FOOTNOTES:[1]Mem. of the Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc., (1851; 2d series), 107;Phil. Mag. XIV (1857), 211.[2]Phil. Mag., XIX (1860; 4th series), 28. Clausius had discussed some of the relations of this quantity in 1858 (Pogg. Ann. CV [1858], 239), but Maxwell’s magnificent work on the viscosity of gases first made possible its evaluation.[3]I, 375-36.[4]SeeWerke, IV, 281.[5]Op. cit., p. 294.[6]Phil. Mag., XI (1881; 5th series), 384.[7]Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, III, 69.[8]Kelvin, “Contact Electricity and Electrolysis,”Nature, LVI (1897), 84.[9]Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, IV (1891; 11th series), 563.[10]See particularly Rutherford’s presidential address at the recent Liverpool meeting of the British Association,Science, LVIII (1923), 213.[11]J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford,Phil. Mag., XLII (1896), 392.[12]Phil. Mag., XLIV (1898), 422.[13]Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., IX, 401.[14]Phil. Trans., A 195, p. 193.[15]Annale de Chimie et de Physique, XXVIII, 289.[16]Phil. Trans., A 193, p. 129.[17]Leonard B. Loeb,Proc. Nat. Acad., II (1916), 345, andPhys. Rev., 1917.[18]Wellish,Amer. Jour. of Science, XXXIX (1915), 583.[19]L. B. Loeb,Jour. Franklin Inst., CXCVII (1924), 45.[20]H. A. Erikson,Phys. Rev., XX (1922), 118.[21]H. B. Wahlin,ibid., p. 267.[22]Verb. der deutsch. phys. Ges., XI (1909), 146 and 276.[23]Proc. Roy. Soc., LXXX (1908), 207.[24]Fournier d’Albe, Life of Sir William Crookes, 1924.[25]Proc. Roy. Soc., XL (1890), 526.[26]Phil. Mag., XLIV (1897), 298.[27]W. Wien,Wied. Ann., LXV (1898), 440.[28]Rays of Positive Electricity. London: Longmans, 1913.[29]Proceedings, IX (1897), 244.[30]Phil. Mag., XXIX (1890; 5th series), 56.[31]Ibid., p. 292;Nature, XXXVI, 412.[32]Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., IX (1897), 333.[33]Ibid., p. 345.[34]Phil. Mag., XLVI (1898), 528.[35]Verh. der deutsch. phys. Ges., XVI (1914), 422.[36]Phil. Mag., V (1903; 6th series), 354.[37]Op. cit., p. 429.[38]Phys. Rev., XXVI (1908), 198.[39]Phil. Mag., XIX (1910), 209.[40]I had changed the constant in Wilson’s equation from 3.1 to 3.422 because of careful measurements on the temperature existing in the cloud chamber about 10 seconds after expansion and because of new measurements on the viscosity of the saturated air.[41]SeePhil. Mag., XXI (1911), 757.[42]Phys. Rev., Series 1, XXXII (1911), 349; Series 2, II (1913), 109.[43]Comptes rendus(1911), 1735.[44]Phys. Rev., XXXV (1912), 227.[45]Cunningham (Proc. Roy. Soc., LXXXIII [1910], 357) and the author came independently to the conclusion as to the invalidity of Stokes’s Law, he from theoretical considerations developed at about the same time, I from my experimental work.[46]Phys. Rev., N.S., I, (1913), 124.[47]Phys. Rev., N.S., II (1913), 363.[48]Phys. Rev., December, 1916.[49]Ann. der Phys., XXII (1907), 287; XXIII (1908), 447.[50]Math. and Phys. Papers, III, 59.[51]SeePhil. Mag., XIX (1910), 216; XXI (1911), 757.[52]Phys. Rev., II (1913), 117. This paper was read before the Deutsche physikalische Gesellschaft in Berlin in June, 1912.[53]Phys. Rev., II (1913), 136.[54]For full details see Millikan,Phil. Mag., June, 1917.[55]At. wt. of Ag. = 107.88; electrochem. eq’t. of Ag. = 0.01188.[56]Phil. Trans., CXCIII (1900), 129.[57]Proc. Roy. Soc., LXXX (1908), 207.[58]Verh. deutsch. phys. Ges., March 5, 1909.[59]Phil. Mag., XXIII (1911), 753.[60]Le Radium, X (1913), 113, 119.[61]Sitzungsber. d. k. Bayerischen Akad. d. Wiss.(1913), p. 19.[62]Ann. d. Phys., XLV, 177; XLVII, 227.[63]Phys. Rev., X (1918), 283.[64]Phys. Rev., XVI (1920), 260.[65]Rays of Positive Electricity(1913), p. 46.[66]Millikan, Gottschalk, and Kelly,Phys. Rev., XI (1920), 157.[67]Millikan,Phys. Rev., XVIII (1921), 456. Wilkins,ibid., XXIV (1922), 210.[68]Phys. Rev., September or October, 1924.[69]Rays of Positive Electricity(1913), p. 46.[70]Phil. Mag., IV (1828), 161.[71]Revue des questions scientifiques, Louvain, VII (1880), 5.[72]Ibid., II (1877), 319.[73]Dinglers polyt. Jour., CCXXXIX (1881), 325.[74]Jour. de Phys., VII (1888), 561;Comptes rendus, CIX (1889), 102.[75]Ann. d. Phys.(4), XVII (1905), 549; XIX (1906), 371; XXII (1907), 569.[76]Comptes rendus, CXLVI (1908), 530.[77]Ibid., p. 967; CXLVII (1908), 475, 530, 594; CLII (1911), 1380, 1569; see also Perrin,Brownian Movements and Molecular Reality, Engl. tr. by Soddy, 1912.[78]Ann. der Phys., IV (1906), 21, 756.[79]Wiener Berichte, CXVI (1907), II, 1175.[80]Comptes rendus, CXLVI (1908), 624, 1010.[81]Ibid., CXLIV (1907), 1338.[82]Ibid., CXLVIII (1909), 1316.[83]Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik, X (1913), 513.[84]Science, February 17, 1911.[85]Phys. Zeitschr., XII (1911), 202-8; see alsoPhys. Rev., XXXIII (1911), 81.[86]Phys. Rev., I, N.S. (1913), 218.[87]It was read before the Academy on July 6:Wiener Berichte, CXX (1911), II, 1021, but appeared first in print in the August 1st number of thePhys. Zeitschr.(1911), p. 63. Fletcher’s article is found in brief in an earlier number of the same volume of thePhys. Zeitschr.p. 203, and was printed in full in the July number ofLe Radium, VIII (1911), 279.[88]No error is introduced here if, as assumed,is small in comparison with.However for more rigorous equations see Fletcher,Phys. Rev., IV (1914), 442; also Smoluchowski,Phys. Zeitschr., XVI (1915), 321.[89]Le Radium, VIII (1911), 279;Phys. Rev., XXXIII (1911), 107.[90]Phys. Rev., I (1913), 218.[91]Sitzungsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. in Wien, CXX (1911), II, 1021.[92]Ibid., CXXI (1912), II, 950.[93]Ztschr. f. Phys. Chem., LXXXVII (1914), 40.[94]Die Brownsche Bewegung besonders als Mittel zur Bestimmung der Avogadroschen Konstante, inaugural dissertation. Upsala: Almquist & Wiksells Boktryckeri, 1915.[95]Proc. Roy. Soc., A LXXXI (1908), 141, 161.[96]Sitzungsber. d. k. Preuss. Akad., XXXVIII (1909), 948.[97]Rutherford and Royds,Phil. Mag., XVII (1909), 281.[98]Phil. Mag.(6), XXII (1911), 599.[99]Phil. Mag.(6), V (1903), 429.[100]Comptes rendus, CXLVI (1908), 624, 1010.[101]Ibid., CXLIV (1907), 1338.[102]Ibid., CXLVIII (1909), 1316.[103]Phys. Zeilschr., X (1909), 308.[104]Ibid., XI (1910), 619.[105]This paper was published in abstract inPhys. Rev., XXX (1909), 360, andPhil. Mag., XIX (1910), 209.[106]This paper was published in abstract inPhys. Rev., XXXI (1910), 92;Science, XXXII (1910), 436;Phys. Zeitschr., XI (1910), 1097.[107]Wien. Ber., CXIX (1910), II, 809. This publication was apparently not issued before December, 1910, for it is not noted inNaturae Novitatesbefore this date.[108]Proc. Roy. Soc., LXXXIII (1910), 360.[109]These results were presented and discussed at great length in the fall of 1910; seePhys. Zeitschr., XI (1910), 619, 940.[110]Phys. Zeitschr., XII (1911), 161;Phys. Rev., XXXII (1911), 394.[111]Le Radium, VIII (1911), 279;Phys. Rev., XXXIII (1911), 107.[112]Phys. Rev., XXXIII (1911), 366, 367.[113]See R. Pohl,Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik, VII (1912), 431.[114]Wien. Sitzungsber., CXXIII (1914), 53-155;Ann. d. Phys., XLIV (1914), 657.[115]Phys. Zeitschr., XVI (1915), 10.[116]Ann. d. Phys., XLVI (1915), 261.[117]Phys. Zeitschr., XII (1911), 162.[118]Ibid., XVI (1915), 316.[119]Phys. Rev., II (1913), 138.[120]SeePhys. Rev., II (1913), 134-35.[121]Phys. Rev., XXXII (1911), 389.[122]See Schidlof et Karpowicz,Comptes rendus, CLVIII (1914), 1912.[123]E. Schmid,Wien. Akad. Ber., CXXIX (1920), 813, andZfP, V (1921), 27.[124]R. Bär, in a series of articles recently summarized inDie Naturwissenschaften, Vols. XIV and XV, 1922, has emphasized this point. His data serve merely as a new check upon the work found in our preceding tables.[125]“Die bei grösseren Partikeln unter gewissen Umständen bei gleicher Art der Erzeugung häufig wiederkehrenden höheren Quanten waren dann etwa als stabilere räumliche Gleichgewichtsverteilungen dieser Sub-electron anzusehen, die sich unter gewissen Umständen ergeben.”—Wien. Ber., CXXIII, 59.[126]Their whole case is summarized in the tables inAnn. d. Phys., XLIV (1914), 693, and XLVI (1915), 292, and it is recommended that all interested in this discussion take the time to glance at the data on these pages, for the data themselves are so erratic as to render discussion needless.[127]“Wie ich in meinen früheren Publikationen erwähnt habe, zeigen die ultramikroskopischen Metallpartikel, unmittelbar nach der Erzeugung beobachtet, eine viel lebhaftere Brownsche Bewegung als nach einer halben Stunde.”—Phys. Zeitschr., XII, 98.[128]In my own opinion this is a conclusion contrary to fact, since in a recent paper (seePhys. Rev., July, 1923) I have fully established the “Complete Law of Fall.”[129]II (1913), 117.[130]Ibid., CCC (1911), 389-90.[131]The results shown in Fig. 13 do not lay claim to the precision reached in those recorded in Table X and Fig. 10. No elaborate precautions were here taken in the calibration of the Hipp chronoscope and the voltmeter, and it is due to slight errors discovered later in these calibrations that the slope of line 1 in Fig. 13 is not quite in agreement with the slope in Fig. 10.[132]Zeit. für Phys. Chem., LXXXVII (1914), 40.[133]Inaugural Dissertation von Arne Westgren,Untersuchungcn über Brownsche Bewegung, Stockholm, 1915.[134]R. Bär, “Der Streit um das Elektron,” Die Naturwissenschaften, 1922.[135]R. A. Millikan,Phys. Rev., XXXII (1911), 397.[136]J. J. Thomson,Phil. Mag., XI (1881), 229.[137]Bucherer,Annalen der Physik, XXVIII (1900), 513.[138]The inadequacy in this argument arises from the fact that Einstein’s Theory of Relativity requires that all mass, whether of electromagnetic origin or not, varies in just this way with speed.[139]Bragg,Phil. Mag., VIII (1904), 719, 726; X (1905), 318; XI (1906), 617.[140]Phil. Mag., XXI (1911), 669.[141]Phil. Mag., XXI (1911), 669-88.[142]Ibid., XXV (1913), 604.[143]Phil. Mag., XXI (1911), 648.[144]Bragg,X-Rays and Crystal Structure, 1915.[145]Phil. Mag., XXVI (1912), 1024; XXVII (1914), 703.[146]Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität u. Elektronik, XIII (1916), 326.[147]Comptes rendus, CLXV (1916), 87, 352.[148]Barkla and Sadler,Phil. Mag., XVII (May, 1909), 749.[149]Soddy,The Chemistry of the Radioelements, Part II, 1914.[150]Millikan and Bowen, “Extreme Ultra-Violet Spectra,”Phys. Rev., January, 1924.[151]Balmer (1885) expressed the formula in wave-lengths. Ritz (1908) first replaced wave-lengths by wave-numbers, or frequencies, and thereby saw his “combination-principle,” while Rydberg discovered the general significance of what is now known as the Rydberg constant.[152]Paschen,Ann. d. Phys., XXVII (1908), 565.[153]Spectroscopy of the Extreme Ultraviolet, p. 78.[154]N. Bohr,Phil. Mag., XXVI (1913), 1 and 476 and 857; XXIX (1915), 332; XXX (1915), 394; Sommerfeld,Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines. New York: Dutton, 1923.[155]Einstein and De Haas,Verh, der deutsch. phys. Ges., XVII (1915), 152; also Barnett,Phys. Rev., VI (1915), 239; also Epstein,Science, LVII (1923), 532.[156]R. A. Millikan,Phil. Mag., XXXIV (1917), 1.[157]R. A. Millikan,Phys. Rev., VII (1916), 362.[158]Blake and Duane,ibid., (1917), 624.[159]A. Sommerfeld,Ann. d. Phys., III (1916), 1. Also Paschen,ibid., p. 901.[160]P. Epstein,ibid., L (1916), 489.[161]SeePhys. Rev., July, 1924.[162]These appeared in an article by Kramers inNaturwissenschaften, 1923.[163]Bohr and Coster,Zeit. f. Physik, XII (1923), 344.[164]Coster and Hevesy,Nature, III (1923), 79;Ber. d. chem. Ges., LVI (1923), 1503.[165]Ann. d. Phys.(4), VIII (1903), 149.[166]Phys. Rev., I (1913), 73.[167]Ann. d. Phys.(4), XVII (1905), 132; XX (1906), 199.[168]Phys. Rev., VII (1916), 362.[169]Warme Strahlung, 1st. ed.[170]Cf. R. Pohl u. P. Pringsheim,Verh. der deutsch. phys. Ges., XV (1913), 637; Sommerfeld,Atombau, etc. (3d ed. 1922), p. 47; alsoPhys. Rev., VII (1916), 18, 362.[171]Phys. Rev., IV (1914), 73; VI (1915), 55; and VII (1916), 362.[172]Phys. Rev., VI (1915), 166;Proc. Nat. Acad., II (1916), 90;Phys. Rev., VII (1916), 599; IX, 568; X (1917), 93 and 624.[173]D. L. Webster and H. Clark,Proc. Nat. Acad., III (1917), 18. Also Webster,ibid., VI (1920), 26 and 639.[174]Paper read before the Third Solvay Congress, 1921.[175]Proc. Roy. Soc., XCIX (1921), 261. See also the same, January, 1924.[176]Verh. der deutsch. phys. Ges., XV and XVI, 1914.[177]Millikan and Bowen,Phys. Rev., January, 1924.[178]Nichols and Tear,ibid., 1923.[179]J. J. Thomson,Electricity and Matter, p. 9.[180]Phys. Rev., II (1913), 109.[181]Ann. d. Phys.(4), VIII (1902), 149.[182]Drude,Lehrbuch der Optik(1906), p. 472.[183]Phil. Mag., XXXII (1916), 188.[184]Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations, p. 288.[185]Millikan,Phys. Rev., XVIII (1921), 236.[186]Page,Amer. Jour. Sci., XXXVI (1913), 501; Hennings and Kadesch,Phys. Rev., VIII (1916), 217.[187]Zeitschrift für Physik, 4 (1921), 46.[188]Zeitschrift für Physik, 10 (1922), 185.[189]This was first called to my attention by Dr. Epstein, of the California Institute.[190]A. H. Compton,Phys. Rev., XXI (1923), 483, 715; XXII (1923), 409.[191]P. A. Ross,Proc. Nat. Acad., VII (1923), 246.[192]Duane and Clark,ibid., February and March, 1924.[193]Becker et al.,Proc. Phys. Soc., April 26, 1924;Phys. Rev., June, 1924.[194]Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., IX (1923), 158; Compton,ibid., p. 359.[195]Ibid., 1924.[196]Ibid.[197]SeeProc. Nat. Acad. Sci., III (1917), 236; alsoPhil. Mag., July, 1917.[198]Lamb,Hydrodynamics, 1895, p. 533.[199]Comptes Rendus, CXLVI (1908), 530.
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Mem. of the Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc., (1851; 2d series), 107;Phil. Mag. XIV (1857), 211.
[1]Mem. of the Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc., (1851; 2d series), 107;Phil. Mag. XIV (1857), 211.
[2]Phil. Mag., XIX (1860; 4th series), 28. Clausius had discussed some of the relations of this quantity in 1858 (Pogg. Ann. CV [1858], 239), but Maxwell’s magnificent work on the viscosity of gases first made possible its evaluation.
[2]Phil. Mag., XIX (1860; 4th series), 28. Clausius had discussed some of the relations of this quantity in 1858 (Pogg. Ann. CV [1858], 239), but Maxwell’s magnificent work on the viscosity of gases first made possible its evaluation.
[3]I, 375-36.
[3]I, 375-36.
[4]SeeWerke, IV, 281.
[4]SeeWerke, IV, 281.
[5]Op. cit., p. 294.
[5]Op. cit., p. 294.
[6]Phil. Mag., XI (1881; 5th series), 384.
[6]Phil. Mag., XI (1881; 5th series), 384.
[7]Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, III, 69.
[7]Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, III, 69.
[8]Kelvin, “Contact Electricity and Electrolysis,”Nature, LVI (1897), 84.
[8]Kelvin, “Contact Electricity and Electrolysis,”Nature, LVI (1897), 84.
[9]Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, IV (1891; 11th series), 563.
[9]Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, IV (1891; 11th series), 563.
[10]See particularly Rutherford’s presidential address at the recent Liverpool meeting of the British Association,Science, LVIII (1923), 213.
[10]See particularly Rutherford’s presidential address at the recent Liverpool meeting of the British Association,Science, LVIII (1923), 213.
[11]J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford,Phil. Mag., XLII (1896), 392.
[11]J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford,Phil. Mag., XLII (1896), 392.
[12]Phil. Mag., XLIV (1898), 422.
[12]Phil. Mag., XLIV (1898), 422.
[13]Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., IX, 401.
[13]Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., IX, 401.
[14]Phil. Trans., A 195, p. 193.
[14]Phil. Trans., A 195, p. 193.
[15]Annale de Chimie et de Physique, XXVIII, 289.
[15]Annale de Chimie et de Physique, XXVIII, 289.
[16]Phil. Trans., A 193, p. 129.
[16]Phil. Trans., A 193, p. 129.
[17]Leonard B. Loeb,Proc. Nat. Acad., II (1916), 345, andPhys. Rev., 1917.
[17]Leonard B. Loeb,Proc. Nat. Acad., II (1916), 345, andPhys. Rev., 1917.
[18]Wellish,Amer. Jour. of Science, XXXIX (1915), 583.
[18]Wellish,Amer. Jour. of Science, XXXIX (1915), 583.
[19]L. B. Loeb,Jour. Franklin Inst., CXCVII (1924), 45.
[19]L. B. Loeb,Jour. Franklin Inst., CXCVII (1924), 45.
[20]H. A. Erikson,Phys. Rev., XX (1922), 118.
[20]H. A. Erikson,Phys. Rev., XX (1922), 118.
[21]H. B. Wahlin,ibid., p. 267.
[21]H. B. Wahlin,ibid., p. 267.
[22]Verb. der deutsch. phys. Ges., XI (1909), 146 and 276.
[22]Verb. der deutsch. phys. Ges., XI (1909), 146 and 276.
[23]Proc. Roy. Soc., LXXX (1908), 207.
[23]Proc. Roy. Soc., LXXX (1908), 207.
[24]Fournier d’Albe, Life of Sir William Crookes, 1924.
[24]Fournier d’Albe, Life of Sir William Crookes, 1924.
[25]Proc. Roy. Soc., XL (1890), 526.
[25]Proc. Roy. Soc., XL (1890), 526.
[26]Phil. Mag., XLIV (1897), 298.
[26]Phil. Mag., XLIV (1897), 298.
[27]W. Wien,Wied. Ann., LXV (1898), 440.
[27]W. Wien,Wied. Ann., LXV (1898), 440.
[28]Rays of Positive Electricity. London: Longmans, 1913.
[28]Rays of Positive Electricity. London: Longmans, 1913.
[29]Proceedings, IX (1897), 244.
[29]Proceedings, IX (1897), 244.
[30]Phil. Mag., XXIX (1890; 5th series), 56.
[30]Phil. Mag., XXIX (1890; 5th series), 56.
[31]Ibid., p. 292;Nature, XXXVI, 412.
[31]Ibid., p. 292;Nature, XXXVI, 412.
[32]Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., IX (1897), 333.
[32]Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., IX (1897), 333.
[33]Ibid., p. 345.
[33]Ibid., p. 345.
[34]Phil. Mag., XLVI (1898), 528.
[34]Phil. Mag., XLVI (1898), 528.
[35]Verh. der deutsch. phys. Ges., XVI (1914), 422.
[35]Verh. der deutsch. phys. Ges., XVI (1914), 422.
[36]Phil. Mag., V (1903; 6th series), 354.
[36]Phil. Mag., V (1903; 6th series), 354.
[37]Op. cit., p. 429.
[37]Op. cit., p. 429.
[38]Phys. Rev., XXVI (1908), 198.
[38]Phys. Rev., XXVI (1908), 198.
[39]Phil. Mag., XIX (1910), 209.
[39]Phil. Mag., XIX (1910), 209.
[40]I had changed the constant in Wilson’s equation from 3.1 to 3.422 because of careful measurements on the temperature existing in the cloud chamber about 10 seconds after expansion and because of new measurements on the viscosity of the saturated air.
[40]I had changed the constant in Wilson’s equation from 3.1 to 3.422 because of careful measurements on the temperature existing in the cloud chamber about 10 seconds after expansion and because of new measurements on the viscosity of the saturated air.
[41]SeePhil. Mag., XXI (1911), 757.
[41]SeePhil. Mag., XXI (1911), 757.
[42]Phys. Rev., Series 1, XXXII (1911), 349; Series 2, II (1913), 109.
[42]Phys. Rev., Series 1, XXXII (1911), 349; Series 2, II (1913), 109.
[43]Comptes rendus(1911), 1735.
[43]Comptes rendus(1911), 1735.
[44]Phys. Rev., XXXV (1912), 227.
[44]Phys. Rev., XXXV (1912), 227.
[45]Cunningham (Proc. Roy. Soc., LXXXIII [1910], 357) and the author came independently to the conclusion as to the invalidity of Stokes’s Law, he from theoretical considerations developed at about the same time, I from my experimental work.
[45]Cunningham (Proc. Roy. Soc., LXXXIII [1910], 357) and the author came independently to the conclusion as to the invalidity of Stokes’s Law, he from theoretical considerations developed at about the same time, I from my experimental work.
[46]Phys. Rev., N.S., I, (1913), 124.
[46]Phys. Rev., N.S., I, (1913), 124.
[47]Phys. Rev., N.S., II (1913), 363.
[47]Phys. Rev., N.S., II (1913), 363.
[48]Phys. Rev., December, 1916.
[48]Phys. Rev., December, 1916.
[49]Ann. der Phys., XXII (1907), 287; XXIII (1908), 447.
[49]Ann. der Phys., XXII (1907), 287; XXIII (1908), 447.
[50]Math. and Phys. Papers, III, 59.
[50]Math. and Phys. Papers, III, 59.
[51]SeePhil. Mag., XIX (1910), 216; XXI (1911), 757.
[51]SeePhil. Mag., XIX (1910), 216; XXI (1911), 757.
[52]Phys. Rev., II (1913), 117. This paper was read before the Deutsche physikalische Gesellschaft in Berlin in June, 1912.
[52]Phys. Rev., II (1913), 117. This paper was read before the Deutsche physikalische Gesellschaft in Berlin in June, 1912.
[53]Phys. Rev., II (1913), 136.
[53]Phys. Rev., II (1913), 136.
[54]For full details see Millikan,Phil. Mag., June, 1917.
[54]For full details see Millikan,Phil. Mag., June, 1917.
[55]At. wt. of Ag. = 107.88; electrochem. eq’t. of Ag. = 0.01188.
[55]At. wt. of Ag. = 107.88; electrochem. eq’t. of Ag. = 0.01188.
[56]Phil. Trans., CXCIII (1900), 129.
[56]Phil. Trans., CXCIII (1900), 129.
[57]Proc. Roy. Soc., LXXX (1908), 207.
[57]Proc. Roy. Soc., LXXX (1908), 207.
[58]Verh. deutsch. phys. Ges., March 5, 1909.
[58]Verh. deutsch. phys. Ges., March 5, 1909.
[59]Phil. Mag., XXIII (1911), 753.
[59]Phil. Mag., XXIII (1911), 753.
[60]Le Radium, X (1913), 113, 119.
[60]Le Radium, X (1913), 113, 119.
[61]Sitzungsber. d. k. Bayerischen Akad. d. Wiss.(1913), p. 19.
[61]Sitzungsber. d. k. Bayerischen Akad. d. Wiss.(1913), p. 19.
[62]Ann. d. Phys., XLV, 177; XLVII, 227.
[62]Ann. d. Phys., XLV, 177; XLVII, 227.
[63]Phys. Rev., X (1918), 283.
[63]Phys. Rev., X (1918), 283.
[64]Phys. Rev., XVI (1920), 260.
[64]Phys. Rev., XVI (1920), 260.
[65]Rays of Positive Electricity(1913), p. 46.
[65]Rays of Positive Electricity(1913), p. 46.
[66]Millikan, Gottschalk, and Kelly,Phys. Rev., XI (1920), 157.
[66]Millikan, Gottschalk, and Kelly,Phys. Rev., XI (1920), 157.
[67]Millikan,Phys. Rev., XVIII (1921), 456. Wilkins,ibid., XXIV (1922), 210.
[67]Millikan,Phys. Rev., XVIII (1921), 456. Wilkins,ibid., XXIV (1922), 210.
[68]Phys. Rev., September or October, 1924.
[68]Phys. Rev., September or October, 1924.
[69]Rays of Positive Electricity(1913), p. 46.
[69]Rays of Positive Electricity(1913), p. 46.
[70]Phil. Mag., IV (1828), 161.
[70]Phil. Mag., IV (1828), 161.
[71]Revue des questions scientifiques, Louvain, VII (1880), 5.
[71]Revue des questions scientifiques, Louvain, VII (1880), 5.
[72]Ibid., II (1877), 319.
[72]Ibid., II (1877), 319.
[73]Dinglers polyt. Jour., CCXXXIX (1881), 325.
[73]Dinglers polyt. Jour., CCXXXIX (1881), 325.
[74]Jour. de Phys., VII (1888), 561;Comptes rendus, CIX (1889), 102.
[74]Jour. de Phys., VII (1888), 561;Comptes rendus, CIX (1889), 102.
[75]Ann. d. Phys.(4), XVII (1905), 549; XIX (1906), 371; XXII (1907), 569.
[75]Ann. d. Phys.(4), XVII (1905), 549; XIX (1906), 371; XXII (1907), 569.
[76]Comptes rendus, CXLVI (1908), 530.
[76]Comptes rendus, CXLVI (1908), 530.
[77]Ibid., p. 967; CXLVII (1908), 475, 530, 594; CLII (1911), 1380, 1569; see also Perrin,Brownian Movements and Molecular Reality, Engl. tr. by Soddy, 1912.
[77]Ibid., p. 967; CXLVII (1908), 475, 530, 594; CLII (1911), 1380, 1569; see also Perrin,Brownian Movements and Molecular Reality, Engl. tr. by Soddy, 1912.
[78]Ann. der Phys., IV (1906), 21, 756.
[78]Ann. der Phys., IV (1906), 21, 756.
[79]Wiener Berichte, CXVI (1907), II, 1175.
[79]Wiener Berichte, CXVI (1907), II, 1175.
[80]Comptes rendus, CXLVI (1908), 624, 1010.
[80]Comptes rendus, CXLVI (1908), 624, 1010.
[81]Ibid., CXLIV (1907), 1338.
[81]Ibid., CXLIV (1907), 1338.
[82]Ibid., CXLVIII (1909), 1316.
[82]Ibid., CXLVIII (1909), 1316.
[83]Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik, X (1913), 513.
[83]Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik, X (1913), 513.
[84]Science, February 17, 1911.
[84]Science, February 17, 1911.
[85]Phys. Zeitschr., XII (1911), 202-8; see alsoPhys. Rev., XXXIII (1911), 81.
[85]Phys. Zeitschr., XII (1911), 202-8; see alsoPhys. Rev., XXXIII (1911), 81.
[86]Phys. Rev., I, N.S. (1913), 218.
[86]Phys. Rev., I, N.S. (1913), 218.
[87]It was read before the Academy on July 6:Wiener Berichte, CXX (1911), II, 1021, but appeared first in print in the August 1st number of thePhys. Zeitschr.(1911), p. 63. Fletcher’s article is found in brief in an earlier number of the same volume of thePhys. Zeitschr.p. 203, and was printed in full in the July number ofLe Radium, VIII (1911), 279.
[87]It was read before the Academy on July 6:Wiener Berichte, CXX (1911), II, 1021, but appeared first in print in the August 1st number of thePhys. Zeitschr.(1911), p. 63. Fletcher’s article is found in brief in an earlier number of the same volume of thePhys. Zeitschr.p. 203, and was printed in full in the July number ofLe Radium, VIII (1911), 279.
[88]No error is introduced here if, as assumed,is small in comparison with.However for more rigorous equations see Fletcher,Phys. Rev., IV (1914), 442; also Smoluchowski,Phys. Zeitschr., XVI (1915), 321.
[88]No error is introduced here if, as assumed,is small in comparison with.However for more rigorous equations see Fletcher,Phys. Rev., IV (1914), 442; also Smoluchowski,Phys. Zeitschr., XVI (1915), 321.
[89]Le Radium, VIII (1911), 279;Phys. Rev., XXXIII (1911), 107.
[89]Le Radium, VIII (1911), 279;Phys. Rev., XXXIII (1911), 107.
[90]Phys. Rev., I (1913), 218.
[90]Phys. Rev., I (1913), 218.
[91]Sitzungsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. in Wien, CXX (1911), II, 1021.
[91]Sitzungsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. in Wien, CXX (1911), II, 1021.
[92]Ibid., CXXI (1912), II, 950.
[92]Ibid., CXXI (1912), II, 950.
[93]Ztschr. f. Phys. Chem., LXXXVII (1914), 40.
[93]Ztschr. f. Phys. Chem., LXXXVII (1914), 40.
[94]Die Brownsche Bewegung besonders als Mittel zur Bestimmung der Avogadroschen Konstante, inaugural dissertation. Upsala: Almquist & Wiksells Boktryckeri, 1915.
[94]Die Brownsche Bewegung besonders als Mittel zur Bestimmung der Avogadroschen Konstante, inaugural dissertation. Upsala: Almquist & Wiksells Boktryckeri, 1915.
[95]Proc. Roy. Soc., A LXXXI (1908), 141, 161.
[95]Proc. Roy. Soc., A LXXXI (1908), 141, 161.
[96]Sitzungsber. d. k. Preuss. Akad., XXXVIII (1909), 948.
[96]Sitzungsber. d. k. Preuss. Akad., XXXVIII (1909), 948.
[97]Rutherford and Royds,Phil. Mag., XVII (1909), 281.
[97]Rutherford and Royds,Phil. Mag., XVII (1909), 281.
[98]Phil. Mag.(6), XXII (1911), 599.
[98]Phil. Mag.(6), XXII (1911), 599.
[99]Phil. Mag.(6), V (1903), 429.
[99]Phil. Mag.(6), V (1903), 429.
[100]Comptes rendus, CXLVI (1908), 624, 1010.
[100]Comptes rendus, CXLVI (1908), 624, 1010.
[101]Ibid., CXLIV (1907), 1338.
[101]Ibid., CXLIV (1907), 1338.
[102]Ibid., CXLVIII (1909), 1316.
[102]Ibid., CXLVIII (1909), 1316.
[103]Phys. Zeilschr., X (1909), 308.
[103]Phys. Zeilschr., X (1909), 308.
[104]Ibid., XI (1910), 619.
[104]Ibid., XI (1910), 619.
[105]This paper was published in abstract inPhys. Rev., XXX (1909), 360, andPhil. Mag., XIX (1910), 209.
[105]This paper was published in abstract inPhys. Rev., XXX (1909), 360, andPhil. Mag., XIX (1910), 209.
[106]This paper was published in abstract inPhys. Rev., XXXI (1910), 92;Science, XXXII (1910), 436;Phys. Zeitschr., XI (1910), 1097.
[106]This paper was published in abstract inPhys. Rev., XXXI (1910), 92;Science, XXXII (1910), 436;Phys. Zeitschr., XI (1910), 1097.
[107]Wien. Ber., CXIX (1910), II, 809. This publication was apparently not issued before December, 1910, for it is not noted inNaturae Novitatesbefore this date.
[107]Wien. Ber., CXIX (1910), II, 809. This publication was apparently not issued before December, 1910, for it is not noted inNaturae Novitatesbefore this date.
[108]Proc. Roy. Soc., LXXXIII (1910), 360.
[108]Proc. Roy. Soc., LXXXIII (1910), 360.
[109]These results were presented and discussed at great length in the fall of 1910; seePhys. Zeitschr., XI (1910), 619, 940.
[109]These results were presented and discussed at great length in the fall of 1910; seePhys. Zeitschr., XI (1910), 619, 940.
[110]Phys. Zeitschr., XII (1911), 161;Phys. Rev., XXXII (1911), 394.
[110]Phys. Zeitschr., XII (1911), 161;Phys. Rev., XXXII (1911), 394.
[111]Le Radium, VIII (1911), 279;Phys. Rev., XXXIII (1911), 107.
[111]Le Radium, VIII (1911), 279;Phys. Rev., XXXIII (1911), 107.
[112]Phys. Rev., XXXIII (1911), 366, 367.
[112]Phys. Rev., XXXIII (1911), 366, 367.
[113]See R. Pohl,Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik, VII (1912), 431.
[113]See R. Pohl,Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik, VII (1912), 431.
[114]Wien. Sitzungsber., CXXIII (1914), 53-155;Ann. d. Phys., XLIV (1914), 657.
[114]Wien. Sitzungsber., CXXIII (1914), 53-155;Ann. d. Phys., XLIV (1914), 657.
[115]Phys. Zeitschr., XVI (1915), 10.
[115]Phys. Zeitschr., XVI (1915), 10.
[116]Ann. d. Phys., XLVI (1915), 261.
[116]Ann. d. Phys., XLVI (1915), 261.
[117]Phys. Zeitschr., XII (1911), 162.
[117]Phys. Zeitschr., XII (1911), 162.
[118]Ibid., XVI (1915), 316.
[118]Ibid., XVI (1915), 316.
[119]Phys. Rev., II (1913), 138.
[119]Phys. Rev., II (1913), 138.
[120]SeePhys. Rev., II (1913), 134-35.
[120]SeePhys. Rev., II (1913), 134-35.
[121]Phys. Rev., XXXII (1911), 389.
[121]Phys. Rev., XXXII (1911), 389.
[122]See Schidlof et Karpowicz,Comptes rendus, CLVIII (1914), 1912.
[122]See Schidlof et Karpowicz,Comptes rendus, CLVIII (1914), 1912.
[123]E. Schmid,Wien. Akad. Ber., CXXIX (1920), 813, andZfP, V (1921), 27.
[123]E. Schmid,Wien. Akad. Ber., CXXIX (1920), 813, andZfP, V (1921), 27.
[124]R. Bär, in a series of articles recently summarized inDie Naturwissenschaften, Vols. XIV and XV, 1922, has emphasized this point. His data serve merely as a new check upon the work found in our preceding tables.
[124]R. Bär, in a series of articles recently summarized inDie Naturwissenschaften, Vols. XIV and XV, 1922, has emphasized this point. His data serve merely as a new check upon the work found in our preceding tables.
[125]“Die bei grösseren Partikeln unter gewissen Umständen bei gleicher Art der Erzeugung häufig wiederkehrenden höheren Quanten waren dann etwa als stabilere räumliche Gleichgewichtsverteilungen dieser Sub-electron anzusehen, die sich unter gewissen Umständen ergeben.”—Wien. Ber., CXXIII, 59.
[125]“Die bei grösseren Partikeln unter gewissen Umständen bei gleicher Art der Erzeugung häufig wiederkehrenden höheren Quanten waren dann etwa als stabilere räumliche Gleichgewichtsverteilungen dieser Sub-electron anzusehen, die sich unter gewissen Umständen ergeben.”—Wien. Ber., CXXIII, 59.
[126]Their whole case is summarized in the tables inAnn. d. Phys., XLIV (1914), 693, and XLVI (1915), 292, and it is recommended that all interested in this discussion take the time to glance at the data on these pages, for the data themselves are so erratic as to render discussion needless.
[126]Their whole case is summarized in the tables inAnn. d. Phys., XLIV (1914), 693, and XLVI (1915), 292, and it is recommended that all interested in this discussion take the time to glance at the data on these pages, for the data themselves are so erratic as to render discussion needless.
[127]“Wie ich in meinen früheren Publikationen erwähnt habe, zeigen die ultramikroskopischen Metallpartikel, unmittelbar nach der Erzeugung beobachtet, eine viel lebhaftere Brownsche Bewegung als nach einer halben Stunde.”—Phys. Zeitschr., XII, 98.
[127]“Wie ich in meinen früheren Publikationen erwähnt habe, zeigen die ultramikroskopischen Metallpartikel, unmittelbar nach der Erzeugung beobachtet, eine viel lebhaftere Brownsche Bewegung als nach einer halben Stunde.”—Phys. Zeitschr., XII, 98.
[128]In my own opinion this is a conclusion contrary to fact, since in a recent paper (seePhys. Rev., July, 1923) I have fully established the “Complete Law of Fall.”
[128]In my own opinion this is a conclusion contrary to fact, since in a recent paper (seePhys. Rev., July, 1923) I have fully established the “Complete Law of Fall.”
[129]II (1913), 117.
[129]II (1913), 117.
[130]Ibid., CCC (1911), 389-90.
[130]Ibid., CCC (1911), 389-90.
[131]The results shown in Fig. 13 do not lay claim to the precision reached in those recorded in Table X and Fig. 10. No elaborate precautions were here taken in the calibration of the Hipp chronoscope and the voltmeter, and it is due to slight errors discovered later in these calibrations that the slope of line 1 in Fig. 13 is not quite in agreement with the slope in Fig. 10.
[131]The results shown in Fig. 13 do not lay claim to the precision reached in those recorded in Table X and Fig. 10. No elaborate precautions were here taken in the calibration of the Hipp chronoscope and the voltmeter, and it is due to slight errors discovered later in these calibrations that the slope of line 1 in Fig. 13 is not quite in agreement with the slope in Fig. 10.
[132]Zeit. für Phys. Chem., LXXXVII (1914), 40.
[132]Zeit. für Phys. Chem., LXXXVII (1914), 40.
[133]Inaugural Dissertation von Arne Westgren,Untersuchungcn über Brownsche Bewegung, Stockholm, 1915.
[133]Inaugural Dissertation von Arne Westgren,Untersuchungcn über Brownsche Bewegung, Stockholm, 1915.
[134]R. Bär, “Der Streit um das Elektron,” Die Naturwissenschaften, 1922.
[134]R. Bär, “Der Streit um das Elektron,” Die Naturwissenschaften, 1922.
[135]R. A. Millikan,Phys. Rev., XXXII (1911), 397.
[135]R. A. Millikan,Phys. Rev., XXXII (1911), 397.
[136]J. J. Thomson,Phil. Mag., XI (1881), 229.
[136]J. J. Thomson,Phil. Mag., XI (1881), 229.
[137]Bucherer,Annalen der Physik, XXVIII (1900), 513.
[137]Bucherer,Annalen der Physik, XXVIII (1900), 513.
[138]The inadequacy in this argument arises from the fact that Einstein’s Theory of Relativity requires that all mass, whether of electromagnetic origin or not, varies in just this way with speed.
[138]The inadequacy in this argument arises from the fact that Einstein’s Theory of Relativity requires that all mass, whether of electromagnetic origin or not, varies in just this way with speed.
[139]Bragg,Phil. Mag., VIII (1904), 719, 726; X (1905), 318; XI (1906), 617.
[139]Bragg,Phil. Mag., VIII (1904), 719, 726; X (1905), 318; XI (1906), 617.
[140]Phil. Mag., XXI (1911), 669.
[140]Phil. Mag., XXI (1911), 669.
[141]Phil. Mag., XXI (1911), 669-88.
[141]Phil. Mag., XXI (1911), 669-88.
[142]Ibid., XXV (1913), 604.
[142]Ibid., XXV (1913), 604.
[143]Phil. Mag., XXI (1911), 648.
[143]Phil. Mag., XXI (1911), 648.
[144]Bragg,X-Rays and Crystal Structure, 1915.
[144]Bragg,X-Rays and Crystal Structure, 1915.
[145]Phil. Mag., XXVI (1912), 1024; XXVII (1914), 703.
[145]Phil. Mag., XXVI (1912), 1024; XXVII (1914), 703.
[146]Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität u. Elektronik, XIII (1916), 326.
[146]Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität u. Elektronik, XIII (1916), 326.
[147]Comptes rendus, CLXV (1916), 87, 352.
[147]Comptes rendus, CLXV (1916), 87, 352.
[148]Barkla and Sadler,Phil. Mag., XVII (May, 1909), 749.
[148]Barkla and Sadler,Phil. Mag., XVII (May, 1909), 749.
[149]Soddy,The Chemistry of the Radioelements, Part II, 1914.
[149]Soddy,The Chemistry of the Radioelements, Part II, 1914.
[150]Millikan and Bowen, “Extreme Ultra-Violet Spectra,”Phys. Rev., January, 1924.
[150]Millikan and Bowen, “Extreme Ultra-Violet Spectra,”Phys. Rev., January, 1924.
[151]Balmer (1885) expressed the formula in wave-lengths. Ritz (1908) first replaced wave-lengths by wave-numbers, or frequencies, and thereby saw his “combination-principle,” while Rydberg discovered the general significance of what is now known as the Rydberg constant.
[151]Balmer (1885) expressed the formula in wave-lengths. Ritz (1908) first replaced wave-lengths by wave-numbers, or frequencies, and thereby saw his “combination-principle,” while Rydberg discovered the general significance of what is now known as the Rydberg constant.
[152]Paschen,Ann. d. Phys., XXVII (1908), 565.
[152]Paschen,Ann. d. Phys., XXVII (1908), 565.
[153]Spectroscopy of the Extreme Ultraviolet, p. 78.
[153]Spectroscopy of the Extreme Ultraviolet, p. 78.
[154]N. Bohr,Phil. Mag., XXVI (1913), 1 and 476 and 857; XXIX (1915), 332; XXX (1915), 394; Sommerfeld,Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines. New York: Dutton, 1923.
[154]N. Bohr,Phil. Mag., XXVI (1913), 1 and 476 and 857; XXIX (1915), 332; XXX (1915), 394; Sommerfeld,Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines. New York: Dutton, 1923.
[155]Einstein and De Haas,Verh, der deutsch. phys. Ges., XVII (1915), 152; also Barnett,Phys. Rev., VI (1915), 239; also Epstein,Science, LVII (1923), 532.
[155]Einstein and De Haas,Verh, der deutsch. phys. Ges., XVII (1915), 152; also Barnett,Phys. Rev., VI (1915), 239; also Epstein,Science, LVII (1923), 532.
[156]R. A. Millikan,Phil. Mag., XXXIV (1917), 1.
[156]R. A. Millikan,Phil. Mag., XXXIV (1917), 1.
[157]R. A. Millikan,Phys. Rev., VII (1916), 362.
[157]R. A. Millikan,Phys. Rev., VII (1916), 362.
[158]Blake and Duane,ibid., (1917), 624.
[158]Blake and Duane,ibid., (1917), 624.
[159]A. Sommerfeld,Ann. d. Phys., III (1916), 1. Also Paschen,ibid., p. 901.
[159]A. Sommerfeld,Ann. d. Phys., III (1916), 1. Also Paschen,ibid., p. 901.
[160]P. Epstein,ibid., L (1916), 489.
[160]P. Epstein,ibid., L (1916), 489.
[161]SeePhys. Rev., July, 1924.
[161]SeePhys. Rev., July, 1924.
[162]These appeared in an article by Kramers inNaturwissenschaften, 1923.
[162]These appeared in an article by Kramers inNaturwissenschaften, 1923.
[163]Bohr and Coster,Zeit. f. Physik, XII (1923), 344.
[163]Bohr and Coster,Zeit. f. Physik, XII (1923), 344.
[164]Coster and Hevesy,Nature, III (1923), 79;Ber. d. chem. Ges., LVI (1923), 1503.
[164]Coster and Hevesy,Nature, III (1923), 79;Ber. d. chem. Ges., LVI (1923), 1503.
[165]Ann. d. Phys.(4), VIII (1903), 149.
[165]Ann. d. Phys.(4), VIII (1903), 149.
[166]Phys. Rev., I (1913), 73.
[166]Phys. Rev., I (1913), 73.
[167]Ann. d. Phys.(4), XVII (1905), 132; XX (1906), 199.
[167]Ann. d. Phys.(4), XVII (1905), 132; XX (1906), 199.
[168]Phys. Rev., VII (1916), 362.
[168]Phys. Rev., VII (1916), 362.
[169]Warme Strahlung, 1st. ed.
[169]Warme Strahlung, 1st. ed.
[170]Cf. R. Pohl u. P. Pringsheim,Verh. der deutsch. phys. Ges., XV (1913), 637; Sommerfeld,Atombau, etc. (3d ed. 1922), p. 47; alsoPhys. Rev., VII (1916), 18, 362.
[170]Cf. R. Pohl u. P. Pringsheim,Verh. der deutsch. phys. Ges., XV (1913), 637; Sommerfeld,Atombau, etc. (3d ed. 1922), p. 47; alsoPhys. Rev., VII (1916), 18, 362.
[171]Phys. Rev., IV (1914), 73; VI (1915), 55; and VII (1916), 362.
[171]Phys. Rev., IV (1914), 73; VI (1915), 55; and VII (1916), 362.
[172]Phys. Rev., VI (1915), 166;Proc. Nat. Acad., II (1916), 90;Phys. Rev., VII (1916), 599; IX, 568; X (1917), 93 and 624.
[172]Phys. Rev., VI (1915), 166;Proc. Nat. Acad., II (1916), 90;Phys. Rev., VII (1916), 599; IX, 568; X (1917), 93 and 624.
[173]D. L. Webster and H. Clark,Proc. Nat. Acad., III (1917), 18. Also Webster,ibid., VI (1920), 26 and 639.
[173]D. L. Webster and H. Clark,Proc. Nat. Acad., III (1917), 18. Also Webster,ibid., VI (1920), 26 and 639.
[174]Paper read before the Third Solvay Congress, 1921.
[174]Paper read before the Third Solvay Congress, 1921.
[175]Proc. Roy. Soc., XCIX (1921), 261. See also the same, January, 1924.
[175]Proc. Roy. Soc., XCIX (1921), 261. See also the same, January, 1924.
[176]Verh. der deutsch. phys. Ges., XV and XVI, 1914.
[176]Verh. der deutsch. phys. Ges., XV and XVI, 1914.
[177]Millikan and Bowen,Phys. Rev., January, 1924.
[177]Millikan and Bowen,Phys. Rev., January, 1924.
[178]Nichols and Tear,ibid., 1923.
[178]Nichols and Tear,ibid., 1923.
[179]J. J. Thomson,Electricity and Matter, p. 9.
[179]J. J. Thomson,Electricity and Matter, p. 9.
[180]Phys. Rev., II (1913), 109.
[180]Phys. Rev., II (1913), 109.
[181]Ann. d. Phys.(4), VIII (1902), 149.
[181]Ann. d. Phys.(4), VIII (1902), 149.
[182]Drude,Lehrbuch der Optik(1906), p. 472.
[182]Drude,Lehrbuch der Optik(1906), p. 472.
[183]Phil. Mag., XXXII (1916), 188.
[183]Phil. Mag., XXXII (1916), 188.
[184]Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations, p. 288.
[184]Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations, p. 288.
[185]Millikan,Phys. Rev., XVIII (1921), 236.
[185]Millikan,Phys. Rev., XVIII (1921), 236.
[186]Page,Amer. Jour. Sci., XXXVI (1913), 501; Hennings and Kadesch,Phys. Rev., VIII (1916), 217.
[186]Page,Amer. Jour. Sci., XXXVI (1913), 501; Hennings and Kadesch,Phys. Rev., VIII (1916), 217.
[187]Zeitschrift für Physik, 4 (1921), 46.
[187]Zeitschrift für Physik, 4 (1921), 46.
[188]Zeitschrift für Physik, 10 (1922), 185.
[188]Zeitschrift für Physik, 10 (1922), 185.
[189]This was first called to my attention by Dr. Epstein, of the California Institute.
[189]This was first called to my attention by Dr. Epstein, of the California Institute.
[190]A. H. Compton,Phys. Rev., XXI (1923), 483, 715; XXII (1923), 409.
[190]A. H. Compton,Phys. Rev., XXI (1923), 483, 715; XXII (1923), 409.
[191]P. A. Ross,Proc. Nat. Acad., VII (1923), 246.
[191]P. A. Ross,Proc. Nat. Acad., VII (1923), 246.
[192]Duane and Clark,ibid., February and March, 1924.
[192]Duane and Clark,ibid., February and March, 1924.
[193]Becker et al.,Proc. Phys. Soc., April 26, 1924;Phys. Rev., June, 1924.
[193]Becker et al.,Proc. Phys. Soc., April 26, 1924;Phys. Rev., June, 1924.
[194]Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., IX (1923), 158; Compton,ibid., p. 359.
[194]Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., IX (1923), 158; Compton,ibid., p. 359.
[195]Ibid., 1924.
[195]Ibid., 1924.
[196]Ibid.
[196]Ibid.
[197]SeeProc. Nat. Acad. Sci., III (1917), 236; alsoPhil. Mag., July, 1917.
[197]SeeProc. Nat. Acad. Sci., III (1917), 236; alsoPhil. Mag., July, 1917.
[198]Lamb,Hydrodynamics, 1895, p. 533.
[198]Lamb,Hydrodynamics, 1895, p. 533.
[199]Comptes Rendus, CXLVI (1908), 530.
[199]Comptes Rendus, CXLVI (1908), 530.