CHAP. XVII.
Of the force and efficacy of Words or Charms, whether they effect any thing at all or not, and if they do, whether it be by Natural or Diabolical virtue and force.
There is nothing almost so common not only in the Poets (who have been the chief disseminators of many such things) but in most of other Authors, as the mention of the force of Charms and Incantations: And yet if we narrowly search into the bottom of the matter, there is nothing more difficult than to find out any truth of the effects of them, in matters of fact; and therefore that we may more clearly manifest what we have proposed in this Chapter, we shall first premise these few things.
1. Those that take the effects of them to be great, as many Divines, Philosophers, and Physicians do, suppose no efficacy in them solely, holding thatquantitates rerum nullius sunt efficaciæ, but that they are only signs from the Devil to delude the minds of those that use them, and in the mean time that the Devil doth produce the effects. But it had been well, if those that are of this opinion, had shewed us the ways and means how the Devil doth operate such things, seeing he can do nothing in corporeal matter but by natural means: So that either we must confess that there is no force at all in Charms, or that the effects produced are by natural means.
Syl. Syl.Cent.10.p.583.
2. Neither can we assent fully to those that hold, that the force of imagination can work strange things upon other bodies, distinct and separate from the body imaginant, upon which it is not denied to have power to operate very wonderful things; and that for the reason given by the most learned LordVerulam, which is this:Experimenta quæ vim imaginationis in corpora aliena solidè probent, pauca aut nulla prorsus sunt; cum fascini exempla huc non faciant, quod Dæmonum interventu fortasse non careant.
Ibid.p.554.
Medicina Magnetica,p.14, 17, 19.
3. I saidnot assent fully, because there are some reasons that incline me to believe the possibility of it, though there be hardly found any experiments that solidly prove it. For as the said Lord Verulam saith again:Movendi sunt homines, ne fidem detrahant operationibus ex transmissione spirituum, & vi imaginationis, quia eventus quandoq; fallit. And there are so many learned Authors (though Dr.Casaubonaccording to his scurrilous manner stiles them EnthusiasticalArabs) of all sorts, that do stifly maintain the power of the imagination upon extraneous bodies, with such strength of argument, that I much stagger concerning the point, and therefore dare not say my assent is fully to either. For learned Dr.Willishaving (as we conceive) unanswerably proved that thereis a twofold Soul in Man, and that the one which is the sensitive, is corporeal, though much approaching to the nature of spirit, how far the force of imagination, which is its instrument, may reach, or what it may work at distance, is not easy to determine. And if the Soul, asHelmontlaboureth to prove, by the Prerogative of its creation can when suscitated by strong desire and exalted phantasie operateper nutum, then it must needs follow, that it may work upon other bodies than its own, and so using Words, Charms, Characters and Images may bring to pass strange things. But if these three conclusions be certain and true, written by the pen of a most learned, though less vulgarly known Author, to wit: “1. The Soul is not only in its proper visible body, but also without it; neither is it circumscribed in an organical body. 2. The Soul worketh without, or beyond its proper body commonly so called. 3. From every body flow corporeal beams, by which the Soul worketh by its presence, and giveth them energie and power of working: And these beams are not only corporeal, but of divers parts also:” If these (I say) be certain, then doth the imagination work at distance by means of those beams, and consequently Words and Charms, and such like may be the means and instruments, by which the imagination (being the principal power of the sensitive Soul) may operate strange things at distance, and so that not be vain which learnedAgrippatells us.
Nos habitat, non Tartara, sed nec sydera Cœli:Spiritus in nobis qui viget, illa facit.
Nos habitat, non Tartara, sed nec sydera Cœli:Spiritus in nobis qui viget, illa facit.
Nos habitat, non Tartara, sed nec sydera Cœli:Spiritus in nobis qui viget, illa facit.
Nos habitat, non Tartara, sed nec sydera Cœli:
Spiritus in nobis qui viget, illa facit.
And we have before sufficiently proved, that the species of bodies are corporeal, and it is plain, that these operate upon our eyes at a vast distance, and do intersect one another in the air without confusion. And we must in all reason acknowledge that the sensitive Soul, must needs be of as much purity, and energie as those that we call the sensible, or visible species of things, and then it must necessarily follow, that it by the means of the imagination may operate at a great distance, and so words and charms may from thence have power and operation. For learnedAgrippathat great Philosopher, and master of lawful and natural Magick and not of that which is accounted diabolical (as the wretched pen ofPaulus Joviushath painted him) holds this:Quod unicuiq; homini impressus est Character Divinus, cujus vigore potest pertingere ad operandum mirabilia. Which if so, then many words, charms and the like, have a natural efficacy to work wonderful things, and that at a great distance also.
Vt suprap.555, 556.
4. I cannot likewise but take notice of another caution, very pertinent to our present purpose, given us also by the said LordVerulam, and in English is this: “Again men are to be holden back from the peril of credulity, lest here they too much rashly incline with an easy faith, because they often see the event to answer to the operations. For the cause of the success is to be referred often to the forces of the affections and imaginations in the bodythat is the agent, which by a certain secondary reason may act in a diverse body. As for example: If any one carry about the figure of a Planet or a Ring or a part of some beast, being certainly perswaded, that it will prove helpful unto him in promoting his love, or that he may be preserved from danger or wound in battel, or in strife that he may overcome &c. it may render his wit more stirring, or may add spurs to his industry, or may cherish confidence and hold up constancie, from which perchancie he might have slided. Now who is ignorant what industry and a mind tenacious of its purpose, may design and bring to pass in civil affairs? Therefore (he concludeth) he should err and deceive and be deceived, who should ascribe these things to the force of imagination upon the body of another, which his own imagination worketh in his own body.” And therefore this may caution all that would judge aright of the force and effects of words and charms that they may perhaps neither flow from the nature or efficacy of the words, nor from the force of the imagination of him or her that pronounceth, writeth, giveth or applieth the charm, but from the imagination and belief of the person to whom they are applied, and for whom they are intended. For it is manifest by common experience (and we our selves have known it to be certain) that these charms either pronounced, or written and hung about the patients neck, have produced the greatest effects, upon such as are of the weakest judgment and reason, as Women, Children, and ignorant and superstitious persons, who have great confidence in such vain and inefficacious trifles; and that they seldom or never produce any effects at all, upon such as are obstinate Infidels in the belief of their operations, and I fear we shall not (or very hardly) find any instance to make this good, that they effectively work upon such as are utterly diffident of their force or power.
Cent. Problem.Decad.2.p.38.
De Fascinolib.1.c.5.p.22.
5. It hath sometimes been a question, Whether a rational Physician in the curing of melancholy persons, or others in some odd diseases, ought to grant the use of Characters or Charms, and such ridiculous administrations? Which is decided in the affirmative, that it is lawful and necessary to use them, by that able and learned PhysicianGregorius Horstius, by eight strong and convincing arguments. And we our selves having practised the art of medicine in all its parts in the North ofEngland, where Ignorance, Popery, and superstition doth much abound, and where for the most part the common people, if they chance to have any sort of the Epilepsie, Palsie, Convulsions or the like, do presently perswade themselves that they are bewitched, fore-spoken, blasted, fairy-taken, or haunted with some evil spirit, and the like; and if you should by plain reasons shew them, that they are deceived, and that there is no such matter, but that it is a natural disease, say what you can they shall not believe you, but account you a Physician of small or no value, and whatsoever you do to them, it shall hardly do themany good at all, because of the fixedness of their depraved and prepossessed imagination. But if you indulge their fancy, and seem to concur in opinion with them, and hang any insignificant thing about their necks, assuring them that it is a most efficacious and powerful charm, you may then easily settle their imaginations, and then give them that which is proper to eradicate the cause of their disease, and so you may cure them, as we have done great numbers. Here it is most manifest that the charm or appension hath no efficacy at all, and yet accidentally, it conduces to settle their fancies and confidences, which conduceth much to their cures. And from hence it comes to pass that by reason of the fixed belief of the party to whom the charm is applied, there are many helped, when the causality and efficiency is solely in the person imaginant and confident of receiving help by the means of the charm, and no efficacy at all in the charm it self, nor no diabolical concurrence, besides what obliquity may be in the minds of the actors, nor no agency in the imagination of the charmer, to produce the effect: yet because often people are cured thereby, the common people (and sometimes the learned also) do attribute the whole effect unto the charm, when indeed it effecteth nothing at all. And to this purposeVariusdoth quote a passage from Galen, which is this:Sunt quidam natura læti, qui quando ægrotant, si eos sanos futuros medicus confirmet, convalescunt; quorum spes sanitatis est causa: & medicus si animi desiderium incantatione, aut alicujus rei ad collum appensione adjuverit, citius ad valetudinem perducet.
But we now come to examine if we can find any convincing examples, from Authors of credit, that in words, characters and charms there is any force or efficacy; and this we shall endeavour from the best and most punctual Authors, that have come within the compass of our knowledge, or reading, and that in this order, to which we shall add some observations.
De abdit. rer. caus.l.1.c.11.p.65.
Hist. 1.
1. I think there are few that have been, or are Students or Practitioners in the Art of Medicine, that have not either heard, or read the writing of that most able and learned personJohannes Ferneliuswho was Physician to the most Christian King ofFranceHenrythe second, who in that most profound piece that he writ,De abditis rerum causis, gives us as an ocular witness this relation. “I have (he saith) seen a certain Man, who by the virtue or force of words did brings various Specters, or Apparitions into a looking-glass, which did there so clearly express forthwith either in writing or in true images, whatsoever he commanded, that all things were readily and easily known to those that were by.”
Observ. 1.
1. From hence we may observe, thatFerneliusseeing this (as he saith) with his eyes, cannot (being so great a Scholar, and a circumspect person) be imagined to have been deceived, or imposed upon; though as much as he relates might have been brought to pass by the artificial placing of the glass, and having several images and things written moved by a confederate placed in some secretcorner, where the images might fitly be reflected from the glass to the sight of the by-standers, or by some other means performed by the optical science and confederacy. And it is no sure ground to introduce a Demon to act the business, when artificial means may rationally solve the matter, neither was it impossible but he might mistake in the conjecture of the cause of those Phenomena.
Observ. 2.
2. And though he seems by his preceeding discourse, to believe it to have been caused but by a league and compact betwixt the person that shewed it, and some Cacodæmon: yet he bringeth no better proof for it, than the rotten authority ofPorphyriusandProclus, and no convincing argument that Demons can perform any such strange matters. And however if they were the meer apparitions of evil spirits, it is much to be wondered thatFerneliuswould be present at any such sinful and dangerous sights, or have such familiar conversation with any of that damned crew, seeing he there saith:Quæ omnes prorsus vanæ & captiosæ sunt artes.
Observ. 3.
3. If these Apparitions were caused by Cacodæmons, then there was no efficacy in the words at all, they were nothing but the sign of the league betwixt the evil spirit, and the person that represented them; and then he need not have said, that they were derived into the glassvi verborum, and so this will not prove that it was effected by force of the words. But if all this that he relates, did proceed but from lawful and natural causes, asParacelsusstrongly holds (the glass being but made as that which he saw inSpain, of theElectrumthat he mentions) then the words might be efficacious, and so it is a punctual instance to prove that words are operative, which is the thingde facto, that we here seek after.
Hist. 2.
De Medic. Histor. mirab.lib.2c.1.p.26.
Of Credul. and Incred.p.85.
2. The next History to this purpose we shall take fromAntonius Benevenius, as we find him quoted by that learned personMarcellus Donatus, and likewise Dr.Casaubon(for I have not the book by me) who renders it thus. “A Souldier had an arrow shot through the left part of his breast, so that the iron of it stuck to the very bone of the right shoulder. Great endeavours were used to get it out, but to no purpose.Beneveniusdoth shew, that it was not feasible without present death. The Man seeing himself forsaken by Physicians and Chirurgeons, sends for a notedAriolusor Conjurer: who setting his two fingers upon the wound, with some Charms he used, commanded the iron to come out, which presently without any pain of the patient, came forth, and the Man was presently healed: And this the Doctor, who I presume had the book, saith, thatBeneveniussaithvidimuswe have seen it, whichMarcellus Donatussaith, the Author ascribed to the virtue of the words, and others to the force of imagination.”
Observ. 1.
1. Here we may observe, that this may either be brought to pass by the efficacy of the words or charms that he muttered, and then we must needs confess that charms are of great and stupendious force: or that it might be effected by the imagination of the Charmer,and then we must suppose (which the most do deny) that the imagination of the person imaginant, hath power to operate upon extraneous bodies, if it had power to cause the iron to come without harm forth of the wounded Souldiers body, or it may be caused (and that in most probability) by the imagination of the party wounded being excited and roused up by the uttering of the charm, in which the patient (in all likelihood) had no small confidence. And so however the charm was an accidental cause, or (as they use to say)causa sine qua non, of the bringing forth of the iron.
Hist. 3.
Lection. in Fen. 2. Avicen.
3. Another History we must borrow from the aforesaid two AuthorsDonatusand Dr.Casaubon, which they have transcribed forth ofJohannes Baptista Montanus, because I have not the Author by me, and is this: “My self with mine eyes, you may (he saith) believe me, have seen it: A certain man who when he had made a circle and drawn some characters about it, and uttered some words, he did call together above a hundred Serpents. And further saith, that though he did murmur certain words, yet he holdeth, that the bringing of the Serpents together was not performed by the force of the words, but by the power of a strong imagination, and that some by the strength of imagination, not of words, are said to draw forth darts, and to cure wounds.”
Observ. 1.
1. And here we may take notice that this is a punctual and positive History, plainly declaring the matter of fact, in calling together above an hundred Serpents, and this must be done either by the force of the words, or by the strength of the persons imagination, or both, unless we must admit the Devil to perform it, which may vainly be supposed, but cannot be proved, by what natural means he should bring it to pass. But however the relation is very credible,Montanusbeing a famous Physician and Professor atPadua, and affirms it as seen with his own eyes.
Hist. 4.
Wier. de mag. Infant.p.92.
4. To these we may add one of sufficient credit from the learnedMasius, as it is cited byWierus, and Dr.Casaubon(which may be we have related before, but not to this purpose) and is this: “I also (he saith) have seen them who with words (or charms) could stop wild beasts, and force them to await the stroak of the dart: who also could force that Domestick beastly creature, which we call a Rat, as soon as seen, amazed and astonished to stand still, as it were immoveable, until not by any deceit or ambushes, but only stretching their hands, they had taken them and strangled them.” This is from his own sight, and he a Man of undoubted veracity.
Hist. 5.
5. Another take from the credit of Dr.Casaubonwho fathers it uponRemigius, but confesseth that at the time of his writing the story he could not find it inRemigiushis Book, and is this. “I have seen a Man (saith he) who from all the neighbourhood (or confines) would draw Serpents into the fire, which was inclosed within a magical circle; and when one of them, bigger than the rest, would not be brought in, upon repetition of the charms beforeused, he was forced, and so into the fire he did yield himself with the rest, and with it was compassed.”
Hist. 6.
Antidot. against Atheism.c.2.p.166.
6. To these we shall adjoin another story written from Wierus by Dr.Moorethus: “And (he saith)Wierustells us this story of a Charmer atSaltzburg, that when in the sight of the people he had charmed all the Serpents into a ditch and killed them, at last there came one huge one far bigger than the rest, that leapt upon him and winded about his waste like a girdle, and pulled him into the ditch, and so killed the Charmer himself in the conclusion.” And this great Serpent the Doctor taketh (in his Appendix) to be a Devil, or a Serpent actuated and guided by him, but upon what grounds of reason I can no way understand.
Archidox. Magic.l.1.p.695.
These are the most material passages that in our reading we can find in credible and learned Authors, to prove thereby the effects of charmsde facto, and we confess they are all short, and not sufficiently evidential, as such a case may justly require; and therefore we shall here add some testimonies of good Authors that do strongly affirm and aver the same. As not to stand upon the authorities of the Cabalists, Platonists or Arabians, we find the truth of the charming of Serpents avouched byParacelsus(whose credit in this point, may be equivalent to any others) who saith thus: “But (he saith) answer me from whence is this, that a Serpent inHelvetia,Algovia, orSuevia, doth understand theGreek Idiom,Osy, Osya, Osy, &c.When notwithstanding the Greek tongue is not so common in this age, with the Helvetians, Algovians, or Suevians, that the venenous worms should be able to learn it? Tell me (he saith) how, where and from what causes, Serpents do understand these words, or in what Academies have they learned them, that they should forthwith at the first hearing of those words, stop their ears, with their tail turned back, lest they should be compelled to hear the words again reiterated? For assoon as they hear them, they contrary to their nature and cunning do forthwith lie immoveable, and do pursue or hurt no man with their venemous biting, when notwithstanding otherwise they on the sudden fly from the noise of a mans going as soon as they hear it, and turn into their holes.” From whence it is manifest thatParacelsusknew of his own experience that the charm (which it seems he knew) would make Serpents lie immoveable, and so that there was power and efficacy in words naturally without superstition to work and operate.
P. 88.
Also the learned personTobias TandlerusDoctor of Physick and publick Professor atWitteberge, in his smart and pithy Orationde fascino & incantatione, tells us this: “ThatTucciaa Woman belonging to the Temple ofVestabeing accused of Incest, did by the help of prayer carry water in a sieve, asPlinywitnesseth:lib.28.c.2.natur. Histor.Who there with many examples, doth extol the efficacy of words. And further saith: They are found that stay wild beasts with words, that they escape not the throwingof the dart. And those that render Rats being seen in any place, stupid with secret murmuring, that they may be taken with the hand and strangled.”
Lib.2.c.11.p.220, 221.
Augerius Ferrerius, whomThuanuscallsMedicus Doctissimus, in his treating of Homerical medication, after he hath quoted Galen’s recantation fromTrallianus, and divers arguments and examples to prove the efficacy of words, charms and characters from him, fromAetiusand others, he concludeth thus:Quorum experientiam cum ob oculos positam, & tot illustrium virorum authoritate confirmata videris, quid facies? Nam iis quæ sensibus exposita sunt contravenire, sani hominis non est: Doctorum vero experimenta infirmare, temerarium.
Lastly, for authorities sake we shall add the opinion of sagaciousHelmont, who writ a Book by him styled,In verbis, herbis, & lapidibus est magna virtus; and of the efficacy of words saith only thus much:De magna virtute verborum quædam ingenuè dixi, quæ magis admiror quam applico. By which it is manifest that thoughHelmontdid not make use of words or charms, yet knowing the efficacy of them he could not but admire them.
These authorities joyned with the examples may suffice to convince any rational man that at some times and places, and by some persons, the using of charms have produced strange effects: and therefore taking the matter of fact to be a truth, we should come to examine the cause of these effects; but first it will be necessary to premise some cautions and necessary considerations, which we shall pursue in this order.
Histor. Natur.lib.28.c.2.p.397.
Consid. 1.
1. We are to consider the intricacy and difficulty of this point, which hath exercised the wits of the learned in all ages, and forcedPlinyto say:Maximæ quæstionis, & semper incertæ est, valeantne aliquid verba & incantamenta càrminum. And again more particularly:Varia circa hæc opinio, ex ingenio cujusq; vel casu, mulceri alloquio foras: quippe ubi etiam Serpentes extrahi cantu cogiq; in pœnas, verum falsumne sit, vita non decreverit. It seems byPlinythat learned men of old have been very much divided in their opinions about this matter, insomuch that he dares not take upon him to decide it, but leaves it free to every man to believe as they shall see cause. And therefore we ought not to be condemned, if we do not absolutely decide it neither, it is enough if we bring so much light to the matter that it may be better understood, though not absolutely determined,In magnis voluisse sat est.
Consid. 2.
Vid.Credul. and Incredul.p.101.
2. Again we are to note that some Authors of great credit and learning do hold these things to be but meerAniles fabulæ, of which opinion (it seems)Aristotle, andGalenwere, thoughTrallianusdoth affirm (though some say falsly) that he made a retractation of that opinion, and this was the judgment of the learned SpaniardValesius, who in his book,De sacra Philosophia, hath taken great pains to perswade men, though he deny not supernatural operations by Devils and Spirits, that inchanting by magical words are impossible,and whatsoever is alledged by any ancient or late writer to that purpose, he doth reject as meerly fabulous. But upon as good grounds may any one reject this his single opinion as fabulous, because there are a whole cloud of witnesses against him, of as great credit and authority as himself, and experience every day will make it manifest, that great effects do follow from the appension of charms and characters, not determining here whether they cause those effects causally as efficients, or but meerly accidentally and occasionally, and therefore in this point Dr.Casaubonsaith well: “As forValesiusopinion (he saith) though a learned Man, and for ought I know Pious and Wise, yet it is no wonder to me, that any one man, though pious and learned, should fall into an opinion very Paradoxical and contrary to most other mens belief, especially in a thing of this nature, which most depends of experience.”
Consid. 3.
Centur.3.Curat.14.
Hist. 1.
Hist. 2.
3. Notwithstanding all this, for the most part all charms, spells and characters are inefficacious, fallacious, superstitious and groundless, and hardly fit for an honest and wise man to use, except only to settle the imaginations of patients, that they may more readily and hopefully take those things that may effectually cure them. I say for the most part, not alwayes, because I grant that they do sometimes either efficiently or accidentally produce real effects. But that they are sometimes fallacious is manifest in the Charmer ofSaltzburg, who though with his charms he could prevail against the little serpents, yet that great one that came prevailed against him, and threw him into the ditch and killed him. And how vain it is to put any confidence in these idle trifles, and how fallacious and ineffectual and destructive they are, may appear by two deplorable examples.Amatus Lusitanus, a learned and experienced Physician; and a man of great repute and veracity doth relate this: “That in the end of the Spring, the Summer coming on, two young men did go fromAnconato the CityAuximum, and by the way, the one of them turning aside to make water, found a Viper in an hole at the bottom of a Tree, with a great deal of rejoicing, but with an unhappy success. He did contend with his companion, that he could take the Viper with his hand, without any hurt, and did brag that with the murmuring of certain words, he could make all Serpents obey him, lying still as stupid. The other did laugh him to scorn. At last they come to a wager. But the Viper more audacious than was right, remained always truculent and unaltered. At last when he stretched forth his hand to take her, it being stirred up with a mad and venemous fury, lifting up the neck did bite him in the finger, which beginning to pain him, he quickly put his finger to his mouth perhaps to suck forth the blood, but within a small while the unhappy young man died by his own fault, neither did medical helps yield him any succour, but he might have escaped, if he had not put the poyson of the Serpent to his mouth.” And this wofull example may be a sufficient warning to all that they be not too hasty to put confidence inthese fallacious trifles. Another story we shall give of our own knowledge, and is this. “I had dismembred a pretty Young-mans leg by reason of a Gangrene, his nameRobert Taylor, a good Scholar, and had been a Clerk to a Justice of Peace, and about three weeks after when the stump was near healed, I being gone from home, his Mother lying in the same room with him, but having gotten too much drink, he calling upon her to help him to the Close-stool, but she not hearing, he scrambled up himself as well as he could, but hit the end of the stump that was not quite closed, whereby the arteries were opened, and a great Hemorrhage followed. And there being an honest simple man that owed the house where he lay, having a vain confidence that with a charm he said he had, he could undoubtedly stay the bleeding, and therefore would not suffer them to call up my man to stay the Flux until day; which continuing so long, the vain and fruitless charm prevailing nothing, though my man when he came did stop it, yet had he lost so much blood that he died the next day;” and this may serve for a sufficient caution against vain confidence in charms.
Consid. 4.
De Morbo Sacrolib. Sect.3.p.301.
4. Further we are to consider, that there are many notorious impostures, frauds and cheats committed upon the poor ignorant, credulous and silly common people, while some make the people believe that their diseases are inflicted by such and such Saints, and therefore they must use such and such strange lustrations, suffumigations and other vain superstitious Rites and Ceremonies. Others pretend to drive away evil Spirits by exorcisms and conjurations, and others to cure all diseases (in a manner) with words, charms, characters, amulets, and the like, when the most of these pretenders are meer ignorant Knaves and Impostors, that do nothing but cheat the too credulous people of their money, and defame and dishonour the most noble Art of Medicine, of which we have known divers sorts, some of which we have mentioned before in this Treatise. To such as these that ancient Author (supposed by some to beHippocrates)De morbo sacro, doth give sufficient reproof, and of whom he saith thus:Ac mihi certè qui primi hunc morbum ad Deos retulerunt. tales esse videntur, quales sunt magi, expiatores, circulatores, ac arrogantes ostentatores, qui se valde pios esse plurimumq; scire simulant. A most large Catalogue of these kind of pestiferous impostors, and many others, you have at full and to the life painted forth byParacelsusin his Preface to his less Chirurgery, where he hath sufficiently stigmatized them with all those wicked marks and brands that justly belong unto them. The same also is fully performed by learnedLangiusin his Epistles, to whom I referr the readers.
Consid. 5.
5. We are to consider that though we should grant that words or charms had in them no energie, nor efficiency at all, by any natural power, and that the Devils power doth not concur to make them operative; yet (as we have partly shewed before) they are ofsingular use and benefit to a learned Physician, whereby he may settle the fancies of his patients, to cause them more chearfully and confidently to commit them to his hands, and to take what he shall order and prescribe them, and this manner of their use is no way to be dispraised or condemned, and we leave it as excepted forth of the dispute we have in hand.
There are chiefly three opinions, amongst those that grant the truth of the matter of fact concerning the proper cause of these effects produced by words. 1. Of which the first sort are those that hold there is no efficiency at all in the words themselves, which are nothing but the sign of the league and compact betwixt the Charmer and the Devil, and that whatsoever is brought to pass is only effected by the Devils power, and of this opinion are the greatest part of the learned. 2. Are those that hold that the words or charms are but means to heighten the imagination, and that it is the strength of the exalted imagination only that produceth those things that seem to be effected by those words or charms, and of this opinion wasAvicenand many of the Arabians,Ferrerius,Montanusand many others. 3. There are those that hold that there is a natural efficiency in words and characters rightly fitted and conjoined together in proper and agreeable constellations, and of this opinion wereJohannes Ludovicus de la Cerda,Johannes Branus,Camisius Lusitanus,Paracelsus,Galeottus Martius,Henricus Cornelius Agrippa, and many others; and of these we shall speak in order.
Reason 1. against this opinion.
1. The first opinion doth take up a false supposition for its ground, to wit that the Devil doth make a visible and corporeal league with the Charmer, by virtue of which compact the effects are produced; and if this compact be not explicite, yet it may be implicite, and so the Devil operateth the effects, thereby to draw the Charmer into his league and service: But we have before sufficiently proved the nullity of any such Covenant, and shewed plainly that it is a false, impious and diabolical Tenent, and that there is not, nor can be any other league betwixt the Devil and wicked men, but what is spiritual, internal and mental, and therefore that the Devil doth not bring those effects to pass, by pretence of a league, that hath no being or existence.
Reason 2. against this opinion.
2. We have proved by the unanimous consent of all the whole army of the learned, that the Devil can work no alteration or change in natural bodies, but by the applying of fit agents to agreeable patients; but what agent could the Devil have applied to make the iron that stuck in the Souldiers shoulder-bone related byBenevenius, to come forth without pain? surely none at all. For where an agent in nature is awanting to produce an effect, there the Devil must needs also be lame, and can effect nothing; and if either the words had a sufficient natural power to cause the iron to come forth, or the Souldiers imagination exalted by confidence in the Charm and Charmer, then the Devils help is in vainimplored, or he brought in to be an actor of that he hath no power at all to perform, and there was no other natural agent applied, and therefore it must of necessity be one of the two that produced the effect, and not a Demon.
Reason 3. against this opinion.
Vid. Spong. Fosterianæ expressio.c.2.p.7,&c.
3. It cannot in any reason be imagined that the Devil, that for the space of above five thousand years hath been the bitter and inveterate enemy to the health of Man both in Soul and Body, should now be become a Physician & an healer. We read that God sent forth evil Angels amongst the people, but he sent forth his word and they were healed. But it is manifest that the evil Angels since their fall, are ordained of God to be the instruments and organs for the executing of his wrath, and the good Angels are his ministring Spirits for the good of his people both in Souls and Bodies: and therefore that the Devil should be the author, or instrument of curing any disease at all, were to make him to act contrary to that end for which God hath ordained him, for he is the destroyer, that is ordained to destroy, but not to heal.
Reason 4. against this opinion.
Vid. Miscell. Medic. Suet.lib.6.Epist.17.p.284.
4. But we shall take another argument or two from the learned pen ofHenricus Brucæusin his Epistle toThomas Erastus, where about this point he saith this: “What is that (he saith) that the most of the Grecian Physicians were ignorant of Demons; or that it should be agreeable to truth, that they have not judged that Demons had any power either in inflicting or taking away any diseases? For that sentence ofHippocrates, that there is somewhat that is divine in diseases.Galendoth shew in his Comment how it is to be understood, andHippocrateshimself in that Treatise of the Falling-sickness doth sufficiently open it. Notwithstanding these chief men being Physicians and Philosophers, by whom the power of natural things and words was principally looked into; they were more willing to assent to things that were evidently apparent, than take away the force of incantation by it self. By it self (he saith) Because they have had no remembrance of Demons, from whom the causes of such effects, which follow incantations, do seem only they can possibly be derived.”
Reason 5. against this opinion.
5. Before he argueth thus: “But the curation of diseases, which are performed by conjurations and imprecations, he ascribeth unto the Devil. Notwithstanding (he saith) some things do move a scruple to me, because that some things of them do seem to be of that kind, which cannot at all be referred to Demons, in which no league or compact doth seem to interceed. For leagues or compacts seem to be contracted, for that also those things comprehended are to be performed to those that Covenant, that by that means those that Covenant with him, may be withdrawn from the worship of the true God, or that some may be confirmed in their impiety. Which causes in Men to whom the true God is utterly unknown, have no place; for neither are they to be withdrawn from the true God, whom they altogether ignore, or to be confirmed in impiety, when they have been brought up in theworship of Idols from their tender years. For (he saith)Aloisius Cádamústusin the 18 Chap. of the Indian Navigations relateth, that Serpents seeking to destroy Sheep in the Kingdom ofSenega, which is given to Idolatrous Worship, they will on the night aim by heaps at the Sheep-folds, from whence they are driven away with certain conceived words, and this reason is not unknown to many others. And thatTrallianuswhere he treateth of the stone, acknowledgeth the force of incantations in healing of diseases, and he witnesseth thatGalenhimself, taught by experience, did come over to this opinion.” For thoughGalenbefore (as we have shewed) did account charms but asAniles fabulæ, yet this AuthorTrallianusdoth quote a piece ofGalens, wherein he maketh a retractation of that opinion, and it standeth with good reason that it might be so,Trallianusliving near his time, and so might (notwithstanding whatGuitterriusbawleth to the contrary) have that part of his writing that since might be lost; for I rememberParacelsussomewhere saith that in his travels he found the works ofGalen, far more genuine and incorrupt than those that were published and extant.
Reason 6. against this opinion.
Ut supra.
6. A further reason this Author gives us thus: “Furthermore (he saith) that it is not impious to frame to cure a disease with conceived words, and cannot be perswaded to believe it, especially seeing that those diseases that are caused by Magick, are only to be cured by Magick. But (he saith) I confess that compacts with Demons are not to be entred into, but that compacts being entred into with others, should pass to another, and should bind with the same impiety, that is not agreeable to truth, seeing that the consent of those that make the league, doth effect and confirm the compacts. Which if it be (he saith) far absent from us (that is a compact) and in the use of conceived words, by which the malady is taken away, there be contained nothing that is impious, and that we implore the divine assistance; I do not see (he saith) any thing hurtful to Religion, nor unbeseeming a good and Pious Man. For as if things that are salutiferous to mankind, should come from Men that were Atheists, we should imbrace them, not respecting the Authors: So if (he saith) things that are profitable should be shewed of a Demon, I should not think they were to be rejected.”
Reason 7. against this opinion.
Hist.
7. Lastly he saith: “Why may we not also refer effects in the sanation of diseases, which do accompany the enunciation or description of conceived words, to those we call good or guardian Angels? Why should we not judge that these would be as ready to ease and help, as others to hurt, especially in diseases, where we are destitute of natural helps? And this opinion (he saith)Constantinus magnusdid approve,Codicislib.9.tit.10.leg.4. The Science of them (he saith) is to be punished, who being skilled in Magical Arts are discovered either to endeavour the impairing the health of men, or the drawing of chast minds to lust.But for seeking remedies to humane bodies, they ought not to be punished. But perhaps thou wilt say, that words are in vain muttered forth, unless a compact do interceed. But that which happened (he saith) atLipsicksome twelve or fifteen years since, doth refell this opinion, where a little Wench, that by reason of her age did not know what she did, while she imitated the whole action of her nurse, which she had often seen her use, and therewith stirred up tempests; herewith the little Wench raised up such Thunders and Lightenings, by which a Village, not far from the City was burned: As (he saith) D.Neniustold him, and was a thing known to innumerable Citizens. For the Wench being brought to the Court, it was debated whether by law she could be punished, but it was decided by the opinions of the Lawyers, that she could not be punished, seeing that by reason of her young age, she was altogether ignorant of what she did.”
De superst. & Ceremon.l. p.451.
8. We cannot also but remember here some notable passages ofParacelsuswhere he is speaking of the power of faith and strong confidence, meerly considered as a nude and natural power: And affirming its great force and operation to effect strange things, he saith: “But truly we cannot deny, but that spirits do commix themselves with such a faith, in celebrated feasts, and the like, as though they had performed those things. But not at all they, but faith only doth these things: As if a Man had honey, and did not know from whence it came, nor what kind of creature did make it, and the Beetle should brag that she had made it.” So the Devils though they perform nothing at all, but the effects are meerly produced by the power of a natural or miraculous faith, yet they glory as though they had done them (in all things being liars and deceivers) and therefore do they what they can to confirm and raise up ceremonies and superstitions; From which commotions faith is brought forth, and faith worketh those strange effects, and therefore by reason of the superstition used, the Devils would make men believe that they are authors of those strange effects, which are onely wrought by the Power of an humane Faith, that they might rob God of his Glory and have it ascribed unto themselves. And therefore no persons do the Devils more service than those that ascribe those works unto them that are wrought by natural power and the strength of humane faith. From whence he concludeth thus:Eodem modo fides est in homine, ut laqueus quo strangulatur fur, ad multa utilis sit. Ea fides facit, ut fiat. Si fides etiam in filum lineum est, similiter fit. Interim tamen hoc nec Diabolus facit, nec fur, nec laqueus, nec carnifex: sed adulterina tua fides, quam non impendis ut debebas.
Having sufficiently (we suppose) proved that in the producing the effects by words or charms, the Devil doth operate nothing at all in them, but only as a lying deceiver and Impostor, laboureth to have the honour of those effects ascribed unto him; we shall now come to the second, and that is those that hold that the effectsare solely produced by the force of the imagination and faith of the Charmer, and so that imagination doth work further than the proper body of the imaginant, upon other extraneous bodies, and that the words or characters avail nothing, but the fortifying and exalting of the faith of the Operator, to prove which are brought these arguments.