsto me.'
[100]Both words have the same meaning,—that of 'a domestic animal,' or literally, 'animate property;' 'he whobelongsto me.'