Plate 99Larger plate.
Larger plate.
1719. Railway wheel:boss of cast iron with wrought-iron arms cast in. The rim is of rolled iron or steel riveted on. There are numerous methods of fastening the tyres to arms, detailed in theEngineer, July 23rd, 1880.
1720. Spring rim split pulley.
1721. Segment fly-wheel,with long radial bolts to secure the rim, arms, and boss together.
1722. Large centre boss,with rim segments bolted to it.
1723. Wheel in halves;the boss is held together by two bolts acting as cotters.
1724. Weighing by a beam with equal arms.WeightsA= packageB.
1725. Weighing by a beam with unequal arms.WeightAconstant; leverage of ditto variable by shifting it along the graduated arm of lever.
1726. Graduated measuring vessel.
1727. Similar principle applied by compound levers with unequal arms.The table is supported on four points on the arms of levers loosely jointed together in the centre; one lever is extended and coupled by a rod to a graduated lever with sliding weight. Knife edges are used for bearings for all weighing machines by leverage. SeeNo. 958. This construction is the basis of most of the ordinary weighing machines in use.
1728. Duckham’s patent hydraulic weighing machine.The article to be weighed is suspended from the hook, and exerts a pressure on the ram. The corresponding pressure on the liquid (usually oil or glycerine) is indicated on the pressure gauge, which is graduated to show the weight.
1729. Spring balance.
1730. Appliance for indicating depth of waterin a cistern by an air bell and pipe connected to aUwater gauge. The pressure on the air in the bell varies with the depth or head of water above it, and is indicated on the gauge. A modification of this is employed for sounding at sea.
Weights of substances may be ascertained by their displacement in water or mercury, or by supporting the weighing scale on a free piston resting on an ascertained area of water or mercury, the pressure produced being indicated by a gauge.
1731. Micrometer gauge.
1732. Radial arm weighing machine.
1733. Small weighing device,depending upon the angle the card assumes in respect of the vertical pointer, which is on a free pivot.
1734. Automatic measuring or weighing device.The material fills one compartment until it overbalances, when it falls and empties itself; the material then fills the other compartment, and so on.
Plate 100Larger plate.
Larger plate.
1735. Wet gas meter.The gas enters at the centre, and as the compartments fill they rise out of the water, the gas being discharged at the outer ports into the casing.
1736. Measuring wheel.
1737. Measuring wheel.
1738. Double slide measurer.
1739. Automatic tipping scale.When full, to equal the weight, it falls and tips by striking a fixed stop; the scale then turns over and returns to its position, and is refilled.
1740. An ordinary piston and cylinderare often employed to measure liquids, and fitted with a reversing valve on the same principle asNos. 1026,1027, and1741. See alsonotetoSec. 93.
Most of the rotary devices (seeSection 75) have been employed as meters for liquids and gases. SeeNo. 1692.
Dry gas meters usually employ an expanding bellows, or light piston, with a self-reversing valve, similar toNos. 1299and1026. See alsoSection 44.
See alsoSection 56.
Hydraulic ram. SeeNo. 1025.
Robinet. SeeNo. 1026.
Two- or three-cylinder engines, with slide valves operated either by eccentrics as in the steam engine, or by the oscillation of the cylinder. The slide valves have no lap or lead; there is no cushioning except what is given by an air vessel on the supply pipe. Three-cylinder engines are usually made single acting with rams. SeeNo. 1743.
1741. Single cylinder engines.These must have the slide or other distributing valve reversed by pistonsA,A, operated by the pressure of the supply water. This is usually done by an auxiliary valveB, reversed by the main piston rodC. This valve admits the pressure water to the pistonsA,A, which reverse the main slide valve. SeeNo. 1506. Seenotebelow.
1742. Mode of working an underground pumping engineby water cylinders above ground, connected to those below by pipesA,A.Bis the suction,Cthe delivery.
1743. One, two, or three cylinder water engine.The ports are in the segmental base of the cylinder, have no lap, and are opened and closed by the oscillation of the cylinder.
1744. Circular oscillating cylinder,in a case which opens and closes its ports by its own oscillation.
In lieu of the weighted lever valve gear for single cylinder water pressure engines, the engine may be arranged to compress a spring during the stroke, which at the end of the stroke shall be released, and by its expansion reverse the valve.
1745. Cylindrical revolving screen washer,for roots, &c.
1746. Tub and paddle washer.
Plate 101Larger plate.
Larger plate.
1747. Coal washer.The water is kept in motion up and down through the screenAby a cylinder and pistonB; the mud sinks toCand the washed coal passes over toD. Both are removed continuously by elevators or worms. SeeSection 57.
For washing ores sloping screens either plain or perforated are often used, a stream of water being kept flowing over the ore, which is kept in motion. SeeNos. 1266and477, also Cylindrical Revolving Screens, asNo. 1262.
1748. Cylindrical perforated drum, with internal fixed spiral flange which causes the material to travel at a fixed rate of motion. The cylinder may be revolved in a water trough asNo. 1745, or water may be fed in with the material and the casing be unperforated.
1749. A contrivance to keep a continuous circulationin a boiling tub or copper in which clothes, &c., are washed. The hot water from the bottom rises up the tin tube, and is discharged on the surface.
1750. Corrugated rollers washing device, for fabrics.
1751. Water trough and dipping band, for washing cloths, wool, paper, &c.
Domestic washers comprise, besides the ordinary tub and dolly, washing boards, having corrugated surfaces; rocking and revolving boxes, having a churn-like motion. Brushes also are sometimes used.
1752. Feathering paddle wheel.Each float has a bracket and pin at back, with connecting rod to a common eccentric (fixed), through which the shaft revolves.
1753. Spiral vane or cowl, for chimney top. Used to drive a vertical worm inside the chimney cap to maintain an upward draught, by employing the wind as a motive power.
1754. Windmill sails, with angular adjustment by a sliding device on the shaft.
1755. Feathering horizontal windmill.Each float is hinged a little out of centre to the arms, so that the pressure of wind (see arrow) turns the floats to the positions in the sketch as they revolve.
1756. Hollow semi-spherical cup windmillor motor.
1757. Wind motor, with curved vanes. These last two revolve in the direction of the arrows, because the wind has more hold upon the hollow sides of the cups and vanes than on the convex side.
1758. Self-feathering wind wheel.
1759. Spiral wind wheel.
Plate 102Larger plate.
Larger plate.
1760. Barrel or drum, for wire, &c.
1761. Winding barrel, for cranes, winches, &c.
1762. Fusee barrel.SeeNo. 1602.
1763. Grooved barrel, for chain. Prevents the chain riding as it coils.
1764. Hexagon frame winder, for yarn, &c.
1765. Spool.
1766. Card winder.
1767&1768. Bobbins.There are a great many patterns in use for various trades.
1769. Appliance for winding bobbinsof cotton, and other machinery. The bobbin is stationary and the flyer revolves, the thread passing up its centre and down one arm through the eye, which has an up and down feed motion to wind the thread on evenly.
1770. Mode of feeding the threadon to the spindles to cause it to coil evenly by an oscillating arm and pin over which the thread passes.
1771. Drum, for flat rope or chain wound upon itself.
For winding engines and winches, seeNos. 1222to1226.
See also Rope Gear,Section 66.
1772. Knob handle.
1773. Loop handle, hinged.
1774. Loop handle, fixed.
1775.Thandle.
1776. Plain handle.
1777. Sash liftor drawer handle.
1778. Hand bar.
1779. Swing door handle.
1780. Sunk or flush loop handle.
1781. Hinged lifting levers.
1782. Bent handle, for radial motion.
Plate 103Larger plate.
Larger plate.
1783. Hand wheel.
1784. CrankedThandle.
1785. Capstan wheel.
1786. Bow or lifting handle, for ladles, buckets, &c.
1787.Tbar handle, for two hands.
1788. Cross hand lever, four, six, or eight arms.
1789. Loop handle,sometimes cast into a casting.
1790. Ring handle.
1791. Double bar pushing handles.
1792. Bent handle,for radial motion.
1793. Weighted handle.
1794. Vice handle,with sliding lever bar.
1795. Hand bar,with forked lever attachment for pumps, &c.
1796.Slever double cranked handle.
1797. Stirrup handle.
1798.Tlifting handle or key,for opening flush doors or manhole covers.
1799. Thumb screw head.
1800. Straight handle,with suspending eye.
1801. Capstan wheel,for screw gear.
1802. Ventilated twisted handle.
1803&1804. Loop handles.
Plate 104Larger plate.
Larger plate.
1805. Spring lock lever handle.
1806. “Coffee pot” handle.
See alsoSection 48.
See Gearing,Section 40; Ellipsograph,Section 34.
1807. Cyclograph,for describing arcs, the chord and versed sine being given. Fix pins atAandB, fasten together atCtwo slips of wood, hold the pencil atD, and move the slips round, keeping them against the pins. See alsoNo. 11.
1808. Hyperbolagraph.Height and focus are given as for1809, and string fixed toB, and focusA; the arm is pivoted atC, and the pencil used as described forNo. 1809.
1809. Parabolagraph.The height of parabolic curveHand focusAare given. A string is fastened to end of set square atB, reaching toC, and the other end fixed to a pin in the focusA. A pencil held in the loop and kept against edge of set square as it is moved to left or right will describe the parabolic curve.
1810. Cycloidograph,describes the hypo- or epi-cycloid. A modification of this is used to draw the curves of the teeth of wheels.
Pentagraph,for reducing or enlarging outline drawings,No. 1924.
Helicograph,to describe a regular helix by a central fixed bevil wheel which drives the radial bevil wheel screw and scribing pencil,No. 1925.
A simple helicograph,with radial screw and roller nut, which travels along the screw as the apparatus is revolved on its centre pin,No. 1926.
The following memoranda relate only to such materials as are required in connection with machinery or mechanical constructions, and are intended to supply particulars of the dimensions of the manufactured or raw material, giving the sections manufactured and the limits as to size available for incorporation in any design under consideration.
Rolled iron and steel barsare manufactured asbelow:—
1811. Rounds,from3⁄16″ to 73⁄4″ diameter, and up to 18′ long.
1812. Squares,from3⁄16″ to 6″ square, and up to 18′ long.
1813. Flats,from1⁄2″ to 14″ wide, and up to 18′ long.
1814,1815,1816,1817,1818, &1819.Liron sectionsare made from3⁄4″ ×3⁄4″ up to 14″ × 33⁄4″, or to 121⁄2″ united inches, with equal or unequal flanges, and up to 30′ long; but the acute, obtuse, and round angled sections are not usually stocked.
1820&1821.Tirons,from 1″ × 1″ up to 12 united inches, or to 9″ × 4″, and up to 30′ long.
1822. Rolled girder iron,from 3″ deep to 20″ deep × 10″ flanges, and to 36′ long, in hundreds of sections.
1823. Zore girders,from 3″ to 8″ deep, and to 24′ long.
1824. Channel iron,from3⁄4″ to 12″ wide, and to 25′ long.
1825. Convex iron,from 1″ to 6″ wide, and up to 20′ long.
1826. Cope iron,from 1″ to 4″ wide, and to 20′ long.
Plate 105Larger plate.
Larger plate.
1827. Half-round iron,from1⁄2″ to 4″ wide, and to 20′ long.
1828. Funnel ring iron,from 31⁄2″ ×3⁄16″ to 8″ ×9⁄16″ wide, and up to 18′ long.
1829. Jackstay iron.
1830. Hollow cope iron.
1831,1832, &1838. Rail sections(seeSection 73), usually made in 18′ to 30′ lengths, and numerous sections of from 22 lbs. to 84 lbs. per yard.
1833. BulbLiron.
1834. Deck beam or bulbTiron,up to 16″ × 6″.
1835. BulbLiron,up to 10″ × 4″.
1836. Bulb iron,to 13″ wide.
1837. Pile iron.
1839,1840, &1841. Flush tram rails,18′ to 30′ long.
1842,1843, &1849. Fire bar iron.
1844. DoubleLiron,1⁄2″ × 1″ ×1⁄2″ to 5″ × 5″ ×1⁄2″.
1845. Cross iron.
1846,1847, &1853. Sash bar iron.Hundreds of special sections are manufactured.
1848. Bevil edge iron.
1850. Octagon bar iron.
1851. Hexagon bar iron.
1852. Tyre iron,made in many sections. See note toNo. 1719.