1. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, the upper flower fertile, the lower male or barren and inserted immediately below the fertile one. Axis of the spikelet not produced beyond the fertile flower, jointed below the outer glumes or not jointed; ripe spikelets falling entire from their stalk or from the rachis of the spike, sometimes together with a part of it. [SubfamilyPANICOIDEAE.]2Spikelets either 1-flowered with the axis produced beyond the flower or jointed above the outer glumes, which therefore persist when the spikelet falls off, or 2-flowered with both flowers fertile or with a distinct interval between the flowers or with a continuation of the axis beyond the flowers, or 3- to many-flowered.652. Spikelets distinctly compressed from the side. Stamens usually 6. Seed with a linear hilum. [Tribe ORYZEAE.]3Spikelets compressed from front to back or not distinctly compressed.Stamens usually 1-3. Seed usually with a punctiform hilum.73. Spikelets in terminal clusters of two or three, connate, at length hardened.Stamens 3. Style undivided, papillose.—Species 1. North Africa.One source of the Esparto-grass, which is used for plaiting and paper-making.LygeumL.Spikelets in panicles. Stamens nearly always 6. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted, with feathery stigmas.44. Spikelets unisexual; 1-2 sessile female and a stalked male on each branchof the panicle. Flowering glume globose. Stamens 6. Style 1, long, 3-cleft. Leaves broad-lanceolate, stalked.—Species 1. EquatorialWest Africa.LeptaspisR. Br.Spikelets bisexual or polygamous. Styles 3, short, free or united at the very base. Leaves linear or narrow lanceolate.55. Outer glumes rudimentary. Flowering glume awnless.—Species 4.(HomalocenchrusMieg.)LeersiaSwartzOuter glumes distinctly developed. Stamens 6.66. Flowering glume and palea slightly compressed, awnless. Leaves linear-lanceolate, more or less distinctly stalked.—Species 4. Madagascar and Natal. (UnderPotamophilaR. Br.)MaltebruniaKunthFlowering glume and palea strongly compressed.—Species 3, two wild inCentral Africa, the third (O. sativaL., rice) cultivated in various regions.The seeds are used for food and for the preparation of meal, starch, oil, and brandy, the straw for plaiting and for the manufacture of paper and brush-ware.OryzaL.7. (2.) Flowering glume and palea (if present) stiff or at length hardened, firmer than the outer glumes and awnless, at least in the hermaphrodite flowers. Lowest glume usually smaller than the others. Rachis of the spike or raceme or branches of the panicle rarely jointed. [TribePANICEAE.]8Flowering glume and palea (if present) membranous, thinner than the outer glumes.268. Flowers unisexual, monoecious. Spikelets in panicles, the male in the lower portion of the panicle or in special panicles. Outer glumes in the male spikelets none, in the female 2. Lodicules 3. Leaves net-veined.—Species2. Tropical and South-East Africa.OlyraL.Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous; in the latter case spikelets arranged in spikes.99. Spikelets partly hermaphrodite, partly male or neuter.10Spikelets all hermaphrodite.1110. Spikelets in short spikes consisting of a lower hermaphrodite and two or three upper neuter spikelets; spikes unilateral on the flattened, leaf-like rachis of a compound spike. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate, sagittate.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).PhyllorhachisTrimen.Spikelets in a simple spike consisting of 1-2 lower female and 4-6 upper male spikelets; rachis of the spike enlarged at the base, but not leaf-like.Stem creeping.—Species 1. Madagascar.ThuareaPers.11. Spikelets in short spikes sunk in pits on a broad rachis. Stem creeping.—Species4. Tropical and South Africa. Used for binding the sand on riverbanks or as fodder; also in medicine.StenotaphrumTrin.Spikelets not sunk in pits on a broad rachis.1212. Spikelets surrounded or subtended singly or 2-3 together by an involucre formed of one or several bristles or spines or of 2 toothed glumes inserted below the two empty glumes.13Spikelets without an involucre formed of bristles, spines, or toothed glumes.Empty glumes 1-3. Stigmas 2, feathery.1613. Involucre formed by two toothed glumes. Stigma 1, papillose. Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Abyssinia.OdontelytrumHack.Involucre formed by one or several bristles or spines. Stigmas 2, feathery.1414. Axis of the spikelet jointed above the persistent involucre. Bristles of the involucre stiff and rough. Styles free from the base. Spikelets in spike-like panicles.—Species 30. Some of them (especiallyS. italicaBeauv.) are cultivated as cereals.SetariaBeauv.Axis of the spikelet jointed below the involucre or not jointed; involucre falling together with the spikelet; rarely axis jointed above the persistent involucre, but then styles united at the base.1515. Bristles of the involucre numerous, stiff, thickened and often united at the base. Spikelets in spikes or racemes.—Species 10. Tropics and Egypt.Some have edible seeds; several are fodder-grasses.CenchrusL.Bristles of the involucre fine, not thickened at the base.—Species 65. Some(especially the duchn,P. typhoideumRich.) are cultivated as cereals, as fodder, or as ornamental plants. (IncludingGymnothrixBeauv. andPenicillariaWilld.)PennisetumPers.16. Spikelets with 2 outer glumes and 1 flower, or with 1 outer glume and 2 flowers.17Spikelets with 3 outer glumes and 1 flower, or with 2 outer glumes and 2 flowers.2117. Spikelets containing an hermaphrodite and a male flower, arranged in panicles. Glumes awnless. Styles free.—Species 1. South-west Africa(Nama-land).AnthaenantiaBeauv.Spikelets 1-flowered, arranged in one-sided, usually digitate or panicled spikes.1818. Rachis of the spike prolonged beyond the spikelets. Style 1, with 2 stigmas.—Species3. North-west and South Africa.SpartinaSchreb.Rachis of the spike not prolonged beyond the spikelets. Styles 2, free or shortly united.1919. Styles united at the base. Flowering glume papery. Upper outer glume awned. Spikelets in digitate racemes.—Species 1. East Africa.(StereochlaenaHack.)ChloridionStapf.Styles free. Flowering glume cartilaginous.2020. Lower outer glume decurrent into a callous swelling. Flowering glume mucronate.—Species 6. Central Africa.EriochloaKunthLower outer glume without a callus at the base.—Species 15. Tropicaland South Africa. Used as fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants.The seeds of several species (especially those of the fundiP. exileKippist) are sometime used as food.PaspalumL.21. Spikelets containing two hermaphrodite flowers. Axis of the spikelet jointed above the persistent outer glumes. Outer glumes awnless.Spikelets arranged in panicles.—Species 6. Tropics.IsachneR. Br.Spikelets containing a single hermaphrodite flower and sometimes also a male flower. Axis of the spikelet jointed below the outer glumes; spikelet falling as a whole.2222. First (lowest) outer glume awned, as well as the second. Spikelets one-flowered, directed to one side and disposed in panicles.—Species 4.Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as fodder.OplismenusBeauv.First outer glume awnless.2323. Second outer glume apparently removed from the first by a conical or cylindrical, strongly-haired swelling at the base, usually awned or mucronate.Spikelets in panicles.25Second outer glume without a basal swelling.2424. First outer glume as large as or larger than the second, papery.—Species 1.South-west Africa to Angola. (UnderPanicumL.).LeucophrysRendleFirst outer glume much smaller than the second.—Species 20. Some are used as ornamental or fodder-plants. (IncludingMonachyronParl. andRhynchelytrumNees, underPanicumL.)TricholaenaSchrad.25. Second outer glume bearing, like the third, a long, twisted awn.—Species 1.German East Africa.AcritochaetePilgerSecond outer glume unawned.—Species 220. Some (especiallyP. miliaceumL., millet, andP. sanguinaleL.) are cultivated as cereals, others furnish vegetables, syrup, or fodder, or are used for plaiting-work or as ornamental plants. (IncludingAxonopusBeauv.,DigitariaPers.,EchinolaenaDesv.,SacciolepisNash, andSyntherismaWalt.)PanicumL.26. (7.) Outer glumes 3, the lowest smaller than the others, the uppermost sometimes including a male flower. Rachis and branches of the inflorescence not jointed. [Tribe TRISTEGINEAE.]27Outer glumes 1-3; if 3, then the lowest larger than the uppermost.3027. Spikelets arranged in spikes. First and second outer glume minute, the third awned.—Species 3. Abyssinia.BeckeraFresen.Spikelets arranged in panicles. Second outer glume not very small.Flowering glume awnless.2828. Lowest outer glume minute, like the second awnless, the third more or less distinctly awned. Spikelets arranged singly along the branches of the panicle.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used as a fodder-grass.MelinisBeauv.Lowest outer glume not very small; the third awnless, rarely both the second and third awned.2929. Outer glumes, at least the second, awned. Spikelets arranged singly alongthe branches of the panicle. (See 24.)TricholaenaSchrad.Outer glumes awnless, the first and second about half the length of the third and the flowering glume. Spikelets in clusters along the branches of the panicle.—Species 2. West Africa and Mascarene Islands. Used as ornamental plants.ThysanolaenaNees30. (26.) Flowers unisexual. Male and female spikelets in different inflorescences, or male spikelets in the upper, female in the lower portion of the inflorescence. [Tribe MAYDEAE.]31Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely (Andropogon) unisexual, but then male and female spikelets in the same inflorescence and arranged in pairs, the male spikelets sometimes rudimentary.3331. Male spikelets in a terminal spike, the female at its base, enclosed singly or2-3 together by a hardened globose bract. Style not very long, 2-cleft.—Species1 (C. Lacryma JobiL., Job’s tears). North-west Africa,Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally and for making ornamental articles and rosaries.CoixL.Male spikelets in spikes arranged in a terminal panicle, female in spikes or spadices with membranous bracts or spathes. Style very long, undivided or shortly 2-cleft.3232. Female spikelets in fascicled spikes with a jointed rachis. Style 2-cleft.Fruit enclosed when ripe in a cartilagineous case.—Species 1 (E. mexicanaSchrad., Teosinte), cultivated as an ornamental or fodder-plant.EuchlaenaSchrad.Female spikelets connate into a spadix with a thick, not jointed rachis.Fruit projecting beyond the membranous glumes, rarely enclosed by leathery glumes.—Species 1 (Z. MaysL., maize or Indian corn). Cultivated for the grain or as a fodder- or ornamental plant. The seeds are also used for the preparation of starch, oil, and spirituous drinks. The leaves and spathes yield fibre.ZeaL.33. Spikelets in heads surrounded by 2 or 3 involucral bracts, containing a single hermaphrodite flower. Outer glumes 2, membranous, awnless, the lower one short. Flowering glume larger than the outer glumes, awnless.Stamens 2.—Species 1. North Africa and Senegambia.CrypsisAit.Spikelets in spikes, racemes, or panicles.3434. Spikelets arranged singly or in clusters of 3-6, very rarely in pairs, along the continuous rachis of a spike or raceme. Outer glumes 2.[Tribe ZOYSIEAE.]35Spikelets arranged in pairs, one sessile, the other stalked, more rarely singly or in clusters of 3 or more, along the more or less distinctly jointed rachis of a spike or raceme or along the branches of a sometimes very narrow (spike-like) panicle. Outer glumes usually 3. [Tribe ANDROPOGONEAE.]4235. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6, falling as a whole.36Spikelets solitary along the rachis, rarely in pairs.3836. Clusters of spikelets enclosed by a hard, urn-shaped involucre formed by the lowest outer glumes. Rachis of the spike wavy.—Species 5. Central and South Africa.AnthephoraSchreb.Clusters of spikelets without an involucre.3737. Clusters containing 2-4 fertile spikelets and a barren one. Outer glumes1-2, the upper one with hooked spines on the nerves. Rachis of the spike glabrous.—Species 4. (NaziaAdans.)TragusHall.Clusters containing 1-2 fertile and 2-3 barren, often awn-like spikelets.Outer glume 1, with rough nerves, awned.—Species 1. Southern WestAfrica (Hereroland).MonelytrumHack.38. Styles united at the base; stigmas short, feathery. Outer glumes 2, glabrous, with a long awn or awnless. Flowering glume smaller. Spikelets diverging from the rachis.—Species 4. Tropical and South Africa.Used as fodder-grasses.PerotisAit.Styles free or the stigmas elongated and short-haired all round.3939. Outer glume 1, compressed, keeled, awnless. Styles free. Spikelets pressed close to the rachis. Leaves stiff.—Species 1. MascareneIslands. (OsterdomiaNeck.)ZoysiaWilld.Outer glumes 2.4040. Outer glumes subulate, with a long awn, short-haired. Flowering glume somewhat shorter, with a rather long awn. Palea slightly shorter than the flowering glume, acuminate. Styles free. Fruit with a large hilum. Spikelets in pairs.—Species 1. Northern East Africa.TetrachaeteChiovendaOuter glumes and flowering glume with a short awn or awnless.4141. Outer glumes convex, with hooked spines on the back, awnless. Flowering glume much shorter, unarmed or mucronate. Styles free; stigmas feathery. Spikelets with a flattened stalk.—Species 1. Northern part of Central Africa.LatipesKunthOuter glumes compressed and keeled, not bearing hooked spines. Flowering glume broad, 3-nerved, mucronate or shortly awned. Stigmas long, short-haired all round.—Species 5. North Africa. Used as ornamental or fodder-plants. “Foxtail grass.†(IncludingColobachneBeauv.)AlopecurusL.42. (34.) Joints of the rachis much thickened, forming, together with the appressed or adnate pedicels of the stalked spikelets, hollows in which the sessile spikelets are sunk. Flowering glumes awnless. Lowest outer glume leathery or hardened. Sessile spikelets hermaphrodite, stalked ones male or neuter, rarely (Ophiurus) reduced to the adnate pedicel and therefore apparently absent. [SubtribeROTTBOELLIINAE.]43Joints of the rachis not much thickened, nor forming hollows for the reception of the spikelets, rarely slightly concave, but then flowering glumes of the sessile spikelets awned or (Elionurus) the lowest outer glume membranous or papery and marked with two transparent balsamiferousstreaks.4843. Lower outer glume awned or tailed, at least in the stalked spikelets.44Lower outer glume neither awned nor tailed, rarely tailed in the terminal spikelet only.4644. Lower outer glume with a long tail (or soft awn). Racemes digitate.Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Central Africa. Forming the chief element of the grass-barriers (sudd) of the upper Nile.VossiaWall. & Griff.Lower outer glume with 1-2 short awns, or in the stalked spikelets with a long awn, in the sessile awnless. Racemes solitary or arranged in racemes.4545. Lower outer glume with 1-2 short awns. Joints of the rachis horizontally truncate without an appendage.—Species 7. Central Africa. Used for plaiting-work. (RhytidachneHack., includingJardineaSteud.)RhytachneDesv.Lower outer glume in the sessile spikelets awnless, in the stalked ones witha long awn or tail. Joints of the rachis obliquely truncate with an appendage at the tip.—Species 5. Central and South Africa.UrelytrumHack.46. Lower outer glume globular, pitted. Leaves cordate at the base.—Species1. Tropics. Used in medicine. (IncludingHackelochloaO.Ktze.)ManisurisSwartzLower outer glume more or less ovate, flat or rounded on the back.4747. Stalked spikelets reduced to the adnate pedicel and therefore apparently absent.—Species 1. Northern East Africa. (UnderRottboelliaL. fil.)OphiurusGaertn.Stalked spikelets containing a male flower or reduced to empty glumes.—Species15. (IncludingHemarthriaR. Br.)RottboelliaL. fil.48. (42.) Sessile spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower male, the upper male or hermaphrodite. Stalked spikelets 1-2-flowered or reduced to empty glumes.49Sessile spikelets 1-flowered, rarely all spikelets stalked and 1- or (Imperata)2-flowered.5249. Sessile spikelets containing 2 male flowers, stalked spikelets a male and a female or hermaphrodite flower. Outer glumes of the sessile spikelets awned. Flowering glumes awnless. Spikelets in compound racemes.Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. Madagascar.CyphochlaenaHack.Sessile spikelets containing a male and an hermaphrodite flower. Flowering glumes of the sessile spikelets nearly always awned. [SubtribeISCHAEMINAE.]5050. Racemes reduced to the 3 terminal spikelets, surrounded by sheathing bracts, fasciculate; fascicles arranged in panicles. Stamens 2-3.—Species1. Islands of Réunion and Socotra. Used as an ornamental plant.ApludaL.Racemes consisting of numerous pairs of spikelets, solitary or digitate; one spikelet of each pair sometimes reduced to the pedicel. Stamens3.5151. Stalked spikelets reduced to the pedicel. Lower outer glume tuberculate.—Species1. Abyssinia.ThelepogonRothStalked spikelets 1-2-flowered or reduced to empty glumes.—Species 7.Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as fodder- or garden plants.IschaemumL.52. Spikelets all alike, hermaphrodite. [SubtribeSACCHARINAE.]53Spikelets of two kinds, the sessile hermaphrodite, rarely female, the stalked ones male or neuter, sometimes reduced to the pedicel. [SubtribeANDROPOGONINAE.]6053. Rachis of the raceme jointed.54Rachis of the raceme not jointed.5754. Racemes more or less palmately arranged on a short main axis, rarely solitary.55Racemes arranged in panicles along a slender main axis, silky. Spikelets in pairs.5655. Spikelets solitary on the branches of the inflorescence, all sessile. Flowering glumes awned from the back. Leaves cordate-lanceolate.—Species 5.Tropics.ArthraxonBeauv.Spikelets in pairs on the branches of the inflorescence, one sessile, the other stalked. Flowering glumes awned from the tip, rarely awnless. Leaves linear or lanceolate with a narrow base.—Species 5. South and EastAfrica, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. (IncludingEulaliaKunth)PolliniaTrin.56. Flowering glume produced into a bristle or awn.—Species 5. South Africa, southern Central Africa, and Algeria. Some are used as ornamental plants or for plaiting mats.ErianthusMichx.Flowering glume unarmed like the other glumes.—Species 5. One of them(S. officinarum L., sugar-cane) known only in a cultivated state. It is used for the manufacture of sugar, syrup, rum, and wax, also as a vegetable and a fodder-plant.SaccharumL.57. Spikelets in pairs along the rachis of the raceme, awnless. Outer glumes 3, membranous, silky. Stamens 1-2.—Species 1 (I. cylindricaP.Beauv.) Sometimes a noxious weed in plantations, but also used for paper-making, and as a fodder-, medicinal or ornamental plant.ImperataCyr.Spikelets scattered along the rachis of the raceme, awned.5858. Outer glumes 3, the two lower stiff. Flowering glume very small, ending in a long awn. Panicle spreading, hairy.—Species 2. Central Africa.CleistachneBenth.Outer glumes 2. Flowering glume rather large, with a usually short awn in a terminal notch or on the back. Panicle spike-like.5959. Stigmas projecting at the tip of the spikelet, short-haired all round. Outerglumes awnless, rarely with a short awn. (See 41.)AlopecurusL.Stigmas projecting near the base of the spikelet, feathery. Outer glumes with usually long awns.—Species 6. North Africa, Abyssinia, andSouth Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Beardgrass.â€PolypogonDesf.60. (52.) Racemes bearing at their base a false whorl of 4 male or neuter spikelets and subtended by a spathe-like bract, more rarely without a bract.61Racemes without a whorl of male or neuter spikelets at their base, rarely surrounded by an imperfect whorl of spikelets, but then racemes in pairs subtended by a common spathe.6261. Hermaphrodite spikelets produced at the base into an appendage decurrent along the rachis, easily separating from the whorl of spikelets below them.—Species2. (AnthistiriaL. fil.).ThemedaForsk.Hermaphrodite spikelets without a decurrent appendage at the base, falling together with the whorl of spikelets below them.—Species 1.Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. (UnderAnthistiriaL. fil.)IseilemaAnders.62. Spikelets all stalked, in pairs, the longer-stalked hermaphrodite, the shorter-stalked male. Rachis of the raceme indistinctly jointed. Racemes terminal, solitary or 2-3 together.—Species 1. Tropical and SouthAfrica.TrachypogonNeesSpikelets partly sessile, partly stalked. Rachis of the raceme distinctly jointed, fragile at maturity, rarely indistinctly or not jointed, but then spikelets in clusters of three, arranged in panicles.6363. Lowest outer glume marked with two transparent balsamiferous streaks, usually 2-toothed. Glumes awnless. Racemes solitary; rachis nearly always silky.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa.ElionurusHumb. & Bonpl.Lowest outer glume without balsamiferous streaks. Flowering glumes of the sessile spikelets awned, very rarely awnless and then racemes nearly always panicled.6464. Flowering glumes awned from the back. Leaves cordate at the base.(See 55.)ArthraxonBeauv.Flowering glumes awned from the tip or awnless. Leaves not cordate.—Species110. The sorghum or Guinea corn (A. SorghumBrot.) is cultivated as a cereal and used for manufacturing sugar, spirituous drinks, dyes, and brushware. Other species are used in perfumery (lemon-grass, vetiver-root) and medicine, for plaiting-work, or as fodder- or garden-plants.(IncludingAnatherumBeauv.,ChrysopogonTrin.,CymbopogonSpreng.,EuclasteFranch.,HeterochloaDesv.,HeteropogonPers.,HomopogonStapf, andSorghumPers.)AndropogonL.65. (1.) Leaf-blade jointed with the sheath and finally separating from it, often contracted at the base into a short stalk, usually transverselyveined. Stem generally woody. [SubfamilyBAMBUSOIDEAE.]66Leaf-blade passing into the sheath without a joint and without a stalk, rarely transversely veined. Stem herbaceous. [SubfamilyPOOIDEAE.]7966. Stamens 3. Styles 2-3, free. Outer glumes 1-2. Pericarp dry and thin. [Tribe ARUNDINARIEAE.]67Stamens 6.6867. Spikelets 2-flowered. Upper flowering glume keeled. Herbs.—Species 1.Equatorial West Africa.MicrocalamusFranch.Spikelets many-flowered. Flowering glumes not keeled. Undershrubs or shrubs.—Species 2. East and South Africa. They yield wood, fibre, vegetables, edible seeds, and medicaments.ArundinariaMichx.68. Fruit a nut or a berry; pericarp thick, free from the seed. Tall shrubs or trees.69Fruit a caryopsis; pericarp thin, adnate to the seed. [Tribe BAMBUSEAE.]7269. Palea rounded on the back, similar to the flowering glume. Spikelets1-flowered. [Tribe MELOCANNEAE.]70Palea 2-keeled. Fruit a nut. [Tribe DENDROCALAMEAE.]7170. Spikelets in one-sided spikes, the axis not continued beyond the flower.Outer glumes acuminate. Fruit a large apple-like berry. Trees.—Species1. Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. The fruits are edible; also the wood and the fibres are used.MelocannaTrin.Spikelets in panicled clusters, the axis continued beyond the flower in the form of a bristle. Outer glumes rolled inwards. Fruit a small wrinkled nut. Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally.SchizostachyumNees71. Spikelets 1-flowered, in scattered heads. Lodicules 2-3, large. Fruit oblong.—Species 1. Madagascar.CephalostachyumMunroSpikelets 2- or more-flowered, in panicled glomerules. Lodicules 1-2, very small, or absent. Fruit subglobular, beaked.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. Yields wood, fibre, vegetables, edible seeds, and medicaments, and is also used as an ornamental plant.DendrocalamusNees72. Filaments united into a tube. Palea of the uppermost (hermaphrodite) flower of each spikelet usually 1-keeled.73Filaments free. Palea of the uppermost flower 2-keeled, rarely without a keel.7573. Spikelets terete. Lodicules none. Tall shrubs.—Species 5. CentralAfrica.OxytenantheraMunroSpikelets compressed. Herbs.7474. Outer glumes 2. Fruit spindle-shaped, furrowed; style much broadened at the base. Spikelets in racemes.—Species 1. Equatorial WestAfrica.AtractocarpaFranch.Outer glumes 3-4. Fruit subglobular, not furrowed; style not broadened.—Species5. Equatorial West Africa.PueliaFranch.75. Spikelets 1-flowered. Outer glumes 6-10. Ovary glabrous. Style2-3-cleft or -parted. Tall shrubs.—Species 3. Madagascar andMascarenes.NastusJuss.Spikelets 2- or more-flowered. Outer glumes 1-6.7676. Lodicules none. Spikelets 2-flowered, in clusters surrounded by two bracts. Ovary glabrous. Style undivided, hairy.—Species 1. GermanEast Africa.OreobambusK. Schum.Lodicules 2-3. Spikelets without bracts. Ovary hairy.7777. Lodicules 2. Outer glume 1. Palea not winged on the keels. Styles 2, free. Spikelets many-flowered. Herbs with 4 large leaves.—Species1. West Africa (Cameroons). (UnderGuaduellaFranch.)MicrobambusK. Schum.Lodicules 3. Outer glumes usually 2.7878. Palea with winged keels. Spikelets strongly flattened. Herbs.—Species5. Equatorial West Africa.GuaduellaFranch.Palea not winged on the keels. Spikelets slightly flattened. Tall shrubs.—Species2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized. They yield wood, fibre, vegetables, edible seeds, drinks, and medicaments, and are also used as ornamental plants. “Bamboo.â€BambusaSchreb.79. (65.) Spikelets sessile in the notches on the rachis of a nearly always equal-sided spike, usually 2-ranked. [Tribe HORDEAE.]80Spikelets along a rachis without notches, in usually one-sided spikes or in racemes or panicles.9480. Spike one-sided. Spikelets solitary in each notch, 1-flowered. Outer glume 1, minute. Flowering glume awned. Stigma 1. Leaves stiff.—Species1. Azores. “Matgrass.†[SubtribeNARDEAE.]NardusL.Spike equal-sided. Stigmas 2.8181. Spikelets solitary in each notch of the spike.82Spikelets 2-6 in each notch of the spike. [SubtribeELYMINAE.]9382. Spikelets with the back towards the hollows of the rachis. [SubtribeLOLIINAE.]83Spikelets with the side towards the hollows of the rachis.8883. Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, the terminal one with 2 outer glumes, the others with one.84Spikelets 2- to many-flowered.8684. Flowering glumes with a hairy callus at their base. Outer glumes 1-3-nerved.Dwarf herbs.—Species 2. South and East Africa.OropetiumTrin.Flowering glumes with a glabrous, sometimes rudimentary callus.8585. Joints of the rachis of the spike produced into wing-like appendages.—Species1. Island of Socotra.IschnurusBalf. fil.Joints of the rachis of the spike without wing-like appendages.—Species 3.Madagascar, South and North-west Africa.MonermaBeauv.86. Spikelets 2-flowered. Styles long. Outer glumes 2. Flowering glumes produced into 3 points.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).(IncludingKralikiellaCoss. et Durieu).KralikiaCoss. et DurieuSpikelets many-flowered. Styles very short.8787. Outer glumes 2, awnless. Flowering glumes with 2 points and a dorsal awn. Lodicules 2-cleft. Fruit hairy at the top.—Species 2. NorthAfrica. (IncludingMeringurusMurbeck).GaudiniaBeauv.Outer glumes in the terminal spikelets 2, in the lateral single. Fruit glabrous.—Species 6. North, South, and East Africa. Two species(ray-grass) are cultivated on lawns; one (the darnel,L. temulentumL.) is poisonous. (IncludingArthrochortusLowe).LoliumL.88. Spikelets 1-, very rarely 2-flowered, in a slender spike; joints of the spike separating at maturity together with the lower spikelet. Outer glumes approximate in front. [SubtribeLEPTURINAE.]89Spikelets 2- to many-flowered, in usually stout spikes; joints of the spike separating at maturity together with the upper spikelet or not separating at all. Outer glumes opposite one another. [SubtribeTRITICINAE.]9089. Outer glume 1, very small. Flowering glumes awned. Stamen 1. Rachis of the spike with but slightly hollowed joints.—Species 1. North-westAfrica (Algeria).PsilurusTrin.Outer glumes 2, large. Flowering glumes awnless.—Species 4. NorthAfrica, Abyssinia, Socotra.LepturusR. Br.90. Flowering glumes decurrent into a callus limited by a furrow, falling with the fruit when ripe. Fruit adhering to the palea.—Species 7. NorthAfrica, Abyssinia, South Africa. The quitch grass (A. repensBeauv.) is used for binding the sand, as fodder, for making syrup, and medicinally.(IncludingEremopyrumJaub. et Spach).AgropyrumGaertn.Flowering glumes without a callus at the base, persisting at maturity.Fruit free.9191. Outer glumes ovate, 3- to many-nerved. Fertile spikelets ventricose,2-5-flowered. Spike usually with a terminal spikelet.—Species 13.Ten species spontaneous in North Africa and Abyssinia, the others(especially the wheat,T. sativumLam. andpolonicumL.) cultivated in various regions. The latter are used as cereals and for plaiting-work, other species as ornamental plants. (IncludingAegilopsL.)TriticumL.Outer glumes oblong lanceolate or subulate, 1-2-nerved. Spikelets not ventricose, 2-, rarely 3-flowered. Spike without a terminal spikelet.9292. Outer glumes truncate, two-keeled, with a long awn. Flowering glumes awned from below the tip. Spike very dense.—Species 2. North-westAfrica.HaynaldiaSchurOuter glumes acuminate, one-nerved. Flowering glumes awned from thetip. Spike rather loose.—Species 3. North Africa, Abyssinia, andSouth Africa. One of them (the rye,S. cerealeL.) is cultivated as a cereal and also used as fodder, for making brandy and paper, and for plaiting-work.SecaleL.93. Spikelets 1-flowered, sometimes with an empty glume above the flower.Flowering glume awned.—Species 8. North Africa; some species also cultivated or naturalized in Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa.The barley (H. sativumJessen) is cultivated as a cereal and for making beer; it is also used as fodder and for medicinal purposes. Other species are used as ornamental plants.HordeumL.Spikelets 2-6-flowered.—Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. “Lymegrass.â€ElymusL.94. (79.) Spikelets in two rows approximated to one another, forming one-sided, sometimes panicled spikes (or spike-like racemes). [Tribe CHLORIDEAE.]95Spikelets in sometimes spike-like but equal-sided racemes or more frequently in panicles not consisting of one-sided spikes.12395. Spikelets containing 1 hermaphrodite flower.96Spikelets containing 2 or more hermaphrodite flowers.10896. Spikelets bearing no male flowers or empty glumes above the hermaphrodite flower, but sometimes ending in a short bristle.97Spikelets bearing above the hermaphrodite flower a male flower or one or several empty, sometimes very small or awn-like glumes.10197. Spikelets awned.98Spikelets awnless.9998. Flowering glume much shorter than the outer glumes, with a very long awn. Spikes 1-4, terminal.—Species 3. Central Africa and Egypt.SchoenefeldiaKunthFlowering glume almost as long as the outer glumes, with a short awn.Spikes numerous, arranged along a common axis.—Species 4. SouthernWest Africa.WillkommiaHack.99. Spikes solitary, terminal.—Species 3. Central and South Africa. Used in medicine.MicrochloaR. Br.Spikes digitate or in racemes.100100. Spikes digitate, 3-5. Flowering glume usually larger than the outer glumes.—Species 5. Some are used as pasture-grasses or in medicine.“Dogstooth.â€CynodonPers.Spikes arranged along a common axis. Rachis of the spike dilated.Flowering glume much smaller than the outer glumes.—Species 2.East Africa.CraspedorhachisBenth.101. Outer glumes 4. Second outer glume and flowering glume awned. Spikes solitary, rarely 2-3 together.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. (IncludingCampulosusDesv.)CteniumPanzerOuter glumes 2.102102. Spike 1, terminal.103Spikes 2 or more, sometimes fascicle-like.105103. Flowering glume many-nerved, awned. Styles united at the base, with shortly bearded, at length spirally twisted stigmas.—Species 1. CentralAfrica.StreptogyneBeauv.Flowering glume 3-nerved. Styles free, with feathery stigmas.104104. Spikelets awned, imbricate, in slender spikes.—Species 6. East andSouth Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles.EnteropogonNeesSpikelets awnless, crowded, in stout spikes.—Species 1. South Africa.HarpechloaKunth105. Spikes in false whorls or closely superposed.—Species 25. Some are used as ornamental or fodder-plants. (Plate 8.)ChlorisSwartzSpikes all distant or the lowest only approximate.106106. Spikes very short and very dense. Outer glumes ciliate, with a straight awn. Flowering glume with 3 awns. Several empty glumes above the flowering glume. Low grasses.—Species 1. Northern East Africa.MelanocenchrisNeesSpikes more or less elongated and loose. Flowering glume with 1 awn or awnless. Rather tall grasses.107107. Flowering glume awned, 2-toothed. Empty glume above the flowering one awn-like. Spikes very loose, at first erect.—Species 1. Abyssinia.GymnopogonBeauv.Flowering glume awnless. Spikes rather dense, spreading.—Species 8.Central Africa. Some have edible seeds. (IncludingCypholepisChiov.)LeptochloaBeauv.108. (95.) Spikes 1-3, terminal.109Spikes more than 3.114109. Flowering glumes with 3, sometimes very short awns. Spikelets many-flowered.Spikes long, rather loose.—Species 4. Central Africa.TripogonRothFlowering glumes with one awn or mucro or unarmed. Spikes dense, usually short.110110. Flowering glumes with a rather long awn, long-haired on the back. Spikelets2-3-flowered.—Species 6. Central and North Africa. (IncludingLepidopironiaRich.)TetrapogonDesf.Flowering glumes unarmed or mucronate.111111. Spikes 2-3 together. Spikelets 3-4-flowered. Fruit almost orbicular.Leaves rather broad.—Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. (UnderEragrostisBeauv.)CoelachyrumNeesSpike solitary. Fruit oblong. Leaves narrow.112112. Spikelets 2-flowered. Flowering glumes and paleas delicately membranous.—Species3. South Africa. (PrionanthiumDesv.)PrionachneNeesSpikelets 3- to many-flowered. Flowering glumes and paleas firmlymembranous, rather stiff.113113. Outer glumes subequal.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).WangenheimiaMoenchOuter glumes very unequal or only one present.—Species 50. Some are used for the manufacture of paper or as ornamental or fodder-plants.Fescue.†(IncludingCtenopsisDe Not.,NardurusReichb., andVulpiaGmel.)FestucaL.114. (108.) Outer glumes 4. Spikelets falling entire.115Outer glumes 2, usually persisting on the stalk of the spikelet.116115. Outer glumes 1-nerved. Flowering glumes 5-nerved. Styles short.—Species1. South Africa.TetrachneNeesOuter glumes 3-8-nerved. Flowering glumes 7-11-nerved. Styles long.—Species 2. South Africa and Angola. (UnderTetrachneNees).EntoplocamiaStapf116. Outer glumes shortly awned, much longer than the flowering glumes.Spikes short, distant, at length bent downward.—Species 2. CentralAfrica and Egypt. Used as ornamental grasses. (DinebaJacq.)DinebraJacq.Outer glumes unarmed or mucronate, shorter than the flowering glumes.117117. Spikelets very densely crowded. Spikes digitate, at least the upper.118Spikelets not very densely crowded. Spikes distant.119118. Spikes ending in a point. Outer glumes mucronate.—Species 6. Used as cereals, fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants, and for making beer.(UnderEleusineGaertn.)DactylocteniumWilld.Spikes terminated by a spikelet. Outer glumes usually unarmed. Pericarp usually loose.—Species 10. The coracan (E. coracanaGaertn.) is cultivated as a cereal and for the preparation of beer; other species are used as medicinal or ornamental plants. (IncludingAcrachneWightArn.)EleusineGaertn.119. Flowering glumes rounded on the back. Pericarp more or less adhering to the palea. (See 113.)FestucaL.Flowering glumes keeled. Pericarp free.120120. Glumes thinly membranous, the outer subequal.121Glumes firmly membranous, glabrous, the outer conspicuously unequal.122121. Flowering glumes 4-toothed, shortly awned.—Species 3. East and SouthAfrica. (UnderDiplachneBeauv.)LeptocarydiumHochst.Flowering glumes entire or obscurely 2-3-toothed. (See 107.)LeptochloaBeauv.122. Spikelets 2-8-flowered, with a jointed, ciliate axis. Lodicules very small.Fruit linear-oblong, closely enveloped by the glumes.—Species 2. South and East Africa. Used as fodder-grasses. (UnderEragrostisL. orLeptochloaBeauv.)PogonarthriaStapfSpikelets many-flowered, with a tough axis. Lodicules rather large.Fruit ovate, loosely enveloped by the glumes.—Species 1. East Africaand Egypt. (StapfiolaO. Ktze., underEragrostisL.)DesmostachyaStapf123. (94.) Spikelets 1-flowered.124Spikelets 2- or more-flowered.153124. Outer glumes 4, rarely 3. Palea usually 1-nerved. [Tribe PHALARIDEAE.]125Outer glumes 2, rarely 1 or none. Palea usually 2-nerved. [TribeAGROSTIDEAE.]129125. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical, transversely veined. Spikelets in pairs on the branches of a panicle. Outer glumes 3.—Species 2. Madagascar.PoecilostachysHack.Leaves linear. Flowering glume awnless.126126. Upper two outer glumes, or at least the uppermost, larger than the lower.Stamens 6, rarely 3.—Species 25. South and East Africa, MascareneIslands, St. Helena.EhrhartaThunb.Upper two outer glumes smaller than the lower, more rarely equalling them. Stamens 2-3.127127. Upper two outer glumes awnless, smaller than the lower. Flowering glume and palea hardening. Lodicules present. Stamens 3.—Species 10.North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental grasses. The seeds ofPh. canariensisL. (Canary-seeds) are used as food and in medicine.PhalarisL.Upper two outer glumes awned; lower two unequal. Flowering glume and palea membranous. Lodicules none. Stamens 2.128128. Upper two outer glumes smaller than the lower.—Species 5. North-west and Central Africa. The vernal grass (A. odoratumL.) imparts a sweet scent to new-made hay.AnthoxanthumL.Upper two outer glumes about as large as the lower.—Species 5. SouthAfrica and Madagascar. “Holygrass.†(AtaxiaR. Br., underAnthoxanthumL.).HierochloëGmel.129. (124.) Stigmas shortly branched all round, protruding between the tips of the slightly gaping glumes. [SubtribePHLEINAE.]130Stigmas feathery, protruding above the base of the spikelet or enclosed in it.133130. Flowering glume rather stiff, awned or mucronate. Axis of the spikelet produced beyond the flower into a bristle usually bearing an empty glume.—Species 2. South Africa.FingerhuthiaNeesFlowering glume thinly membranous, unarmed. Axis of the spikelet rarely produced beyond the flower into a bristle without empty glumes.131131. Spikelets in slender simple spikes. Outer glumes obscurely keeled, unarmed. Flowering glume somewhat shorter than the outer. Leaves awl-shaped.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).MiboraAdans.Spikelets in spike-like panicles. Outer glumes distinctly keeled. Leavesflat.132132. Flowering glume somewhat longer than the outer. Outer glumes unarmed.—Species4. North Africa to Senegambia, East Africa, Madagascar.HeleochloaHostFlowering glume much shorter than the outer. Outer glumes mucronate or shortly awned.—Species 5. North Africa to Senegambia. Some species have edible seeds or are used as ornamental grasses.Ph. pratenseL. is a valuable fodder-grass. “Timothy-grass.â€PhleumL.133. Flowering glume harder than the outer glumes at maturity, tightly enclosing the fruit. Axis of the spikelet not prolonged beyond the flower. [SubtribeSTIPINAE.]134Flowering glume thinner than the outer at maturity, loosely enclosing or not enclosing the fruit, rarely harder or tightly enclosing the fruit, but then the axis of the spikelet prolonged into a bristle.137134. Flowering glume awnless.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).Yields edible seeds and is used as an ornamental grass.MiliumL.Flowering glume awned.135135. Flowering glume narrow, with a 3-branched awn, but the lateral branches sometimes very short. Lodicules 2.—Species 80. Some of them have edible seeds or are used as fodder. (IncludingArthratherumBeauv.)AristidaL.Flowering glume with a single awn.136136. Flowering glume narrow, with a strong, kneed, usually twisted, persistent awn. Palea not distinctly keeled. Lodicules usually 3.—Species 15.North Africa, northern East Africa, Madagascar, and South Africa.The Esparto-grass (St. tenacissimaL.) is used for the manufacture of paper, ropes, and in plaiting-work, other species as ornamental grasses(feather-grass); some have edible seeds. (StupaL., includingMacrochloaKunth)StipaL.Flowering glume broad, with a fine, short, deciduous awn. Palea 2-keeled.Lodicules usually 2.—Species 3. North Africa, one species also introduced into South Africa. (PiptatherumBeauv.)OryzopsisMichx.137. Fruit not enclosed by the glumes; pericarp usually loose and dehiscing.Axis of the spikelet not produced beyond the flower. Glumes unarmed.Flowering glume usually longer than the outer ones.—Species 60. Some of them yield edible seeds or are used as fodder and for plaiting-work.(IncludingTriachyriumHochst. andVilfaBeauv.)SporobolusR. Br.Fruit enclosed by the flowering glume and the palea; pericarp usually adnate to the seed.138138. Spikelets of two kinds, the fertile surrounded by the sterile, which consist of numerous glumes. Flowering glume 1-nerved, with a dorsal awn.—Species1. North Africa and Abyssinia; also introduced into SouthAfrica. Used as an ornamental grass. (ChrysurusPers.)LamarckiaMoenchSpikelets all alike.139139. Outer glumes conspicuously shorter than the flowering glume. Flowering glume firmly herbaceous, 3-5-nerved, with a long, straight, terminal or subterminal awn. Panicle loose.—Species 2. East and South-eastAfrica (Kilimandjaro and Transvaal). (UnderBrachyelytrumBeauv.)PseudobromusK. Schum.Outer glumes almost equalling the flowering glume or exceeding it.Flowering glume membranous, rarely firmer, but then many-nerved or with a distinctly dorsal awn or awnless.140140. Outer glumes feathery, long. Flowering glume with two short terminal awns or with a long dorsal one. Panicles spike- or head-like.—Species 1.North Africa; introduced in South Africa. Used as an ornamental grass. “Harestail-grass.â€LagurusL.Outer glumes not feathery.141141. Outer glumes bladdery at the base, much longer than the flowering glume.Panicles spike-like.—Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. “Nitgrass.â€GastridiumBeauv.Outer glumes not bladdery.142142. Flowering glume cleft into 9-23 awn-shaped teeth. Panicles spike-like.—Species13. Some are used as fodder-grasses. (IncludingEnneapogonDesv.)PappophorumSchreb.Flowering glume with 1-3 awns or awnless.143143. Flowering glume with a delicate dorsal awn and two long and thin lateral awns.—Species 2. Egypt and Abyssinia.TrisetariaForsk.Flowering glume awnless or with a single awn and sometimes 2 short bristles.144144. Flowering glume with a terminal awn, rounded on the back, sometimes keeled towards the tip. (See 113.)FestucaL.Flowering glume with a dorsal awn or with a short mucro or unarmed.145145. Flowering glume decurrent into a callus bearing a tuft of long hairs.146Flowering glume with a glabrous or shortly and scantily hairy callus or without a callus.147146. Flowering glume papery, unarmed or shortly mucronate. Spikelets large, with a glabrous and bristle-like or a club-shaped prolongation of the axis.—Species 1 (A. arundinaceaHost, maram). North Africa.Used for binding sand-dunes and as a fodder-grass; the root-stock is edible. (PsammaBeauv.)AmmophilaHostFlowering glume membranous, awned from the back, very rarely awnless.Spikelets rather small, sometimes with a bristle-like and usually hairy prolongation of the axis.—Species 6. Azores, mountains of tropicalAfrica, South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (IncludingDeyeuxiaBeauv.)CalamagrostisRoth147. Axis of the spikelet not distinctly continued beyond the flower. Flowering glume shorter than the outer glumes.148Axis of the spikelet produced beyond the flower into a bristle-like appendagebearing sometimes empty glumes.149148. Palea as long as the flowering glume. Panicles few-flowered.—Species1. South Africa. (UnderAgrostisL. orColpodiumTrin.)PoagrostisStapfPalea shorter than the flowering glume. Panicles many-flowered.—Species30. North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Some are used as fodder- or ornamental grasses. “Bent-grass.â€AgrostisL.149. Flowering glume much shorter than the outer glumes, with 2 bristles at the top and an awn on the back near the base. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet hairy, without glumes. Panicles spike-like.—Species1. North-west Africa. (UnderGastridiumBeauv.)TriplachneLinkFlowering glume slightly shorter or longer than the outer glumes. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet glabrous or bearing empty glumes.150150. Flowering glume with a very long awn. Outer glumes unequal. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet without glumes. Panicle loose.—Species2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental grasses.AperaAdans.Flowering glume with a short or moderate awn or awnless. Outer glumes subequal. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet usually with empty glumes.151151. Lower outer glume 1-nerved. Flowering glume 3-5-nerved, membranous, about as long as the outer glumes. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet with 1-2 empty glumes or without glumes.—Species10. North Africa, Abyssinia, South Africa. Some are used as fodder-grasses.KoeleriaPers.Lower outer glume 3-9-nerved. Flowering glume 5- to many-nerved, leathery or longer than the outer glumes.152152. Fruit deeply grooved. Flowering glume leathery, rounded on the back, with a kneed dorsal awn. Outer glumes 7-9-nerved.—Species 20.Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some (especiallyA. sativaL.) are cultivated as cereals (oat) or fodder, and yield also oil and medicaments; others are used as ornamental grasses. (IncludingAvenastrumJuss.)AvenaL.Fruit not deeply grooved. Flowering glume keeled, longer than the outer ones. Outer glumes 3-7-nerved. Empty glumes above the flower 2 or more.—Species 10. Extra-tropical regions. Some are used as ornamental grasses.MelicaL.153. (123.) Flowering glumes, at least one in each spikelet, bearing a twisted or kneed, generally dorsal awn, usually shorter than the outer glumes, rarely awnless, and then spikelets 2-flowered with a very short axis not prolonged beyond the flowers. [Tribe AVENEAE.]154Flowering glumes bearing a straight, terminal or subterminal awn, or unawned, usually longer than the outer glumes. Spikelets 2-flowered, the axis prolonged between the flowers or above them, or 3-many-flowered.[Tribe FESTUCEAE.]177154. Spikelets 2-flowered without a continuation of the axis beyond the upper flower. Flowering glumes usually unawned.155Spikelets 2-flowered with a continuation of the axis beyond the upper flower, or 3-many-flowered. Flowering glumes awned.161155. Spikelets solitary, enveloped by a spathe. Flowering glumes connate.Style 1, undivided. Stigma papillose. (See 3.)LygeumL.Spikelets in panicles, racemes, or spikes. Flowering glumes free. Styles2, free. Stigmas feathery.156156. Outer glumes with a cartilaginous, pectinately-toothed keel. Panicle spike-like. (See 112.)PrionachneNeesOuter glumes membranous.157157. Outer glumes hemispherical. Panicle spike-like.—Species 1. North-westAfrica (Algeria).AiropsisDesv.Outer glumes not hemispherical. Panicle spreading.158158. Outer glumes shorter than the flowering glumes. Flowering glumes truncate or minutely toothed.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (UnderAiraL.)MolineriaParl.Outer glumes somewhat longer than the flowering glumes.159159. Flowering glumes blunt, unarmed, hardened at maturity. Axis of the spikelet very short. (See 21.)IsachneR. Br.Flowering glumes 3-lobed, 2-toothed, or mucronate, usually provided witha dorsal awn, not hardened at maturity.160160. Flowering glumes 3-lobed, unarmed. Axis of the spikelet somewhat elongated between the flowers.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).Used as an ornamental grass. (UnderAiraL.)AntinoriaParl.Flowering glumes 2-toothed or mucronate, nearly always with a dorsal awn. Axis of the spikelet very short.—Species 8. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as ornamental grasses.AiraL.161. (154.) Flowering glumes with a terminal awn inserted between the apical lobes or teeth.162Flowering glume with a dorsal awn inserted below the apex.168162. Spikelets 2-flowered; the lower flower male, the upper female or hermaphrodite.163Spikelets 2- or more flowered; all flowers hermaphrodite or the uppermost male. Flowering glumes 5-11-nerved.165163. Spikelets in clusters of 3 at the tips of the branches of a raceme or panicle.—Species13. Tropical and South Africa.TristachyaNeesSpikelets solitary at the tips of the branches of a panicle.164164. Palea auricled. Flowering glume of the upper flower not distinctly toothed. Spikelets small.—Species 4. Tropical and South Africa.Some are used for plaiting-work.ArundinellaRaddiPalea not auricled. Flowering glume of the upper flower distinctlytoothed. Spikelets large.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.TrichopteryxNees165. Spikelets with 2 flowers and a minute or bristle-like continuation of the axis. Flowering glumes with 2-4, at least partly bristle-like teeth.166Spikelets with 3 or more flowers, the uppermost of which is usually incomplete.Flowering glumes with 2 rarely bristle-like teeth.167166. Fruit globular; pericarp crusty, almost free from the seed.—Species 5.South Africa. (UnderDanthoniaDC.)PentamerisBeauv.Fruit oblong.—Species 40. Southern and tropical Africa. The seeds of some species are eaten or used in medicine. (UnderDanthoniaDC.)Pentaschistis(Nees) Stapf167. Spikelets falling entire with a part of their stalk. Lowest flowering glume without, the others with side-bristles.—Species 4. South Africa.(UnderDanthoniaDC.)Chaetobromus(Nees) StapfSpikelets not falling entire; axis jointed between and below the flowering glumes.—Species 30. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. The seeds of several species are eaten or used in medicine.DanthoniaDC.168. (161.) Spikelets in spikes, many-flowered. (See 87.)GaudiniaBeauv.Spikelets in sometimes spike-like panicles.169169. Lower flowers male, upper hermaphrodite.170Lower or all flowers hermaphrodite, upper sometimes male or barren.171170. Spikelets with 2 flowers and a bristle-like continuation of the axis. Stamens3. Styles short.—Species 2. North-west Africa. They yield fodder and edible seeds.ArrhenatherumBeauv.Spikelets with 3 flowers, one of which is sometimes reduced to a glume, without a continuation of the axis. Stamens in the male flowers 3, in the hermaphrodite 2. Styles long. (See 128.)HierochloeGmel.171. Axis of the spikelets jointed at the base; spikelets falling entire, 2-flowered, the upper flower usually male, the lower hermaphrodite with the flowering glume unarmed.—Species 6. North-west and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental grasses.HolcusL.Axis of the spikelets jointed above the persistent outer glumes.172172. Fruit grooved in front, usually adherent to the glumes. Spikelets large.173Fruit not grooved, free. Spikelets usually small.174173. Fruit slightly grooved. Styles inserted laterally below the summit of the ovary.—Species 30. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are poisonous, others are used as fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants.BromusL.Fruit deeply grooved. Styles inserted at or near the summit of the ovary. (See 152.)AvenaL.174. Flowering glumes 2-cleft or 2-toothed to 2-awned.175Flowering glumes irregularly and minutely toothed or 2-lobed with toothed lobes or entire.176175. Flowering glume of the lower flower awnless, entire. Outer glumes 3-5-nerved.Spikelets linear-oblong.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria)VentenataKoelerFlowering glume of the lower flower awned, 2-toothed. Outer glumes1-3-nerved. Spikelets lanceolate-elliptical.—Species 20. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as fodder- or ornamental grasses.TrisetumPers.170. Awns of the flowering glumes jointed, thickened towards the tip.—Species3. North Africa. (UnderAiraL.)CorynephorusBeauv.Awns of the flowering glumes not jointed, slender throughout.—Species5. Azores, Canaries, high mountains of Central Africa, subantarctic islands. Used as ornamental grasses. (UnderAiraL.)DeschampsiaBeauv.177. (153.) Flowering glumes of the fertile flowers cleft in 3-23 awn-like or awn-bearing lobes. [SubtribePAPPOPHORINAE.]178Flowering glumes entire or 2-lobed, rarely (Triodia) 3-lobed, bearing a single awn or unawned.182178. Flowering glumes 3-cleft, with 3 awns. Spikelets 5-15-flowered, in panicles.—Species 9. Southern and Central Africa, Sahara, Egypt.Some are used as fodder-grasses.TriraphisR. Br.Flowering glumes 4-many-cleft, with 5 or more awns. Spikelets 2-6-flowered.179179. Flowering glumes with 5-9 awns springing from the back of the lobes.Style 1, short and broad, 2-cleft. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in dense panicles.—Species 1. Egypt.BoissieraHochst.Flowering glumes with 5-23 awns springing from the tips of the lobes or from the notches between them. Styles 2, free.180180. Flowering glumes with 9-23 awn-like lobes. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in spike-like panicles. (See 142.)PappophorumSchreb.Flowering glumes with 5-7 awns or awn-like lobes.181181. Flowering glumes with 5-7 subequal, awn-like lobes. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in heads.—Species 1. North-west Africa.EchinariaDesv.Flowering glumes with 9 lobes, 5 of which are awn-like. Spikelets 4-6-flowered, in rather loose panicles.—Species 3. Central and SouthAfrica and Egypt. Used as fodder and in medicine. (AntoschmidtiaSteud.)SchmidtiaSteud.182. Axis of the spikelets or flowering glumes covered with long hairs enveloping the glumes. [SubtribeARUNDINAE.]183Axis of the spikelets and flowering glumes glabrous or short-haired.185183. Flowering glumes firmly membranous, 5-nerved, hairy like the axis of the spikelets. Ovary hairy at the top. Leaves narrow, more or less rolled up. Low grasses.—Species 1 (A. tenaxLink). North Africa.Used for making paper, in plaiting-work, as fodder, and as an ornamental plant.AmpelodesmaBeauv.Flowering glumes delicately membranous, 3-nerved; if hairy, then axis of the spikelets glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Leaves flat and ratherbroad. Tall grasses.184184. Flowering glumes glabrous, entire, produced into a fine point. Axis of the spikelets hairy. Lowest flower of each spikelet usually male.Panicles lax.—Species 2. Used in house-building, for plaiting-work and divers utensils, and as ornamental grasses; the root-stock is edible and used in medicine. “Reed.†(TrichoonRoth)PhragmitesTrin.Flowering glumes hairy, 2-toothed, with a mucro in the notch. Axis of the spikelets glabrous. Flowers all hermaphrodite or the uppermost flower or all flowers of the lower spikelets male. Panicles dense.—Species5. North Africa, Madagascar, South Africa. Used in house-building, for plaiting-work, and as medicinal, fodder-, and ornamental plants.Reed.†(DonaxBeauv., includingNeyraudiaHook. fil.)ArundoL.185. Stigmas shortly papillose on all sides, projecting between the tips of the flowering glumes; styles long. [SubtribeSESLERINAE.]186Stigmas feathery, rather short, projecting near the base of the flowering glumes; styles short or almost wanting.191186. Styles united at the base. Stigmas spirally twisted. Spikelets in one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, 2-flowered, very rarely 3-4-flowered.Glumes many-nerved; the outer ones unarmed, the flowering ones awned. Leaves transversely veined. (See 103.)StreptogyneBeauv.Styles free. Spikelets in sometimes spike-like panicles or in heads.187187. Spikelets in spike-like panicles, falling singly and entire, 2-flowered, very rarely 3-4-flowered, the uppermost flower male. Glumes awned or mucronate. (See 130.)FingerhuthiaNeesSpikelets in heads or head-like panicles or in fascicles arranged in spike-like panicles, not falling entire.188188. Spikelets in fascicles arranged in slender spike-like panicles, rarely in heads, and then stamen 1. Glumes 1-3-nerved, mucronate or awned.Spikelets 3-7-flowered.—Species 2. Central Africa.ElytrophorusBeauv.Spikelets in head-like panicles. Stamens 3.189189. Glumes 4-7-nerved, long-awned. Spikelets 3-7-flowered. Panicles enveloped by the sheath of the uppermost leaf. Leaves awl-shaped.—Species1. South Africa.UrochlaenaNeesGlumes 1-3-nerved, not awned, but sometimes mucronate. Leaves flat.190190. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in spikes arranged in heads enveloped by the sheath of the uppermost leaf.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco).(UnderAmmochloaBoiss.)Dictyochloa(Murb.) CamusSpikelets 7-15-flowered. Inflorescence not enveloped by a sheath.Species 2. North Africa.AmmochloaBoiss.191. (185.) Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower hermaphrodite, the upper female. Axis of the spikelet elongated between the flowers, but not continued beyond them. Glumes unarmed, with faint nerves. Spikeletsin loose panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar.CoelachneR. Br.Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers hermaphrodite or the lower flower hermaphrodite, the upper one male or rudimentary, or 3-many -flowered.192192. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved. [SubtribesTRIODIINAEandERAGROSTINAE.]193Flowering glumes 5-many-nerved.207193. Flowering glumes 2-4-toothed or -cleft, rounded on the back, at least at the base.194Flowering glumes entire or obscurely toothed, rarely (Diplachne) distinctly2-toothed and sometimes awned from the notch, but then keeled.196194. Flowering glumes with 3 rather obtuse lobes.—Species 1. North-westAfrica.TriodiaR. Br.Flowering glumes with 2 acute lobes and an awn or mucro between them.195195. Flowering glumes with a long awn, the upper ones empty. Outer glumes unequal. Spikes approximate, almost digitate.—Species 1. SouthAfrica.LophacmeStapfFlowering glumes with a short awn or a mucro. Outer glumes subequal.—Species2. Central and South Africa. (UnderDiplachneBeauv.)CrossotropisStapf196. Spikelets of two kinds, the fertile 2-3-flowered and surrounded by the sterile consisting of numerous two-ranked glumes, arranged in one-sided spike-like panicles. Flowering glumes awned or mucronate.—Species8. North and South Africa. Some have edible seeds or are used as fodder or ornamental grasses. “Dogstail.â€CynosurusL.Spikelets all alike.197197. Spikelets in spike-like racemes, laterally flattened, falling as a whole, containing 3-4 fertile flowers and two empty glumes above them.—Species1. Abyssinia.HarpachneHochst.Spikelets in panicles; empty glume above the fertile flowers 1 or none.198198. Main branches of the panicles two-ranked, usually branched at their base.199Main branches of the panicles not two-ranked.203199. Panicles spreading, with long, thin branches. Spikelets 2-4-flowered, with membranous, unarmed glumes.200Panicles contracted (more or less spike-like) or with very short, rather thick, but somewhat spreading branches.201200. Outer glumes slightly unequal. Perennial, creeping grasses, with flat leaves.—Species 1. North Africa.CatabrosaBeauv.Outer glumes very unequal the lower very small. Stalk of the spikelet somewhat thickened. Delicate, annual grasses with narrow leaves.—Species2. North Africa.SphenopusTrin.201. Panicles with short, rather thick, more or less spreading branches. Glumeshard. Spikelets 3-13-flowered.—Species 5. North Africa.CutandiaWillk.Panicles strongly contracted, dense, more or less spike-like. Glumes membranous. Spikelets 2-5-flowered.202202. Upper outer glume much broader and somewhat longer than the flowering glumes. Lower outer glume very short, almost bristle-like. Flowering glumes awned below the tip.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).AvelliniaParl.Upper outer glume neither broader nor longer than the flowering glumes.Lower outer glume almost equalling the upper one. (See 151.)KoeleriaPers.203. Branches of the panicle spike-like. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved, usually toothed.204Branches of the panicle raceme-like. Flowering glumes 3-nerved, not distinctly toothed, unarmed or mucronate.205204. Panicles contracted, spike-like. Flowering glumes entire, acuminate.Lodicules membranous. Fruit terete.—Species 3. South Africa and southern East Africa. (TriphlebiaStapf, underLasiochloaKunth).StiburusStapfPanicles lax. Lodicules fleshy.—Species 9. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as fodder-grasses.DiplachneBeauv.205. Flowering glumes rounded on the back. Spikelets conical, loosely 2-4-flowered; axis jointed, fragile. Fruit oblong, broadly grooved.—Species1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used in plaiting-work and as an ornamental grass.MoliniaSchrankFlowering glumes keeled. Spikelets not conical, densely 5-many-flowered.206206. Outer glumes unequal, the lower 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved. Axis of the spikelet fragile. Fruit broadly grooved.—Species 1. Coast of East Africa.HalopyrumStapfOuter glumes 1-nerved, rarely the upper one 3-nerved. Axis of the spikelet usually tough. Fruit usually ovate and not grooved.—Species 130.Some are used as fodder- or ornamental grasses, others as sand-binders or for plaiting-work. The tef (E. abyssinicaLink) is cultivated inAbyssinia as a cereal.EragrostisHost207. (192.) Axis of the spikelet bearing above the fertile flowers two or more empty glumes usually forming a club-shaped body. Flowering glumes keeled. Outer glumes 3-5-nerved. (See 152.) [SubtribeMELICINAE.]MelicaL.Axis of the spikelet bearing above the fertile flowers a single empty glume or none, rarely several, but then flowering glumes rounded on the back.208208. Leaves broadly-lanceolate or ovate, with fine transverse veins between the nerves. [SubtribeCENTOTHECINAE.]209Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, without distinct transverse veins.[SubtribesFESTUCINAEandBRACHYPODINAE.]210209. Spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs on the spike-like branches of a panicle.Outer glumes 3, the uppermost sometimes bearing a barren spikelet in its axil. (See 125.)PoecilostachysHack.Spikelets many-flowered. Outer glumes 2.—Species 4. Tropics.CentothecaDesv.210. Spikelets in glomerules arranged in panicles.211Spikelets not in glomerules.212211. Panicles one-sided. Outer glumes unequal, 1-3-nerved. Flowering glumes larger, firmer, 5-nerved, mucronate or awned, ciliate on the keel.—Species 1. North and South Africa. Used as a fodder- and ornamental grass. “Cocksfoot.â€DactylisL.Panicles equal-sided. Outer glumes subequal, 5-7-nerved, usually hispid.Flowering glumes shorter, thinner, 7-9-nerved, unarmed.—Species 3.South Africa.LasiochloaKunth212. Spikelets tightly imbricate in short spikes arranged in racemes or heads.Flowering glumes broad, 7-9-nerved, somewhat shorter than the palea, mucronate.—Species 4. North and East Africa.AeluropusTrin.Spikelets tightly imbricate in solitary spikes or not imbricate.213213. Spikelets very tightly imbricate, arranged in a linear false spike. Flowering glumes sharply keeled from the base, 7-nerved, unarmed.—Species 7.North and South Africa and St. Helena. Used as ornamental plants.(BrizopyrumLink).DesmazeriaDumort.Spikelets not very tightly imbricate; if rather tightly, then flowering glumes not keeled.214214. Styles inserted on the front of the ovary, conspicuously below the top.Flowering glumes usually awned. Fruit linear or oblong, adhering to the palea. (See 173.)BromusL.Styles inserted on the top of the ovary or close to it.215215. Flowering glumes much shorter than the outer ones, 2-lobed or 2-cleft.Outer glumes with white, membranous margins.—Species 4. South and North Africa.SchismusBeauv.Flowering glumes slightly shorter or longer than the outer ones.216216. Flowering glumes cordate at the base, very concave, scarious, broader than the outer glumes. Fruit strongly compressed.—Species 5. NorthAfrica, Senegambia, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Quaking-grass.â€BrizaL.Flowering glumes not cordate.217217. Flowering glumes distinctly keeled.218Flowering glumes rounded on the back, sometimes slightly keeled towards the tip.220218. Flowering glumes shortly awned, scarious. Panicles spike-like. (See151.)KoeleriaPers.Flowering glumes unawned, membranous herbaceous or cartilaginous.Panicles usually spreading.219219. Flowering glumes cartilaginous at the base, herbaceous towards the tip.Outer glumes unequal. Axis of the spikelet thickened. Panicles one-sided.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).SclerochloaBeauv.Flowering glumes membranous or herbaceous at the base or throughout.—Species20. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some are used as ornamental grasses.PoaL.220. Spikelets 2-flowered with very approximate flowers and a bristle-like continuation of the axis beyond them. Outer glumes rather stiff,1-3-nerved. Flowering glumes somewhat shorter, blunt, awnless.—Species10. South and East Africa.AchneriaMunroSpikelets 2-flowered, with perceptibly distant flowers and usually membranous outer glumes, or 3-many-flowered.221221. Outer glumes 7-11-nerved, membranous. Flowering glumes toothed, usually awnless. Paleas narrow, 2-toothed. Spikelets usually 2-flowered.Fruit deeply furrowed. (See 152.)AvenaL.Outer glumes 1-5-nerved, rarely 7-9-nerved, and then flowering glumes awned and paleas broad. Spikelets usually 3-many-flowered.222222. Flowering glumes 2-cleft, awned, 7-9-nerved. (See 167.)DanthoniaDC.Flowering glumes entire, rarely toothed or 2-cleft, but then unarmed or5-nerved. Styles very short.223223. Side-nerves of the flowering glumes nearly parallel, not joining the middle-nerve, sometimes obscure. Flowering glumes unarmed. Fruit oblong or ovate.224Side-nerves of the flowering glumes curved, converging towards the middle-nerve. Fruit oblong or linear.225224. Lodicules united. Styles distinctly developed. Fruit free, narrowly or not grooved.—Species 1 (G. fluitansR. Br., manna-grass). North-westAfrica. The seeds are used as food. (UnderPoaL.)GlyceriaR. Br.Lodicules free. Styles wanting. Fruit usually adherent to the palea, broadly or not grooved.—Species 4. North-west and South Africa.(UnderGlyceriaR. Br.)AtropisRupr.225. Paleas with rigidly ciliate keels. Flowering glumes 7-9-nerved. Outer glumes 3-7-nerved, rather stiff. Spikelets in spike-like racemes.—Species9. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as ornamental grasses.BrachypodiumBeauv.Paleas with finely ciliate or rough keels. Flowering glumes usually5-nerved. Outer glumes 1-3-nerved.226226. Seed with a linear hilum. (See 113.)FestucaL.Seed with a punctiform hilum.227227. Spikelets upon stout stalks in one-sided panicles. Flowering glumes unarmed.—Species 2. North Africa, also introduced into South Africa.(UnderFestucaL.)ScleropoaGriseb.Spikelets in spike-like racemes.—Species 3. North-west Africa. (UnderFestucaL.)CatapodiumLink