Fig. 1.Black-Breasted Game bantam cock. He is typically cock-feathered, but, as in all games, his hackles and tail-coverts are shorter than in the cocks of other breeds. The comb was dubbed by the breeder.Fig. 2.Black-Breasted Game bantam hen. The great contrast in color between the cock and hen is practically the same as that in the Brown Leghorn, in most races of Tosa fowls, and in the wild typeGallus bankiva.Fig. 3.Sebright cock, “hen-feathered.” The short hackles, the rounded feathers of the back and saddle, and the shortness of the tail-coverts are characteristic features of these males. For details of individual feathers from different regions seeplate 6andplate 8.Fig. 4.A castrated Sebright male. The drawing was made about a year after the operation. This particular bird developed a lighter color than did other castrated Sebrights (seeplate 3, fig. 1). The entire dorsal region has changed its color, and the feathers have also changed in shape, length, etc. Note especially the very long hackle and saddle feathers (for details seeplate 6, fig. 1a) and the change in the wing-bow. The tail-coverts have also grown long.
Fig. 1.Black-Breasted Game bantam cock. He is typically cock-feathered, but, as in all games, his hackles and tail-coverts are shorter than in the cocks of other breeds. The comb was dubbed by the breeder.
Fig. 2.Black-Breasted Game bantam hen. The great contrast in color between the cock and hen is practically the same as that in the Brown Leghorn, in most races of Tosa fowls, and in the wild typeGallus bankiva.
Fig. 3.Sebright cock, “hen-feathered.” The short hackles, the rounded feathers of the back and saddle, and the shortness of the tail-coverts are characteristic features of these males. For details of individual feathers from different regions seeplate 6andplate 8.
Fig. 4.A castrated Sebright male. The drawing was made about a year after the operation. This particular bird developed a lighter color than did other castrated Sebrights (seeplate 3, fig. 1). The entire dorsal region has changed its color, and the feathers have also changed in shape, length, etc. Note especially the very long hackle and saddle feathers (for details seeplate 6, fig. 1a) and the change in the wing-bow. The tail-coverts have also grown long.
Plate 2.
Fig. 1.F₁ hen-feathered male out of Game by Sebright. The hen-feathering in this bird is as complete as in the Sebright.Fig. 2.F₁ female out of Game by Sebright.Fig. 3.Castrated male originally hen-feathered (292), nearly black in color, as shown by the individual feathers ofplate 7, figure 2. After castration the bird has become red above, with black iridescent tail-coverts, and deeper yellow (or red) below.Fig. 4.Castrated F₁ male, originally like figure 1. Note especially the change in color of the whole upper surface that has become red, like that of the jungle-fowl. The tail-coverts have grown long and are now iridescent black. The breast has changed least, but is a richer yellow. The comb and wattles and ear lobes are shrunken, as in all capons.
Fig. 1.F₁ hen-feathered male out of Game by Sebright. The hen-feathering in this bird is as complete as in the Sebright.
Fig. 2.F₁ female out of Game by Sebright.
Fig. 3.Castrated male originally hen-feathered (292), nearly black in color, as shown by the individual feathers ofplate 7, figure 2. After castration the bird has become red above, with black iridescent tail-coverts, and deeper yellow (or red) below.
Fig. 4.Castrated F₁ male, originally like figure 1. Note especially the change in color of the whole upper surface that has become red, like that of the jungle-fowl. The tail-coverts have grown long and are now iridescent black. The breast has changed least, but is a richer yellow. The comb and wattles and ear lobes are shrunken, as in all capons.
Plate 3.
Fig. 1.A castrated Sebright male. The operation was performed on a juvenile bird; the drawing was made a year later. The bird is typical as to the change in color that takes place in the Sebright. He was darker red than the bird shown inplate 1, figure 4. The red was more mahogany than the picture shows. The original feathers were like those inplate 6, fig. 2 (there erroneously referred to as those of light-colored Sebright).Fig. 2.An F₂ hen-feathered very dark male. The condition of his plumage at the time of the operation is shown in this figure. The change that took place after castration is shown in the next figure.Fig. 3.The change that took place in the bird drawn in figure 2 is shown here. The whole upper surface has become red, except the tail-coverts, which are iridescent black. Note also the change in color on the wing-bow. For the details of the feathers seeplate 9, figures 1, 1a.Fig. 4.A castrated F₂ bird that had been hen-feathered and had changed over to cock-feathering, as shown here. The color and the details of the original hen-feathering are shown inplate 9, figures 2 and 2a.
Fig. 1.A castrated Sebright male. The operation was performed on a juvenile bird; the drawing was made a year later. The bird is typical as to the change in color that takes place in the Sebright. He was darker red than the bird shown inplate 1, figure 4. The red was more mahogany than the picture shows. The original feathers were like those inplate 6, fig. 2 (there erroneously referred to as those of light-colored Sebright).
Fig. 2.An F₂ hen-feathered very dark male. The condition of his plumage at the time of the operation is shown in this figure. The change that took place after castration is shown in the next figure.
Fig. 3.The change that took place in the bird drawn in figure 2 is shown here. The whole upper surface has become red, except the tail-coverts, which are iridescent black. Note also the change in color on the wing-bow. For the details of the feathers seeplate 9, figures 1, 1a.
Fig. 4.A castrated F₂ bird that had been hen-feathered and had changed over to cock-feathering, as shown here. The color and the details of the original hen-feathering are shown inplate 9, figures 2 and 2a.
Plate 4.
Fig. 1.One of the original Black-Breasted Game males used in the breeding experiments. Compare with colored drawing,plate 1, figure 1.Fig. 2.A Black-Breasted Game hen used in the breeding experiments. Compare with colored drawing,plate 1, figure 2.Fig. 3.A Sebright male. The bird was used in the later back-crosses and not in the original experiments. He is typical of his breed.Fig. 4.A Sebright female. One of the birds used in the original experiments.Fig. 5.An F₁ male. This bird had just reached maturity and was younger than the one drawn inplate 2, figure 1.Fig. 6.An F₁ hen of the same age as the last. The pattern changed a little as the bird became older.
Fig. 1.One of the original Black-Breasted Game males used in the breeding experiments. Compare with colored drawing,plate 1, figure 1.
Fig. 2.A Black-Breasted Game hen used in the breeding experiments. Compare with colored drawing,plate 1, figure 2.
Fig. 3.A Sebright male. The bird was used in the later back-crosses and not in the original experiments. He is typical of his breed.
Fig. 4.A Sebright female. One of the birds used in the original experiments.
Fig. 5.An F₁ male. This bird had just reached maturity and was younger than the one drawn inplate 2, figure 1.
Fig. 6.An F₁ hen of the same age as the last. The pattern changed a little as the bird became older.
Plate 5.
Fig. 1.An adult Sebright male for comparison with the next figure.Fig. 2.A castrated Sebright male. This photograph shows the same bird from which the drawing,plate 1, figure 4, was made. It is the lighter colored bird referred to in the text.Fig. 3.One of the two F₁ castrated birds. For comparison see the colored drawing inplate 2, figure 4.Fig. 4.A castrated Sebright. This bird is darker, and in this sense more typical than figure 2.Fig. 5.One of the castrated Sebright males which at one time after castration was as extremely cock-feathered as figure 2, but slowly “went back” towards hen-feathering, as the figure shows especially in the hackle and saddle. The details are much better shown in the feathers photographed inplate 8, figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 1b, 2b, 3b, 4b.Fig. 6.The same bird was opened and the regenerated pieces of the testis removed. He returned later, as shown here, to full cock-feathering.
Fig. 1.An adult Sebright male for comparison with the next figure.
Fig. 2.A castrated Sebright male. This photograph shows the same bird from which the drawing,plate 1, figure 4, was made. It is the lighter colored bird referred to in the text.
Fig. 3.One of the two F₁ castrated birds. For comparison see the colored drawing inplate 2, figure 4.
Fig. 4.A castrated Sebright. This bird is darker, and in this sense more typical than figure 2.
Fig. 5.One of the castrated Sebright males which at one time after castration was as extremely cock-feathered as figure 2, but slowly “went back” towards hen-feathering, as the figure shows especially in the hackle and saddle. The details are much better shown in the feathers photographed inplate 8, figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 1b, 2b, 3b, 4b.
Fig. 6.The same bird was opened and the regenerated pieces of the testis removed. He returned later, as shown here, to full cock-feathering.
Plate 6.
Figs. 1, 1a.Typical old (1) and new (1a) feathers (after castration) of the same bird. This is the “lighter” male drawn inplate 1, figure 4, and photographed inplate 5, figure 2.Figs. 2, 2a.Typical old (2) and new (2a) (after castration) feathers of another Sebright. This bird developed after castration darker feathers than did the last bird. Its feathers were more like those that other castrated Sebrights developed. Legend onplate 6erroneous as far as 2 and 2a are concerned.
Figs. 1, 1a.Typical old (1) and new (1a) feathers (after castration) of the same bird. This is the “lighter” male drawn inplate 1, figure 4, and photographed inplate 5, figure 2.
Figs. 2, 2a.Typical old (2) and new (2a) (after castration) feathers of another Sebright. This bird developed after castration darker feathers than did the last bird. Its feathers were more like those that other castrated Sebrights developed. Legend onplate 6erroneous as far as 2 and 2a are concerned.
Plate 7.
Figs. 1, 1a.Typical old (1) and new (1a) (after castration) feathers of an F₁ bird. (Seeplate 2, figures 1 and 4.)Figs. 2, 2a.Typical old (2) and new (2A) (after castration) feathers of bird shown inplate 3, figures 2 and 3 (No. 292).
Figs. 1, 1a.Typical old (1) and new (1a) (after castration) feathers of an F₁ bird. (Seeplate 2, figures 1 and 4.)
Figs. 2, 2a.Typical old (2) and new (2A) (after castration) feathers of bird shown inplate 3, figures 2 and 3 (No. 292).
Plate 8.
Typical feathers of “dark” Sebright (1, 2, 3, 4) that after incomplete castration changed to cock-feathering (1a, 2a, 3a, 4a), then later, as pieces of the testes that had been left behind in the old situs regenerated, began to go back towards hen-feathering (1b, 2b, 3b, 4b). The bird was then opened again, and the regenerated pieces removed, when it again became cock-feathered (1c, 2c, 3c, 4c), and has so remained for more than a year.
Typical feathers of “dark” Sebright (1, 2, 3, 4) that after incomplete castration changed to cock-feathering (1a, 2a, 3a, 4a), then later, as pieces of the testes that had been left behind in the old situs regenerated, began to go back towards hen-feathering (1b, 2b, 3b, 4b). The bird was then opened again, and the regenerated pieces removed, when it again became cock-feathered (1c, 2c, 3c, 4c), and has so remained for more than a year.
Plate 9.
Figs. 1, 1a.Typical feathers of hackle and saddle from hen-feathered bird (No. 68)plate 3, figure 2, that changed over to the cock-feathered bird ofplate 3, figure 3.Figs. 2, 2a.Typical feathers of an F₁ male (2) that changed over partly as a result of degeneration of his testes, into a cock-feathered bird (2A). The change was not so great as it is after castration.Figs. 3, 3a.Typical feathers of Sebright male that slightly changed towards cock-feathering (old hackle feather missing).
Figs. 1, 1a.Typical feathers of hackle and saddle from hen-feathered bird (No. 68)plate 3, figure 2, that changed over to the cock-feathered bird ofplate 3, figure 3.
Figs. 2, 2a.Typical feathers of an F₁ male (2) that changed over partly as a result of degeneration of his testes, into a cock-feathered bird (2A). The change was not so great as it is after castration.
Figs. 3, 3a.Typical feathers of Sebright male that slightly changed towards cock-feathering (old hackle feather missing).
Plate 10.
Figs. 1, 1a.Old (1) and new (1A) wing-coverts of normal Sebright (1) and castrated (1A).Figs. 2a, 2b.Upper row, to right, “Transitional” hackle feathers (2A), and a slightly later changed-over feather from wing-bow (2A), and from back (2B). Second row, to left, old (2), transitional (2a), and changed-over feather (2b), from saddle of Sebright.Fig. 3.Three feathers (tail-covert, wing-bow, and saddle) of an F₂ hen-feathered game-like male.Fig. 4.A series of breast feathers from an F₂ bird. At one end of the series (the left) the feather is spangled, at the other barred.Fig. 5.A series of breast feathers from another F₂ bird. At one end of the series (the left) the feathers are penciled, at the other end they are barred.
Figs. 1, 1a.Old (1) and new (1A) wing-coverts of normal Sebright (1) and castrated (1A).
Figs. 2a, 2b.Upper row, to right, “Transitional” hackle feathers (2A), and a slightly later changed-over feather from wing-bow (2A), and from back (2B). Second row, to left, old (2), transitional (2a), and changed-over feather (2b), from saddle of Sebright.
Fig. 3.Three feathers (tail-covert, wing-bow, and saddle) of an F₂ hen-feathered game-like male.
Fig. 4.A series of breast feathers from an F₂ bird. At one end of the series (the left) the feather is spangled, at the other barred.
Fig. 5.A series of breast feathers from another F₂ bird. At one end of the series (the left) the feathers are penciled, at the other end they are barred.
PLATE 11. Black Breasted Game Bantam male.2. Female.3. Sebright male.4. Castrated Sebright male.
PLATE 11. Black Breasted Game Bantam male.2. Female.3. Sebright male.4. Castrated Sebright male.
PLATE 1
PLATE 21. Hen-feathered F₁ male.2. F₁ female.3. Castrated F₂ male.4. Castrated F₁ male (Fig. 1).
PLATE 21. Hen-feathered F₁ male.2. F₁ female.3. Castrated F₂ male.4. Castrated F₁ male (Fig. 1).
PLATE 2
PLATE 31. Castrated Sebright male.2. F₂ Hen-feathered male.3. Same castrated.4. F₂ Castrated male.
PLATE 31. Castrated Sebright male.2. F₂ Hen-feathered male.3. Same castrated.4. F₂ Castrated male.
PLATE 3
PLATE 41. Black-Breasted Game male.2. Black-Breasted Game female.3. Sebright male.4. Sebright female.5. Hybrid male.6. Hybrid female.
PLATE 41. Black-Breasted Game male.2. Black-Breasted Game female.3. Sebright male.4. Sebright female.5. Hybrid male.6. Hybrid female.
PLATE 4
PLATE 51. Adult Sebright male.2. Castrated Sebright male.3. Castrated F₁ male.4. Another castrated Sebright male.5. Castrated Sebright male with testes regenerating.6. Same as 5 after second removal of testes.
PLATE 51. Adult Sebright male.2. Castrated Sebright male.3. Castrated F₁ male.4. Another castrated Sebright male.5. Castrated Sebright male with testes regenerating.6. Same as 5 after second removal of testes.
PLATE 5
PLATE 6Feathers of “light” colored Sebright (1, 2) that changed to cock-feathers after castration (1ªa, 2ª).
PLATE 6Feathers of “light” colored Sebright (1, 2) that changed to cock-feathers after castration (1ªa, 2ª).
PLATE 6
Feathers of “light” colored Sebright (1, 2) that changed to cock-feathers after castration (1ªa, 2ª).
PLATE 7Feathers of F₁ hen-feathered male before (1), and after (1ª) castration.Feathers of a darker hen-feathered male before (2), and after (2ª) castration.
PLATE 7Feathers of F₁ hen-feathered male before (1), and after (1ª) castration.Feathers of a darker hen-feathered male before (2), and after (2ª) castration.
PLATE 7
Feathers of F₁ hen-feathered male before (1), and after (1ª) castration.
Feathers of a darker hen-feathered male before (2), and after (2ª) castration.
PLATE 8Feathers from hen-feathered male Sebright (1, 2, 3, 4) that changed to cock-feathered male (1ª, 2ª, 3ª, 4ª) after castration; and then began to go back as the testes regenerated (1ᵇ, 2ᵇ, 3ᵇ, 4ᵇ); then changed again to cock-feathering after castration (1ᶜ, 2ᶜ, 3ᶜ, 4ᶜ).
PLATE 8Feathers from hen-feathered male Sebright (1, 2, 3, 4) that changed to cock-feathered male (1ª, 2ª, 3ª, 4ª) after castration; and then began to go back as the testes regenerated (1ᵇ, 2ᵇ, 3ᵇ, 4ᵇ); then changed again to cock-feathering after castration (1ᶜ, 2ᶜ, 3ᶜ, 4ᶜ).
PLATE 8
Feathers from hen-feathered male Sebright (1, 2, 3, 4) that changed to cock-feathered male (1ª, 2ª, 3ª, 4ª) after castration; and then began to go back as the testes regenerated (1ᵇ, 2ᵇ, 3ᵇ, 4ᵇ); then changed again to cock-feathering after castration (1ᶜ, 2ᶜ, 3ᶜ, 4ᶜ).
PLATE 9Feathers showing complete (1) or incomplete (2 and 3) change from hen-feathering to cock-feathering (1ª, 2ª, 3ª) after castration.
PLATE 9Feathers showing complete (1) or incomplete (2 and 3) change from hen-feathering to cock-feathering (1ª, 2ª, 3ª) after castration.
PLATE 9
Feathers showing complete (1) or incomplete (2 and 3) change from hen-feathering to cock-feathering (1ª, 2ª, 3ª) after castration.
PLATE 10Normal. 1, 2; transitional, 1ª, 2ª, and changed-over feathers, 2ᵇ, of Sebright, 3, 4 and 5. Feathers from F₂ birds.
PLATE 10Normal. 1, 2; transitional, 1ª, 2ª, and changed-over feathers, 2ᵇ, of Sebright, 3, 4 and 5. Feathers from F₂ birds.
PLATE 10
Normal. 1, 2; transitional, 1ª, 2ª, and changed-over feathers, 2ᵇ, of Sebright, 3, 4 and 5. Feathers from F₂ birds.
FOOTNOTES:[1]The expectation for 1 dominant and 1 recessive factor is so nearly the same as for 1 dominant alone that for the numbers obtained no difference between the two cases could be detected.[2]There is one other bird, not given in the above list, that is pure Sebright except that his legs are yellow. Until I find out by further breeding of the Sebright stock whether yellow legs are present in it, this case must remain doubtful. On the basis of a two factor color-difference one Sebright (as to color) is expected in 16 birds, and one in 64 on a three factor basis. Some Sebrights had been raised along with the back cross, hence the possibility of contamination.[3]Provided that the blue classification was based on the adult plumage and not on down color.[4]If the recessive mutation occurs first in the Z chromosome of an egg of the female it will not appear in the next generation; then if it has passed into a male, half his daughters will show it. The single factor-pair involved is carried by the sex chromosomes ZZ.[5]One may be either sex-linked or sex-limited so far as the evidence goes.[6]No mention is made by Baur that a heterozygous male instead of a pure silver male was used, although the male is made heterozygous in the formulæ.[7]For activity and pugnacity in hummingbirds, see Tropical Nature, pp. 130, 213.[8]The Naturalist in La Plata, W. H. Hudson, London, 1892, pp. 269-270.[9]Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1885, p. 431, Quelques remarques sur le dimorphisme sexuel. Jean Stolzmann.[10]George W. and Elizabeth G. Peckham. Observations on Sexual Selection in Spiders of the Family Attidæ. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Wisconsin, Vol. I, 1889, pp, 46, 47.[11]Loddigesia mirabilishas the tail about three times as long as the body. Similar modifications are found in the generaSappho,Cynanthus,Lesbia,Stegnura,Discura,Gouldia,et al.[12]Among the most remarkable of this wonderful family are the nine species of coquettes (Lophornis), which have elongated feathers, with metallic tips, springing from the sides of the neck; some have also beautiful crests. (George W. and Elizabeth G. Peckham, Additional Observations on Sexual Selection in Spiders of the Family Attidæ, Nat. Hist. Soc. of Wisconsin, 1889, vol. I, pp. 141, 142.)[13]Tropical Nature, p. 210. The italics are ours.[14]A. H. Sturtevant, Experiments on Sex Recognition and the Problem of Sexual Selection inDrosophila. Journ. Animal Behavior, Sept.-Oct. 1915, vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 352, 353.[15]In the eland as well as in the reindeer, in which both sexes have horns that begin in the latter at least to develop before the gonads ripen, it is stated that castration does not prevent the development of the horns in the male, but whether they are as large as in the normal male is apparently not definitely stated.[16]Yarrell also states that after the fallow buck has reached the height of its maturity and has 6 prongs in its antler, removal of one testis causes the next antler to have but 5 prongs.[17]It might be supposed that this bird was really a cock which had been changed for a hen; but the following facts put this matter beyond a doubt: First, there was no other pyed pea-fowl in the country. Secondly, the hen had knobs on her toes, which were the same after her change. Thirdly, she was as small after the change as before, therefore too small for a cock. Fourthly, she was a favorite bird, and was generally fed by the lady, and used to come for her meat, which she still continued to do after the change in the feathers.[18]See the latter also for references toLacertiliaandChelonia.[19]Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 278, 1918.
FOOTNOTES:
[1]The expectation for 1 dominant and 1 recessive factor is so nearly the same as for 1 dominant alone that for the numbers obtained no difference between the two cases could be detected.
[1]The expectation for 1 dominant and 1 recessive factor is so nearly the same as for 1 dominant alone that for the numbers obtained no difference between the two cases could be detected.
[2]There is one other bird, not given in the above list, that is pure Sebright except that his legs are yellow. Until I find out by further breeding of the Sebright stock whether yellow legs are present in it, this case must remain doubtful. On the basis of a two factor color-difference one Sebright (as to color) is expected in 16 birds, and one in 64 on a three factor basis. Some Sebrights had been raised along with the back cross, hence the possibility of contamination.
[2]There is one other bird, not given in the above list, that is pure Sebright except that his legs are yellow. Until I find out by further breeding of the Sebright stock whether yellow legs are present in it, this case must remain doubtful. On the basis of a two factor color-difference one Sebright (as to color) is expected in 16 birds, and one in 64 on a three factor basis. Some Sebrights had been raised along with the back cross, hence the possibility of contamination.
[3]Provided that the blue classification was based on the adult plumage and not on down color.
[3]Provided that the blue classification was based on the adult plumage and not on down color.
[4]If the recessive mutation occurs first in the Z chromosome of an egg of the female it will not appear in the next generation; then if it has passed into a male, half his daughters will show it. The single factor-pair involved is carried by the sex chromosomes ZZ.
[4]If the recessive mutation occurs first in the Z chromosome of an egg of the female it will not appear in the next generation; then if it has passed into a male, half his daughters will show it. The single factor-pair involved is carried by the sex chromosomes ZZ.
[5]One may be either sex-linked or sex-limited so far as the evidence goes.
[5]One may be either sex-linked or sex-limited so far as the evidence goes.
[6]No mention is made by Baur that a heterozygous male instead of a pure silver male was used, although the male is made heterozygous in the formulæ.
[6]No mention is made by Baur that a heterozygous male instead of a pure silver male was used, although the male is made heterozygous in the formulæ.
[7]For activity and pugnacity in hummingbirds, see Tropical Nature, pp. 130, 213.
[7]For activity and pugnacity in hummingbirds, see Tropical Nature, pp. 130, 213.
[8]The Naturalist in La Plata, W. H. Hudson, London, 1892, pp. 269-270.
[8]The Naturalist in La Plata, W. H. Hudson, London, 1892, pp. 269-270.
[9]Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1885, p. 431, Quelques remarques sur le dimorphisme sexuel. Jean Stolzmann.
[9]Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1885, p. 431, Quelques remarques sur le dimorphisme sexuel. Jean Stolzmann.
[10]George W. and Elizabeth G. Peckham. Observations on Sexual Selection in Spiders of the Family Attidæ. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Wisconsin, Vol. I, 1889, pp, 46, 47.
[10]George W. and Elizabeth G. Peckham. Observations on Sexual Selection in Spiders of the Family Attidæ. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Wisconsin, Vol. I, 1889, pp, 46, 47.
[11]Loddigesia mirabilishas the tail about three times as long as the body. Similar modifications are found in the generaSappho,Cynanthus,Lesbia,Stegnura,Discura,Gouldia,et al.
[11]Loddigesia mirabilishas the tail about three times as long as the body. Similar modifications are found in the generaSappho,Cynanthus,Lesbia,Stegnura,Discura,Gouldia,et al.
[12]Among the most remarkable of this wonderful family are the nine species of coquettes (Lophornis), which have elongated feathers, with metallic tips, springing from the sides of the neck; some have also beautiful crests. (George W. and Elizabeth G. Peckham, Additional Observations on Sexual Selection in Spiders of the Family Attidæ, Nat. Hist. Soc. of Wisconsin, 1889, vol. I, pp. 141, 142.)
[12]Among the most remarkable of this wonderful family are the nine species of coquettes (Lophornis), which have elongated feathers, with metallic tips, springing from the sides of the neck; some have also beautiful crests. (George W. and Elizabeth G. Peckham, Additional Observations on Sexual Selection in Spiders of the Family Attidæ, Nat. Hist. Soc. of Wisconsin, 1889, vol. I, pp. 141, 142.)
[13]Tropical Nature, p. 210. The italics are ours.
[13]Tropical Nature, p. 210. The italics are ours.
[14]A. H. Sturtevant, Experiments on Sex Recognition and the Problem of Sexual Selection inDrosophila. Journ. Animal Behavior, Sept.-Oct. 1915, vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 352, 353.
[14]A. H. Sturtevant, Experiments on Sex Recognition and the Problem of Sexual Selection inDrosophila. Journ. Animal Behavior, Sept.-Oct. 1915, vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 352, 353.
[15]In the eland as well as in the reindeer, in which both sexes have horns that begin in the latter at least to develop before the gonads ripen, it is stated that castration does not prevent the development of the horns in the male, but whether they are as large as in the normal male is apparently not definitely stated.
[15]In the eland as well as in the reindeer, in which both sexes have horns that begin in the latter at least to develop before the gonads ripen, it is stated that castration does not prevent the development of the horns in the male, but whether they are as large as in the normal male is apparently not definitely stated.
[16]Yarrell also states that after the fallow buck has reached the height of its maturity and has 6 prongs in its antler, removal of one testis causes the next antler to have but 5 prongs.
[16]Yarrell also states that after the fallow buck has reached the height of its maturity and has 6 prongs in its antler, removal of one testis causes the next antler to have but 5 prongs.
[17]It might be supposed that this bird was really a cock which had been changed for a hen; but the following facts put this matter beyond a doubt: First, there was no other pyed pea-fowl in the country. Secondly, the hen had knobs on her toes, which were the same after her change. Thirdly, she was as small after the change as before, therefore too small for a cock. Fourthly, she was a favorite bird, and was generally fed by the lady, and used to come for her meat, which she still continued to do after the change in the feathers.
[17]It might be supposed that this bird was really a cock which had been changed for a hen; but the following facts put this matter beyond a doubt: First, there was no other pyed pea-fowl in the country. Secondly, the hen had knobs on her toes, which were the same after her change. Thirdly, she was as small after the change as before, therefore too small for a cock. Fourthly, she was a favorite bird, and was generally fed by the lady, and used to come for her meat, which she still continued to do after the change in the feathers.
[18]See the latter also for references toLacertiliaandChelonia.
[18]See the latter also for references toLacertiliaandChelonia.
[19]Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 278, 1918.
[19]Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 278, 1918.