CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.The Bath, an animal instinct; coeval with the earliest existence of man; common to every rank; a ceremony of his birth, and a funereal rite; discovery of thermal springs; the Scamander; commemoration of the hot-bath by Homer; the hot-baths of Hercules; estimation of hot-baths by the Phœdrians; frequency of thermal springs; Hamâms of the East, Hamâm Ali, near ancient Nineveh; Hamâm Meskhoutin in Algeria; Baths of Nero in Italy; German thermal springs, Carlsbad, Wiesbaden, Ems, Aix-la-Chapelle; the Geysers of Iceland; thermal springs of Amsterdam Island; of America; of England, Bath, Bristol, Buxton, Matlockpp. 1-5Primitive idea of the artificial hot-vapour bath; Bath of the American Indians; ancient Irish Bath, or sweating-house, the Tig Allui; Mexican Bath; Moorish Bath; the Hypocaustpp. 5-9Eastern origin of the bath; Mr. Urquhart's discovery of the vestiges of the Phœnician Bath among the ruins of Baalbeck; Syrian Bath; Gazul, its nature and properties; Gazul and the Strigil derived from Mauritania; probable irradiation of the knowledge of the bath from Phœniciapp. 9-12Hypocaust of the Moorish, Mexican, Greek, and Roman Bath; the only method of heating houses in Greece and Rome; the common practice in China; Chinese vapour bath,pp. 12-13Baths of Greece; Gymnasia; Gymnasium or Palæstra; Lyceum Academia; Cynosargespp. 14-18Thermæ and Balneæ of Rome; Baths of Agrippa, Titus, Paulus Æmilius, Diocletian, and Caracalla; magnificence of the Roman Thermæ; Roman Baths of England; decline of the bath in Rome; construction of the Roman Bath; excessive indulgence in the bath by the Romans; Pliny's description of his own bath; Seneca's reproof of the luxury and wanton extravagance of the Romanspp. 18-29Roman Baths of England; Uriconium; Chesterpp. 29-33The bath lost by the Romans; preserved by the Turks; the Turkish Hamâm; construction of the Hamâm; costume of the bath; mode of taking the bath; the outer Hall, or Mustaby, the middle room, the inner room; shampooing; rolling and peeling the scarf-skin; soaping and rinsing; return to the Mustaby; the couch of repose; special characteristics of the Turkish Hamâm—vapoury atmosphere, low temperature; the Turkish process contrasted with the Roman; the order, the decorum, the dignity of the Turkish Bath; Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's description of the Women's Bath in Turkeypp. 33-46The Egyptian Bath; the Bath of Siout; the Bath at Cairo; Mr. Thackeray's experiences; Egyptian shampooing; M. Savary's description of the Egyptian Bath and Egyptian shampooing; its intellectual and medicative properties; Tournefort's experiencepp. 46-50Introduction of the Turkish Bath to Britain; Mr. Urquhart and the "Pillars of Hercules"; Mr. Urquhart's advocacy of the Bath; Mr. Urquhart erects a bath at Blarney for Dr. Richard Barter; spread of the Turkish Bath in Irelandpp. 50-52Pioneers of the Bath in England, Mr. Urquhart, Mr. George Crawshay, Sir John Fife, Mr. George Witt, Mr. Stewart Rolland; private Turkish Baths in England; Mr. Witt's Bath; construction; process of the bath; costume of the bath; "Companions of the Bath;" first impressions; effect of the Bath in the removal of painpp. 52-55The delights of free perspiration; differences between the practised bather and the neophyte; thirst; beads upon the rose; counting our beads; freedom of perspiration in labourers exposed to high temperatures; a nutritive drinkpp. 55-58Temperature of the bath; mutual relations between temperature, size of apartment, moisture of atmosphere, and number of bathers; temperature relative to these conditions; effects of temperature in water, vapour, and air; man's capability of supporting temperatures of remarkable altitude in dry air; Mr. Urquhart's Laconicum; Sir Charles Blagden's experiments; Sir Francis Chantrey's oven; Chabert, the Fire Kingpp. 58-61The best temperature for the purposes of Health; practice of the Romans, who lost the bath, compared with that of the Turks, who have preserved it; philosophy of the bath; talking and thinking to be avoided in the bath; inconveniences of the bath to the novitiate; the cause and its remedy; advice; peculiarities or idiosyncrasies of constitution; wisdom of the Turkspp. 61, 63Duration of the bath; influenced by temperature and idiosyncrasy,pp. 63-64Second operation of the bath; shampooing; proper moment for the process; the Turkish process; the Moorish process; Captain Clark Kennedy's description of the Moorish Bath, and the operation of shampooing; the British shampooer,pp. 64-72Third operation of the bath; the peeling of the scarf-skin; manner of performance; the camel's-hair or goat's-hair glovepp. 72-74Fourth operation of the bath; soaping; the wisp of lyf; the warm shower; the cold douche; alternate hot and cold douche; closure of the pores; restoration of the warmth of the skinpp. 74-76The Frigidarium; the process of cooling; the purified skin; sensations after the bath; the ordinary dress resumed; illustration of the use and effects of the bath in dispelling the cravings of hunger and fatiguepp. 77-79Mr. Urquhart's bath; the Laconicum; the spiracle of sweet perfumes; the Lavatrina; the cold pool; the hot and cold douche; breakfast;kuscoussoo; the chemistry of the preparation of food; its value to manpp. 79-87My own bath at Richmond Hillpp. 88-89
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER II.
REVIVAL AND SANITARY PURPOSES OF THE EASTERN BATH.
CHAPTER III.
RATIONAL USE OF THE BATH.
CHAPTER IV.
APPLICATION OF THE BATH TO HORSES AND CATTLE,FOR TRAINING AND THE CURE OF DISEASE.
Ground-plan of the Palæstra or Gymnasium, after Vitruvius.(Page 15.)a a.The portico.b.The Ephebeum, the room of the Ephebi or youths,c.The Apodyterium and Gymnasterium.d.The Elaiothesium, or anointing room.e.The Konisterium, or dusting room.f f.The hot baths.g.The stove or Laconicum.h.The cold bath.i.The Peristylium or Piazza, which includes the Sphæristerium, and Palestra.k k.Xysti.l l.Xysticus silvis.m.The Stadium.
Ground-plan of the Palæstra or Gymnasium, after Vitruvius.(Page 15.)a a.The portico.b.The Ephebeum, the room of the Ephebi or youths,c.The Apodyterium and Gymnasterium.d.The Elaiothesium, or anointing room.e.The Konisterium, or dusting room.f f.The hot baths.g.The stove or Laconicum.h.The cold bath.i.The Peristylium or Piazza, which includes the Sphæristerium, and Palestra.k k.Xysti.l l.Xysticus silvis.m.The Stadium.
Ground-plan of the Palæstra or Gymnasium, after Vitruvius.(Page 15.)
a a.The portico.b.The Ephebeum, the room of the Ephebi or youths,c.The Apodyterium and Gymnasterium.d.The Elaiothesium, or anointing room.e.The Konisterium, or dusting room.f f.The hot baths.g.The stove or Laconicum.h.The cold bath.i.The Peristylium or Piazza, which includes the Sphæristerium, and Palestra.k k.Xysti.l l.Xysticus silvis.m.The Stadium.
Plan of the Roman Thermæ, from a Drawing taken from the walls of the Baths of Titus.(Page 22.)a.The Frigidarium, or cool room.b.The Tepidarium, or room of middle temperature.c.The Calidarium, sudatorium, or concamerata sudatio; around this apartment are seen several ranges of platforms of marble.d.A vaulted stove, covered by an arched cover,clipeus: this stove gave additional heat to the part of the room wherein it was situated, and constituted the Laconicum.e.The Lavatorium or Balneum; there are marble platforms in this apartment, and in its centre is an open bath, called, from its large everted lip upon which the bather sat,labrum.g g.The Hypocaustum.h.The room in which the water is stored and heated. In the uppermost vase the water is cold, as is indicated by the absence of fire beneath it. In the second vase the water is warm, being placed at a considerable height above the fire. In the lowest vase the water is hot.i.The Elaiothesium, or anointing room, from which the bather passes to the Vestiarium or Spoliatorium.
Plan of the Roman Thermæ, from a Drawing taken from the walls of the Baths of Titus.(Page 22.)a.The Frigidarium, or cool room.b.The Tepidarium, or room of middle temperature.c.The Calidarium, sudatorium, or concamerata sudatio; around this apartment are seen several ranges of platforms of marble.d.A vaulted stove, covered by an arched cover,clipeus: this stove gave additional heat to the part of the room wherein it was situated, and constituted the Laconicum.e.The Lavatorium or Balneum; there are marble platforms in this apartment, and in its centre is an open bath, called, from its large everted lip upon which the bather sat,labrum.g g.The Hypocaustum.h.The room in which the water is stored and heated. In the uppermost vase the water is cold, as is indicated by the absence of fire beneath it. In the second vase the water is warm, being placed at a considerable height above the fire. In the lowest vase the water is hot.i.The Elaiothesium, or anointing room, from which the bather passes to the Vestiarium or Spoliatorium.
Plan of the Roman Thermæ, from a Drawing taken from the walls of the Baths of Titus.(Page 22.)
a.The Frigidarium, or cool room.b.The Tepidarium, or room of middle temperature.c.The Calidarium, sudatorium, or concamerata sudatio; around this apartment are seen several ranges of platforms of marble.d.A vaulted stove, covered by an arched cover,clipeus: this stove gave additional heat to the part of the room wherein it was situated, and constituted the Laconicum.e.The Lavatorium or Balneum; there are marble platforms in this apartment, and in its centre is an open bath, called, from its large everted lip upon which the bather sat,labrum.g g.The Hypocaustum.h.The room in which the water is stored and heated. In the uppermost vase the water is cold, as is indicated by the absence of fire beneath it. In the second vase the water is warm, being placed at a considerable height above the fire. In the lowest vase the water is hot.i.The Elaiothesium, or anointing room, from which the bather passes to the Vestiarium or Spoliatorium.
The Hypocaustum of the Roman Bath at Chester.(Page 31.)In the foreground are seen three of the short pillars orpilæ, with square shafts and expanded heads and bases. Between these more distant pilæ are visible, seemingly arranged in rows. The floor on which the burning embers lay is uneven; while the roof, which is the under part of the floor of the bath, exhibits evidences of the corroding action of the fire. The Hypocaustum, in the Roman Thermæ, occupied the whole of the under surface of the Calidarium, and the ruins bear evidence of the use of fires of prodigious extent.
The Hypocaustum of the Roman Bath at Chester.(Page 31.)In the foreground are seen three of the short pillars orpilæ, with square shafts and expanded heads and bases. Between these more distant pilæ are visible, seemingly arranged in rows. The floor on which the burning embers lay is uneven; while the roof, which is the under part of the floor of the bath, exhibits evidences of the corroding action of the fire. The Hypocaustum, in the Roman Thermæ, occupied the whole of the under surface of the Calidarium, and the ruins bear evidence of the use of fires of prodigious extent.
The Hypocaustum of the Roman Bath at Chester.(Page 31.)
In the foreground are seen three of the short pillars orpilæ, with square shafts and expanded heads and bases. Between these more distant pilæ are visible, seemingly arranged in rows. The floor on which the burning embers lay is uneven; while the roof, which is the under part of the floor of the bath, exhibits evidences of the corroding action of the fire. The Hypocaustum, in the Roman Thermæ, occupied the whole of the under surface of the Calidarium, and the ruins bear evidence of the use of fires of prodigious extent.
Mr. George Witt's Bath; the Calidarium.(Page 53.)a.The entrance door.b.A small window looking into the Frigidarium; a gas lamp, for use at night, is seen through the pane.c.A thick plate of glass in the outer wall, for admitting light.d d.Ventilating holes; the lower one is furnished with a wooden plug.e.The masonry which encloses the furnace.f.The flue, proceeding from the furnace along the side of the room.g g.The flue crossing the end of the room.h.The flue returning along the opposite side of the room.i.The ascending flue.k.The flue crossing above the furnace, and then ascending,l l, the angle of the room, to terminate in the chimney.f g g h, support a wooden seat, on which the bathers sit; along the front of this seat, as atf,h, are perforated tiles and spaces, which give passage to the heated air.m.The warm water tank.n n.A platform, which also serves as a seat; the feet resting on the stepo o.p p.Thedureta; the letters are placed on the feet of the couch. The floor is tesselated; and on the seat are seen two wooden basins, containing soap and a bunch oflyf.
Mr. George Witt's Bath; the Calidarium.(Page 53.)a.The entrance door.b.A small window looking into the Frigidarium; a gas lamp, for use at night, is seen through the pane.c.A thick plate of glass in the outer wall, for admitting light.d d.Ventilating holes; the lower one is furnished with a wooden plug.e.The masonry which encloses the furnace.f.The flue, proceeding from the furnace along the side of the room.g g.The flue crossing the end of the room.h.The flue returning along the opposite side of the room.i.The ascending flue.k.The flue crossing above the furnace, and then ascending,l l, the angle of the room, to terminate in the chimney.f g g h, support a wooden seat, on which the bathers sit; along the front of this seat, as atf,h, are perforated tiles and spaces, which give passage to the heated air.m.The warm water tank.n n.A platform, which also serves as a seat; the feet resting on the stepo o.p p.Thedureta; the letters are placed on the feet of the couch. The floor is tesselated; and on the seat are seen two wooden basins, containing soap and a bunch oflyf.
Mr. George Witt's Bath; the Calidarium.(Page 53.)
a.The entrance door.b.A small window looking into the Frigidarium; a gas lamp, for use at night, is seen through the pane.c.A thick plate of glass in the outer wall, for admitting light.d d.Ventilating holes; the lower one is furnished with a wooden plug.e.The masonry which encloses the furnace.f.The flue, proceeding from the furnace along the side of the room.g g.The flue crossing the end of the room.h.The flue returning along the opposite side of the room.i.The ascending flue.k.The flue crossing above the furnace, and then ascending,l l, the angle of the room, to terminate in the chimney.f g g h, support a wooden seat, on which the bathers sit; along the front of this seat, as atf,h, are perforated tiles and spaces, which give passage to the heated air.m.The warm water tank.n n.A platform, which also serves as a seat; the feet resting on the stepo o.p p.Thedureta; the letters are placed on the feet of the couch. The floor is tesselated; and on the seat are seen two wooden basins, containing soap and a bunch oflyf.
Mr. Urquhart's Bath; the Bath at Riverside.(Page 79.)a.The door of entrance.b.The ceiling of the vestibule of the Bath. The side or rather the end of the vestibulecis occupied by an immense sheet of plate glass, through which are seen the Frigidarium, and the window of the Frigidarium, with a trellis of roses beyond.d.The floor of the vestibule.e e.One side of the great Hall of the Bath.f.A step covered with a Turkish towel.g.A platform, under which the hypocaust,h h, extends from one side to the other of the Hall.i.An ornamental grating, through which heated air enters the Hall directly from the furnace.k k.The tent, or enclosed chamber immediately over the furnace, where the highest degree of heat exists; the Laconicum.l.A couch, of lower temperature, but still hot, from being over the hypocaust.m.The spiracle of perfume from the mignionette bed.n.The floor of the Hall.o.The Lavatrina.p.A couch of less heat thanl.q.Steps leading to the pool of cold water.r.The piscina or cold pool.
Mr. Urquhart's Bath; the Bath at Riverside.(Page 79.)a.The door of entrance.b.The ceiling of the vestibule of the Bath. The side or rather the end of the vestibulecis occupied by an immense sheet of plate glass, through which are seen the Frigidarium, and the window of the Frigidarium, with a trellis of roses beyond.d.The floor of the vestibule.e e.One side of the great Hall of the Bath.f.A step covered with a Turkish towel.g.A platform, under which the hypocaust,h h, extends from one side to the other of the Hall.i.An ornamental grating, through which heated air enters the Hall directly from the furnace.k k.The tent, or enclosed chamber immediately over the furnace, where the highest degree of heat exists; the Laconicum.l.A couch, of lower temperature, but still hot, from being over the hypocaust.m.The spiracle of perfume from the mignionette bed.n.The floor of the Hall.o.The Lavatrina.p.A couch of less heat thanl.q.Steps leading to the pool of cold water.r.The piscina or cold pool.
Mr. Urquhart's Bath; the Bath at Riverside.(Page 79.)
a.The door of entrance.b.The ceiling of the vestibule of the Bath. The side or rather the end of the vestibulecis occupied by an immense sheet of plate glass, through which are seen the Frigidarium, and the window of the Frigidarium, with a trellis of roses beyond.d.The floor of the vestibule.e e.One side of the great Hall of the Bath.f.A step covered with a Turkish towel.g.A platform, under which the hypocaust,h h, extends from one side to the other of the Hall.i.An ornamental grating, through which heated air enters the Hall directly from the furnace.k k.The tent, or enclosed chamber immediately over the furnace, where the highest degree of heat exists; the Laconicum.l.A couch, of lower temperature, but still hot, from being over the hypocaust.m.The spiracle of perfume from the mignionette bed.n.The floor of the Hall.o.The Lavatrina.p.A couch of less heat thanl.q.Steps leading to the pool of cold water.r.The piscina or cold pool.
Ground-plan of my own Bath at Richmond-Hill.(Page 88.)a a.Front wall.b.Door of entrance from a lobby, leading from the Frigidarium.c.Vestibule.d.Inner door.e e.Spiracles or ventilators.f.Mouth of the furnace.g.Furnace of fire-brick, enclosed in a jacket of hollow brick.h h h.Flue.i.Chimney.k.Returned flue, supporting a tank for warm water.l l.Outer wall; the dark shade betweenl h, andl k, indicates the interval between the flue and outer wall.m.The Lavatrina.n.Tesselated pavement.
Ground-plan of my own Bath at Richmond-Hill.(Page 88.)a a.Front wall.b.Door of entrance from a lobby, leading from the Frigidarium.c.Vestibule.d.Inner door.e e.Spiracles or ventilators.f.Mouth of the furnace.g.Furnace of fire-brick, enclosed in a jacket of hollow brick.h h h.Flue.i.Chimney.k.Returned flue, supporting a tank for warm water.l l.Outer wall; the dark shade betweenl h, andl k, indicates the interval between the flue and outer wall.m.The Lavatrina.n.Tesselated pavement.
Ground-plan of my own Bath at Richmond-Hill.(Page 88.)
a a.Front wall.b.Door of entrance from a lobby, leading from the Frigidarium.c.Vestibule.d.Inner door.e e.Spiracles or ventilators.f.Mouth of the furnace.g.Furnace of fire-brick, enclosed in a jacket of hollow brick.h h h.Flue.i.Chimney.k.Returned flue, supporting a tank for warm water.l l.Outer wall; the dark shade betweenl h, andl k, indicates the interval between the flue and outer wall.m.The Lavatrina.n.Tesselated pavement.
The Dureta, or Reclining Couch, used in the Bath; both in the Calidarium and Frigidarium.(Pages53,97.)a.The plane for supporting the back.b.The thigh-plane.c.The leg-plane.d.The foot-piece, which is movable, and admits of adjustment, to suit the comfort of the bather.e.The head-piece, for supporting the head.f.Arc of the anglea-b.g.The angle corresponding with the bend of the knee.h.Arc of the angleb-c.i.Lower hole, for the foot-piece.k.Elevation of the trunk-plane from the ground-line,l.m.One of the feet of the couch.This figure is intended to exhibit the construction of thedureta, the best lines of angle, and the size the most convenient for a person of medium stature—say five feet, eight inches. If the person be taller or shorter, a corresponding difference must be made in the length of the three principal pieces. Theduretais constructed of deal boards, 20 inches long, nailed on a pair of lateral rails; the rails being supported by a firm foot,m, and steadied by a bracket at the angleg. The measurements are as follow:—a, 28 inches;b, 18-1/2 inches;c, fromgto the foot-piece, 19 inches; and fromgto the extreme end, below the letteri, 23 inches. The holes for the foot-piece are two inches apart; and the head-piece may be made movable. The arc of the anglea-b, measured atf, from the upper angle ofatogis 38 inches; the arc of the angleb-c, measured athfrom the anglemto the end of the planec, is 37 inches; the height of the upper end atkis 24-1/2 inches; the height of the anglegatlis 14-1/2 inches; and the dotted line from the anglemto the perpendiculark, 21 inches; the height of the anglemfrom the point where the dotted line touches to the ground is 6-1/4 inches; and the height of the end atiis simply the depth of the rail—namely between two and three inches.Theduretaafter the above model is manufactured by Mr. Allen, 7, Great Smith-street, Westminster.
The Dureta, or Reclining Couch, used in the Bath; both in the Calidarium and Frigidarium.(Pages53,97.)a.The plane for supporting the back.b.The thigh-plane.c.The leg-plane.d.The foot-piece, which is movable, and admits of adjustment, to suit the comfort of the bather.e.The head-piece, for supporting the head.f.Arc of the anglea-b.g.The angle corresponding with the bend of the knee.h.Arc of the angleb-c.i.Lower hole, for the foot-piece.k.Elevation of the trunk-plane from the ground-line,l.m.One of the feet of the couch.This figure is intended to exhibit the construction of thedureta, the best lines of angle, and the size the most convenient for a person of medium stature—say five feet, eight inches. If the person be taller or shorter, a corresponding difference must be made in the length of the three principal pieces. Theduretais constructed of deal boards, 20 inches long, nailed on a pair of lateral rails; the rails being supported by a firm foot,m, and steadied by a bracket at the angleg. The measurements are as follow:—a, 28 inches;b, 18-1/2 inches;c, fromgto the foot-piece, 19 inches; and fromgto the extreme end, below the letteri, 23 inches. The holes for the foot-piece are two inches apart; and the head-piece may be made movable. The arc of the anglea-b, measured atf, from the upper angle ofatogis 38 inches; the arc of the angleb-c, measured athfrom the anglemto the end of the planec, is 37 inches; the height of the upper end atkis 24-1/2 inches; the height of the anglegatlis 14-1/2 inches; and the dotted line from the anglemto the perpendiculark, 21 inches; the height of the anglemfrom the point where the dotted line touches to the ground is 6-1/4 inches; and the height of the end atiis simply the depth of the rail—namely between two and three inches.Theduretaafter the above model is manufactured by Mr. Allen, 7, Great Smith-street, Westminster.
The Dureta, or Reclining Couch, used in the Bath; both in the Calidarium and Frigidarium.(Pages53,97.)
a.The plane for supporting the back.b.The thigh-plane.c.The leg-plane.d.The foot-piece, which is movable, and admits of adjustment, to suit the comfort of the bather.e.The head-piece, for supporting the head.f.Arc of the anglea-b.g.The angle corresponding with the bend of the knee.h.Arc of the angleb-c.i.Lower hole, for the foot-piece.k.Elevation of the trunk-plane from the ground-line,l.m.One of the feet of the couch.
This figure is intended to exhibit the construction of thedureta, the best lines of angle, and the size the most convenient for a person of medium stature—say five feet, eight inches. If the person be taller or shorter, a corresponding difference must be made in the length of the three principal pieces. Theduretais constructed of deal boards, 20 inches long, nailed on a pair of lateral rails; the rails being supported by a firm foot,m, and steadied by a bracket at the angleg. The measurements are as follow:—a, 28 inches;b, 18-1/2 inches;c, fromgto the foot-piece, 19 inches; and fromgto the extreme end, below the letteri, 23 inches. The holes for the foot-piece are two inches apart; and the head-piece may be made movable. The arc of the anglea-b, measured atf, from the upper angle ofatogis 38 inches; the arc of the angleb-c, measured athfrom the anglemto the end of the planec, is 37 inches; the height of the upper end atkis 24-1/2 inches; the height of the anglegatlis 14-1/2 inches; and the dotted line from the anglemto the perpendiculark, 21 inches; the height of the anglemfrom the point where the dotted line touches to the ground is 6-1/4 inches; and the height of the end atiis simply the depth of the rail—namely between two and three inches.
Theduretaafter the above model is manufactured by Mr. Allen, 7, Great Smith-street, Westminster.