PLANTAGINACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 143.J. Fleischmann del.Plantago palmata Hook. fil.APlant in flower.BFlower with a bracteole (without the anthers).CFlower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.
PLANTAGINACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 143.J. Fleischmann del.Plantago palmata Hook. fil.APlant in flower.BFlower with a bracteole (without the anthers).CFlower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.
PLANTAGINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 143.
J. Fleischmann del.
Plantago palmata Hook. fil.
APlant in flower.BFlower with a bracteole (without the anthers).CFlower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.
RUBIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 144.J. Fleischmann del.Pavetta lasiorrhachis K. Schum.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise (two corolla-lobes cut off).CAnther.DCross-section of ovary.EGroup of fruits.FFruit.
RUBIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 144.J. Fleischmann del.Pavetta lasiorrhachis K. Schum.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise (two corolla-lobes cut off).CAnther.DCross-section of ovary.EGroup of fruits.FFruit.
RUBIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 144.
J. Fleischmann del.
Pavetta lasiorrhachis K. Schum.
AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise (two corolla-lobes cut off).CAnther.DCross-section of ovary.EGroup of fruits.FFruit.
7. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx-segments enlarged in the fruit.Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Style long, glabrous, two-cleft at the apex.—Species 6. Central Africa.PsilanthusHook. fil.Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Calyx-segments not enlarged in the fruit.88. Flowers in terminal panicles. Corolla hairy at the throat. Anthers exserted. Style downy above. Shrubs.9Flowers in axillary fascicles or panicles.109. Calyx shortly lobed. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, 6-7-cleft. Style-apex2-cleft.—Species 1. East Africa.LamprothamnusHiernCalyx deeply divided. Corolla yellow, salver-shaped, 4-cleft. Style-apex entire.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).ExechostylusK. Schum.10. Style hairy.11Style glabrous.1211. Calyx 4-toothed or truncate. Style-apex 2-cleft. Albumen of the seeds ruminated. Bracteoles 4, one pair united into a cup.—Species 10.Tropics.PolysphaeriaHook. fil.Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Style-apex entire. Albumen of the seeds uniform. Bracteoles free.—Species 13. Tropics.CremasporaBenth.12. Style short, with 2 long stigmas. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla salver-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Trees.Flowers subtended by 2-3 pairs of bracteoles.—Species 1. Island of St. Thomas.BelonophoraHook. fil.Style long, with 2 short stigmas or with a single stigma.1313. Style-apex 2-lobed. Corolla glabrous at the throat, but sometimes hairy below.14Style-apex entire, spindle-shaped, 10-ribbed. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers more or less exserted.1514. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla salver-shaped.Anthers included. Flowers surrounded by 4 pairs of bracteoles.—Species1. West Africa (Togoland).KerstingiaK. Schum.Flowers 5-merous. Sepals united above the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped.Anthers exserted.—Species 4. West Africa.AulacocalyxHook. fil.15. Corolla bell-funnel-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Stipules very narrow.Species 2. East Africa.HeinseniaK. Schum.Corolla bell-wheel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Stipules broad.—Species3. East and South-east Africa.RhabdostigmaHook. fil.16. (4.) Flowers in heads. Calyx 4-toothed. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit separating into two leathery nutlets. Seeds with a thick aril and copiousalbumen.—Species 3. West Africa, Madagascar, Natal.CephalanthusL.Flowers in forked cymes. Ovules with a thickened funicle. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with scanty albumen or without albumen. [TribeGUETTARDEAE.]1717. Calyx deciduous. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-9-celled.Fruit globose; cells of the stone curved.—Species 1. EastAfrica, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as an ornamental plant and in medicine.GuettardaBlumeCalyx persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers somewhat exserted.Ovary 2-8-celled. Fruit oblong.—Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber and medicaments. (UnderGuettarda Blume).AntirrhoeaComm.18. (3.) Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral heads. Ovary 1-2-celled.Fruit dry, of 1-2 nutlets. Herbs. Stipules united. [Tribe KNOXIEAE.]19Flowers in lateral cymes, fascicles, or panicles. Ovary 2-many-celled.Fruit fleshy, drupe-like. Shrubs or trees, rarely (Pachystigma) herbs, but then ovary 3-5-celled.2219. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 1-2. Corolla bluish, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed.Anthers included. Leaves whorled. Flowers connate in pairs, without bracteoles. Stipules undivided.—Species 1. Southern West Africa(Angola).CalandaK. Schum.Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite. Stipules lacerated or bristle-like.2020. Calyx with awl-shaped, not enlarged segments. Corolla violet, salver-shaped, with 4 lobes bearded at the apex. Anthers exserted. Disc tubular. Stigma 2-lobed. Mericarps dehiscing lengthwise.—Species1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).ParagophytonK. Schum.Calyx with some of the segments enlarged and leaf-like. Corolla with long hairs at the throat. Mericarps dehiscing transversely or indehiscent.2121. Mericarps separating from a central column, dehiscing transversely.Calyx-segments 4, one of them enlarged. Corolla-lobes 4. Anthers included. Stigma 2-lobed. Heads in panicles.—Species 1. WestAfrica (Togo).BaumanniaK. Schum.Mericarp without a central column, indehiscent.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. (IncludingHolocarpaBak.)PentanisiaHarv.22. Ovary-cells and fruit-stones 20-30. Flowers polygamous-dioecious,4-merous. Corolla white or yellowish, glabrous within. Anthers included or nearly so. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs.—Species1. Madagascar and Seychelles.TimoniusRumph.Ovary-cells 2-10. Fruit-stones 1-10. Seeds with copious albumen.[Tribe VANGUERIEAE.]2323. Stem herbaceous. Leaves whorled. Ovary 3-5-celled. Stigma lobed.—Species20. Central and South-east Africa. (FadogiaSchweinf.)PachystigmaHochst.Stem woody. Leaves opposite.2424. Inflorescences fascicle-like or reduced to a single flower, surrounded by an involucre of two bracts united at the base. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed. Corolla hairy at the throat.25Inflorescences without an involucre.2625. Style deeply 4-5-cleft. Flowers in 6-12-flowered fascicles or heads.Trees.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues.ScyphochlamysBalf. fil.Style simple, with a capitate stigma.—Species 10. Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. They yield timber.PyrostriaComm.26. Corolla curved, tubular. Calyx-segments 5, narrow. Anthers sessile.Ovary 5-celled. Stigma 5-lobed.—Species 6. Central Africa toDelagoa Bay.AncylanthusDesf.Corolla straight. Stigma entire or 2-lobed.2727. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers small. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed.28Ovary 3-6-celled.2928. Stigma peltate, 2-toothed or 2-cleft. Corolla white, hairy at the throat.Shrubs. Leaves stiff-leathery. Stipules united at the base. Flowers in clusters.—Species 10. Central Africa and Seychelles. Some species yield dye-stuffs.CraterispermumBenth.Stigma capitate, entire.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa.Some of them have edible fruits and are used in medicine. (CanthiumLam.)PlectroniaL.29. Flowers large, in many-flowered panicles, polygamous. Calyx deeply divided, exceeding the corolla. Anthers exserted. Ovules with a broadened funicle. Stigma hemispherical or mushroom-shaped.—Species10. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay.CuvieraDC.Flowers small. Stigma capitate, cylindrical, or truncate.—Species 70.Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or are used in medicine.VangueriaJuss.30. (2.) Ovules inserted on the partitions of the ovary, but sometimes near their base.31Ovules inserted at the base of the ovary-cells. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stipules unlike the leaves.5431. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Fruit succulent. Shrubs or trees.Stipules small. Flowers solitary or in cymes. [Tribe IXOREAE.]32Corolla with valvate aestivation.3832. Ovules attached to placentas arising near the base of the partition of the ovary. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma spindle-shaped. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Flowers 5-merous, in head-like cymes. Seeds with ruminated albumen. Climbing shrubs.—Species 20. Tropics.RutideaDC.Ovules attached to placentas arising near the middle of the partition.3333. Corolla with a curved tube, 5-7-lobed. Calyx-teeth indistinct. Anthersincluded. Ovary 2-celled. Style with two unequal stigmas. Flowers terminal, solitary or in groups of 3, surrounded by an involucre. Trees.—Species1. Madagascar.PleurocoffeaBaill.Corolla with a straight tube.3434. Flowers with an epicalyx. Style 2-6-cleft.35Flowers without an epicalyx, hermaphrodite. Style 2-cleft or simple.Ovary 2-celled.3635. Flowers in terminal corymbs, 4-merous polygamous. Epicalyx 2-partite.Corolla glabrous at the throat. Fruit globose.—Species 5. MascareneIslands. They yield timber, and are used in medicine.MyonimaComm.Flowers in axillary fascicles, 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite. Ovary 2-celled.—Species50. Tropics; one species also cultivated in Madeira.Several species (especiallyC. arabicaL. andC. libericaL.) yield coffee, oil, medicaments, a substitute for tea, and timber; some are used as ornamental plants. (IncludingSolenixoraBaill.)CoffeaL.36. Calyx entire. Corolla-tube short, glabrous at the mouth. Stamens 5.Style-branches 2, linear, ending in a cone. Shrubs. Stipules united.Flowers in axillary, few-flowered cymes.—Species 1. Madagascar.(BuseriaDur.)LeiochilusHook. fil.Calyx toothed. Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, rarely 5. Flowers in usually terminal and many-flowered cymose corymbs.3737. Bracts at the base of the lowest branches of the inflorescence connate into a sheath. Style-apex entire or shortly 2-toothed.—Species 120.Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Plate 144.)PavettaL.Bracts at the base of the branches of the inflorescence not connate intoa sheath. Style-apex 2-cleft. Leaves leathery. Stipules not united.—Species60. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine.IxoraL.38. (31.) Stem woody. Stipules small, undivided, combined into a sheath.Flowers in heads, connate by their ovaries. Calyx truncate or with small teeth. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules inserted in the inner angle near the base. Style 2-cleft. Fruit formed of connate drupes.—Species6. Tropics. They yield timber, dyes, mucilage, condiments, and medicaments. [Tribe MORINDEAE.]MorindaL.Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely (Gaillonia) throughout, but then flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes. Stipules more or less lacerated or leaf-like. Ovary 2-3-celled.3939. Stipules similar to the leaves; hence leaves apparently whorled. Style2-cleft or 2-parted, with head- or club-shaped stigmas. Fruit indehiscent; seed adnate to the pericarp. [Tribe GALIEAE.]40Stipules unlike the leaves, toothed, slashed or crowned by bristles, united at the base. Ovules inserted near the middle of the partitions of the ovary. [Tribe SPERMACOCEAE.]4640. Corolla funnel-shaped.41Corolla wheel- or bell-shaped. Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting.4341. Calyx-limb distinctly developed, 4-6-cleft. Corolla pink or lilac. Stamens4. Flowers in heads. Stem prostrate.—Species 1. North Africa.Yields a dye-stuff.SherardiaDill.Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting, rarely of 4 free minute teeth.4242. Flowers in spikes. Corolla-lobes with an inflexed appendage. Stamens4-5. Ovules attached at the base of the partition of the ovary.—Species7. North Africa. Used medicinally.CrucianellaL.Flowers in sometimes head-like cymes. Stamens 4. Ovules attached near the middle of the partition.—Species 5. North-west Africa.They (especiallyA. odorataL., woodruff) yield dyes, vermin-poison, condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.AsperulaL.43. Flowers subtended by a large involucral bract, in few-flowered, axillary cymes. Stamens 3-4. Ovary with a fertile and a sterile cell.—Species2. North Africa.CallipeltisStev.Flowers without an involucral bract.4444. Pedicels connate in threes, thick, spinous, enclosing the fruit. Flowers axillary, polygamous-monoecious. Corolla 3-lobed in the male flowers,4-lobed in the female and hermaphrodite. Fruit dry, one-seeded.—Species2. North Africa and northern East Africa.VaillantiaL.Pedicels not connate and either not spinous or not enclosing the fruit.4545. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 5, rarely 4.—Species 10. Some of them yield dyes and medicaments. “Madder.”RubiaL.Fruit dry. Stamens 4, rarely 3.—Species 60. Some of them yield dyes, condiments, or medicaments. (IncludingAsperaMoench)GaliumTourn.46. (39.) Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft. Fruit separating into 3 nutlets.Calyx-limb 5-6-partite. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Flowers in terminal heads.—Species 1. Naturalized in East and South Africa. Used in medicine. (RichardiaBartl.)RichardsoniaL.Ovary 2-celled.4747. Fruit indehiscent, not separating into mericarps. Flowers solitary or three together in the axils of the leaves.48Fruit dehiscent or separating into mericarps.4948. Pericarp corky. Flowers rather large. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy at the throat.—Species 2. South Africa and Madagascar. They yield dye-stuffs.HydrophylaxL. f.Pericarp bony. Flowers small. Calyx-lobes 7-8. Corolla salver-shaped,5-lobed. Style 2-cleft.—Species 1. Madagascar.GomphocalyxBak.49. Fruit separating into indehiscent mericarps.50Fruit dehiscent. Inflorescences head-like.5150. Pericarp very thin, adnate to the seed. Low shrubs. Leaves linear or subulate, stiff. Flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes.—Species 6.North Africa and northern Central Africa.GailloniaA. Rich.Pericarp thick or rather thick, not adnate to the seed. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species12. Tropical and South Africa.DiodiaGronov.51. Fruit opening by a lid. Calyx-lobes 4.—Species 2. Central and SouthAfrica. Used medicinally.MitracarpusZucc.Fruit opening lengthwise.5252. Fruit splitting upwards from the base, remaining entire at the apex. Calyx-lobes4. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted on the limb of the corolla. Style-apex capitate, shortly 2-lobed.—Species 2. EastAfrica. (UnderSpermacoceDill.)HypodematiumA. Rich.Fruit splitting downwards from the apex, remaining entire at the base.5353. Fruit with only one valve opening, the other remaining attached to the partition. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube.—Species 1. Comoro Islands.(SpermacoceoidesO. Ktze.)SpermacoceDill.Fruit with both valves opening and splitting at the apex.—Species 45.Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used medicinally. (TardavelAdans., includingOctodonThonn., underSpermacoceDill.)BorreriaG. W. Mey.54. (30.) Stamens inserted at the base or on the lower part of the corolla-tube; filaments long; anthers versatile. Flowers usually unisexual. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Leaves having a bad smell when rubbed. [TribeANTHOSPERMEAE.]55Stamens inserted at the mouth or on the upper part of the corolla-tube.Flowers usually hermaphrodite.6155. Style and stigma entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, 5-merous, polygamous.Fruit a nut or separating into two nutlets.—Species 3. South Africa.CarpacoceSond.Style 2-cleft or 2-parted.5656. Style shortly 2-cleft. Flowers axillary, hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes3-lobed. Anthers included. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs.—Species 1.Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. A medicinal and ornamental plant.SerissaComm.Style deeply 2-parted. Anthers exserted.5757. Ovary and fruit with empty cavities between the two fertile cells; hence apparently 3-5-celled. Fruit separating into nutlets. Flowers axillary, dioecious.—Species 6. South Africa. (AmbrariaCruse).NenaxGaertn.Ovary and fruit 2-celled without conspicuous empty cavities.5858. Stem herbaceous, prostrate. Flowers axillary. Corolla-lobes erect. Fruita drupe.—Species 2. Island of Tristan da Cunha. Used as ornamental plants.NerteraBanks & Sol.Stem woody, at least at the base. Fruit capsular or separating into mericarps.5959. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters, rarely in terminal panicles; in this case undershrubs with entire stipules and dioecious, 4-merous flowers.—Species35. Southern and tropical Africa.AnthospermumL.Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral cymes or panicles. Undershrubs with 3-6-parted stipules, or shrubs with undivided stipules and monoecious flowers.6060. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit warty. Stipules 3-6-parted. Undershrubs.—Species2. South Africa.GalopinaThunb.Calyx 5-toothed in the male flowers, 2-toothed in the female. Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Fruit smooth. Stipules entire. Shrubs.—Species1. Madeira and Canary Islands.PhyllisL.61. (54.) Style deeply 2-parted. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp. Leaves fetid when rubbed.62Style cleft, toothed, or entire. Fruit a drupe, rarely a berry or a schizocarp.6462. Stem climbing, woody. Stipules entire. Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes. Anthers included. Style-branches twisted. Fruit with a fragile rind.—Species 10. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.(IncludingLeconteaA. Rich. andSiphomerisBoj.) [Tribe PAEDERIEAE.]PaederiaL.Stem erect or prostrate. Stipules toothed or slit, connate. Flowers in terminal fascicles or spikes, rarely axillary, 5-merous. Anthers exserted.Fruit separating into two nutlets.6363. Flowers polygamous. Calyx-lobes nearly equal. Corolla-lobes recurved.Ovary and style hairy. Shrubs. Stipules toothed. Flowers in terminal, head-like fascicles.—Species 1. South Africa. (UnderAnthospermumL.)CrocyllisE. Mey.Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-teeth very unequal, some of them leaf-like.Corolla-lobes spreading. Ovary and style glabrous. Stipules slit. Flowers axillary or in terminal spikes or heads.—Species 9.Tropical and South Africa.OtiophoraZucc.64. Fruit dry, separating into two mericarps.65Fruit succulent, berry- or drupe-like.6665. Filaments rather long. Mericarps without a carpophore. Flowers solitary.—Species1. Seychelles.NeoschimperaHemsl.Filaments none. Mericarps suspended from a cleft carpophore. Flowers in cymes.—Species 1. Comoro Islands.CremocarpusBoiv.66. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla funnel-shaped.Ovary 2-3-celled. Style 2-3-toothed. Shrubs, having a bad smell when rubbed. Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral cymes.67Seeds with horny albumen. Plants without a strong smell, rarely exhalinga bad smell when rubbed; in this case inflorescences axillary and style 4-12-cleft. [Tribe PSYCHOTRIEAE.]6867. Flowers in terminal fascicles, 4-merous. Corolla with a long tube and spreading lobes, glabrous at the throat. Anthers distinctly exserted.Style-apex thread-shaped, 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe.—Species 3. North-westAfrica. Used medicinally.PutoriaPers.Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes, 5-7-merous. Corolla with a rather short tube and erect lobes, hairy at the throat. Anthers scarcely exserted. Style-apex thickened, 2-3-lobed. Fruit a berry. Leaves linear.—Species 1. Canary Islands.PlocamaAit.68. Ovary superior. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube. Anthers included. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal panicles or heads.—Species 25. Tropics. Some yield timber or are used in medicine.GaertneraLam.Ovary inferior.6969. Flowers axillary, solitary or in usually few-flowered cymes or heads. Shrubs or small trees.70Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral, many-flowered inflorescences, hermaphrodite.7470. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 2.71Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 4-12.7371. Anthers exserted. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla hairy within above the base, glabrous at the throat. Seeds with ruminated albumen. Flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre.—Species 1. Equatorial WestAfrica (Gaboon)PeripeplusPierreAnthers included. Calyx 4-partite or nearly entire. Flowers solitary or in glomerules.7272. Calyx with 4 segments alternating with small teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped.Anthers with a short appendage at the apex. Flowers solitary,—Species2. Madagascar.HymenocnemisHook. fil.Calyx nearly entire. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers unappendaged. Fruit with a single stone. Flowers in clusters.—Species 3. Madagascar.SaldiniaA. Rich.73. Leaves at first decussate, subsequently spreading in one plane, with many thin transverse veins. Stamens inserted at the throat or on the limb of the corolla.—Species 15. Tropics.LasianthusJack.Leaves always decussate, without conspicuous transverse veins. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally.PsathuraComm.74. Inflorescences capitate, surrounded by an involucre. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2-4.75Inflorescences without an involucre.7775. Corolla with a curved tube, 6-lobed, white. Calyx irregularly lobed.Ovary-cells and style-branches 3. Shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa.MegalopusK. Schum.Corolla with a straight tube.7676. Seeds grooved on the ventral face.—Species 18. Central Africa. (UnderUragogaL.)CephaëlisSwartzSeeds flat on the ventral face. Creeping herbs. Leaves long-stalked,heart- or kidney-shaped.—Species 13. Tropics.GeophilaDon.77. Corolla-tube curved. Anthers included. Ovary-cells and style-branches2. Seeds convex-concave. Shrubs or trees.—Species 20. Tropics.(UnderPsychotriaL.)ChasaliaBlumeCorolla-tube straight.7878. Fruit with a 5-7-celled stone. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5-7.Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers half-exserted.Shrubs or trees. Stipules 3-pointed. Flowers in corymbs.—Species2. East Africa and Madagascar.TriainolepisHook. fil.Fruit with 2-5 stones. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigma-lobes2, rarely 3-5.7979. Seeds flat on the ventral face. Calyx elongate. Corolla funnel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers included. Herbs. Inflorescences capitate.—Species12. Central Africa.TrichostachysBenth. & Hook.Seeds grooved on the ventral face.8080 Seeds with a ruminate albumen. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers half-exserted. Shrubs.—Species 50. Tropical andSouth Africa. (UnderPsychotriaL.).GrumileaGaertn.Seeds with a uniform albumen.—Species 200. Tropical and South Africa.(MyrstiphyllumP. Br., includingUragogaL. partly).PsychotriaL.81. (1.) Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Shrubs or trees.82Corolla with valvate aestivation.12482. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled.Style simple. Inflorescences head-like. [Tribe NAUCLEEAE.]83Corolla with contorted aestivation.8883. Ovaries of each head connate. Fruits fleshy, connate.84Ovaries separate. Fruits dry, separate, opening by two valves or breaking up into two mericarps.8584. Inflorescences surrounded by two at first united involucral bracts.—Species10. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands.BreoniaA. Rich.Inflorescences without involucral bracts.—Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, edible fruits (negro-peaches), arrow-poison, and medicaments.SarcocephalusAfzel.85. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit separating into two nutlets. (See 16.)CephalanthusL.Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted.8686. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Flowers bracteolate, in glomerules collected in heads. Stem erect.—Species 1. Madagascar.ParacephaëlisBaill.Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Flowers ebracteolate, in heads.8787. Fruit separating into two 2-valved mericarps.—Species 2. Madagascar.They yield timber, dye-stuffs, edible fruits, and medicaments.NaucleaL.Fruit opening by two valves. Stem climbing by hooks.—Species 2.Tropics. (OuroupariaAubl.)UncariaSchreb.88. (82.) Fruit opening by 4 valves, leathery. Corolla salver-shaped; tube glabrous within. Style much exserted, 2-lobed at the top. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2. Central Africa. They yield timber and are used in medicine.CrossopteryxFenzlFruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed, usually berry-like. [TribeGARDENIEAE.]8989. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2- or more-celled. Anthers included or slightly exserted.90Ovary completely 2-5-celled.9390. Ovary 1-celled throughout its whole length, but the placentas sometimes much projecting and approximate in the centre. Style simple and entire or two-toothed at the apex. Flowers 5-11-merous.91Ovary 2-celled in its lower or upper half. Style 2-cleft. Flowers 4-5-merous, axillary.9291. Stipules glume-like, imbricate. Stem climbing. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx 5-parted, with awl-shaped segments. Corolla salver-shaped, glabrous within. Style very long. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit globose.—Species 3. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants.MacrosphyraHook. fil.Stipules not glume-like.—Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (IncludingGenipaL. partly.)GardeniaEllis92. Calyx 4-parted, with an epicalyx. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Seed-coat leathery. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species 4. Mascarene Islands.FerneliaComm.Calyx 5-toothed, without an epicalyx. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Seed-coat fibrous. Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. West Africa.PouchetiaA. Rich.93. (89.) Ovary 2-3-celled.94Ovary 4-5-celled.12294. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell.95Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell.10295. Ovules attached to thick, fleshy placentas, and more or less sunk in them.96Ovules attached to thin placentas, not sunk in them.9996. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex, far exserted. Flowers in terminal corymbs.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (ChomeliaL.,WeberaSchreb., includingCoptospermaHook, fil.)TarennaGaertn.Style more or less deeply cleft. Anthers exserted.9797. Flowers in terminal and lateral panicles. Corolla salver-shaped. Placentas ascending from the base of the ovary-cells.—Species 1. Madagascar.Yields an essential oil used in perfumery and medicine.SantalinaBaill.Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered. Corolla funnel-shaped.9898. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, without an epicalyx. Calyx deeplylobed.—Species 3. East and South Africa.EmpogonaHook. fil.Flowers fascicled, with an epicalyx of 2-6 bracteoles united at the base.—Species60. Tropical and South Africa. (IncludingBunburyaMeissn.,DiplocraterBenth. & Hook.,DiplosporaDC., andKraussiaHarv.)TricalysiaA. Rich.99. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex. Corolla funnel-shaped.100Style cleft at the apex or further. Anthers exserted. Inflorescences lateral.101100. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Anthers included. Seeds solitary.—Species1. East Africa.EnterospermumHiernFlowers in axillary fascicles. Anthers exserted.—Species 1. EastAfrica.ZygoonHiern101. Flowers solitary or fascicled on dwarf shoots, appearing before the leaves.Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Corolla funnel-shaped. Seeds without an aril; albumen uniform.—Species 3. Central Africa.FeretiaDel.Flowers in cymes, appearing with the leaves. Calyx-teeth minute. Corolla wheel-shaped. Seeds with an aril; albumen ruminate.—Species 1.East Africa.GalinieraDel.102. (94.) Style entire or shortly lobed or toothed at the apex.103Style more or less deeply cleft.113103. Calyx-segments large and broad, with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Corolla hairy within. Anthers included. Flowers hermaphrodite.104Calyx-segments small or narrow, with open aestivation.105104. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils. Corolla bell-shaped, hairy within the base, glabrous at the throat.—Species 5. Central Africa.(SherbourniaDon)AmaraliaWelw.Flowers in terminal cymes. Corolla salver-shaped.—Species 25. Central and South-east Africa.LeptactiniaHook. fil.105. Flowers unisexual.106Flowers hermaphrodite.108106. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx entire or minutely toothed. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Trees.—Species 1. Madagascar.ByrsophyllumHook. fil.Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, or in axillary panicles. Calyx lobed or divided. Shrubs.107107. Flowers in panicles. Calyx shortly lobed. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; connective with a leaf-like appendage. Stem climbing.—Species 2. West Africa.AtractogynePierreFlowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx deeply divided. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla, without an appendage. Stem erect; branches thickened and hollow at the nodes.—Species 1. EquatorialWest Africa (Cameroons).EpitabernaK. Schum.108. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral.109Inflorescences lateral.111109. Style much projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose corymbs. (See 96.)TarennaGaertn.Style not or slightly projecting beyond the corolla-tube.110110. Corolla-tube as long as or slightly longer than the limb. Calyx-segments awl-shaped. Anthers included. Style hairy. Flowers in clusters, yellowish-red.—Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber.BurchelliaR. Br.Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb.—Species 85. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, poison, a substitute for soap, dyes, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (IncludingGenipaL. partly,MitriostigmaHochst., andStylocoryneCav.)RandiaHoust.111. Seed-coat membranous or leathery. (See 110.)RandiaHoust.Seed-coat fibrous.112112. Corolla-tube slightly longer than the limb. Stamens inserted in the tube, included. Fruit with a leathery rind. Flowers in fascicles.—Species2. Madagascar. (IncludingTamataviaHook. fil.)ChapelieraA. RichCorolla-tube considerably longer than the limb. Stamens inserted at the throat, exserted. Fruit a berry. Flowers in corymbs.—Species 35.Central and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental plants.OxyanthusDC.113. (102.) Inflorescences lateral. Ovules 4-8 in each ovary-cell.114Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.119114. Placentas thick.115Placentas thin.117115. Flowers without an epicalyx. Calyx with awl-shaped segments. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.—Species 1. Madagascar.FlageniumBaill.Flowers with an epicalyx.116116. Inflorescences borne upon a broadened, leaf-like stalk. Calyx 5-toothed.Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included.—Species 3. Madagascar.CanephoraJuss.Inflorescences sessile or borne upon a not broadened stalk. Anthers exserted. (See 98.)TricalysiaA. Rich.117. Flowers large, with an epicalyx of partly leaf-like bracts. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers far exserted.—Species 1. WestAfrica.ProbletostemonK. Schum.Flowers small, without an epicalyx.118118. Style-branches hairy. Seeds 1-2. Shrubs. Stipules long.—Species4. Madagascar.HypobathrumBlumeStyle-branches glabrous. Seeds 3 or more. Trees. Stipules short.—Species1. Madagascar.ParagenipaBaill.119. (113.) Calyx shortly toothed. Anthers included or nearly so. Seed-coat pitted. Stipules united at the base.—Species 25. Tropics.BertieraAubl.Calyx deeply divided, with leaf-like segments.120120. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, with several-chambered halves. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth.—Species2. West Africa.DictyandraWelw.Anthers included within the corolla-tube or nearly so, with 2-chambered halves. Corolla salver-shaped.121121. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth. (See 104.)LeptactiniaHook. fil.Fruit dry or nearly so. Seed-coat pitted.—Species 7. Central Africa.HeinsiaDC.122. (93.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped.Anthers exserted. Style simple. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species1. Central Africa. Yields fish-poison. (UnderRandiaHoust.)MoreliaA. Rich.Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.123123. Flowers in lateral inflorescences. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit clothed with long hairs. Seeds with a fleshy aril.—Species 1. SouthernWest Africa (Angola).ChalazocarpusHiernFlowers in terminal clusters. Disc rather flat. Calyx irregularly toothed.Corolla yellow, 8-lobed. Style 4-cleft at the top. Leaves very large.—Species1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). (TetrastigmaK. Schum.)SchumanniophytonHarms124. (81.) Fruit a berry or a nut with a leathery skin. Seeds numerous, small; testa netted or dotted. [Tribe MUSSAENDEAE.]125Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp, rarely (Oldenlandia) an achene or nut with a membranous or crustaceous skin. Ovary 2-celled, rarely (Pentacarpaea)5-celled. Flowers small.133125. Corolla-tube short. Style entire or toothed at the apex. Shrubs or trees.Inflorescences without an involucre.126Corolla-tube long. Style more or less deeply cleft.128126. Flowers in terminal clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Twining shrubs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).JusteniaHiernFlowers in axillary inflorescences. Calyx 4-7-toothed.127127. Corolla urn-shaped. Anthers slightly exserted. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species 2. West Africa.PauridianthaHook. fil.Corolla wheel- or funnel-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-7-celled.Flowers in panicles or heads.—Species 20. Tropics. Some species yield dyes.UrophyllumWall.128. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed; one of the segments in several flowers of each inflorescence leaf-like, enlarged andbrightly coloured. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Ovary2-celled. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 30. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (IncludingSpallanzaniaDC.)MussaendaL.Flowers in axillary inflorescences.129129. Inflorescences head-like and surrounded by a large, more or less bell-shaped involucre of united bracts. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.130Inflorescences with an involucre of free bracts or without an involucre.131130. Calyx deeply divided; segments at first awl-shaped, subsequently some or all broadened and leaf-like. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5.Fruit globose. Erect herbs.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.TemnopteryxHook. fil.Calyx cleft about halfway down; segments ovate. Fruit ovate or oblong.Shrubs.—Species 4. Central Africa.StipulariaBeauv.131. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx deeply divided; segments enlarged, leaf-like. Ovary 5-celled. Decumbent herbs.—Species1. West Africa.PentalonchaHook. fil.Stamens inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube or somewhat below it.Shrubs.132132. Corolla funnel-shaped. Calyx deeply divided. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. Flowers in clusters springing from the base of the stem. Erect, glabrous plants.—Species 1. EquatorialWest Africa (Cameroons).EcpomaK. Schum.Corolla tube- or salver-shaped. Hairy, usually twining plants.—Species35. Tropics.SabiceaAubl.133. (124.) Seeds winged, numerous. Fruit a capsule. Trees or shrubs.Stipules entire or toothed.134Seeds wingless. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. [Tribe OLDENLANDIEAE.]143134. Flowers in heads, 5-merous.135Flowers in panicles. [Tribe CINCHONEAE.]137135. Calyx 5-cleft with leaf-like segments imbricate in the bud. Corolla tubular. Stamens concealed in the corolla-tube. Placentas ascending.Style 2-cleft.—Species 1. Madagascar.PayeraBaill.Calyx with small and narrow segments, open in the bud, or entire. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.Placentas pendulous or adnate to the partition of the ovary. Style simple, far exserted. Fruit a septicidal capsule.136136. Calyx entire or shortly toothed. Stigma hood-shaped.—Species 4.Central Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. (MambogaBlanco,StephegyneKorth., underNaucleaL.)MitragyneKorth.Calyx cleft about to the middle. Stigma head- or club-shaped.—Species4. Central and South Africa. Yielding timber.AdinaSalisb.137. Placentas shortly adnate to the partition of the ovary and more or lessdistinctly stalked.138Placentas adnate to the partition of the ovary throughout their whole length or almost so.141138. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous. Corolla-lobes unappendaged.Fruit globose. Shrubs.—Species 20. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some species yield dyes or medicaments; several are poisonous.DanaisComm.Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes usually with a thread- or club-shaped appendage on the back. Fruit oblong or linear. Trees.139139. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla urn-shaped. Fruit loculicidal. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. WestAfrica. Used medicinally.PseudocinchonaA. Chev.Anthers projecting at least partly beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes appendaged. Flowers usually 5-merous.140140. Fruit loculicidal. Corolla usually funnel-shaped.—Species 3. WestAfrica.CorynantheWelw.Fruit septicidal. Corolla urn- or bell-shaped. Leaves whorled.—Species3. West Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. (UnderCorynantheWelw.)PausinystaliaPierre141. Fruit loculicidal. Calyx-segments subulate, deciduous. Corolla-lobes erect. Style shortly lobed. Trees. Leaves herbaceous. Stipules glandular-toothed. Bracts partly petal-like.—Species 8. Tropics.HymenodictyonWall.Fruit septicidal.142142. Fruit splitting downwards from the apex. Calyx-segments lanceolate, leaf-like, deciduous. Corolla violet.—Species 4. Madagascar.SchismatocladaBak.Fruit splitting upwards from the base. Calyx-segments persistent. Corolla pink or yellowish. Stamens of the long-styled flowers inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube, those of the short-styled at its mouth. Placentas thick.—Species 3. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield medicaments(especially quinine).CinchonaL.143. (133.) Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Stamens 5, inserted a little above the base of the corolla-tube. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube.Calyx-segments unequal. Flowers in panicles. Herbs.—Species 1.Southern West Africa (Angola).PentacarpaeaHiernOvary 2-celled. Stigmas 1-2.144144. Placentas club-shaped, ascending from the base of the ovary-cells, few-ovuled.Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers in terminal cymes, 4-merous.145Placentas attached to the partition of the ovary.147145. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, one or several of them considerably enlarged. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit bursting irregularly. Stipules lacerated.—Species15. Tropics. (UnderCarphaleaJuss.)DirichletiaKlotzschCalyx-segments equal.146146. Calyx inversely umbrella-shaped, membranous at the base of the segments.Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves linear.—Species 1. Madagascar.CarphaleaJuss.Calyx not inversely umbrella-shaped, with 4 lobes alternating with small teeth. Corolla tubular. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Leaves ovate.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.PlacopodaBalf.147. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, usually one of them much enlarged.148Calyx-segments equal or nearly so.151148. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Style 2-lobed. Fruit loculicidal, with a persistent and a deciduous valve. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.—Species10. Central Africa.VirectaAfzel.Corolla hairy at the throat. Style 2-cleft.149149. Flowers in spikes. Fruit with septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence.Undershrubs.—Species 12. Tropics.OtomeriaBenth.Flowers in fascicles, cymes, or panicles. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence.150150. Corolla red or violet. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube.Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules divided into awl-shaped or bristle-like segments.—Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (NeurocarpaeaR. Br.)PentasBenth.Corolla yellow or white. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.Shrubs or trees. (See 128.)MussaendaL.151. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Anthers converging above or cohering into a tube, opening at the top. Corolla rotate. Style simple, with a capitate stigma. Fruit opening with a lid or irregularly. Herbs. Stipules undivided. Flowers in spike- or umbel-like cymes.—Species 2. Central Africa.ArgostemaWall.Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube or at its mouth.Anthers neither converging nor cohering, opening lengthwise.152152. Flowers in racemes, 5-merous. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla white, funnel-shaped; tube rather short. Anthers included. Placentas spindle-shaped. Style 2-cleft. Creeping herbs.—Species 1. EastAfrica.DolichometraK. Schum.Flowers solitary or in sometimes capitate or scorpioid cymes, often collected in false racemes or panicles.153153. Flowers in one-sided cymose inflorescences, 5-merous. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube, included. Placentas filiform. Style-branches spatulate. Fruit narrow, compressed, few-seeded, with septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence. Climbing herbs. Stipules lanceolate.—Species1. Central Africa.HekistocarpaHook. fil.Flowers in head-like or lax, not one-sided cymes, or solitary.154