FAMILY 187.CORNACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers regular. Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 4-5, free or cohering at the base. Stamens as many as the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-4-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; embryo long.—Genera 4, species 6. Tropical and South Africa.
1. Ovary 4-celled. Micropyle turned outwards. Style simple; stigma4-parted. Anthers oval. Petals broad. Flowers 4-merous, hermaphrodite, in cymose panicles. Leaves opposite, toothed.—Species 1.South Africa. Yields timber. [SubfamilyCURTISIOIDEAE.]CurtisiaAit.Ovary 2-3-celled. Micropyle turned inwards. Style and stigma simple, or styles 2-3. Flowers 4-merous, but unisexual, or 5-merous. [SubfamilyCORNOIDEAE.]22. Petals imbricate in bud. Filaments short, thread-shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous, in racemes sometimes arranged in panicles.—Species3. Madagascar. [Tribe GRISELINIEAE.]MelanophyllaBak.Petals valvate in bud. Flowers unisexual, 4-merous. [Tribe CORNEAE.]33. Style simple. Filaments thread-shaped. Anthers ovate. Petals ovate.Fruit with a 2-celled stone. Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Kilimandjaro).CornusL.Styles or sessile stigmas 2. Filaments very short, rather thick. Anthers oblong. Petals oblong. Fruit with two 1-celled stones. Flowers in panicles. Leaves alternate.—Species 1. Madagascar.KaliphoraHook. fil.
SUBCLASS METACHLAMYDEAE
(SYMPETALAE)
ORDER ERICALES
FAMILY 188.CLETHRACEAE
Low trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, without bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud, persistent. Petals 5, free, hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Anthers turned inwards, shortly beaked at the base, opening by
UMBELLIFERAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 119.J. Fleischmann del.Annesorrhiza capensis Cham. & Schlechtd.ALeaf.BInflorescence.CFlower cut lengthwise.DPetal.EGroup of fruits.FFruit.GCross-section of a mericarp.
UMBELLIFERAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 119.J. Fleischmann del.Annesorrhiza capensis Cham. & Schlechtd.ALeaf.BInflorescence.CFlower cut lengthwise.DPetal.EGroup of fruits.FFruit.GCross-section of a mericarp.
UMBELLIFERAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 119.
J. Fleischmann del.
Annesorrhiza capensis Cham. & Schlechtd.
ALeaf.BInflorescence.CFlower cut lengthwise.DPetal.EGroup of fruits.FFruit.GCross-section of a mericarp.
ERICACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 120.J. Fleischmann del.Philippia Chamissonis KlotzschAFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CAnther.DFruit.EFruit cut across.FSeed.
ERICACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 120.J. Fleischmann del.Philippia Chamissonis KlotzschAFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CAnther.DFruit.EFruit cut across.FSeed.
ERICACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 120.
J. Fleischmann del.
Philippia Chamissonis Klotzsch
AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CAnther.DFruit.EFruit cut across.FSeed.
two short slits at the top; pollen-grains separate. Disc none. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted. Style 3-cleft at the top. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a lax testa, a fleshy albumen, and a short embryo. (UnderERICACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 1. Island of Madeira. Yields wood especially used for making walking-sticks, and serves as an ornamental plant.ClethraL.
FAMILY 189.ERICACEAE
Undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves undivided, usually narrow. Flowers solitary or in umbels, racemes or panicles, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-cleft or-parted, persistent. Petals united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 3-15, usually twice as many as the petals, free from the corolla or almost so, rarely (Ficalhoa) distinctly inserted on the corolla-tube. Anthers turned inwards, usually opening towards the top; pollen-grains united in groups of four. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary usually superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules axile or solitary, inverted or almost so. Style simple. Seeds with copious albumen.—Genera 17, species 720. (IncludingVACCINIACEAE.) (Plate 120.)
1. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx-tube. Corolla deciduous. Stamens8-10. Fruit a many-seeded berry.—Species 8. Azores, Madeira,East Africa to Transvaal, and Madagascar. Some have edible fruits.[SubfamilyVACCINIOIDEAE, tribe VACCINIEAE.]VacciniumL.Ovary superior, free from the calyx, but sometimes (Salaxis) adnate to the corolla-tube at the base.22. Flowers 5-merous, rarely 6-merous. Corolla deciduous. Stamens 10-15 inserted at the base of the corolla. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.Fruit a capsule without a persistent central column, or a berry.Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, oblong or lanceolate.Flowers in racemes or panicles. [SubfamilyARBUTOIDEAE.]3Flowers 4-merous, rarely 2-3-merous, very rarely (Erica) 5-merous, but then low shrubs with fascicled flowers. Corolla usually persistent.Stamens 3-8, rarely 10-12. Fruit a capsule, usually with a persistent central column, or an achene. Undershrubs or mostly low shrubs, very rarely trees.53. Anthers attached below the apex, provided with two spur-like appendages.Filaments broadened at the base. Disc distinctly developed. Ovules axile. Fruit a mealy berry with a warty skin.—Species 2. NorthAfrica. They yield tanning materials, medicaments, and edible fruits, and serve as ornamental plants. “Strawberry-tree.” [Tribe ARBUTEAE.]ArbutusL.Anthers attached above the base, without appendages. Disc indistinct.Ovules subbasal. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. [Tribe ANDROMEDEAE.]44. Corolla shortly urn-shaped, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 15, in groups of three, inserted in the corolla-tube. Filaments glabrous. Stigma finally 5-parted. Seeds ovoid. Trees. Leaves serrate.—Species 1.Southern West Africa (Angola).FicalhoaHiernCorolla tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-6-toothed. Stamens 10-12, inserted singly at the base of the corolla-tube. Filaments hairy. Stigma entire.Seeds oblong. Leaves entire.—Species 7. Tropics. Some of them are poisonous or yield wood and medicaments.AgauriaDC.5. Fruit dehiscing septicidally, many-seeded. Corolla shortly toothed, deciduous. Stamens 8. Anthers longer than the filaments, without appendages, opening by terminal pores. Ovary-cells many-ovuled.Small shrubs. Leaves alternate, elliptical. Flowers in terminal racemes.—Species 1. Azores. Used as an ornamental plant. [SubfamilyRHODODENDROIDEAE, tribe PHYLLODOCEAE.]DaboeciaDonFruit dehiscing loculicidally or indehiscent, rarely septicidal, but then few-seeded and enveloped by the persistent corolla. Corolla usually persistent after the time of flowering. Leaves usually whorled and linear.[SubfamilyERICOIDEAE.]66. Ovary with a single ovule in each cell, rarely with several ovules, but then1-2-celled. [Tribe SALAXIDEAE.]7Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each of its 3-8 cells. [Tribe ERICEAE.]127. Stigma large, cupular or discoid. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting.Corolla-lobes 4.8Stigma small, capitate or truncate. Bracts and bracteoles usually 3.108. Style short, included in the corolla-tube. Stamens 6-8. Calyx unequally4-cleft or 4-parted.—Species 15. South Africa. (IncludingCoccospermaKlotzsch,LagenocarpusKlotzsch, andLeptericaN. E. Brown).SalaxisSalisb.Style long, exserted. Stamens 3-5. Calyx 3-4-toothed or -cleft.99. Anthers much exserted. Calyx 4-toothed. Bract 1.—Species 1. SouthAfrica. (UnderSyndesmanthusKlotzsch).CodonostigmaKlotzschAnthers included or slightly exserted. Bracts none.—Species 20. SouthAfrica. (IncludingCoilostigmaKlotzsch).ScyphogyneBrongn.10. Corolla 2-lobed. Calyx 2-lobed or 4-toothed. Stamens 4.—Species9. South Africa. (IncludingAnisericaN. E. Brown)SympiezaLichtenst.Corolla 4-lobed. Calyx 4-toothed to 4-parted.1111. Calyx shortly toothed, usually thickened. Stamens 3-4. Ovary 1-2-celled.—Species50. South Africa. (IncludingAnomalanthusKlotzsch andSyndesmanthusKlotzsch).SimochilusHook. & Benth.Calyx divided to the middle or beyond. Stamens 4-8.—Species 40.South Africa. (IncludingAcrostemonKlotzsch,EremiopsisN. E. Brown,GrisebachiaKlotzsch,HexastemonKlotzsch,PlatycalyxN. E. Brown,ThamnusKlotzsch, andThoracospermaKlotzsch).EremiaDon12. (6.) Stamens 4. Fruit few-seeded, loculicidal.13Stamens 8, very rarely 6, 7, 10, or 12.1413. Calyx-lobes unequal, one of them somewhat larger than the others. Disc distinctly developed. Bracts and bracteoles none.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa.EricinellaKlotzschCalyx-lobes equal. Disc rudimentary. Bracts and bracteoles 3.—Species30. Tropical and South Africa.BlaeriaL.14. Flowers with 4 bracts and bracteoles. Calyx corolla-like, 4-parted nearly to the base, slightly exceeding the deeply 4-cleft corolla. Anthers spurred, opening by longitudinal slits. Fruit dehiscing septicidally, few-seeded.—Species 1 (C. vulgarisSalisb., ling). North-westAfrica (Morocco and Azores). Yields tanning and dyeing materials, medicaments, and food for bees.CallunaSalisb.Flowers with 1-3 bracts and bracteoles or without any. Fruit dehiscing loculicidally, usually many-seeded.1515. Calyx-lobes unequal, the lowest larger than the others. Bracts and bracteoles none. Disc rudimentary. Stigma broad. Flowers terminal.—Species45. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.(Plate 120.)PhilippiaKlotzschCalyx-lobes equal. Bracts and bracteoles nearly always present. Disc usually distinctly developed.1616. Calyx much longer than the corolla, two of the segments including the other two. Anthers opening by loculicidal slits.—Species 1. SouthAfrica (Cape Colony). (UnderEricaL.)MacnabiaBenth.Calyx not much longer, usually shorter than the corolla.—Species 480.South Africa, East Africa to Comoro Islands, and North Africa. Many species are used as ornamental plants, some yield wood or dyes. (IncludingPentaperaKlotzsch). “Heath.”EricaL.
ORDER PRIMULALES
FAMILY 190.MYRSINACEAE
Trees or shrubs, rarely (Afrardisia) herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers in racemes, panicles, umbels or heads, regular, 4-5-, very rarely 6-7-merous. Petals white or red, rarely yellow or green, usually united below. Stamens as many as the petals, opposite to them, inserted on the corolla. Anthers opening inwards, more rarely near the apex. Ovary superior, rarely (Maesa) half-inferior, 1-celled, with a free central, usually globular placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted or half-inverted. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit a berry, a drupe, or a nut. Seeds with copious albumen. Embryo with a long radicle and small cotyledons.—Genera 10, species 130. (Plate 121.)
1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Ovules seated upon the surface of the placenta. Fruit several-seeded. Petals united below, white. Stigmabroadened. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes or panicles.—Species 10.Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 121.)[SubfamilyMAESOIDEAE.]MaesaForsk.Ovary superior. Ovules sunk into the placenta. Fruit one-seeded.[SubfamilyMYRSINOIDEAE.]22. Ovules in several rows. Petals free, pink. Flowers hermaphrodite,5-merous, in short racemes. Stigma punctiform. Filaments long.—Species1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (UnderArdisiaSwartz orMyrsineL.) [Tribe ARDISIEAE.]HeberdeniaBanksOvules in a single row. Petals united below, more rarely free, but then flowers dioecious and stigma peltate. [Tribe MYRSINEAE.]33. Ovules numerous, about ten. Anthers opening by a single pore at the apex. Sepals unequal-sided. Petals united below. Filaments short.Stigma punctiform. Trees. Flowers in panicles, dioecious, 5-merous.—Species6. Madagascar. (UnderArdisiaSwartz).MonoporusA. DC.Ovules few. Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 4.4. Stigma punctiform. Style thin. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-7-merous.Petals united below. Filaments short, free or nearly so.5Stigma more or less dilated. Style thick.65. Sepals and petals with imbricate, not contorted aestivation; petals white, equal-sided. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in heads or umbels arising from lateral dwarf-shoots.—Species1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (UnderMyrsineL.)PleiomerisA. DC.Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation; petals red, unequal-sided.Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Flowers in axillary umbels or racemes,5-merous.—Species 10. West Africa. (UnderArdisiaSwartz).AfrardisiaMez6. Petals free or nearly so. Filaments usually free. Flowers unisexual.—Species25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used medicinally.(SamaraL.,PattaraAdans.)EmbeliaBurm.Petals obviously united below.77. Filaments wanting.8Filaments distinctly developed, more or less united. Style present.98. Style wanting. Flowers in umbels upon sometimes imperceptible dwarf-shoots.—Species10. Tropical and South Africa. (UnderMyrsineL.)RapaneaAubl.Style present. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.—Species 10.Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. (UnderArdisiaSwartz orIcacoreaAubl.)BadulaJuss.9. Flowers dioecious, in umbels arising from dwarf-shoots. Petals imbricate in bud. Anthers free.—Species 2. Tropical and South Africa andAzores. They yield timber and are used as ornamental, medicinal, or fodder plants.MyrsineL.Flowers hermaphrodite, in axillary umbels, racemes or panicles.—Species55. Madagascar and neighbouring islands.OncostemonA. Juss.
MYRSINACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 121.J. Fleischmann del.Maesa lanceolata Forsk.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CFruiting branch.DFruit.ESeed.FSeed cut lengthwise.
MYRSINACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 121.J. Fleischmann del.Maesa lanceolata Forsk.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CFruiting branch.DFruit.ESeed.FSeed cut lengthwise.
MYRSINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 121.
J. Fleischmann del.
Maesa lanceolata Forsk.
AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CFruiting branch.DFruit.ESeed.FSeed cut lengthwise.
PRIMULACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 122.J. Fleischmann del.Ardisiandra Sibthorpioides Hook.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CSeed.DSeed cut lengthwise.
PRIMULACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 122.J. Fleischmann del.Ardisiandra Sibthorpioides Hook.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CSeed.DSeed cut lengthwise.
PRIMULACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 122.
J. Fleischmann del.
Ardisiandra Sibthorpioides Hook.
AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CSeed.DSeed cut lengthwise.
FAMILY 191.PRIMULACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or lobed, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in umbels racemes or panicles, without bracteoles, 3-7-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals usually united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Fertile stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them. Ovary usually superior, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Ovules several or many, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with ventral hilum; albumen fleshy; embryo small, axile.—Genera 11, species 45. (Plate 122.)
1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Corolla white, 5-cleft, regular, imbricate in bud, with 5 scales at the throat. Ovules numerous. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Leaves alternate.—Species 2. Used as vegetables. [Tribe SAMOLEAE.]SamolusL.Ovary superior.22. Corolla irregular, red. Calyx prickly. Ovules 5. Flowers in terminal racemes. Leaves alternate, linear, prickly toothed.—Species 1.North Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe CORIDEAE.]CorisL.Corolla regular. Calyx not prickly.33. Corolla-lobes bent back, with contorted aestivation, red or white. Ovules numerous. Stem tuberous. Leaves radical, stalked, broad. Flowers solitary, radical.—Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants; the tubers are poisonous. [Tribe CYCLAMINEAE.]CyclamenL.Corolla-lobes erect or spreading. Stem not tuberous.44. Corolla with contorted aestivation. [Tribe LYSIMACHIEAE.]5Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. [Tribe ANDROSACEAE.]95. Corolla smaller than the calyx. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves.6Corolla larger than the calyx; petals united below.86. Petals 3, free. Fruit 2-seeded, opening in 3 valves. Leaves opposite.—Species1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. (Under AsterolinumLink & Hoffmsg.)PelletieraSt. Hil.Petals 4-5, united below. Fruit many-seeded.77. Corolla-tube short. Fruit opening by a lid. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones.—Species 1. North and East Africa.CentuneulusL.Corolla-tube long. Fruit opening by 4-5 valves. Leaves opposite.—Species2. North and East Africa.AsterolinumLink & Hoffmsg.8. Fruit opening by a lid. Corolla red or blue. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species20. Some of them yield a fish-poison or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Pimpernel.”AnagallisL.Fruit opening by valves. Corolla usually yellow or white.—Species 12.North, South, and East Africa and Madagascar. Some are used asornamental or medicinal plants. (IncludingLubiniaVent.)LysimachiaL.9. Stamens with an acuminate connective, inserted at the base of the corolla.Corolla white, about as long as the calyx, bell-shaped, deeply cleft, ciliate. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves.Leaves alternate, stalked, cordate, lobed. Stem creeping.—Species 1.Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate 122.)ArdisiandraHook.Stamens with an obtuse connective, inserted in the tube of the corolla.Flowers terminal, solitary or in umbels or whorls. Leaves radical.Stem erect, sometimes very short.1010. Corolla smaller than the calyx, bell-shaped, with a short tube, whitish or reddish. Flowers in umbels. Leaves elliptical, subsessile.—Species 1.North Africa. Used medicinally.AndrosaceL.Corolla larger than the calyx, salver-shaped, with a long tube. Leaves spatulate.—Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Primrose.”PrimulaL.
FAMILY 192.PLUMBAGINACEAE
Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers in spike-head or panicle-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so, 5-merous, hermaphrodite, bracteolate. Calyx with valvate or open aestivation, usually folded. Petals more or less clearly united, with contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, suspended from the basal funicle, inverted, with superior micropyle. Style or style-branches 5. Seeds with a straight embryo and mealy albumen.—Genera 7, species 90. (Plate 123.)
1. Styles united high up. Stamens generally free from the corolla. Inflorescence usually simple; each flower with 2 bracteoles, which usually bear no flowers in their axils. [Tribe PLUMBAGINEAE.]2Styles free or united at the base only. Stamens attached to the corolla.Inflorescence composed of cymes; each flower with 1-2 bracteoles, one of which bears a flower in its axil. [Tribe STATICEAE.]42. Sepals glandular, evidently united below. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens free from the corolla. Undershrubs.—Species 9. Some of them yield arrow-poison, tanning materials, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.PlumbagoL.Sepals without glands, free or nearly so. Shrubs.33. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Corolla salver-shaped, pink or violet. Inflorescence capitate.—Species 2. Abyssinia.CeratostigmaBungeStamens free from the corolla. Corolla funnel-shaped. Inflorescence spicate-paniculate.—Species 3. Central and South Africa. (VogeliaLam.) (Plate 123.)DyerophytonO. Ktze.4. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Styles united nearly halfway up. Corolla blue, with a long tube. Undershrubs.—Species 3.North Africa. (BubaniaGir.)LimoniastrumMoenchStamens inserted at the base of the corolla.5
PLUMBAGINACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 123.J. Fleischmann del.Dyerophyton africanum (Lam.) O. Ktze.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.COvary cut lengthwise.
PLUMBAGINACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 123.J. Fleischmann del.Dyerophyton africanum (Lam.) O. Ktze.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.COvary cut lengthwise.
PLUMBAGINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 123.
J. Fleischmann del.
Dyerophyton africanum (Lam.) O. Ktze.
AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.COvary cut lengthwise.
SAPOTACEAE.FLOW. Pl. AFRPl. 124.J. Fleischmann del.Mimusops Kummel BruceAFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CPetal, stamen, and staminodes.DPetal from outside.EAnther from outside.FCross-section of ovary.
SAPOTACEAE.FLOW. Pl. AFRPl. 124.J. Fleischmann del.Mimusops Kummel BruceAFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CPetal, stamen, and staminodes.DPetal from outside.EAnther from outside.FCross-section of ovary.
SAPOTACEAE.
FLOW. Pl. AFR
Pl. 124.
J. Fleischmann del.
Mimusops Kummel Bruce
AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CPetal, stamen, and staminodes.DPetal from outside.EAnther from outside.FCross-section of ovary.
5. Stigmas capitate. Styles tubercled. Fruit opening by a lid. Inflorescence paniculate. Herbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Yields tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments, and serves as an ornamental plant.GoniolimonBoiss.Stigmas cylindrical or filiform.66. Styles hairy. Petals almost free. Fruit bursting all round at the base.Inflorescence capitate. Leaves usually linear.—Species 10. NorthAfrica. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Thrift.”ArmeriaWilld.Styles glabrous. Fruit opening with a lid, or bursting irregularly, or remaining closed. Inflorescence paniculate.—Species 60. NorthAfrica, northern Central Africa, and South Africa. Some species are used for tanning or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (LimoniumBoiss.)StaticeL.
ORDER EBENALES
SUBORDER SAPOTINEAE
FAMILY 193.SAPOTACEAE
Trees, rarely shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils or on the trunk. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, or more. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, more or less curved, the micropyle turned downwards. Style simple. Fruit a berry.—Genera 19, species 150. (Plate 124.)
1. Petals with two sometimes laciniate or minute dorsal appendages, rarely with one only. [Tribe MIMUSOPEAE.]2Petals without dorsal appendages. [Tribe PALAQUIEAE.]42. Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6; staminodes none. Appendages of the petals small, toothed. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous, affixed by a broad, lateral hilum.—Species 1. Seychelles.NortheaHook. fil.Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6-8, but alternating with as many staminodes, or more.33. Fertile stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber.LabourdonnesiaBoj.Fertile stamens as many, rarely twice as many as the petals.—Species 60.Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, tanning-bark,a resin (balata) similar to guttapercha, edible fruits, fat-containing seeds, fish-poison, and medicaments. (IncludingBaillonellaPierre,DumoriaA. Chev.,ImbricariaCommers.,LabramiaA. DC., andTieghemellaPierre). (Plate 124.)MimusopsL.4. Fertile stamens as many as petals. [Subtribe SIDEROXYLINAE.]5Fertile stamens more than petals.175. Staminodes none, rarely 1-4, small.6Staminodes 5 or more.116. Filaments with a leaf-like appendage. Leaves crowded at the top of the branches; stipules linear. Flowers in clusters springing from older branches.—Species 1. Madagascar.CryptogyneHook. fil.Filaments without a leaf-like appendage.77. Anthers converging around the style, oblong. Filaments adnate to the long corolla-tube at their base. Sepals free. Endocarp separating and enveloping the 5 seeds. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs with long, reddish brown, undivided hairs. Leaves lanceolate, with 2 pouch-shaped auricles at the base of the blade; side-nerves numerous, somewhat distant, connected by numerous transverse veins.—Species 1. EquatorialWest Africa (Gaboon).DelpydoraPierreAnthers not converging. Leaves not auricled. Hairs usually 2-parted.88. Seeds albuminous. Primary side-nerves of the leaves usually approximate.—Species20. Central and South Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits.ChrysophyllumL.Seeds exalbuminous, solitary. Stigma 5-lobed. Primary side-nerves of the leaves somewhat distant. Trees.99. Sepals free or nearly so. Tube of the corolla longer than the segments.Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Leaves oblong or ovate; primary side-nerves straight and connected by numerous transverse veins.—Species6. Central Africa. They yield timber.MalacanthaPierreSepals obviously united at the base. Tube of the corolla as long as or shorter than the segments. Anthers opening outwards. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical; primary side-nerves arched, connected by a network of veins.1010. Corolla-tube as long as the segments. Ovules attached below the middle.—Species6. Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. (UnderSideroxylonL.)SersalisiaR. Br.Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. Ovules attached by the middle or above it. Leaves lanceolate; stipules linear.—Species 4. CentralAfrica. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds.PachystelaPierre11. (5.) Ovary 2-6-celled.12Ovary 8-12-celled.1612. Filaments much longer than the anthers. Staminodes linear. Style long.Ovules attached above the middle. Corolla with a short tube and narrow segments. Seed 1, with a very scanty albumen. Trees. Leaves lanceolate, stipulate.—Species 4. West Africa. (UnderSideroxylonL.)BakerisideroxylonEngl.Filaments about as long as or slightly longer than the anthers. Ovulesattached by the middle or below it.1313. Sepals united to above the middle. Anthers opening inwards. Staminodes lanceolate or ovate. Styles very long, with a very small stigma. Seeds exalbuminous. Trees. Leaves lanceolate.—Species 3. CentralAfrica. (IncludingStironcurumRadlk.)SynsepalumA. DC.Sepals free or united at the base. Anthers opening outwards.1414. Staminodes awl-shaped. Ovary 2-4-celled. Seeds 2-4, connate, albuminous.Spiny trees. Leaves lanceolate. Species 1. Morocco.Yields timber (iron-wood) and oil.ArganiaRoem. & Schult.Staminodes more or less petal-like, or short and broad. Ovary usually5-celled. Seeds separate or solitary.1515. Staminodes more or less petal-like. Seeds albuminous, with leaf-like cotyledons.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, and Madeira. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or medicaments.(IncludingCalvariaCommers. andSapotaA. DC.)SideroxylonL.Staminodes small, broad. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons.(See 10.)SersalisiaR. Br.16. Calyx 5-6-parted. Corolla 5-6-lobed. Ovary 10-12-celled. Ovules attached by the base. Fruit 4-12-seeded. Seeds ovoid, compressed, with a narrow hilum, albuminous. Flowers solitary.—Species 1(A. SapotaL., sapodilla-plum). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields a guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and medicaments. (UnderSapotaPlum.)AchrasL.Calyx 8-10-parted. Corolla 8-10-cleft or -parted. Ovary 8-10-celled.Ovules attached by the middle. Fruit 1-4-seeded. Seeds globular, with a broad hilum, exalbuminous. Flowers in clusters, clothed with rusty-brown hairs.—Species 1 (B. ParkiiKotschy). Central Africa.Yields timber, a guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and a fat (shea-butter) from the seeds. (BassiaL.)ButyrospermumKotschy17. (4.) Sepals 5, unequal, spirally arranged. Fertile stamens 15, 20, or more; Staminodes 5 or more. Ovary 9-30-celled. Style cone- or club-shaped. [SubtribeOMPHALOCARPINAE.]18Sepals 4 or 6, nearly equal, whorled. Stamens 12 or 16, all fertile. Anthers opening outwards. Style awl-shaped. [SubtribeILLIPINAE.]1918. Stamens 15, united in 5 bundles. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary10-celled. Style club-shaped. Petals 5, white. Sepals red. Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the lower, sometimes fallen leaves.—Species1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).TridesmostemonEngl.Stamens 20 or more, free. Anthers opening inwards. Style cone-shaped,Flowers springing from the old wood.—Species 13. West Africa.They yield timber and a sort of guttapercha.OmphalocarpumBeauv.19. Sepals 4. Petals 8. Stamens 16. Ovary 10-12-celled. Seeds albuminous.—Species1. Cultivated in the tropics. Yields guttapercha.PayenaA. DC.Sepals 6. Petals 6. Stamens 12. Ovary 6-celled. Seeds exalbuminous.—Species2. Cultivated in the tropics. Yielding guttapercha.PalaquiumBlanco
SUBORDER DIOSPYRINEAE
FAMILY 194.HOPLESTIGMATACEAE
Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx closed in the bud, subsequently cleft into 2-4 lobes. Corolla with a short tube and 11-14 imbricate segments. Stamens 23-34, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled with 2 much projecting placentas. Ovules 4, pendulous inverted. Styles 2, united at the base, with roundish stigmas. Fruit a drupe with 2 empty cavities. Seeds with a large embryo and scanty albumen. (UnderFLACOURTIACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 2. Equatorial West Africa.HoplestigmaPierre
FAMILY 195.EBENACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes in the leaf-axils, regular. Petals united below, with contorted, rarely valvate aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, or more numerous, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Filaments free or united in bundles. Anthers basifixed, 2-celled. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-16-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base. Seeds with a copious, cartilaginous albumen and an axile embryo.—Genera 6, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 125.)
1. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens about 30. Flowers 4-merous, dioecious, the male in cymes, the female solitary.—Species 1. Madagascar.TetraclisHiernCorolla with contorted aestivation.22. Stamens 2-3, with hairy filaments and linear anthers. Corolla 3-4-lobed.Flowers dioecious. Fruit oblong or ovoid. Leaves oblique at the base.—Species 1. West Africa.RhaphidantheHiernStamens 4 or more, very rarely 3, but then filaments glabrous and anthers oblong or lanceolate.33. Stamens in a single row, 4-14, usually 10. Flowers usually hermaphrodite,5-, rarely 4-, 6-, or 7-merous. Ovary 4-10-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Pericarp leathery.—Species 20. South and CentralAfrica. Some species yield timber.RoyenaL.Stamens in 2 or more rows, very rarely in a single row, but then only 3.Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Pericarp usually fleshy.44. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules, or 6-celled with 1 ovule in each cell; in the latter case female flowers with staminodes. Flowers 3-merous, more rarely 4-6-merous. Stamens usually 9, glabrous. Leaves alternate.—Species20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Plate 125.)MabaForst.Ovary 4- or 8-16-celled, rarely 2- or 6-celled; in the latter case female flowers without staminodes. Flowers 4-7-, very rarely 3-merous.Stamens usually 12-20.5
EBENACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 125.J. Fleischmann del.Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) Pers.AFlowering branch.BMale flower cut lengthwise.CFemale flower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.EFruit.FSeed.
EBENACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 125.J. Fleischmann del.Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) Pers.AFlowering branch.BMale flower cut lengthwise.CFemale flower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.EFruit.FSeed.
EBENACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 125.
J. Fleischmann del.
Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) Pers.
AFlowering branch.BMale flower cut lengthwise.CFemale flower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.EFruit.FSeed.
OLEACEAEFLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 126.J. Fleischmann del.Schrebera alata Welw.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CGroup of fruits.DFruit cut lengthwise.EFruit cut across.
OLEACEAEFLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 126.J. Fleischmann del.Schrebera alata Welw.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CGroup of fruits.DFruit cut lengthwise.EFruit cut across.
OLEACEAE
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 126.
J. Fleischmann del.
Schrebera alata Welw.
AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CGroup of fruits.DFruit cut lengthwise.EFruit cut across.
5. Staminodes usually absent in the female flowers. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules, or 4-6-celled with one ovule in each cell. Calyx not enlarged after flowering. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 10-30.—Species 35. Central and South Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits.EucleaL.Staminodes usually present in the female flowers. Ovary 4-16-, usually8-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Calyx most frequently enlarged after flowering. Stamens usually 16.—Species 75. Tropical andSouth-east Africa. They yield timber (ebony), tanning and dyeing materials, mucilage, edible fruits (date-plums), fish-poison, and medicaments.(IncludingThespesocarpusPierre).DiospyrosDalech.
FAMILY 196.STYRACACEAE
Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, clothed with stellate hairs, hermaphrodite. Calyx closed in the bud, splitting subsequently into 2 or 3 segments. Petals 5, free, fleshy, whitish-yellow. Stamens 10, free. Anthers basifixed, pointed, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 6, basal, inverted. Style simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed 1, with a crusty-woody testa and a copious, horny albumen. Embryo axile, large, straight, with a short radicle and thin cotyledons.
Genus 1, species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).AfrostyraxPerkins & Gilg
ORDER CONTORTAE
SUBORDER OLEINEAE
FAMILY 197.OLEACEAE
Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate, usually opposite. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the carpels, rarely 3-4, inserted on the corolla, if the latter is present. Disc none. Ovary superior, rarely (Fraxinus) naked, 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled. Ovules 1-4, usually 2, in each cell, inverted. Style simple; stigmas 1-2. Seeds with a straight embryo.—Genera 11, species 120. (IncludingJASMINEAE.) (Plate 126.)
1. Seeds erect or ascending, the radicle turned downwards. Fruit 2-parted, but sometimes one half only developed. Corolla conspicuous, white or yellow, with 5-6, more rarely 7-12 or 4 imbricate segments; in the latter case anthers opening inside. Shrubs or undershrubs. [SubfamilyJASMINOIDEAE, tribe JASMINEAE.]2Seeds pendulous or descending, the radicle turned upwards. Fruit not2-parted. Petals 4 or 0, rarely 5-8; in this case petals valvate in bud or stem tree-like. Anthers opening laterally, very rarely inside, but then petals valvate in bud. [SubfamilyOLEOIDEAE.]32. Fruit a capsule. Sepals linear. Corolla bell- or wheel-shaped, with a short tube and 5-6 segments. Anthers opening laterally. Ovules2-4 in each ovary-cell. Undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided orpinnatifid.—Species 3. South Africa.MenodoraHumb. & Bonpl.Fruit a berry. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers opening inside. Shrubs.Leaves compound, with 1-7 leaflets.—Species 60. Some of them are used in perfumery and medicine or as ornamental plants (jessamine).JasminumL.3. Fruit a linear or lanceolate winged nut. Seeds with fleshy albumen.Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla absent. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Leaves pinnate. Trees.—Species 4. North-westAfrica. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments.“Ash.” [Tribe FRAXINEAE.]FraxinusL.Fruit a capsule, a berry, or a drupe. Corolla present.44. Fruit a capsule. Albumen very scanty or absent. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell. Corolla with a long tube and 4-8 imbricate lobes. Flowers in panicles. Trees.—Species 15. Central and South Africa. (NathusiaHochst.) (Plate 126.) [Tribe SYRINGEAE.]SchreberaRoxb.Fruit a berry or a drupe. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla with a short tube or without a tube, and with valvate, rarely imbricate segments; in the latter case shrubs with spicate or racemose flowers. Leaves undivided. [Tribe OLEINEAE.]55. Petals free or united in pairs, with valvate aestivation.6Petals all united at the base.76. Flowers in axillary and terminal simple racemes. Embryo with a long radicle.—Species 1. Canary Islands and Madeira. Yields timber.(PicconiaDC.)NotelaeaVent.Flowers in axillary or terminal compound racemes. Embryo with a short radicle.—Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber. (MayepeaAubl.)LinocieraSwartz7. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Flowers in axillary simple spikes or racemes. Shrubs.—Species 4. North Africa. They yield timber and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants.PhillyreaL.Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation.88. Corolla globular. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons. Flowers in axillary and terminal simple racemes, more rarely solitary or in clusters. Trees. Species 6. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some have edible fruits.NoronhiaStadtmannCorolla not globular. Seeds with a fleshy albumen and flat cotyledons.Flowers in compound racemes or in clusters.99. Corolla-tube very short; segments narrow, bent inwards at the margins.Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening outwards. Flowers in clusters.Low trees.—Species 1. Southern Central Africa.DekindtiaGilgCorolla-tube not very short. Sepals united high up. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Flowers in compound racemes.1010. Fruit a berry with a membranous or crustaceous endocarp, 2 cells, and 2-4 seeds. Inflorescences terminal. Shrubs. Species 1. Naturalized in North Africa. Serves as an ornamental or hedge plant; also thewood is used; the berries are poisonous. “Privet.”LigustrumL.Fruit a drupe with a bony, woody, or crustaceous endocarp and 1, rarely2 seeds. Inflorescences usually axillary.—Species 15. Some of them, especially the olive (O. europaeaL.), yield timber, edible fruits, oil, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.OleaL.
SUBORDER GENTIANINEAE
FAMILY 198.LOGANIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, rarely toothed or lobed; stipules well developed or reduced to a transverse ridge or line connecting the leaf-stalks. Calyx-lobes 4-5. Petals 4-16, united below. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals, inserted on the corolla. Ovary superior, completely or incompletely 2-, rarely 4-celled, with 2 or more inverted ovules in each cell. Style simple or 4-cleft. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 14, species 240. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 127.)
1. Glandular hairs present. Corolla-lobes 4, imbricate in bud. Stamens4. Style simple. [SubfamilyBUDDLEIOIDEAE.]2Glandular hairs absent. [SubfamilyLOGANIOIDEAE.]82. Anther-halves cohering above, divergent below. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted at the throat of the corolla. Style long; stigma small. Ovary incompletely 2-celled.Fruit a capsule. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs consisting of several cells.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber. (Plate 127.)NuxiaLam.Anther-halves separate. Style short with a thick stigma, rarely rather long, but then flowers in racemes. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs consisting of 2 cells.33. Anthers distinctly projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule.Flowers in many-flowered, terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Trees.—Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar.ChilianthusBurch.Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube or scarcely projecting.44. Style long. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Flowers in terminal simple racemes. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Shrubs.—Species 2.South Africa and southern Central Africa.GomphostigmaTurcz.Style short. Flowers in capitate, racemose, or panicled inflorescences composed of cymes.55. Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Fruit a globular drupe. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse line.—Species 2. Madagascar. (UnderBuddleiaL.)AdenopleaRadlk.Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled.66. Fruit a globular drupe. Seeds with a small embryo. Ovary completely2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences lateral, racemiform.Leaves toothed, with foliaceous stipules.—Species 2. Madagascar.AdenoplusiaRadlk.Fruit an oblong berry or an oblong or ovate capsule.77. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a comparatively large embryo. Ovary incompletely2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences capitate.Shrubs.—Species 7. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands.NicodemiaTen.Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a small embryo.—Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dye-stuffs, a substitute for soap, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.BuddleiaL.8. (1.) Style 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5. Fruit a capsule. Leaves entire. Stipules triangular or united into a sheath.[Tribe GELSEMIEAE.]9Style simple. Ovules with several or many ovules in each cell, rarely with 2, but then corolla valvate in bud.109. Flowers in few-flowered cymes enclosed by two large involucral bracts united at the base. Stamens unequal in length.—Species 6. CentralAfrica. (UnderMostueaDidr.)CoinochlamysAnders.Flowers without an involucre.—Species 25. Tropics.MostueaDidr.10. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation; segments 5-16. Stamens the same in number.11Corolla with valvate aestivation; segments 4-5. Stamens the same in number or fewer. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Inflorescences terminal and lateral.1211. Calyx with 4, corolla with 10-16 segments. Anthers long and narrow.Disc present. Ovary 4-celled below, 2-celled above. Fruit a berry.Inflorescences terminal.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa.Some species have edible fruits or are used in medicine. [Tribe FRAGRAEEAE.].AnthocleistaAfz.Calyx and corolla with 5 segments each. Anthers short. Ovary 2-celled.Fruit a capsule. Inflorescences lateral.—Species 10 Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some species yield timber. [Tribe LOGANIEAE.]GeniostomaForst.12. Calyx-segments very unequal, one of them much larger than the others and petal-like. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-lobed. Stamen 1. Ovary 2-celled with numerous ovules. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Climbing shrubs.—Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe ANTONIEAE.]UsteriaWilld.Calyx-segments nearly equal. Stamens 4-5.1313. Corolla tubular, red. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule.Leaves whorled, linear. Flowers few, terminal or arising in the upper leaf-axils. Shrubs. Species 1. South Africa.RetziaThunb.