Plate 24Larger plate.
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396. Slot and crank motion.The pin usually runs in a sliding block.
397. Segment pinion and double rack motion.
398. Rack and pinion.The pinion is sometimes made so as to be driven on one stroke and run loose on the other, by a clutch or ratchet motion, such asNos. 1135,1178, or their equivalents. SeeSection 62.
399. Hydraulic multiplying gear.See alsoSection 42.
400. Slotted crosshead and disc crank.The pin runs in a sliding block in a groove in the covered crosshead.
401. Stannah’s patent,works vertically; the fly-wheel centreAoscillates on the end of a linkB, allowing the crank pin to run in a straight line.
402. Screw and fly nut.May be made to produce continuous rotary motion by fitting the nut with a clutch motion similar to1135or1178, so as to grip the wheel only on one stroke.
403. Friction gear;the pinion is driven by the reciprocating rod and runs loose on the out stroke, the weighted lever with roller giving frictional grip on the in stroke.
404. Lever and roller crank pin.
405. Treadle motion,with cord and spring. For continuous rotary motion the pinion must be fitted as described withNo. 402.
406. Ball and socket crank motion.The crank pin is always horizontal.
407. Segment lever,with cord and pulley.
408. Double geared cranks,used for driving rotary blowers, &c.
409. J. Warwick’s patent;circular motion converted into reciprocating by a diagonal sheave grooved as shown; the crank arm centre is in line with the centre of the sheave, as shown in dotted lines.
410. Rolling sectors,with thrust motion to crank pin. Used in Outridge’s box engine with double pistons; this gives a constant rectilinear thrust to the crank pin at all points in the stroke, and no part is in tension.
Plate 25Larger plate.
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411. Weight and multiplying pulleys,used for clock motions, driving any light machines, &c.
412. Oscillating clutch arm and ring,silent feed motion.
413. Slot and roller motion for crank.The crank pin has a friction roller, which runs in a covered slot in the crosshead.
414. Trammel gear;one revolution of the wheel to two double strokes of piston.
415. Segmental vanes(in a semicircular case), driven by a disc crank and pin, running on the upper centre, giving motion by links to two arms fixed to the two vanes, which have independent motion. Used as a pumping or blowing machine.
416. Circular into reciprocating motionby revolving armAcarrying the two pinions, the point at end of armBdescribes a vertical line four times the length of armB, the large wheelCis fixed, and motion is given to the armB. May be used as a piston rod and crank motion.
417. Trammel gear;the slotted cross moves in a right line.
418. Slot link and treadle,driving the pinion on both strokes by friction on the inside of link alternately at the upper and under sides.
419. Chain and roller treadle motion.
420. Reciprocating wheel and crank motion.
421. Velocipede patternfoot treadle.
422. Double crossheads,separated by distance rods so arranged as to allow the crank and connecting rod to work between them. SeeNo. 681.
423. Mangle rack and pinion reciprocating gear.The rack moves in a right line, the pinion working round it by moving up and down the slot at each end of the travel of the rack.
424. Mode of connecting an oscillating leverby a sliding joint to any reciprocating part, such as a steam hammer head, engine crosshead, &c. SeeNos. 893, 894.
425. Suspended treadle motion.
426. Eccentric and sliding bush motionfor a double piston engine.
427. Rocking lever motionby gearing and a tied crank pin. The upper pinion drives the crank disc on the middle centre at each revolution, of which the lever with the gearing attached oscillates from side to side as shown.
Plate 26Larger plate.
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428. Crank pin and slotted leverfor giving a variable speed to the connecting rod. SeeNo. 1195.
429. Side gudgeon crank motion.
430. Bell crank and disc crank motion,the bell crank centre having horizontal as well as vertical movement.
431. Worm wheel and screw reciprocating motionby means of a tied crank pin. Useful for slow speeds.
432. Treadle, cord and pulley crank motion.
433. Circular into reciprocating motion,orvice versâ.
434. Another form of sun-and-planet gear.The ring is stationary, and the bush on which the planet wheel revolves is slotted to fit the ring; the planet wheel is fixed to the connecting rod end.
435. Bent shaft and arm motion.
436. Reciprocating motionby a return thread screw and lever.
See alsoSections 62,31, and74.
Multiplication of power by great reduction of speed is accomplished by the following devices, and various obvious modifications of them. Ordinary methods comprise—Gearing (seeSection 84), the screw or compound screws (seeSection 78), and the wedge and lever (seeSection 53). By differential screws,Nos. 1379,1380.
437. Compound lever.
438. Double toothed-cam and lever combination.
439. Double lever and link motion,with increasing pressure. The strains are self-contained, and this plan is very suitable where an increasing pressure is required.
440. Lever and toggle motion(seeSection 63). Many variations are in use for stone breakers, &c. SeeSection 13.
Knapping toggle motion. SeeNos. 269,251.
Motion may be conveyed to such parts of a machine as require to be movable, or to distinct machinery which has no fixed location, by the followingmeans:—
441. Is an endless rope or other round section belt,kept tight in any position in the plane of the driving pulley by a weighted pulley. In this plan the machine can be moved to any position in the plane of the driving pulley, the weighted pulley taking up the slack of the belt.
442. Flexible shaft for light driving.It admits of considerable flexure, and is useful for drilling and similar incidental driving purposes in difficult positions.
443. Radiating arm and belt.The movable machine can be driven at any point in circumference of the circle described by the arm head.
444. Similar plan,but driven by bevil gear instead of belt.
445. Bevil gear and feather shaft.The movable machine having a travel in a straight line the length of the shaft as well as a radiating motion.
Plate 27Larger plate.
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446. Screw and worm wheel gear,for the same purpose as445.
447. The driven wheelAhas a limited travel up and down the slot, the idle wheelBbeing kept in gear by the link suspension.
448. Idle wheel and slot.A common device for changing direction or speed in driving gear by connecting or disconnecting it with intermediate gearing between a fixed driving and a driven shaft.
449. Parallel motion radiating driving device,with a limited vertical travel and a radial motion.
450. Motion by beltis conveyed to a driven shaft having a radial motion in a vertical plane. Used for light drilling, emery wheels, &c.
451. Steam or hydraulic radiating armand cylinder device.
452. Central cylinderand radiating lever motion.
453. Jointed radiating arms,with belt gear for conveying motion from a central spindle to one having a travel covering any point within a circle of the extreme radius of the jointed arms.
See alsoNos. 348,349.
Endless rubber or wire coil belts are used to give motion to machines having some amount of freedom of movement as regards the fixed position of the driving pulley.
Besides the ordinary cutting tools in use in the workshop, such as the chisel, gouge, plane, saw, drawknife, scissors, shears, scythe, and others, and which do not properly belong to machine devices, there are others, some of them mere modifications of the ordinary tools that are sometimes needed in the design of machines, and are illustrated here.
Other appliances are—Shears: see the ordinary shearing machines, bookbinder’s shears,No. 462, and other modifications. In some the shears are hinged at one end, in others the movable blade moves either with equal or unequal motion at either end by cam or crank motion (see462.)
454. Pipe cutter,withV-edged cutting roller. Sometimes 3 cutting rollers are used. SeeNo. 466.
455. Cutting discs,used for paper, sheet metal, &c.
456. Slitting discs,for cutting sheets into strips.
457. Revolving cutter head,for moulding, tenoning, and numerous wood working uses.
458. Hollow revolving cutter head,for rounding wood rods, broom handles, &c. See alsoNo. 488.
459. Reaping machine cutters.A series of scissor-shaped knives, one set fixed and the other reciprocating.
460. Wire cutter discs,one fixed, the other attached to the hand lever, and having corresponding holes of various sizes in both discs.
461. Chaff machine,with revolving shear blades.
462. Guillotine shears.
463. Milling cutters.
464. Tubular machine cutterfor wood working; easily sharpened, and can be revolved to present fresh cutting edges to the work.
Plate 28Larger plate.
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465. Fret sawor jigger.
466. Three-cutter tube shears,with worm gear motion.
Their uses generally are to condense steam, to cool heated gases, air, or articles of food requiring a low temperature; distilling, and other purposes. For cooling purposes, compressed air machines are in most demand. The air is compressed in a cylinder, then cooled to ordinary temperature again in a surface condenser, such asNo. 468, and then expanded into the cooling chamber, through a cylinder and piston, the expansion reducing its temperature usually to 10° or 20° below zero. Other cooling appliances are ammonia machines, fans, and blowers of all kinds, punkahs, or waving fans, freezing mixtures, &c.
467. Gravity condenser.The pipe should be 34 feet high or more, in which case no air pump is required, as the condensed steam and air are discharged below. In place of the pipe an air pump and foot valve are required, and are commonly used, as it is seldom convenient to have a vertical pipe 34 feet long with a water supply at the top.
468. Surface condenser, multitubular.The steam may be led into the tubes, and the water around them, orvice versâ.
469. Worm, or coil condenser,chiefly used for distilling.
470. Still condenser for essences,spirits, &c.
471. Condensing chambers for gases,&c. Horizontal or vertical.
472. Wimshurst’s condenser,requires no air pump. The exhaust comes down the vertical pipe, meeting the injection water from the side nozzle, causing sudden condensation and vacuum. The condensed water, &c., are blown out through the foot valves at each stroke.
473. Another form of ejector condenserin which the steam and water form a vacuum in the nozzle, and the water, &c., are discharged through a foot valve (not shown).
474. Tray cooler, or condenser;a series of water trays supplied from a tank above.
See Morton’s ejector condenser, which requires no air pump; Hayward’s exhaust condenser, which employs the water in suction pipe of a pumping engine to condense the steam. See Messrs. Tangye’s list. Water tube cooling coils are used for tuyeres and other hot surfaces.
Air-compressing and gas engine cylinders are water jacketed to carry off the heat of the compressed air or gas. Cooling by exposing a large surface to air is sometimes employed for exhaust steam on tram car engines &c., the apparatus consisting generally of numerous wrought-iron tubes or coils.
Sifting, riddling, and screening are treated of underSection 72. For concentrating ores many methods are in use, of which the water processes are the most important.
475. Circular revolving concentrating table.The lightest particles are discharged over the edge, and the heaviest remain in the centre.
The ordinary magneting machine, for separating particles of iron or steel from mixed borings, &c., consists of a series of magnets drawn through thematerial, and then through fixed brushes, which brush off the iron particles adhering to the magnets.
Plate 29Larger plate.
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476. Separating dust from grain,&c., by a current of air driven through the stream of material as it falls from hopper to hopper. See alsoNos. 1268,1270.
477. Ore concentrator;consists of an endless rubber belt with flanges (seeNo. 1082), having a slow longitudinal motion, and a rapid shaking motion, either sideways, as in the “Frue Vanner,” or endwise, as in the “Embrey” concentrator; a stream of water runs over the ore, the heavy particles settle on the belt, and the mud is washed off.
478. Jigfor separating ores by motion of a piston in water, the heavy parts settle to the bottom and the light parts are removed at the top.
Filtration through various substances—as sand, charcoal, calcined ores, &c., is employed to separate suspended matter from liquids.
Separation by subsidence in a tank, similar toNo. 1571, is employed for lime, &c.
Chemical deposition and evaporation are necessary in many cases.
479. Has a disc cutterwith radial knives and slots; used for roots, &c.
480. Disc cutter,with small knives wedged in separate holes, through which the cuttings escape in shreds.
481. Revolving cutter rollers.
482. Hand mincing compound knife.
483. Spiral tapered revolving cutter,in a conical case, having projecting knives on its interior. The type of the common mincing machine.
484. Two or more rectangular cutters,with vertical reciprocating motion in a revolving pan for mincing.
485. Single roller revolving cuttermachine.
486. Revolving spiral cutters,as used in the common lawn mower, in conjunction with a fixed straight knife or shear blade.
487. Apple slicer and corer(cutter for). The apple is passed down through the cutter and divided into sectors and central cylindrical core.
See alsoSection 24.
Common devices for gripping articles comprise the ordinary vice, tongs, pincers, pliers, joiners’ handscrew, cramp bench screw, parallel vice, instantaneous grip vice, &c.
488. Hollow chuck,with radial knives, for rounding wood rods. See alsoNo. 458.
489. Barber’s patentgrip for shanks of drills, brace bits, &c., having square taper shanks.
490. Collar gripand bolt, or set screw.
491. Cone and screw lever grip,with two or more jaws; with two jaws only it serves as a small vice.
492. Taper gripfor vices.
493. Tool box,for lathes, planing machines, &c., with central revolving tool post and set screw.
Plate 30Larger plate.
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494. Tool box,with two tool stocks and set screws sliding inTgrooves in the slide rest.
495. Tool box,with clamping screw and plate, which can be revolved to any angle.
496. A modification of495,the tool being secured by set screws in the clamping plate.
497. Rail gripfor holding a crane, car, &c., down to its railway.
498. Cam-lever rail gripfor safety gear on inclines; this is usually thrown into action by a spring released by the breakage of the hauling rope.
499. Cone centering gripsfor machine tools.
500. Hinged clamp,with screw and nut.
501. Fitter’s clamp or cramp.
502.Vgrip vicefor round rods and tubes. This is frequently made with multipleV’s to hold cylindrical articles such as drills, &c., and is a common device for drill chucks.
503. Lathe carrier,for round rods, spindles, &c.
504. Bench cramp;employed to hold down to the bench work operated upon; the bench has a series of holes bored in it to receive the vertical leg of the cramp.
505. Grip tongs,used for draw benches, &c., the bite of the jaws increasing with the strain on the chain.
506. Split cone expanding chuckfor rods, &c.; the centre cone is split into three or four parts, and the screwed ring or collet contracts the split cone upon any cylindrical article inserted in the central aperture.
507. Le Count’s patent expanding mandril,with cone and three sliding feathers which are fitted into dovetail grooves in the conical mandril. The travel of the feathers being limited, they are provided with steps to take various sizes of holes.
508. Bell chuckand set screws for lathes.
509. Three jaw grip,or stay bearing, used as a steady for long shafts or spindles.
510. Pipe tongs,self gripping; there are several modifications in use.
511. Paper grip,used for holding sheets of paper; released by striking a stopAat any point in the travel of the machine.