BURSERACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 75.J. Fleischmann del.Pachylobus edulis G. DonAFlowering branch.BMale flower cut lengthwise.CStamen.DFemale flower cut lengthwise.EStaminode.FCross-section of ovary.
BURSERACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 75.J. Fleischmann del.Pachylobus edulis G. DonAFlowering branch.BMale flower cut lengthwise.CStamen.DFemale flower cut lengthwise.EStaminode.FCross-section of ovary.
BURSERACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 75.
J. Fleischmann del.
Pachylobus edulis G. Don
AFlowering branch.BMale flower cut lengthwise.CStamen.DFemale flower cut lengthwise.EStaminode.FCross-section of ovary.
MELIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 76.J. Fleischmann del.Trichilia retusa Oliv.AFlowering branch.BFlower.CFlower cut lengthwise.DAnther.
MELIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 76.J. Fleischmann del.Trichilia retusa Oliv.AFlowering branch.BFlower.CFlower cut lengthwise.DAnther.
MELIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 76.
J. Fleischmann del.
Trichilia retusa Oliv.
AFlowering branch.BFlower.CFlower cut lengthwise.DAnther.
3. Seeds winged. Ovules 4 or more, rarely 2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens8-10. [SubfamilySWIETENIOIDEAE.]4Seeds not winged. Ovules 1-2, rarely 3-8 in each ovary-cell or on each placenta. [SubfamilyMELIOIDEAE.]94. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma small. Disc wanting. Anthers 10, seated between the teeth of the staminal tube.Leaves whorled, undivided. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2. WestAfrica.PynaertiaDe Wild.Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. Leaves pinnate.55. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell. Disc shortly stalk-shaped. Staminal tube campanulate, the mouth crenate and with short teeth bearing the anthers. Petals imbricate in bud.—Species 7. Central Africa.LovoaHarmsOvules 6 or more in each ovary-cell.66. Ovules 6 in each ovary-cell. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Staminal tube entire at the mouth, or with short teeth bearing the anthers. Petals with imbricate aestivation. Flowers 5-merous.—Species 2. SouthernWest Africa.WulfhorstiaC. DC.Ovules 12 or more in each ovary-cell. Petals with contorted aestivation.77. Disc shortly stalk-shaped, connected with the staminal tube by longitudinal ridges. Seeds winged below. Leaflets entire.—Species 15. CentralAfrica. They yield timber, gum, and a dye-stuff. (IncludingLeioptyxPierre, underSwieteniaL.)EntandophragmaC. DC.Disc cup- or cushion-shaped, not connected with the staminal tube by longitudinal ridges.88. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit oblong. Seeds about 5 in each cell of the fruit, winged below.—Species 1. Central Africa. Yields timber and gum. (UnderCedrelaL.)PseudocedrelaHarmsDisc cushion-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit globose. Seeds numerous in each cell, winged all round.—Species 7. Tropics. They yield timber (African mahogany), tanning bark, gum, and medicaments.KhayaJuss.9. (3.) Ovules more than 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 4-5-celled. Anthers8-10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube. Seeds large, pyramidal; seed-coat woody or corky.10Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell or on each placenta. Seeds small or medium-sized; testa crustaceous, leathery, parchment-like, or membranous.1110. Flowers 4-merous. Staminal tube with 2-toothed lobes. Seed-coat corky or spongy. Radicle of the embryo lateral. Leaves pinnate, with 1-3 pairs of leaflets, or simple. Panicles rather small, lax, few-flowered.—Species3. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning bark, and oily seeds. (UnderCarapaAubl.)XylocarpusKoen.Flowers 5-merous. Staminal tube with entire lobes. Ovules 6-8 toeach ovary-cell. Seed-coat woody. Radicle superior. Leaves pinnate, with many pairs of leaflets. Panicles very large, many-flowered.—Species4. Tropics. They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments.CarapaAubl.11. Ovary 2-3-celled, rarely 1-celled with 2-3 placentas. Stamens 6-12.12Ovary 4-20-celled, rarely later on 1-celled with 4-5 placentas.1912. Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, entirely or almost included. Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaflets6-25.13Anthers inserted at the upper edge of the staminal tube, or at the top of its lobes, or in the notches between them.1413. Leaflets serrate. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers inserted at the base of the lobes of the staminal tube. Disc none. Ovary septate. Stigma2-3-parted. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. Radicle of the embryo exserted.—Species1. East Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. (UnderMeliaL.)AzadirachtaJuss.Leaflets entire. Stigma discoid. Fruit a 2- or more-seeded capsule or berry. Radicle included.—Species 7. West Africa. Yield timber.(IncludingBingeriaA. Chev. andHeckeldoraPierre).GuareaL.14. Filaments united at the base only, 2-toothed at the top; anthers inserted between the teeth. Petals 5, valvate in bud. Fruit a berry or drupe.Seeds albuminous. Leaves 3-foliolate.—Species 2. Madagascar andComoro Islands.CipadessaBlumeFilaments united high up, rarely (Trichilia) at the base only, but then fruit a capsule and seeds exalbuminous.1515. Ovary 1-celled, adnate to the staminal tube. Stigma sessile. Anthers inserted at the rim of the almost entire staminal tube. Disc stalk-like.Flowers 4-merous. Leaflets usually 5.—Species 1. Madagascar.SymphytosiphonHarmsOvary 2-3-celled.1616. Flowers solitary, axillary, rarely in spikes. Anthers 10, inserted at the tips of the teeth of the staminal tube. Disc ring-shaped. Style long.Fruit capsular, subglobose. Seeds with 3 narrow wings and with fleshy albumen. Small shrubs. Leaves with a narrowly winged stalk and 3 woolly leaflets.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).Used medicinally. (NelanaregamAdans.)NaregamiaWight & Arn.Flowers in panicles, rarely in racemes. Leaves with 5 or more leaflets, rarely with 3, but then seeds exalbuminous.1717. Leaflets 5-7, toothed, clothed with stellate hairs; leafstalk winged.Anthers 10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube, which are divided in filiform segments. Disc ring-shaped. Style short.—Species1. West Africa (Cameroons). The bark is eaten and used medicinally.PterorhachisHarmsLeaflets entire, very rarely toothed, but then anthers 8, inserted at theentire mouth of the staminal tube. Seeds exalbuminous.1818. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seed-coat crustaceous. Staminal tube entire or shortly toothed.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, tanners’ bark, and medicaments. (IncludingChariaC. DC.)EkebergiaSparm.Fruit a capsule with a leathery rind. Seed-coat thin-leathery. Staminal tube usually more or less deeply divided.—Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, dyes, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Plate 76.)TrichiliaL.19. (11.) Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers solitary or in cymes or racemes.Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.20Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or cymes. Stamens united high up.2120. Stamens united at the base only, 8. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma small.Flowers solitary.—Species 1. South Africa. (AitoniaThunb.,CarruthiaO. Ktze.)NymaniaLindb.Stamens united high up, 8-10. Disc ring-shaped or absent. Stigma usually thick.—Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (IncludingCalodryumDesv.,GrevellinaBaill., andQuivisiaComm.)TourraeaL.21. Leaves twice pinnate, with usually serrate leaflets. Anthers 10-12, inserted between the teeth of the staminal tube. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with scanty albumen.—Species 4, two natives of Central Africa, the others (especiallyM. AzederachL., beadtree or Persian lilac) cultivated as ornamental plants and sometimes naturalized. They yield timber, gum, oil, and medicaments, and are also used for the preparation of liquors. The fruits are poisonous.MeliaL.Leaves once pinnate, with entire leaflets. Seeds exalbuminous.2222. Leaves equally pinnate. Anthers 5 or 8.23Leaves unequally pinnate. Anthers 8 or 10.2423. Leaflets 2-6. Flowers 4-merous. Petals with contorted aestivation.Anthers 8, inserted below the notches between the lobes of the staminal tube. (See 10.)XylocarpusKoen.Leaflets 10-16. Flowers 5-merous. Petals with valvate aestivation.Anthers 5, inserted at the rim of the nearly entire staminal tube.—Species1. Madagascar.QuivisiantheBaill.24. Anthers inserted at the upper margin of the staminal tube or at the top of its teeth. Disc ring- or cup-shaped. Style short, with a lobed stigma. Leaflets opposite. (See 18.)EkebergiaSparm.Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, included. Leaflets usually alternate.2525. Petals united high up and adnate to the staminal tube, valvate in bud.Ovary at first 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, later 1-celled.—Species4. West Africa.TurraeanthusBaill.Petals free, or united at the base only.226. Ovary 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. (See 13.)GuareaL.Ovary 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. (See 10.)CarapaAubl.
SUBORDER MALPIGHIINEAE
FAMILY 119.MALPIGHIACEAE
Shrubs or undershrubs, with branched hairs, usually climbing. Leaves undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, bracteolate. Sepals 3-5, free or united at the base, mostly furnished with glands on the outside. Petals 5, free, imbricate in bud, usually clawed and toothed. Stamens usually 10, hypogynous. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 1 pendulous and inverted ovule in each cell. Styles 1-3. Fruit usually separating into 3 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 16, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 77.)
1. Fruiting receptacle flat. Mericarps not winged. Calyx without glands.Petals clawed, almost entire. Stamens 10. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes.2Fruiting receptacle pyramidal. Mericarps winged.32. Fruit covered with short hairs, dehiscent. Petals equal. Anthers glabrous.Ovary covered with short hairs. Styles free, long and thin, with small stigmas. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe GALPHIMIEAE.]GalphimiaCav.Fruit covered with long, soft, hairy, spine-shaped processes. Petals unequal. Anthers hairy. Ovary clothed with long hairs. Styles converging, rather short and thick, with oval reflexed stigmas. Leaves alternate or subopposite.—Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe TRICOMARIEAE.]EchinopterisJuss.3. Mericarps with a large dorsal wing, without a lateral wing. Petals more or less distinctly clawed. [Tribe BANISTERIEAE.]4Mericarps with a large, sometimes divided, lateral wing and a small dorsal wing, or without a dorsal wing. Stamens 10. [Tribe HIRAEEAE.]104. Style 1. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed. Stamens 5, two only fertile. Sepals with two large glands each. Flowers solitary, terminal. Leaves mucronate.—Species 1. Madagascar.CottsiaDubard & DopStyles 2-3. Stamens 10-15.55. Styles 2, long. Ovary with 2 perfect and 1 rudimentary cell. Stamens10. Petals with a long claw. Leaves usually alternate.6Styles 3. Ovary with 3 perfect cells. Corolla regular. Leaves usually opposite.76. Corolla distinctly irregular. Mericarps with an almost semi-circular, cockscomb-shaped, palmately nerved dorsal wing. Bracteoles awl-shaped.—Species1. West Africa.RhinopteryxNied.
MALPIGHIACEAE.FLOW PL. AFR.Pl. 77.J. Fleischmann del.Acridocarpus macrocalyx Engl.APart of branch with fruits.BLeaf.CFlower cut lengthwise.DMericarp.EMericarp cut lengthwise.
MALPIGHIACEAE.FLOW PL. AFR.Pl. 77.J. Fleischmann del.Acridocarpus macrocalyx Engl.APart of branch with fruits.BLeaf.CFlower cut lengthwise.DMericarp.EMericarp cut lengthwise.
MALPIGHIACEAE.
FLOW PL. AFR.
Pl. 77.
J. Fleischmann del.
Acridocarpus macrocalyx Engl.
APart of branch with fruits.BLeaf.CFlower cut lengthwise.DMericarp.EMericarp cut lengthwise.
POLYGALACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 78.J. Fleischmann del.Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen.ABranch with flower-buds.BFlower (from which one of the lateral sepals has been removed).CFlower without the perianth, cut lengthwise.DGroup of fruits.EFruit cut lengthwise.
POLYGALACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 78.J. Fleischmann del.Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen.ABranch with flower-buds.BFlower (from which one of the lateral sepals has been removed).CFlower without the perianth, cut lengthwise.DGroup of fruits.EFruit cut lengthwise.
POLYGALACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 78.
J. Fleischmann del.
Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen.
ABranch with flower-buds.BFlower (from which one of the lateral sepals has been removed).CFlower without the perianth, cut lengthwise.DGroup of fruits.EFruit cut lengthwise.
Corolla regular. Mericarps with a more or less parallel-nerved dorsal wing.—Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. (Plate 77.)AcridocarpusGuill. & Perr.7. Styles very long, divaricate; stigmas small, capitate. Stamens 10.Petals with a very short claw. Sepals with very scantily developed glands.—Species 4. Central and South-east Africa.SphedamnocarpusPlanch.Styles short or rather short, erect or slightly divergent; stigmas obliquely truncate, hooked, or broadened.88. Stigmas broadened, semi-orbicular. Ovary with 3 tufts of hairs. Stamens11-15. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without glands.—Species1. Madagascar.TricomariopsisDubard & DopStigmas not broadened. Stamens 10.99. Styles hooked at the apex, bearing the stigma at the bent. Petals with a distinct claw. Sepals with glands.—Species 1. West Africa.HeteropterisJuss.Styles not hooked above, bearing the stigma at the obliquely truncate tip.Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without glands.—Species 1.Madagascar. (UnderSphedamnocarpusPlanch.)BanisterioidesDubard & Dop10. (3.) Styles shorter than the ovary. Stigma terminal. Petals with a short claw. Calyx without glands. Mericarps with an undivided side-wing.11Styles longer than the ovary.1211. Ovary 2-celled. Petals slightly toothed. Leaves alternate.—Species1. East Africa.DiaspisNied.Ovary 3-celled. Mericarps with an air-cavity extending all round. Leaves usually opposite and crowded upon dwarf-shoots.—Species 4. EastAfrica.CaucanthusForsk.12. Petals sessile, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles 3, very long, with the stigma on the inside of the thickened apex. Mericarps with an undivided side-wing.—Species 1. West Africa to the upper Nile.FlabellariaCav.Petals clawed.1313. Petals with a very short claw, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles 3, rather short, with a 2-lobed stigma. Flowers polygamous-dioecious, in umbels. Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.—Species 5. Madagascar.MicrosteiraBak.Petals with a long or rather long claw. Style long. Flowers usually hermaphrodite.1414. Stigma at the inside of the thickened style-apex. Styles 3, all perfectly developed. Calyx without glands. Petals more or less toothed or fringed. Mericarps with a shield-shaped, usually notched side-wing.—Species25. Tropical and South Africa.TriaspisBurch.Stigma small, at the slightly or not thickened style-apex. Usually a single style perfectly developed.1515. Flowers distinctly irregular. Calyx with a large gland. Petals fringed.Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.—Species 2, one a native of WestAfrica, the other one naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plants. (GaertneraRoxb.)HiptageGaertn.Flowers more or less regular. Calyx with several small glands or without glands. Petals entire. Mericarp with a stellate, many-parted side-wing.—Species17. Madagascar, East and South-east Africa.TristellateiaThouars
SUBORDER POLYGALINEAE
FAMILY 120.POLYGALACEAE
Leaves simple, entire. Inflorescence racemose, bracteolate. Flowers irregular. Sepals 5, the two inner usually petal-like. Petals 3-5, more or less adnate to the staminal tube, the lowest more or less concave and boat-shaped. Stamens 5-8. Filaments more or less united. Anthers attached by the base, at length one-celled, opening towards the apex. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple or 2-cleft, usually curved and flattened.—Genera 6, species 240. (Plate 78.)
1. Petals 5, all well-developed, unappendaged. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled.2Petals 3, 4, or 5, two of which are rudimentary. Stamens 6-8. Ovary1-2-celled.32. Petals unequal, clawed, the lowest boat-shaped. Stigma capitate. Fruita drupe. Seeds ellipsoid.—Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments.CarpolobiaDonPetals subequal, sessile, the lowest not boat-shaped. Stigma punctiform.Fruit a nut. Seeds globose.—Species 4. West Africa. (UnderCarpolobiaDon)AtroximaStapf3. Ovary 1-celled; a second rudimentary cell sometimes present. Stigma entire or lobed. Sepals unequal. Concave petal with an appendage.Stamens 8. Fruit a winged nut. Seeds without an aril, exalbuminous.Shrubs or trees.—Species 3. Central and South Africa. They yield bast-fibres, soap-bark, oily seeds, and medicinal drugs; the roots are said to be poisonous. (LophostylisHochst.) (Plate 78.)SecuridacaL.Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule or a drupe.44. Sepals subequal. Concave petal with an appendage. Stamens 7, rarely8. Style almost straight. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an aril, albuminous.—Species60. South Africa to Nyasaland.MuraltiaNeck.Sepals unequal, the two inner usually wing-like.55. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. Style almost straight. Stamens 7, rarely 8. Filaments united quite or nearly to the top. Concave
DICHAPETALACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 79.J. Fleischmann del.Dichapetalum leucosepalum Ruhl.AFlowering branch.BFlower.CFlower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.
DICHAPETALACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 79.J. Fleischmann del.Dichapetalum leucosepalum Ruhl.AFlowering branch.BFlower.CFlower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.
DICHAPETALACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 79.
J. Fleischmann del.
Dichapetalum leucosepalum Ruhl.
AFlowering branch.BFlower.CFlower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.
EUPHORBIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 80.J. Fleischmann del.Phyllanthus floribundus Müll. Arg.AFlowering branch.BMale flower.CStamens and disc.DFruit.EFemale flower cut lengthwise.FCross section of ovary.
EUPHORBIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 80.J. Fleischmann del.Phyllanthus floribundus Müll. Arg.AFlowering branch.BMale flower.CStamens and disc.DFruit.EFemale flower cut lengthwise.FCross section of ovary.
EUPHORBIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 80.
J. Fleischmann del.
Phyllanthus floribundus Müll. Arg.
AFlowering branch.BMale flower.CStamens and disc.DFruit.EFemale flower cut lengthwise.FCross section of ovary.
petal with an appendage. Shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa (CapeColony). The fruits are edible. (MundtiaKunth).MundiaKunthFruit a capsule. Stamens 8, rarely 6 or 7.—Species 170. Some of them yield fibres or fat from the seeds, others serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Milkwort.”PolygalaL.
SUBORDER DICHAPETALINEAE
FAMILY 121.DICHAPETALACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. Inflorescence cymose. Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, usually 2-cleft. Disc present, but sometimes reduced to separate glands. Stamens 5, sometimes only 2-3 fertile. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary 2-3-celled, usually superior. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted; raphe ventral. Style 2-3-cleft or undivided with 2-3 stigmas. Fruit a nut or drupe. Seeds 1-2, exalbuminous.—Genera 2, species 75. Tropical and South Africa. (CHAILLETIACEAE.) (Plate 79.)
Petals unequal, united below into a long tube, 2-cleft, imbricate in bud.Sepals united below, unequal. Fertile stamens 2-3. Disc semi-annular.—Species2. Central Africa.TapuraAubl.Petals equal, free or united at the base, rarely higher. Fertile stamens5.—Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous.(ChailletiaDC.) (Plate 79.).DichapetalumThouars
SUBORDER TRICOCCAE
FAMILY 122.EUPHORBIACEAE
Flowers unisexual. Stamens hypogynous, rarely (Bridelia) perigynous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior or naked, usually 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, or 2 side by side, pendulous, inverted; raphe ventral; micropyle usually covered by an outgrowth of the placenta. Fruit generally separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seeds usually albuminous; embryo axile, radicle superior.—Genera 122, species 1200. (IncludingDAPHNIPHYLLACEAE.) (Plate 80.)
1. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. [SubfamilyCROTONOIDEAE.].2Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Juice not milky. [SubfamilyPHYLLANTHOIDEAE.].762. Inflorescence consisting of partial inflorescences having the appearance of a single flower and containing one female flower and several or many male ones surrounded by a lobed involucre with glandular appendages.Petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 3-4-celled. Juice milky. [TribeEUPHORBIEAE.].3Inflorescence not consisting of partial inflorescences looking like a singleflower.113. Male flowers with a cupular, entire or 3-6-lobed perianth. Female flowers with a 3-4-toothed or -cleft perianth. Trees or shrubs.4Male flowers without a perianth.54. Involucre of the partial inflorescences split at one side and consisting of 4 or more bracts. Ovary 3-celled. Style 3- or 6-cleft. Trees.—Species3. Tropics. Poisonous and used medicinally.AnthostemaJuss.Involucre closed all round and consisting of 4 bracts. Ovary 4-celled.Style 4-parted.—Species 3. Equatorial West Africa.DichostemmaPierre5. Involucre of the partial inflorescences with unequal lobes and with an appendage, in the axil of which the glands are inserted. Shrubs.—Species2. Madagascar.PedilanthusNeck.Involucre with equal lobes, but sometimes surrounded by a one-sided gland.66. Involucre irregular, with a single gland sometimes embracing the partial inflorescence and split at one side only.7Involucre regular, with several glands sometimes united into a ring or cup.97. Involucre with a narrow gland not enveloping the partial inflorescence.Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united high up. Spiny shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa.StenadeniumPaxInvolucre with a broad gland enveloping the partial inflorescence. Herbs.88. Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united at the base.—Species 2. East Africa. (UnderMonadeniumPax).LortiaRendleFemale flowers without a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united high up.—Species 10. Central Africa.MonadeniumPax9. Glands of the involucre united into a ring or cup.—Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are poisonous.SynadeniumBoiss.Glands of the involucre separate.1010. Fruit a drupe.—Species 1. West Africa. (UnderEuphorbiaL.)ElaeophorbiaStapfFruit a capsule.—Species 320. Many of them are poisonous, some yield timber, gum, rubber, oil, and medicaments, or serve as garden- or hedge-plants. “Spurge.”EuphorbiaL.11. (2.) Filaments bent inwards in the bud. Calyx 4-6-partite, imbricate or subvalvate in bud. Corolla present, at least in the male flowers.Inflorescence spike- or raceme-like. Leaves and young shoots clothed with scales or stellate hairs.—Species 100. Tropical and South Africa.Several species are poisonous, some yield gum-lac, incense-wood, oil, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. [Tribe CROTONEAE.]CrotonL.Filaments straight in the bud.1212. Calyx of the male flowers with valvate or closed aestivation. [Especially tribe ACALYPHEAE.]13Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation.5913. Corolla present in the male flowers.14Corolla absent in the male flowers.2414. Petals of the male flowers more or less united. Rudimentary pistil cup-shaped or wanting. Style-branches 2. Flowers dioecious. Hairy undershrubs, shrubs, or trees.15Petals of the male flowers free from each other, but sometimes (Caperonia) adnate to the staminal tube; in this case rudimentary pistil club-shaped and style with many branches.1715. Petals united high up. Calyx bursting irregularly. Disc of 5 glands alternating with the petals. Stamens 12-20. Rudimentary pistil absent. Climbing shrubs with reddish-brown hairs. Leaves 3-7-nerved.Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. West Africa. Fibre-yielding plants.ManniophytonMuell. Arg.Petals united at the base only. Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5.Undershrubs or trees.1616. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers turned inwards. Disc within the stamens.Trees. Leaves 3-nerved. Young shoots with rusty-brown hairs.Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).SchubeaPaxFlowers 5-merous. Anthers turned outwards. Glands alternating with the stamens; a cupular disc also present within them. Undershrubs.Young shoots with white hairs. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species1. East Africa (Somaliland).GilgiaPax17. Style many-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers club-shaped.Stamens 5-10, united below. Petals adnate to the staminal tube.Disc indistinct. Flowers in racemes. Herbs or undershrubs, usually hispid.—Species 9. Tropics. Several species yield fibre.CaperoniaSt. Hil.Style 2-4-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers 2-3-cleft or wanting.1818. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, hairy or cottony. Flowers in racemes, monoecious. Male flowers without a disc.—Species 7. Northern and tropical Africa. Some are poisonous or yield dyes and medicaments.“Turnsole.” (TournesoliaScop.)ChrozophoraNeck.Stem woody. Male flowers usually with a disc reduced to separate glands.1919. Young branches and leaves clothed with scales. Inflorescence spicate or racemose. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 15-20.—Species 12. WestAfrica.CrotonogyneMuell. Arg.Young branches and leaves glabrous, downy, or clothed with star-like hairs. Inflorescence spicate, racemose, or paniculate; in the twoformer cases stamens 6-14.2020. Young branches and leaves clothed with 2-cleft or star-like hairs. Trees.Leaves palmately nerved. Flowers in panicles, monoecious. Stamens8-20. Fruit a drupe.—Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, gum-lac, tanning bark, dye-stuffs, and edible oily seeds (“candle-nuts”).AleuritesForst.Young branches and leaves clothed with simple hairs, or glabrous. Shrubs.Inflorescence spicate or racemose, more rarely paniculate, but then leaves pinnately nerved. Fruit a capsule.2121. Flowers in panicles, dioecious. Calyx 2-3-partite in the male flowers,4-partite in the female. Corolla in the female flowers falling off very early, or wanting. Stamens numerous, free. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Branches downy, at least when young.—Species 2.West Africa (Cameroons).GrosseraPaxFlowers in spicate or racemose inflorescences. Stamens 6-13.2222. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 5-partite. Stamens 10, united at the base.Anthers attached by the back. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Branches glabrous.—Species 1. Madagascar and ComoroIslands.TannodiaBaill.Flowers dioecious.2323. Branches glabrous. Anther-halves suspended from the connective.—Species2. West Africa and Comoro Islands.AgrostistachysDalz.Branches hairy. Styles 2-cleft. Leaves stalked.—Species 2. EastAfrica.HolstiaPax24. (13.) Styles united to about the middle or beyond.25Styles free or united at the base only.3225. Styles united nearly to the top into a usually hollow column.26Styles united about to the middle, undivided. Ovary 3-celled.3126. Calyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Anthers 3-4-celled.Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Trees or shrubs.—Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. (IncludingMappaJuss.)MacarangaThouarsCalyx of the female flowers 4-12-partite. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary3-4-, rarely 5-celled.2727. Flowers dioecious. Calyx of the female flowers 4-partite. Ovary 4-celled, winged. Style rather long, columnar, with a 4-lobed stigma. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Trees.—Species 1. West Africa(Cameroons).TetracarpidiumPaxFlowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers 5-12-, rarely 4-partite.Seeds usually without an outgrowth.2828. Calyx of the male flowers 3-partite, of the female 5-6-partite. Stamens 3, with united filaments. Ovary 3-celled. Style united into a globose body. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. Madagascar.SphaerostylisBaill.Calyx of the male flowers 4-6-partite. Stamens 4-30.2929. Stamens 4-6. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers columnar. Ovary3-celled. Trees or shrubs, with stellate hairs. Leaves undivided, palmately nerved. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. Madagascar andComoro Islands. (IncludingNiedenzuaPax).AdenochlaenaBaill.Stamens 8-30, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Rudimentary pistil none. Shrubs or undershrubs, usually climbing.3030. Flowers in cymes surrounded by two large, brightly coloured bracts.Anther-halves parallel. Style columnar.—Species 15. Tropical andSouth Africa. Some are used for dyeing, in medicine, or as ornamental plants.DalechampiaL.Flowers in racemes, without conspicuous bracts. Anther-halves spreading.Climbing plants. Leaves undivided.—Species 5. Central and SouthAfrica.PlukenetiaL.31. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, usually climbing, often with stinging hairs. Stamens 3, rarely more.—Species 45. Tropical andSouth Africa. Some are used medicinally. (IncludingCtenomeriaHarv.)TragiaL.Stem woody throughout. Stamens numerous, free.—Species 20. Tropics.The fruits of some species are used for tanning.PycnocomaBenth.32. (24.) Filaments repeatedly branched. Anther-halves numerous, separate, globose. Tall herbs or shrubs. Leaves palmately lobed. Flowers monoecious.—Species 1 (R. communisL., castor-oil-plant). Spontaneous in the tropics, naturalized in other parts of Africa. An ornamental plant yielding fibre, fodder, and poisonous oily seeds used in medicine.RicinusL.Filaments not branched.3333. Anther-halves plainly separate, oblong or linear, often twisted. Filaments6-20, free. Styles free, usually divided. Trees or shrubs.34Anther-halves contiguous or nearly so, oblong to globular.3534. Bracts of the female flowers leaf-like. Sepals of the female flowers 3-5, small. Stamens usually 8. Disc none. Male flowers spicate, female spicate, paniculate, or solitary.—Species 80. Tropical and South Africa.Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.AcalyphaL.Bracts of the female flowers small. Sepals of the female flowers 4-6, broad. Disc absent in the male flowers, flat and lobed in the female.Flowers spicate.—Species 4. West Africa.MareyaBaill.35. Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening.36Anthers 3-4-celled, even after opening. Trees or shrubs.5736. Anther-halves oblong, attached lengthwise or above the middle.37Anther-halves ovoid or globose, attached by the base or the tip, rarely in the middle.5037. Stamens 3-10. Trees or shrubs.38Stamens numerous.4338. Calyx valvate in bud. Stamens 5-10; filaments united throughout.Rudimentary pistil exceeding the staminal tube. Styles very short,2-lobed. Trees. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers in panicles, monoecious.—Species2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield rubber (para-rubber):(SiphoniaSchreb.)HeveaAubl.Calyx closed in bud. Stamens 3-10; filaments free or united at the base only. Styles distinctly developed. Leaves simple, undivided.3939. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6-10. Filaments free, bent twice. Styles divided into many branches. Flowers monoecious.Shrubs with stellate hairs.40Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Filaments united at the base.Styles undivided or with 2 branches. Flowers usually dioecious.4140. Sepals of the female flowers 6, entire, united halfway up. Styles free.—Species1. Island of Socotra. (UnderCephalocrotonHochst.)CephalocrotonopsisPaxSepals of the female flowers pinnately dissected. Styles united at the base.—Species 8. East Africa to Transvaal, Madagascar, and GermanSouth-west Africa.CephalocrotonHochst.41. Styles at first united, finally free. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.Glabrous shrubs. Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base. Male inflorescences catkin-like, springing from the old wood.—Species 5. Tropics. Some yield dye-stuffs.LepidoturusBaill.Styles free or nearly so. Seeds without an outgrowth. Male inflorescences spike- or panicle-like, axillary.4242. Styles united at the base, two-cleft. Trees. Leaves penninerved.—Species2. Madagascar. (IncludingOrfileaBaill., underAlchorneaSwartz)LautembergiaBaill.Styles free, undivided.—Species 10. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some of them yield dye-stuffs.AlchorneaSwartz43. (37.) Styles laciniate. Ovary nearly glabrous. Disc in the male flowers consisting of glands situated outside the stamens, in the female indistinct.Sepals 5. Trees. Leaves penninerved, without stipules.Flowers dioecious, the male in clusters arising from the old wood, the female in axillary racemes.—Species 1. East Africa.CrotonogynopsisPaxStyles two-cleft or undivided, but usually ciliate within. Ovary usually hairy. Disc indistinct in the male flowers. Sepals 2-4, very rarely 5.Flowers in spikes or panicles.4444. Styles two-cleft.45Styles undivided.4745. Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Calyx of the male flowers 2-partite. Disc indistinct. Plants clothed with stellate hairs. Leaves palminerved.—Species5. Central Africa.NeoboutoniaMuell. Arg.Flowers monoecious, all or the female in spikes. Calyx of the male flowers4-5-partite. Disc distinctly developed in the female flowers. Trees.Leaves penninerved.4646. Disc of the female flowers expanded. Styles thick. Leafstalk rathershort. Stipules lanceolate, persistent.—Species 1. West Africa.NecepsiaPrainDisc of the female flowers cupular. Styles awl-shaped. Leafstalk very short. Stipules awl-shaped, deciduous. Spikes unisexual.—Species 1.Madagascar. (UnderAlchorneaSwartz)PalissyaBaill.47. Calyx of the male flowers 2-partite. Stamens numerous. Styles thickish, united at the base. Shrubs. Leaves narrow, penninerved. Flowers in axillary spikes, monoecious.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.NeopycnocomaPaxCalyx of the male flowers 3-5-partite.4848. Flowers in leaf-opposed spikes, monoecious. Calyx 4-partite. Styles 4.Stem herbaceous. Leaves broad.—Species 2. Southern West Africa(Amboland).PseudotragiaPaxFlowers in axillary or terminal spikes or panicles. Stem woody.4949. Leaves narrow, penninerved. Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Calyx of the male flowers 3-partite. Styles thin.—Species 1. CentralAfrica.ArgomuelleraPaxLeaves broad, palminerved. Flowers usually dioecious.—Species 10.Tropical and South Africa. (IncludingEchinusLour.)MallotusLour.50. (36.) Anther-halves attached at the middle. Stamens 6-12. Calyx5-partite. Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3, united at the base, 2-cleft. Herbs.Flowers in cymes.—Species 8. South Africa. (IncludingParadenoclineMuell. Arg.)AdenoclineTurcz.Anther-halves attached at the base or the top. Styles undivided or many-cleft.5151. Anther-halves attached at the top, pendulous, spreading downwards.Styles 2, rarely 3, undivided. Herbs or undershrubs.52Anther-halves attached at the base, erect, spreading upwards.5452. Stamens 8-20. Disc of the female flowers reduced to two scales. Calyx3-partite. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. North Africa; also introduced in South Africa. Used as dye-plants, pot-herbs, and in medicine.“Mercury.”MercurialisL.Stamens 2-7. Disc none. Flowers monoecious. Leaves alternate.5353. Calyx of the female flowers 3-partite. Stamens 2-3. Leaves narrow, entire. Flowers in clusters.—Species 1. South Africa.SeideliaBaill.Calyx of the female flowers reduced to a single scale or absent. Stamens4-7. Leaves broad, more or less toothed. Flowers in racemes.—Species2. South Africa.LeidesiaMuell. Arg.54. Stem herbaceous. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-10. Disc of the female flowers reduced to 3-4 linear scales. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles undivided.—Species1. Central Africa.MicrococcaBenth.Stem woody. Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then calyx of the female flowers valvate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled.5555. Styles undivided. Disc of the female flowers entire or lobed. Stamens 5or more, usually numerous.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.Several species yield timber or are used in medicine.ClaoxylonJuss.Styles many-cleft. Stamens 3-12. Flowers dioecious. Shrubs. Stipules spiny.5656. Disc of the female flowers consisting of numerous, more or less ciliate scales; also 3 staminodes present. Sepals of the female flowers broad.Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. Female flowers in pendulous spikes.—Species 1. Southern West Africa.PoggeophytonPaxDisc of the female flowers consisting of 2 narrow scales; no staminodes.Fruit a drupe. Female flowers in clusters.—Species 8. CentralAfrica.ErythrococcaBenth.57. (35.) Disc of the female flowers formed of 3 petal-like scales. Styles recurved, appressed to the ovary, united at the base, 2-cleft. Ovary3-celled. Stamens 3. Anthers 4-celled. Flowers dioecious, the male ones in spikes, the female solitary or 2-3 together. Leaves pinnately nerved.—Species 3. West Africa. Yielding timber.HasskarliaBaill.Disc absent. Styles erect or spreading. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles.5858. Calyx of the female flowers 3-5-partite. Stamens numerous. Anthers4-celled. Ovary 2-3-celled. Styles long and thin, 2-parted. Seed-coat leathery. Trees or shrubs. Inflorescence spicate or racemose.—Species3. Central Africa.CleidionBlumeCalyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Connective not prolonged. Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Styles undivided, usually short and thick. Seed-coat crustaceous. Leaves usually palmately nerved. (See 26.).MacarangaThouars59. (12.) Corolla present in the male flowers.60Corolla absent in the male flowers.6660. Flowers in corymb- or panicle-like inflorescences composed of cymes, nearly always monoecious. Stamens 5 or more, all or the outer opposite the petals, all or the inner united below. [Tribe JATROPHEAE.]61Flowers solitary or in clusters or panicles, dioecious. Stamens free, but often inserted on a stalk-like process of the receptacle. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe CLUYTIEAE.]6261. Flowers dioecious. Petals free. Stamens 16-17, the five outer nearly free, the inner irregularly united. Seeds without an outgrowth. Leaves undivided.—Species 2. East Africa.NeojatrophaPaxFlowers monoecious. Stamens in 2-6 whorls, usually 8-10. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.—Species 50. Central and South Africa; two species cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. Several species yield gum, oil, and medicaments; some are poisonous or used as garden- or hedge-plants.JatrophaL.62. Stamens 5. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Petals free. Flowerssolitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Leaves undivided.63Stamens 12 or more. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Flowers in panicles.6463. Stamens opposite the sepals, inserted upon a flat receptacle, free. Fruita drupe.—Species 1. West Africa.MicrodesmisPlanch.Stamens opposite the petals, inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle. Fruita capsule.—Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.CluytiaL.64. Petals free. Stamens free. Fruit a capsule. Leaves undivided, pinnately nerved. Shrubs.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Congo).MildbraediaPaxPetals united below. Fruit a drupe. Leaves lobed or dissected, palmately nerved at the base. Trees.6565. Leaves lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar.GivotiaGriff.Leaves dissected.—Species 3. West Africa. Yield timber and fat from the seeds.RicinodendronMuell. Arg.66. (59.) Stamens 1-4, rarely more, and then ovary many-celled. Disc little developed or wanting. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil.Style-branches undivided. [Tribe HIPPOMANEAE.]67Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 2-4-celled. Style-branches two-cleft or lobed. Sepals 4-8. Shrubs or trees.7467. Stamens 8 or more. Calyx cup-shaped, almost entire. Ovary many-celled.Style columnar, many-branched at the top. Fruit a capsule.Trees. Inflorescence spicate; bracts adnate to the rachis throughout their whole length, at first enclosing the flower-buds. Flowers monoecious.—Species1 (H. crepitansL., sandbox-tree). Naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental tree, yielding oil and medicaments; the fruits are used as sand-boxes; the juice is poisonous.HuraL.Stamens 1-4. Ovary 2-4-celled. Bracts adnate to the rachis of the inflorescence by their base only.6868. Stamens 1-3, the filaments entirely or almost entirely united. Shrubs or trees. Flowers monoecious.69Stamens 2-4, the filaments free or united at the base only. Styles free or united at the base. Ovary 2-3-celled.7169. Calyx 3-lobed. Stamens 1-3; filaments free at the top, connective not broadened. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles united high up. Fruit a capsule.Seeds with a large outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers in panicles.—Species3. Central Africa.MaprouneaAubl.Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 2-3; filaments united into a short column.Anthers turned outwards. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. Seeds without an outgrowth.7070. Calyx-segments broad. Connective broadened, peltate. Styles united high up. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2. Tropics.OmphaleaL.Calyx-segments narrow. Connective not broadened. Styles free orunited at the base. Flowers in spikes.—Species 2. Central Africa.ExcoecariopsisPax71. Calyx of the male flowers 2-3-toothed or -lobed. Inflorescence terminal.Bracts with two glands. Flowers monoecious.72Calyx of the male flowers 2-5-parted. Fruit a capsule with a persistent central column.7372. Ripe carpels separating from a 3-parted central column. Seeds without an outgrowth.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber; one species (S. sebiferumRoxb.) is cultivated for its oily seeds.(IncludingConosapiumMuell. Arg.).SapiumP. BrowneRipe carpels separating from the base of the pericarp, leaving no central column. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous.StillingiaL.73. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers monoecious. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Leaves alternate.—Species3. Central Africa. (CnemidostachysMart.)SebastianiaSpreng.Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers usually dioecious.Inflorescences usually lateral.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa.Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental plants. (IncludingTaenosapiumMuell. Arg.)ExcoecariaL.74. (66.) Flowers in racemes, monoecious, with a disc. Sepals of the male flowers evidently united below. Stamens 10, free. Leaves palmately divided, sometimes alternating with undivided ones.—Species 3.Cultivated in the tropics.M. GlazioviiMuell. Arg. yields rubber,M. utilissimaPohl andM. dulcisPax (cassava or mandioc-plants) furnish vegetables, medicaments, and edible roots, from which meal, starch (tapioca), and a spirituous drink are prepared.ManihotAdans.Flowers in glomerules, dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then without a disc. Sepals of the male flowers free or nearly so. Leaves undivided.[Tribe GELONIEAE.]7575. Sepals 5. Filaments free. Male flowers without a disc and without a rudimentary pistil.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. (CeratophorusSond., includingSuregadaRoxb.)GeloniumRoxb.Sepals of the female flowers 7-8, the inner petaloid. Filaments united.—Species1. West Africa.ChaetocarpusThwait.76. (1.) Calyx of the male flowers with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5-7.Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Shrubs or trees.77Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation.8177. Petals absent. Disc none. Styles 2, undivided. Ovary-cells 2, each with an incomplete partition.—Species 1. West Africa.MartretiaBeillePetals small. Disc outside the stamens. Styles 2-parted. Ovary-cells undivided. [Tribe BRIDELIEAE.]7878. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens borne upon a short androphore.Leaf-veins of the third order almost parallel.79Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Disc of the female flowers cup-shaped. Fruit acapsule. Leaf-veins of the third order netted.8079. Disc of the female flowers bottle-shaped, enclosing the ovary to the top.Inflorescence paniculate.—Species 1. East Africa. (UnderBrideliaWilld.)NeogoetzeaPaxDisc of the female flowers double, the outer cup-shaped, adhering to the calyx, the inner consisting of 5 scales. Fruit usually a drupe.—Species25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield dye-stuffs.(IncludingGentiliaBeille)BrideliaWilld.80. Receptacle of the male flowers elevated, forming a short androphore.—Species10. Tropics.CleistanthusHook.Receptacle not prolonged into an androphore. Flowers clustered, dioecious.—Species1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands.StenoniaBaill.81. (76.) Anthers 4-celled, even after opening, numerous. Filaments united.Male flowers with 5 sepals and 3 valvate petals. Ovary 3-4-celled.Styles 3, undivided. Carpels enlarging and separating after the time of flowering. Downy shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Flowers in axillary glomerules.—Species 1. South-east Africa. [Tribe JUNODIEAE.]JunodiaPaxAnthers 2-celled, at least after opening.8282. Seeds with a very small embryo. Fruit an oblong drupe. Ovary 2-celled.Styles 2, undivided. Male flowers with 9-18 free, central stamens, without a disc and without a rudimentary pistil. Corolla none. Flowers dioecious, in racemes. Trees.—Species 1. West Africa. [TribeDAPHNIPHYLLEAE]DaphniphyllumBlumeSeeds with a large embryo. Ovary-cells and styles usually 3; if 2, then stamens 2-6 or surrounding a central disc. [Tribe PHYLLANTHEAE.]8383. Corolla present, at least in the flowers of one sex.84Corolla absent.9584. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals, petals, and carpels4-5. Flowers dioecious, in glomerules. Trees.—Species 1. SouthAfrica. Yields timber.HeywoodiaSimStamens 4-5. [SubtribeANDRACHNINAE.]8585. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Petals exceeding the sepals in the male flowers, absent in the female. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6, each surrounded at the base by a gland; anthers opening transversely. Ovary 4-5-celled. Shrubs. Flowers in glomerules.—Species1. East Africa (Somaliland).BricchettiaPaxFlowers 4-6-merous. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil.8686. Ovary 5-celled. Styles 5, two-cleft. Disc cup-shaped, lobed in the male flowers, entire in the female. Stamens inserted upon a short androphore.Petals exceeding the sepals. Flowers fascicled, monoecious. Shrubs.—Species1. Seychelles. (UnderSaviaWilld.)WielandiaBaill.Ovary 3-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 3.8787. Styles very short, undivided.88Styles well developed, two-cleft.9088. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or fascicles. Petals short. Rudimentary pistil 3-lobed. Stigmas thick. Seeds solitary in each cell, exalbuminous, with thick-fleshy cotyledons. Trees or shrubs.—Species 6. Tropics.AmanoaAubl.Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Trees.8989. Panicles terminal. Petals small. Disc of the male flowers of separate glands. Rudimentary pistil obconical, flattened at the top. Seeds witha spongy coat, scanty albumen, and flat cotyledons.—Species 2.Equatorial regions.MegabariaPierrePanicles axillary. Petals large. Disc of the male flowers cupular. Rudimentary pistil narrowed above. Seeds with copious albumen.—Species1. Equatorial West Africa.CentroplacusPierre90. Stamens inserted upon a prolonged, stalk-like receptacle. Petals shorter than the sepals. Disc and ovary densely woolly. Seeds with scanty albumen and folded cotyledons. Shrubs. Flowers dioecious, the male ones fascicled, the female solitary.—Species 1. South Africa.LachnostylisTurcz.Stamens inserted upon a receptacle which is not stalk-like.9191. Stamens inserted upon the disc. Seeds exalbuminous, with folded cotyledons.Trees or shrubs. Flowers in fascicles.—Species 1. EquatorialWest Africa. (PentabrachiumMuell. Arg.)ActephilaBlumeStamens inserted inside the disc round the rudimentary pistil. Seeds with copious albumen.9292. Male flowers without a corolla, with 4 sepals and 6 stamens. Female flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals. Flowers dioecious, the male in glomerules, the female solitary. Shrubs or trees.—Species 1. WestAfrica (Congo).NeochevalieraBeilleMale flowers with a corolla, rarely without, but then with 5 sepals and 5 stamens. Flowers dioecious, the male in spikes, racemes, or panicles, or monoecious.9393. Lobes of the disc alternating with the petals. Flowers monoecious, in glomerules or the female solitary. Shrubs.—Species 8. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (UnderSaviaWilld.)PetalodiscusBaill.Lobes of the disc opposite the petals. Male flowers in spikes, racemes, or fascicles.9494. Flowers monoecious. Anther-halves adnate lengthwise. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers columnar or 3-partite. Styles short. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.—Species 6.AndrachneL.Flowers dioecious. Anther-halves at first suspended from the thick connective.Rudimentary pistil thick, usually obovate. Styles long.Shrubs or trees.—Species 9. West Africa and Madagascar.ThecacorisJuss.95. (83.) Leaves digitate. Male flowers in glomerules, with a 5-8-partite calyx. Trees. [SubtribeBISCHOFIINAE.]96Leaves simple, undivided.9896. Leaflets 1-3. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 14-15.—Species 1.Southern West Africa (Angola).AristogeitoniaPrainLeaflets 5-7. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 4-10.9797. Leaves opposite. Leaflets stalked. Fruit a capsule.—Species 1. WestAfrica. Yields timber (African teak).OldfieldiaHook.Leaves alternate. Leaflets sessile. Male flowers with a 6-8-cleft calyx and 6-8 stamens. Female flowers solitary, with 3 bracteoles, a disc consisting of 6-7 scales, a 2-celled ovary, and 2 short, thick, undivided styles. Fruit a drupe.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).PaivaeusaWelw.98. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers dioecious, the male in fascicles or panicles, the female solitary. Stamens numerous. Disc none. Fruita capsule. Trees. [SubtribeTOXICODENDRINAE.]99Leaves alternate.10099. Sepals 2-5. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle. Styles united high up.—Species 1. Southern East Africa (Mosambic).Yields timber.AndrostachysPrainSepals 5-12. Stamens inserted upon a flat receptacle. Styles united at the base only.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Fruit poisonous. (HyaenancheLamb.)ToxicodendronThunb.100. Male flowers in catkins, spikes, racemes, or panicles, more rarely in heads or umbels with a calyx-like involucre. Flowers dioecious. [SubtribeANTIDESMINAE.]101Male flowers in axillary glomerules, fascicles, or short cymes, rarely in umbels without an involucre.112101. Male flowers in umbels or heads with a calyx-like involucre, female solitary.Male flowers without a disc, but with a rudimentary pistil. Stamens4-5. Ovary 2-4 celled. Styles branched. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent.Trees.—Species 30. Tropics. Some yield timber or edible fruits.UapacaBaill.Male flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles without an involucre.102102. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a drupe. Trees or shrubs.103Ovary 2-5-celled.105103. Styles 3, 2-lobed. Male flowers with a disc. Stamens 2-5.—Species25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some yield timber and dye-stuffs.AntidesmaL.Style 1, undivided. Male flowers without a disc.104104. Sepals in the male flowers 3-5. Stamens 3-5. Disc of the female flowers ring-shaped.—Species 2. Madagascar.CometiaThouarsSepals in the male flowers 6-8. Stamens numerous. Disc none.—Species1. Equatorial West Africa. The seeds yield oil.PlagiostylesPierre105. Ovary 2-celled. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Trees or shrubs.106Ovary 3-, rarely 4-5-celled.108106. Ovary and fruit winged. Styles long, undivided. Disc none. Stamens4-6.—Species 12. Central and South Africa.HymenocardiaWall.Ovary and fruit not winged. Styles short.107107. Disc in the male flowers consisting of 5 scales, in the female cup-shaped, entire. Stamens 5. Fruit one-seeded.—Species 4. West Africa andUpper Nile.MaesobotryaBenth.Disc, especially in the female flowers, little developed or absent. Styles shortly lobed. Fruit several-seeded.—Species 10. West Africa.BaccaureaLour.108. Disc indistinct or wanting. Styles short, very shortly lobed. (See 107.)BaccaureaLour.Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5.109109. Disc entire or nearly so. Styles undivided, united high up. Rudimentary pistil salver-shaped. Shrubs.—Species 1. Equatorial regions.BaccaureopsisPaxDisc lobed or divided. Styles more or less deeply two-cleft.110110. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Stipules hair-like. Flowers very small. Rudimentary pistil salver-shaped. Styles free, thick, 2-cleft.—Species5. Central Africa.CyathogyneMuell. Arg.Stem woody. Rudimentary pistil not salver-shaped.111111. Stipules large, kidney-shaped. Inflorescence springing from the old wood. Seeds with an aril.—Species 5. West Africa. (UnderMaesobotryaBenth.)StaphysoraPierreStipules not kidney-shaped. Flowers 5-merous. Anther-halves at first suspended from the thickened connective. Styles long. (See 94.)ThecacorisJuss.112. (100.) Styles or sessile stigmas much broadened, sometimes wholly united.Flowers dioecious. Disc present. Fruit indehiscent. Trees or shrubs.[SubtribeDRYPETINAE.]113Styles or style-branches rather thin or broadened at the apex only. [SubtribePHYLLANTHINAE.]115113. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas peltate, nearly sessile. Disc cup-shaped in the male flowers, ring-shaped in the female. Sepals unequal.—Species1. West Africa.SibangeaOliv.Stamens 4 or more.114114. Fruit 1-seeded. Ovary 1-2-celled. Stamens usually 4.—Species 4.Central Africa.DrypetesVahlFruit 2-4-seeded. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stamens usually numerous.—Species20. Tropical and South Africa.CyclostemonBlume115. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil and a disc usually divided into glands.116Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil.120116. Receptacle of the male flowers prolonged into an androphore. Stamens5-6. Shrubs, undershrubs, or herbs.117Receptacle not prolonged into an androphore. Disc of the male flowers divided into glands alternating with the sepals, rarely entire. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs and trees.118117. Disc of the male flowers nearly entire, of the female divided into 5 glands alternating with the sepals. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs. Male inflorescence many-flowered.—Species 3.Central Africa.PseudolachnostylisPaxDisc of the male flowers 5-lobed or divided into 5 glands opposite the sepals. Fruit a capsule. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum.Flowers monoecious, fascicled.—Species 4. Central Africa.CluytiandraMuell. Arg.118. Disc of the male flowers slightly lobed. Styles undivided. Flowers monoecious, large. Stipules large.—Species 1. German East Africa.ZimmermanniaPaxDisc of the male flowers deeply lobed or divided. Styles two-cleft.Flowers usually dioecious.119119. Anthers opening outwards. Disc of the female flowers lobed. Seeds grooved on the ventral face; testa thick; embryo curved.—Species 8.Tropical and South Africa. Some yield timber. (UnderSecurinegaJuss.)FlueggeaWilld.Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Disc of the female flowers undivided.Seeds not grooved; testa thin; embryo straight.—Species6. Some of them yield timber.SecurinegaJuss.120. Disc present.121Disc absent. Shrubs or trees.124121. Disc of the male flowers consisting of 5-6 scales adnate below to the sepals which consequently appear much thickened. Stamens 3. Filaments very short, united. Anthers opening outwards. Style-branches2-cleft. Flowers monoecious. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 1.Madagascar and neighbouring islands.AgyneiaVent.Disc of the male flowers not adnate to the sepals; hence sepals not much thickened.122122. Stamens 2-10. Styles usually two-cleft.—Species 80. Tropical andSouth Africa; one species naturalized in Egypt. Some of them serve as garden- or hedge-plants or yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits, and medicaments. (IncludingCiccaL. andPleiostemonSond.) (Plate 80.)PhyllanthusL.Stamens 12-18. Disc many-lobed or many-parted. Styles 3. Shrubs or trees.123123. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5. Disc lobed. Styles entire or notched, flattened.—Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands.HumblotiaBaill.Flowers monoecious with 6 sepals, or dioecious with 5. Disc deeply divided. Styles two-cleft. Stipules gland-like.—Species 2. EquatorialWest Africa.LingelsheimiaPax124. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 6-lobed. Stamens 3; filaments united; anthers opening outwards. Male flowers in glomerules.—Species 1.Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. (MelanthesopsisMuell. Arg.)BreyniaForst.Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5; filaments free; anthers opening inwards. Male flowers in umbels.—Species 1. Madagascar.LeptonemeaJuss.
FAMILY 123.CALLITRICHACEAE
Herbs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils, minute, without a perianth, but sometimes with two bracteoles, monoecious. Stamens 1. Anther 2-celled. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a single coat and a ventral raphe. Styles 2, free, awl-shaped. Fruit separating into 4 drupe-like mericarps. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile. (UnderHALORRHAGIDACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 6. North and South Africa and high mountains of CentralAfrica; one species also naturalized in Madagascar and the MascareneIslands.CallitricheL.
ORDER SAPINDALES
SUBORDER BUXINEAE
FAMILY 124.BUXACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers in lateral fascicles, heads or spikes, regular, monoecious. Perianth simple, of 4 segments in the male flowers, of 4-6 in the female. Disc absent. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, or 6. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous or nearly so, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Styles 3, free, short and thick, undivided, persisting in fruit. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile, straight.—Genera 3; species 8. (UnderEUPHORBIACEAE.)
1. Stamens 4; filaments long. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil.Perianth of the female flowers of 4-6 segments.—Species 6. The box(B. sempervirensL.) is used as a garden-plant and yields wood and medicaments; another species affords arrow-poison. [Tribe BUXEAE.]BuxusL.Stamens 6; filaments very short or absent. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Perianth of the female flowers of 4 segments.[Tribe STYLOCEREAE.]22. Flowers in fascicles, the male on long pedicels, very small. Leaves narrowed into a long point.—Species 1. Central Africa.MacropodandraGilgFlowers in groups of 3, nearly sessile, not very small. Leaves blunt or slightly pointed.—Species 1. South-east Africa.NotobuxusOliv.
SUBORD ER EMPETRINEAE
FAMILY 125.EMPETRACEAE
Low shrubs. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost whorled, undivided, grooved on the under surface, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in heads, bracteolate, unisexual or polygamous. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or none. Stamens 3, hypogynous, opposite to the sepals, free. Disc absent. Ovary superior, 2-9-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style branched. Fruit a drupe. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum, albuminous. Embryo axile; radicle turned downwards.—Genera 2, species 2. North and South Africa.
Flowers, at least the male, crowded in terminal heads. Ovary cells, style-branches, and fruit-stones 2-5. Style with linear branches.—Species1. Canary Islands and Azores. The fruits are used as a condiment and in medicine.CoremaDonFlowers solitary, on lateral dwarf-shoots. Ovary-cells, style-branches, and fruit-stones 6-9. Style with broadened branches.—Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha. The fruits (crawberries) are eaten and used for preparing drinks and medicaments.EmpetrumL.
SUBORDER CORIARIINEAE
FAMILY 126.CORIARIACEAE
Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, 3-nerved, without stipules. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals shorter, fleshy, enlarged after flowering. Stamens 10. Anthers opening inwards. Carpels 5, distinct. Ovule 1 in each carpel, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit with a crustaceous rind, indehiscent. Seeds with scanty albumen.
Genus 1, species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used for tanning and dyeing.CoriariaL.
SUBORDER ANACARDIINEAE
FAMILY 127.ANACARDIACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Juice resinous. Leaves usually alternate, without stipules. Flowers in panicles, usually polygamous. Corolla present, rarely (Pistacia) absent. Ovary superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit usually a drupe. Albumen of the seeds scanty or wanting.—Genera 29, species 250. (TEREBINTHACEAE.) (Plate 81.)