[322]Schotto:Organum Mathematicum(1667).
[322]Schotto:Organum Mathematicum(1667).
[323]Voight:Der Kunstgünstigen Einfalt Mathematischer Raritäten Erstes Hundert. (Hamburg, 1667).
[323]Voight:Der Kunstgünstigen Einfalt Mathematischer Raritäten Erstes Hundert. (Hamburg, 1667).
[324]Voight:op. cit.: 28.
[324]Voight:op. cit.: 28.
[325]Ibid: 30-31.
[325]Ibid: 30-31.
[326]Longomontanus:Op. cit.: 162.
[326]Longomontanus:Op. cit.: 162.
[327]Longomontanus:Op. cit.: 158.
[327]Longomontanus:Op. cit.: 158.
[328]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: Præfatio, I, xviii.
[328]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: Præfatio, I, xviii.
[329]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: II, 496.
[329]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: II, 496.
[330]Cath. Ency.: "Riccioli," and Walsh: Catholic Churchmen in Science: 200. (2nd series, 1909.)
[330]Cath. Ency.: "Riccioli," and Walsh: Catholic Churchmen in Science: 200. (2nd series, 1909.)
[331]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: II, 288-289; seefrontispiece.
[331]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: II, 288-289; seefrontispiece.
[332]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: II, 288-289; seefrontispiece.
[332]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: II, 288-289; seefrontispiece.
[333]Delambre:Astr. Mod.: I, 674-680.
[333]Delambre:Astr. Mod.: I, 674-680.
[334]Riccioli:Apologia: 2.
[334]Riccioli:Apologia: 2.
[335]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: II, 313, 315.
[335]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: II, 313, 315.
[336]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: II, 330-351.
[336]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: II, 330-351.
[337]Ibid: II, 339-340.
[337]Ibid: II, 339-340.
[338]Delambre:Op. cit.: I, 677.
[338]Delambre:Op. cit.: I, 677.
[339]Ibid: I, 673.
[339]Ibid: I, 673.
[340]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: II, 290.
[340]Riccioli:Alm. Nov.: II, 290.
[341]Riccioli:Op. cit.: II, 304, 309.
[341]Riccioli:Op. cit.: II, 304, 309.
[342]Delambre:Astr. Mod.: I, 680.
[342]Delambre:Astr. Mod.: I, 680.
[343]Riccioli:Op. cit.: II, 478 (condensed), 500.
[343]Riccioli:Op. cit.: II, 478 (condensed), 500.
[344]Riccioli:Apologia: 4.
[344]Riccioli:Apologia: 4.
[345]Ibid: 103.
[345]Ibid: 103.
[346]One bit of contemporary opinion on Riccioli and his work has come down to us. A canon at Liège, Réné-François Sluse, wrote asking a friend (about 1670) to sound Wallis, the English mathematician, as to his opinion of theAlmagestum Novum, and of this argument based on the acceleration of movement in falling bodies. Wallis himself replied that he thought the argument devoid of all value. The canon at once wrote, "I do not understand how a man as intelligent as Riccioli should think he could bring to a close a matter so difficult [the refutation] by a proof as futile as this." Monchamp: 165-166.For a full, annotated list of books published against the Copernican system between 1631-1688, see Martin:Galilée: 386-388.
[346]One bit of contemporary opinion on Riccioli and his work has come down to us. A canon at Liège, Réné-François Sluse, wrote asking a friend (about 1670) to sound Wallis, the English mathematician, as to his opinion of theAlmagestum Novum, and of this argument based on the acceleration of movement in falling bodies. Wallis himself replied that he thought the argument devoid of all value. The canon at once wrote, "I do not understand how a man as intelligent as Riccioli should think he could bring to a close a matter so difficult [the refutation] by a proof as futile as this." Monchamp: 165-166.
For a full, annotated list of books published against the Copernican system between 1631-1688, see Martin:Galilée: 386-388.
[347]See Moxon:Advice, A Tutor to Astronomy and Geography(1670): 269.
[347]See Moxon:Advice, A Tutor to Astronomy and Geography(1670): 269.
[348]Haldane'sDescartes(1905) is the most recent and authoritative account based upon Descartes's works as published in the Adams-Tannery edition (Paris, 1896. foll.). This edition supersedes that of Cousin.
[348]Haldane'sDescartes(1905) is the most recent and authoritative account based upon Descartes's works as published in the Adams-Tannery edition (Paris, 1896. foll.). This edition supersedes that of Cousin.
[349]Haldane: 153.
[349]Haldane: 153.
[350]Ibid: 158.
[350]Ibid: 158.
[351]Descartes:Principes, Pt. III, chap. 13.
[351]Descartes:Principes, Pt. III, chap. 13.
[352]Haldane: 291.
[352]Haldane: 291.
[353]Monchamp: 185, note.
[353]Monchamp: 185, note.
[354]Haldane: 292.
[354]Haldane: 292.
[355]Ibid: 193, 279.
[355]Ibid: 193, 279.
[356]Monchamp: 177-181.
[356]Monchamp: 177-181.
[357]Berry quotes (p. 92) a passage from Thomas Digges (d. 1595) with the date 1590: "But in this our age, one rare witte (seeing the continuall errors that from time to time more and more continually have been discovered, besides the infinite absurdities in their Theoricks, which they have been forced to admit that would not confess any mobility in the ball of the Earth) hath by long studye, paynfull practise, and rare invention delivered a new Theorick or Model of the World, shewing that the Earth resteth not in the Center of the whole world or globe of elements, which encircled or enclosed in the Moone's orbit, and together with the whole globe of mortality is carried round about the Sunne, which like a king in the middst of all, rayneth and giveth laws of motion to all the rest, sphærically dispersing his glorious beames of light through all this sacred celestiall Temple." Browne also refers to Digges (I, 383).
[357]Berry quotes (p. 92) a passage from Thomas Digges (d. 1595) with the date 1590: "But in this our age, one rare witte (seeing the continuall errors that from time to time more and more continually have been discovered, besides the infinite absurdities in their Theoricks, which they have been forced to admit that would not confess any mobility in the ball of the Earth) hath by long studye, paynfull practise, and rare invention delivered a new Theorick or Model of the World, shewing that the Earth resteth not in the Center of the whole world or globe of elements, which encircled or enclosed in the Moone's orbit, and together with the whole globe of mortality is carried round about the Sunne, which like a king in the middst of all, rayneth and giveth laws of motion to all the rest, sphærically dispersing his glorious beames of light through all this sacred celestiall Temple." Browne also refers to Digges (I, 383).
[358]Gilbert:De Magnete, Bk. VI, c. 3-5 (214-228).
[358]Gilbert:De Magnete, Bk. VI, c. 3-5 (214-228).
[359]Johnson:Life, in Browne: I, xvii.
[359]Johnson:Life, in Browne: I, xvii.
[360]Browne: I, 35.
[360]Browne: I, 35.
[361]Burton:Anatomy of Melancholy, I, 1; I, 66. First edition, 1621; reprinted 1624, 1628, 1632, 1638, 1651-2, 1660, 1676.
[361]Burton:Anatomy of Melancholy, I, 1; I, 66. First edition, 1621; reprinted 1624, 1628, 1632, 1638, 1651-2, 1660, 1676.
[362]Ibid: I, 385, 389.
[362]Ibid: I, 385, 389.
[363]Herbert: II, 315.
[363]Herbert: II, 315.
[364]Milton:Paradise Lost, Bk. VIII, lines 159et seq.The great Puritan divine, John Owen (1616-1683), accepts the miracle of the sun's standing still without a word of reference to the new astronomy. (Works: II, 160.) Farrar states that Owen declared Newton's discoveries were against the evident testimonies of Scripture (Farrar:History of Interpretation: xviii.), but I have been unable to verify this statement. Owen died before thePrincipiawas published in 1687.
[364]Milton:Paradise Lost, Bk. VIII, lines 159et seq.
The great Puritan divine, John Owen (1616-1683), accepts the miracle of the sun's standing still without a word of reference to the new astronomy. (Works: II, 160.) Farrar states that Owen declared Newton's discoveries were against the evident testimonies of Scripture (Farrar:History of Interpretation: xviii.), but I have been unable to verify this statement. Owen died before thePrincipiawas published in 1687.
[365]Whewell: I, 410.
[365]Whewell: I, 410.
[366]Wilkins:Discourse Concerning a New Planet.
[366]Wilkins:Discourse Concerning a New Planet.
[367]Salusbury:Math. Coll.: To the Reader.
[367]Salusbury:Math. Coll.: To the Reader.
[368]Whewell: I, 411.
[368]Whewell: I, 411.
[369]One London bookseller in 1670 advertised for sale "spheres according to the Ptolmean, Tychonean and Copernican systems with books for their use." (Moxon: 272.) In 1683 in London appeared the third edition of Gassendi'sInstitutio, the textbook of astronomy in the universities during this period of uncertainty. It too wavers between the Tychonic and the Copernican systems.
[369]One London bookseller in 1670 advertised for sale "spheres according to the Ptolmean, Tychonean and Copernican systems with books for their use." (Moxon: 272.) In 1683 in London appeared the third edition of Gassendi'sInstitutio, the textbook of astronomy in the universities during this period of uncertainty. It too wavers between the Tychonic and the Copernican systems.
[370]Dict. of Nat. Biog.: "Keill."
[370]Dict. of Nat. Biog.: "Keill."
[371]Keill:Introductio ad Veram Astronomiam.
[371]Keill:Introductio ad Veram Astronomiam.
[372]Cajori: 29-30.
[372]Cajori: 29-30.
[373]Cajori: 37.
[373]Cajori: 37.
[374]Pope:Works, VI, 110.
[374]Pope:Works, VI, 110.
[375]Addison:Spectator, No. 420, (IV, 372-373). An interesting contrast to this passage and a good illustration of how the traditional phraseology continued in poetry is found in Addison's famous hymn, written a year later:"Whilst all the stars that round her [earth] burnAnd all the planets in their turn,Confirm the tidings as they roll,And spread the truth from pole to pole."What though in solemn silence allMove round this dark terrestrial ball;What though no real voice nor soundAmidst their radiant orbs be found;"In reason's ear they all rejoice,And utter forth a glorious voice;Forever singing, as they shine,'The hand that made us is divine'."
[375]Addison:Spectator, No. 420, (IV, 372-373). An interesting contrast to this passage and a good illustration of how the traditional phraseology continued in poetry is found in Addison's famous hymn, written a year later:
[376]Mather:Christian Philosopher, 75, 76.
[376]Mather:Christian Philosopher, 75, 76.
[377]Leadbetter:Astronomy(1729).
[377]Leadbetter:Astronomy(1729).
[378]In de Maupertius:Ouvrages Divers, (at the back).
[378]In de Maupertius:Ouvrages Divers, (at the back).
[379]Wesley:Compendium of Natural Philosophy, I, 14, 139.
[379]Wesley:Compendium of Natural Philosophy, I, 14, 139.
[380]Dobell:Hymns, No. 5, No. 10.
[380]Dobell:Hymns, No. 5, No. 10.
[381]Keble:Christian Year, 279.
[381]Keble:Christian Year, 279.
[382]Horne:Fair, Candid, Impartial Statement ..., 4.
[382]Horne:Fair, Candid, Impartial Statement ..., 4.
[383]Pike:Philosophia Sacra, 43.
[383]Pike:Philosophia Sacra, 43.
[384]Forbes:Letter, (1755).
[384]Forbes:Letter, (1755).
[385]See Wesley: I, 136-7.
[385]See Wesley: I, 136-7.
[386]Dict. of Nat. Biog.: "Hutchinson."
[386]Dict. of Nat. Biog.: "Hutchinson."
[387]Stephen:Hist. of Eng. Thought: I, 390.
[387]Stephen:Hist. of Eng. Thought: I, 390.
[388]Ibid: 391.
[388]Ibid: 391.
[389]de Premontval:Le Méchaniste Philosophe, 54, 72. (The Hague, 1750).
[389]de Premontval:Le Méchaniste Philosophe, 54, 72. (The Hague, 1750).
[390]de Brisbar:Calendrier Historique, (Leyden), 228-233.
[390]de Brisbar:Calendrier Historique, (Leyden), 228-233.
[391]Bayle:Système Abregé de Philosophie(The Hague, 1731), IV, 394-412.
[391]Bayle:Système Abregé de Philosophie(The Hague, 1731), IV, 394-412.
[392]de Maupertius:Eléments de Géographie, xv, 9-14.
[392]de Maupertius:Eléments de Géographie, xv, 9-14.
[393]de Premontval: 123.
[393]de Premontval: 123.
[394]Ibid: 132.
[394]Ibid: 132.
[395]Ibid: 157.
[395]Ibid: 157.
[396]Cassini:De l'Origine et du Progrès ..., 35.
[396]Cassini:De l'Origine et du Progrès ..., 35.
[397]Shields: 59. I have failed to find this reference in Bossuet's works.
[397]Shields: 59. I have failed to find this reference in Bossuet's works.
[398]Fénelon:Oeuvres, I, 3 and 7.
[398]Fénelon:Oeuvres, I, 3 and 7.
[399]Pluche:Histoire du Ciel: viii, ix, xiii.
[399]Pluche:Histoire du Ciel: viii, ix, xiii.
[400]Cath. Ency.: "Boscovich."
[400]Cath. Ency.: "Boscovich."
[401]Opera: III (1785).
[401]Opera: III (1785).
[402]Cited in Monchamp: 335 note.
[402]Cited in Monchamp: 335 note.
[403]Ibid: 326.
[403]Ibid: 326.
[404]Ibid: 330.
[404]Ibid: 330.
[405]Fontana:Institutio, II, 32-35.
[405]Fontana:Institutio, II, 32-35.
[406]Ferramosca:Positiones ...: 19.
[406]Ferramosca:Positiones ...: 19.
[407]Piccoli:La Scienza, 4, 7.
[407]Piccoli:La Scienza, 4, 7.
[408]Spagnio,De Motu, 81.
[408]Spagnio,De Motu, 81.
[409]Monchamp: 331.
[409]Monchamp: 331.
[410]Monchamp: 345.
[410]Monchamp: 345.
[411]Bailly: II, 132, note.
[411]Bailly: II, 132, note.
[412]Flammarion: 196-198.
[412]Flammarion: 196-198.
[413]Shields: 60.
[413]Shields: 60.
[414]White: I, 159-167.
[414]White: I, 159-167.
[415]See di Bruno:Catholic Belief, 286a.
[415]See di Bruno:Catholic Belief, 286a.
[416]Riccioli:Apologia, 103.
[416]Riccioli:Apologia, 103.
[417]White: I, 165. See the answer by Wegg-Prosser:Galileo and his Judges.
[417]White: I, 165. See the answer by Wegg-Prosser:Galileo and his Judges.
[418]Donat: 183.
[418]Donat: 183.
[419]Walsh:Popes and Science, 17.
[419]Walsh:Popes and Science, 17.
[420]Conway: 48.
[420]Conway: 48.
[421]Anon.:Galileo—the Roman Congregation, 39, 60.
[421]Anon.:Galileo—the Roman Congregation, 39, 60.
[422]De Morgan: I, 172.
[422]De Morgan: I, 172.
[423]"Anglo-American": 5-6.
[423]"Anglo-American": 5-6.
[424]Ibid: 11.
[424]Ibid: 11.
[425]De Morgan: II, 335.
[425]De Morgan: II, 335.
[426]White: I, 150.
[426]White: I, 150.
[427]Schoepffer:The Earth Stands Fast, title-page, 6-7.
[427]Schoepffer:The Earth Stands Fast, title-page, 6-7.
[428]Ibid: Supplement by Allaben, 21, 74.
[428]Ibid: Supplement by Allaben, 21, 74.
[429]Ibid: Note by J.W. de P., 74.
[429]Ibid: Note by J.W. de P., 74.
[430]De Peyster and Allaben:Algol, preface.
[430]De Peyster and Allaben:Algol, preface.
[431]Lange:The Copernican System: The Greatest Absurdity in the History of Human Thought.
[431]Lange:The Copernican System: The Greatest Absurdity in the History of Human Thought.
[432]De Peyster and Allaben:Algol, 74.
[432]De Peyster and Allaben:Algol, 74.
[433]Sindico:Refutation du Système de Copernic....
[433]Sindico:Refutation du Système de Copernic....
[434]Tischner:Le Système Solaire se Mouvant. (1894).
[434]Tischner:Le Système Solaire se Mouvant. (1894).
[435]White: I, 151.
[435]White: I, 151.
[436]See translated sections inAppendix C.
[436]See translated sections inAppendix C.
[437]Robinson: 107.
[437]Robinson: 107.
[438]Ibid: 119.
[438]Ibid: 119.
[439]See Prowe:Nic. Cop.: III, 128-137.
[439]See Prowe:Nic. Cop.: III, 128-137.
[440]i.e., the 15,000 solar years in which all the heavenly bodies complete their circuits and return to their original positions.
[440]i.e., the 15,000 solar years in which all the heavenly bodies complete their circuits and return to their original positions.
[441]Plutarch:Moralia: De Placitis Philosophorum, Lib. III, c. 13 (V. 326).
[441]Plutarch:Moralia: De Placitis Philosophorum, Lib. III, c. 13 (V. 326).
[442]These two sentences the Congregations in 1620 ordered struck out, as part of their "corrections."
[442]These two sentences the Congregations in 1620 ordered struck out, as part of their "corrections."
[443]As Rabbi David testified on the 19th Psalm [these footnotes are by Bodin].
[443]As Rabbi David testified on the 19th Psalm [these footnotes are by Bodin].
[444]Job: 38.
[444]Job: 38.
[445]Proverbs.
[445]Proverbs.
[446]Metaphysics: II. c. 6, de Cœlo. I. c. 6.
[446]Metaphysics: II. c. 6, de Cœlo. I. c. 6.
[447]In his last chapter.
[447]In his last chapter.
[448]Which is confirmed by Pico of Mirandola: Heptaplus: Bk. V.
[448]Which is confirmed by Pico of Mirandola: Heptaplus: Bk. V.
[449]Enchiridion: cap. 43; Gen.: 2 and 18.
[449]Enchiridion: cap. 43; Gen.: 2 and 18.
[450]On Psalm: Audite cœli.
[450]On Psalm: Audite cœli.
[451]Summa: pt. 1, art. 3, ques. 70.
[451]Summa: pt. 1, art. 3, ques. 70.
[452]Metaphy. XII.
[452]Metaphy. XII.
[453]In his commentaries on Book XII of Metaph. where he gives the opinion of Calippus and Eudoxus.
[453]In his commentaries on Book XII of Metaph. where he gives the opinion of Calippus and Eudoxus.
[454]Ex. XVIII and following. Philo Judæus in the Allegories.
[454]Ex. XVIII and following. Philo Judæus in the Allegories.
[455]Aristotle: Metaph. II and XII and de Cœlo I.
[455]Aristotle: Metaph. II and XII and de Cœlo I.
[456]Gen.: 1.
[456]Gen.: 1.
[457]Chap. 1 and 10. Exod.: 24.
[457]Chap. 1 and 10. Exod.: 24.
[458]I Kings: 8. Deut.: 28.
[458]I Kings: 8. Deut.: 28.
[459]Psalm 146.
[459]Psalm 146.
[460]According to Maymon: Perplexorum, III.
[460]According to Maymon: Perplexorum, III.
[461]Psalm 147.
[461]Psalm 147.
[462]Psalm 148. Gen. 1 and 7.
[462]Psalm 148. Gen. 1 and 7.
[463]Also in Psalm 67 and 123.
[463]Also in Psalm 67 and 123.
[464]Psalm 92.
[464]Psalm 92.
[465]Exod. 24. Ezek. 1, 10.
[465]Exod. 24. Ezek. 1, 10.
[466]Isa. 6.
[466]Isa. 6.
[467]Isa. 6. Ezek. 1 and 10. Zach. 4. Exod. 24, 25.
[467]Isa. 6. Ezek. 1 and 10. Zach. 4. Exod. 24, 25.
[468]Maleficium quidam,i.e., some evil-power. Job 5.
[468]Maleficium quidam,i.e., some evil-power. Job 5.
[469]Augustine against Faustus wrote that vanity is not produced from the dust, nor evil from the earth.
[469]Augustine against Faustus wrote that vanity is not produced from the dust, nor evil from the earth.
[470]Job 41 and 49. Isa. 54. Ezek. 31.
[470]Job 41 and 49. Isa. 54. Ezek. 31.
[471]Isa. 54.
[471]Isa. 54.
[472]Isa. 45.
[472]Isa. 45.
[473]Job 34.
[473]Job 34.
[474]Feyens probably refers here to Francesco Patrizzi, who was an enemy of the peripatetics and a great supporter of platonism. He died in 1597 at Rome, where Clement VIII had conferred on him the chair of philosophy.
[474]Feyens probably refers here to Francesco Patrizzi, who was an enemy of the peripatetics and a great supporter of platonism. He died in 1597 at Rome, where Clement VIII had conferred on him the chair of philosophy.
[475]Joshua X: 13-14.
[475]Joshua X: 13-14.
[476]Ecclesiastes I: 4.
[476]Ecclesiastes I: 4.
Transcriber's Errata ListFrontispieceExplanation, second paragraph: Original incorrectly cites p. 68; corrected top. 80.Page 15: "829 A.D." should be "929 A.D."Page 35: Missing reference toFootnote 160in original text has been added in a logical place.Page 64: Missing reference toFootnote 263in original text has been added in a logical place.Page 65: "if were" should be "if he were."Page 85: Missing reference toFootnote 348in original text has been added in a logical place.Page 88: "Richard Burton" should be "Robert Burton."Page 97: "ceasely" should be "ceaselessly."Page 137: "Burton, Richard" should be "Burton, Robert."Page 145: "Burton, Richard" should be "Burton, Robert."Footnote 157: Original incorrectly cites chap. viii; corrected tochap. v.
Transcriber's Errata List
FrontispieceExplanation, second paragraph: Original incorrectly cites p. 68; corrected top. 80.
Page 15: "829 A.D." should be "929 A.D."
Page 35: Missing reference toFootnote 160in original text has been added in a logical place.
Page 64: Missing reference toFootnote 263in original text has been added in a logical place.
Page 65: "if were" should be "if he were."
Page 85: Missing reference toFootnote 348in original text has been added in a logical place.
Page 88: "Richard Burton" should be "Robert Burton."
Page 97: "ceasely" should be "ceaselessly."
Page 137: "Burton, Richard" should be "Burton, Robert."
Page 145: "Burton, Richard" should be "Burton, Robert."
Footnote 157: Original incorrectly cites chap. viii; corrected tochap. v.