VITIS CINEREA CANESCENSBailey.

1.Munson,U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul.,3:14. 1890.V. cinerea, var.FLORIDANA.2.Munson,Gar. and For.,3:474. 1890.V. cinerea, var.FLORIDANA.3.Bailey,Gray’s Syn. Fl.,1:425. 1897.V. cinerea, var.FLORIDANA.

Vitis cinerea floridanawas named by Munson in 1890. It differs from the regular form of Cinerea in having the growing tips and sometimes the veins on the under side of the leaves more or less covered with rusty tomentum. The cluster is also longer-peduncled and more compound. It is found in Florida and Arkansas.

1.Engelmann,Am. Nat.,2:321. 1868.V. aestivalis, var.CANESCENS.2.Bailey,Gray’s Syn. Fl.,1:425. 1897.V. cinerea, var.CANESCENS.

Vitis cinerea canescenswas first mentioned by Engelmann in 1868 under the nameVitis aestivalis, var.canescens. He does not describe it further than to say that it approaches Cordifolia. Bailey’s determination of its position was made from Engelmann’s herbarium specimens. He says: “A form with rounded or heart-like leaves, the upper half of the leaf lacking the triangular and 3-lobed shape of the type.” This variety has been found in Missouri, Illinois and Texas.

1.Engelmann,Am. Nat.,2:321. 1868.2.Parry,U. S. D. A. Rpt.,1870:416.V. Arizonensis.3.Engelmann,Mo. Ent. Rpt.,1872:62.4.Ib.,Bush. Cat.,1883:10, 12, 14, 16.Arizona grape.5.Munson,Am. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1885:132.Arizona grape.6.Ib.,Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.,1885:97.Arizona grape.7.Planchon,De Candolle’s Mon. Phan.,5:323, 342. 1887.V. Californica;V. Arizonensis;V. riparia.8.Munson,Soc. Prom. Ag. Sci. Rpt.,1887:59.Arizona grape.9.Ib.,Gar. and For.,3:474. 1890.10.Ib.,U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul.,3:10. 1890.11.Ib.,Am. Gard.,12:660. 1891.Canyon grape.12.Ib.,Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1893:116.Gulch grape.13.Munson,Bush. Cat.,1894:20.Canon grape.14.Husmann,1895:4, 189.15.Bailey,Gray’s Syn. Fl.,1:425. 1897.Canon grape.16.Beach,N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt.,17:536, 557. 1898.17.Munson,Tex. Sta. Bul.,56:230, 239. 1900.Downy Canyon grape.18.Viala and Ravaz,Am. Vines,1903:102.Vine weak in growth, shrubby or climbing moderately, numerous angular branchlets; diaphragms thick. Leaves mostly small, cordate, with rather open rounded petiolar sinus, entire or indistinctly three-lobed (sometimes distinctly lobed on young plants), coarsely and regularly toothed; thick, rigid, slightly rugose above, when young,white-woolly below, becoming nearly glabrous with age. Clusters small, compound; peduncle slender, of medium length. Berries black, small to medium in size; pleasant in taste. Seeds two to three of medium size; chalaza oval in shape, slightly distinct; raphe flat, usually inconspicuous, rarely prominent.

Vine weak in growth, shrubby or climbing moderately, numerous angular branchlets; diaphragms thick. Leaves mostly small, cordate, with rather open rounded petiolar sinus, entire or indistinctly three-lobed (sometimes distinctly lobed on young plants), coarsely and regularly toothed; thick, rigid, slightly rugose above, when young,white-woolly below, becoming nearly glabrous with age. Clusters small, compound; peduncle slender, of medium length. Berries black, small to medium in size; pleasant in taste. Seeds two to three of medium size; chalaza oval in shape, slightly distinct; raphe flat, usually inconspicuous, rarely prominent.

Arizonica was named and first described by Engelmann in 1868. It was later described by Parry, botanist of the Department of Agriculture, from specimens sent to him by Dr. Charles Smart, an army surgeon stationed in southern Arizona, in 1867. Parry says that Engelmann considered it a distinct species and had provisionally named itVitis arizonensis. As to the name, this is evidently an error in quoting Engelmann.

Its habitat is “Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Chihuahua (Mexico), and South Utah.”

This grape is adapted only to the arid districts of the West. When raised in humid climates it is subject to the attacks of mildew and black-rot. As might be expected from its habitat, it endures intense drouths. It grows well on limestone, pebbly, or alluvial soils. It has a considerable degree of resistance to phylloxera, grows readily from cuttings, and according to Munson, can withstand zero temperature without injury. As the European grapes can be raised in its native country, it is not there regarded as valuable, although the fruit is said to be rich in sugar and to be of pure flavor. It has been used in California as a stock, but is not regarded in any section very favorably and its use has never become extensive probably owing to its lack of vigor. It suckers less than Rupestris. Arizonica blossoms about the time of Labrusca. It is of no value to the grape-growers of the East and probably of none to those of the West.

1.Munson,Gar. and For.,3:474. 1890.V. Arizonica, var.GLABRA.2.Ib.,U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul.,3:10. 1890.V. Arizonica, var.GLABRA.3.Ib.,Am. Gard.,12:660. 1891.V. Arizonica, var.GLABRA.4.Ib.,Bush. Cat.,1894:20.V. Arizonica, var.GLABRA.5.Bailey,Gray’s Syn. Fl.,1:426. 1897.V. Arizonica, var.GLABRA.

Vitis arizonica glabrawas named by Munson in 1890. It differs from the regular form in having glossy, glabrous leaves which are mostly larger and thinner. The variety is found in the region from Albuquerque, New Mexico to Truxton, Arizona, and northward into southern Utah.

1.Bentham,Bot. Sulph. Voy.,1844:10.2.Buckley,U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt.,1861:479, 483.California grape.3.Engelmann,Mo. Ent. Rpt.,1872:62.4.Ib.,Bush. Cat.,1883:10, 11, 12, 14, 15.California grape.5.Munson,Am. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1885:137.6.Planchon,De Candolle’s Mon. Phan.,5:323, 339. 1887.7.Munson,Soc. Prom. Ag. Sci. Rpt.,1887:59.California grape.8.Hammond,Gar. and For.,2:39. 1889.Wild grape.9.Munson,U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul.,3:10. 1890.10.Ib.,Gar. and For.,3:474, 475. 1890.11.Ib.,Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1893:116.12.Husmann,1895:4, 189.13.Bailey,Gray’s Syn. Fl.,1:426. 1897.14.Munson,Tex. Sta. Bul.,56:230, 239. 1900.North California grape.15.Viala and Ravaz,Am. Vines,1903:42, 50.Vine vigorous, climbing, but shrubby if left without support; shoots cylindrical or slightly angled; diaphragms of medium thickness to rather thin; tendrils intermittent, bifid or trifid. Leaves with stipules medium to small; leaf broadly cordate; petiolar sinus variable, usually wide and open, usually entire, sometimes slightly tri-lobed; teeth variable in size, blunt; smooth above and varying below from glabrous to much whitish pubescence. Clusters small to medium, usually compact; peduncle mostly long and slender. Berries small, black with rather abundant bloom. Seeds small to medium, plump, slightly notched, if at all; chalaza oblong-oval; raphe slightly distinct or invisible.

Vine vigorous, climbing, but shrubby if left without support; shoots cylindrical or slightly angled; diaphragms of medium thickness to rather thin; tendrils intermittent, bifid or trifid. Leaves with stipules medium to small; leaf broadly cordate; petiolar sinus variable, usually wide and open, usually entire, sometimes slightly tri-lobed; teeth variable in size, blunt; smooth above and varying below from glabrous to much whitish pubescence. Clusters small to medium, usually compact; peduncle mostly long and slender. Berries small, black with rather abundant bloom. Seeds small to medium, plump, slightly notched, if at all; chalaza oblong-oval; raphe slightly distinct or invisible.

Californica was named and described by Bentham in 1844. It was later mentioned by Newberry, Torrey and others. As these descriptions were all made either from herbarium specimens or by botanists traveling through the region, they are not so definite as those made later.

The habitat of Californica is the northern half of California along streams west of the Sierra Nevada mountains and north into Rogue River Valley in southern Oregon, its northern limit.

This species is interesting in that it is a native of a region of North America not originally infested with phylloxera, but in which phylloxera has since been introduced. As might be suspected, it has little more resistance to this insect than Vinifera and less than any other Americanspecies. The roots are thick and fleshy, resembling Vinifera. The fruit, while pleasant, is too small to be of cultural value. It is too tender for planting in the open ground where the thermometer drops much below freezing. California growers state that it does not flourish in dry shallow soils. It is very susceptible to attacks of mildew, to which it usually succumbs when planted east of the Rocky Mountains. Californica grows readily from cuttings. It is sometimes used in its native country as an ornamental on account of its highly colored autumn foliage but is otherwise of no value.

1.Munson,Soc. Prom. Ag. Sci. Rpt.,1887:59.California grape.2.Ib.,U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul.,3:10. 1890.3.Ib.,Gar. and For.,3:474. 1890.4.Ib.,Am. Gard.,12:660. 1891.Valley grape.5.Bailey,Gray’s Syn. Fl.,1:426. 1897.Valley grape.6.Munson,Tex. Sta. Bul.,56:230, 239. 1900.South California grape.7.Viala and Ravaz,Am. Vines,1903:50.V. Californica, var.Girdiana.Vine vigorous, climbing; shoots scarcely angled, more or less covered with grayish pubescence; diaphragms medium to thick; tendrils intermittent, bifid or trifid. Leaves with medium to small stipules; blade broadly cordate, rather thin, entire or obscurely three-lobed (sometimes distinctly three-lobed on young shoots); petiolar sinus usually narrow, rather deep; margin with many small and acute teeth; under surface covered with thick grayish persistent pubescence. Cluster medium to large, compound, rather loose; peduncle of medium length, slender. Berries small, black, with thin bloom; skin thin but tough; medium to late in ripening. Sweet when ripe with a sharp pungency in the skin. Seeds similar to those ofVitis californica.

Vine vigorous, climbing; shoots scarcely angled, more or less covered with grayish pubescence; diaphragms medium to thick; tendrils intermittent, bifid or trifid. Leaves with medium to small stipules; blade broadly cordate, rather thin, entire or obscurely three-lobed (sometimes distinctly three-lobed on young shoots); petiolar sinus usually narrow, rather deep; margin with many small and acute teeth; under surface covered with thick grayish persistent pubescence. Cluster medium to large, compound, rather loose; peduncle of medium length, slender. Berries small, black, with thin bloom; skin thin but tough; medium to late in ripening. Sweet when ripe with a sharp pungency in the skin. Seeds similar to those ofVitis californica.

Girdiana was separated fromVitis californicaby Munson in 1887. It is closely allied to, and is by many botanists still considered a variety of Californica. Wild hybrids withVitis viniferaare frequently found in regions where it is indigenous.

Girdiana inhabits southern California in the region west and north of Yuma and the valleys of southern California southward into Mexico. Its northern limit is approximately the Mojave desert. The individuals of the species are very numerous, covering shrubs and trees in the regions where it grows.

The species is very susceptible to mildew and black-rot, and like Californica is not resistant to phylloxera. Girdiana is more sensitive to cold than Vinifera. Analyses show that the fruit of the species is deficient in sugar and acid. Girdiana is but little known but certainly is of no valueto the grape-growers of the East or North and probably of none to those of the Southwest.

1.An. Hort.,1889:101.2.Munson,U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul.,3:9. 1890.3.Ib.,Gar. and For.,3:474. 1890.4.Ib.,Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1893:116.Doan’s grape.5.Ib.,Bush. Cat.,1894:20, 22, 24.Doan’s grape.6.Sears,Gar. and For.,9:454. 1896.7.Bailey,Gray’s Syn. Fl.,1:427. 1897.8.Beach,N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt.,17:536, 557. 1898.9.Munson,Tex. Sta. Bul.,56:232, 234, 235, 240, 268. 1900.fig. Texas Panhandle Large Grape.10.Viala and Ravaz,Am. Vines,1903:154.Vine vigorous, climbing or shrubby if left without support; wood on mature canes cylindrical or slightly angled; diaphragm thin; tendrils intermittent, bifid, rather weak. Leaves medium in size, broadly cordate, notched or lobed and with a triangular apex; petiolar sinus medium in depth, usually narrow; margins with rather large, notched-like teeth; upper surface of a peculiar bluish-green, frequently somewhat rugose with more or less tomentum; lower surface usually with a dense whitish pubescence which shows also on shoots. Cluster medium to small. Berries variable in size, average medium, black with a thick bloom. Seeds somewhat resembling Labrusca but with shorter beak and more distinct chalaza; has characteristic groove extending from chalaza to beak.

Vine vigorous, climbing or shrubby if left without support; wood on mature canes cylindrical or slightly angled; diaphragm thin; tendrils intermittent, bifid, rather weak. Leaves medium in size, broadly cordate, notched or lobed and with a triangular apex; petiolar sinus medium in depth, usually narrow; margins with rather large, notched-like teeth; upper surface of a peculiar bluish-green, frequently somewhat rugose with more or less tomentum; lower surface usually with a dense whitish pubescence which shows also on shoots. Cluster medium to small. Berries variable in size, average medium, black with a thick bloom. Seeds somewhat resembling Labrusca but with shorter beak and more distinct chalaza; has characteristic groove extending from chalaza to beak.

Doaniana is quite variable, some specimens being nearly glabrous at maturity while others are densely covered with white pubescence. Munson has separated the species into two forms which he calls the early Doaniana and the late Doaniana. The species was described and named by Munson in 1890.

It is found chiefly in northwest Texas but it ranges from Oklahoma to beyond the Pecos River in New Mexico. It is considered by Bailey and Viala to be a probable hybrid withVitis candicansas one of the parents. Doaniana is exceedingly hardy, withstanding great cold as well as great heat. It apparently prefers rather light soils as it is indigenous to sandbanks along rivers and the beds of sandy ravines.

Munson states that in cultivation it does well in any but very limy soils. The fruit is of comparatively good quality but the skin possesses some of the pungency of Candicans. The berries are quite persistent, hanging to the pedicel some time after ripe. The vines are not productive. The character of the must is apparently unknown. The roots are hard, penetrate deeply into the soil, and are resistant to phylloxera though somewhat variable in this respect. Doaniana grows readily fromcuttings and grafts well in the vineyard. The species blossoms with or just before Labrusca. It is of doubtful value to the southern grape-growers and is of no value in the North.

1.(?) Marshall,1785:165.V. vinifera americana;American grape vine.2.(?) Walter,1788:242.V. Labrusca.3.Michaux,2:230. 1803.4.Bartram,Dom. Enc.,5:289. 1804.V. sylvestris;V. occidentalis;Common Blue grape;Bunch grape.5.Muhlenberg,1813:27.V. intermedia;V. aestivalis;Summer grape.6.Pursh,1:169. 1814.V. vulpina;V. labrusca;Summer grape.7.Nuttall,1:143. 1818.8.Elliott,2:688. 1824.9.Torrey,Fl. of N. & M. Sta.,1826:121.10.Rafinesque,1830:9.V. bracteata;V. labrusca;V. aestivalis;Sour grape.11.Prince,1830:199.V. intermedia;V. sylvestris;V. occidentalis;Summer grape;Little grape;Bunch grape;Blue grape.12.Torrey,Fl. of N. Y.,1:146. 1843.V. intermedia;Summer grape.13.Darlington,1853:50.Little grape;Summer grape.14.Le Conte,Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci.,6:272. 1853.V. araneosus.15.Ib.,Ib.,6:271. 1853.V. bracteata;V. aestivalis;Duck-shot grape;Swamp grape.16.Buckley,U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt.,1861:481, 482.Frost grape;Chicken grape.17.Stayman,Gar. Mon.,11:37, 38, 40. 1869.Summer grape.18.Grape Cult.,1:4, 7, 113. 1869.19.Engelmann,Mo. Ent. Rpt.,1872:61.Summer grape.20.Engelmann,Bush. Cat.,1883:10, 11, 12, 14, 16.Summer grape.21.Bush,Ib.,1883:22.22.Munson,Am. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1885:134.Summer grape.23.Ib.,Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.,1885:97, 98.Summer grape.24.Planchon,De Candolle’s Mon. Phan.,5:323, 334.1887.Summer grape;Chicken grape;Little grape.25.Munson,Gar. and For.,3:474. 1890.26.Ib.,U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul.,3:11. 1890.27.Ib.,Bush. Cat.,1894:20, 22, 27, 28.Summer grape.28.Bailey,Gray’s Syn. Fl.,1:427. 1897.Summer grape;Bunch grape;Pigeon grape;V. sylvestris;V. occidentalis;V. Americana;V. Nortoni;V. labrusca, var.aestivalis;V. bracteata;V. araneosus.29.Britton and Brown,2:409. 1897.Summer grape;Small grape.30.Munson,Tex. Sta. Bul.,56:231, 234, 266. 1900.31.Viala and Ravaz,Am. Vines,1903:42, 59.Vine very vigorous; shoots slightly pubescent or smooth when young; diaphragms medium to rather thick; tendrils intermittent, usually bifid. Leaves with short, broad stipules; leaf-blade medium to very large, rather thin when young but becoming rather thick; petiolar sinus deep, usually narrow, frequently overlapping; margin rarely entire, usually three- to five-lobed; teeth dentate, shallow, medium wide; upper surface rather dark green; lower surface with more or less reddish or rusty pubescence which, in mature leaves, usually shows in patches on the ribs and veins; petioles frequently pubescent. Clusters medium to large, usually long, not much branched, with long peduncle. Berries small to medium, with moderate amount of bloom, usually somewhat astringent. Seeds two to three, of medium size to above, plump, usually smooth, not notched; chalaza oval, distinct; raphe a distinct cord-like ridge. Leafing and ripening fruit late to very late. (See Plate.)

Vine very vigorous; shoots slightly pubescent or smooth when young; diaphragms medium to rather thick; tendrils intermittent, usually bifid. Leaves with short, broad stipules; leaf-blade medium to very large, rather thin when young but becoming rather thick; petiolar sinus deep, usually narrow, frequently overlapping; margin rarely entire, usually three- to five-lobed; teeth dentate, shallow, medium wide; upper surface rather dark green; lower surface with more or less reddish or rusty pubescence which, in mature leaves, usually shows in patches on the ribs and veins; petioles frequently pubescent. Clusters medium to large, usually long, not much branched, with long peduncle. Berries small to medium, with moderate amount of bloom, usually somewhat astringent. Seeds two to three, of medium size to above, plump, usually smooth, not notched; chalaza oval, distinct; raphe a distinct cord-like ridge. Leafing and ripening fruit late to very late. (See Plate.)

Vitis aestivalisis variable, particularly in its leaf characters, such as quantity of pubescence, size, shape and thickness of leaf. Those who are most familiar with it are of the opinion that in a general way the leavesincrease in thickness southward and that the pubescence diminishes in quantity and becomes stiffer on dry, poor soils.

SHOOT OF VITIS AESTIVALISSHOOT OF VITIS AESTIVALIS

Aestivalis was probably described by some of the botanists before Michaux’s day but, if so, none of the descriptions is sufficiently definite and comprehensive to be recognized with certainty. Michaux was the first to describe it under the name of Aestivalis. It seems to have been generally known, as Bartram described it a short time later under the name ofVitis sylvestriswithVitis occidentalisas a synonym. He says: “This is the most common grape.” Owing to the great variation in the different forms of the species as it was then understood, many of the later botanists gave descriptions of it which did not agree. This uncertainty and the difficulty of giving a description which would fit all of the forms has been relieved in a measure; first, by the new species which have been created, such as Bicolor, Monticola and Cinerea, from what would have once been regarded as Aestivalis; and second, by the description and general acceptance of well-known varietal forms, such as Lincecumii and Bourquiniana.

The division of the original species has also reduced the habitat materially, confining it to the southeastern portion of the United States from southern New York to Florida and westward to the Mississippi River. Aestivalis grows in thickets and openings in the woods and shows no such fondness for streams as Riparia or for thick timber as Labrusca, but is generally confined to uplands. Under favorable circumstances the vines grow to be very large.

Aestivalis is preeminently a wine grape. The fruit usually has a tart, acrid taste, due to the presence of a high percentage of acid, but there is also a large amount of sugar, the scale showing that juice from this species has a much higher percentage of sugar than the sweeter tasting Labruscas. The wine made from varieties of Aestivalis is very rich in coloring matter, and is used by some European vintners to mix with the must of European sorts in order to give the combined product a higher color. The berries are destitute of pulp, have a comparatively thin, tough skin, and a peculiar spicy flavor. The berries hang to the bunch after becoming ripe much better than do those of Labrusca.

The species thrives in a lighter and shallower soil than Labrusca andappears to endure drouth better, although not equaling in this respect either Riparia or Rupestris. A southern or southeastern exposure gives better results for Aestivalis or Aestivalis hybrid vines than a northern one. The French growers report that Aestivalis is very liable to chlorosis on soils which contain much lime. The leaves are never injured by the sun, and they resist the attacks of insects, such as leaf-hoppers, better than any other American species under cultivation. Aestivalis is rarely injured by rot or mildew, according to American experience, but French growers speak of its being susceptible to both.

The hard roots of Aestivalis enable it to resist phylloxera, and varieties with any great amount of the blood of this species are seldom seriously injured by this insect. An objection to Aestivalis, from a horticultural standpoint, is that it does not root well from cuttings. Many authorities speak of it as not rooting at all from cuttings, but this is an overstatement of the facts, as many of the wild and cultivated varieties are occasionally propagated in this manner, and some southern nurseries, located in particularly favorable situations, make a practice of propagating it by this method. It is doubtful, however, if it could be successfully propagated from cuttings in New York. Varieties of this species bear grafting well, especially in the vineyard. Aestivalis blooms just after Labrusca. As might be inferred from its habitat, most cultivated varieties of this species require a longer season to mature their fruit than that of New York. On this account it is probable that Bicolor, once known as a northern form of Aestivalis, is more promising horticulturally for the North than the true Aestivalis of the Southeast.

1.(?) Rafinesque,1830:9.V. Multiloba;Dissected vine.2.(?) Prince,1830:183.V. diversifolia.3.U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt.,1847:199.Post oak grape.4.Buckley,Ib.,1861:485.V. Linsecomii;Post-oak grape;Pine-wood grape.5.Ib.,Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci.,1861:450.V. Linsecomii.6.Engelmann,Mo. Ent. Rpt.,1874:74.7.Ib.,Bush. Cat.,1883:16, 23.Post-oakgrape.8.Munson,Am. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1885:135.V. Lincecumii;Post-oak.9.Planchon,De Candolle’s Mon. Phan.5:323, 338. 1887.V. Lincecumii;Post-oak grape;Vine Wood grape;V. aestivalis, var.Lincecumii;V. incisifolia;V. multiloba?10.Munson,U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul.,3:12. 1890.V. Lincecumii.11.Ib.,Gar. and For.,3:474. 1890.V. Lincecumii.12.Ib.,Am. Gard.,12:585. 1891.V. Lincecumii;Post-oak grape.13.Ib.,Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1893:116.V. Lincecumii;Post Oak grape.14.McCluer,Ill. Sta. Bul.,28:257. 1893.V. Lincecumii;Post-oak grape.15.Munson,Bush. Cat.,1894:20, 22, 27.fig.V. Lincecumii;Texas Post-oak grape.16.Husmann,1895:110.V. Lincecumii;Summer grape;Post Oak grape.17.Munson,Rural N. Y.,56:610. 1897.V. Lincecumii;Post-oak grape.18.Mo. Sta. Bul.,46:62. 1899.V. Lincecumii;Texas Post Oak grape.19.Munson,Tex. Sta. Bul.,56:218, 231, 234, 235, 240, 261, 264. 1900.fig.V. Lincecumii;Post-oak grape.20.Bailey,Cyc. Am. Hort.,4:1954. 1902.V. diversifolia;Post-oak;Pine-wood;Turkey grape.21.Viala and Ravaz,Am. Vines,1903:42, 57.V. Lincecumii;Post Oak.Vine vigorous, sometimes climbing high upon trees, sometimes forming a bushy clump from two to six feet high; canes cylindrical, much rusty wool on shoots; tendrils intermittent. Leaves very large, almost as wide as long; entire or three-, five-, or rarely seven-lobed; lobes frequently divided; sinuses, including petiolar sinus, deep; smooth above, and with more or less rusty pubescence below. (The north-Texas, southwestern Missouri and northern Arkansas form shows little or no pubescence but has fine prickly spines at base of shoots and shows much blue bloom on shoots, canes and the under side of the leaves.) Fruit small to large, usually larger than typical Aestivalis, usually black with heavy bloom. Seeds larger than Aestivalis, pear-shaped; chalaza roundish.

Vine vigorous, sometimes climbing high upon trees, sometimes forming a bushy clump from two to six feet high; canes cylindrical, much rusty wool on shoots; tendrils intermittent. Leaves very large, almost as wide as long; entire or three-, five-, or rarely seven-lobed; lobes frequently divided; sinuses, including petiolar sinus, deep; smooth above, and with more or less rusty pubescence below. (The north-Texas, southwestern Missouri and northern Arkansas form shows little or no pubescence but has fine prickly spines at base of shoots and shows much blue bloom on shoots, canes and the under side of the leaves.) Fruit small to large, usually larger than typical Aestivalis, usually black with heavy bloom. Seeds larger than Aestivalis, pear-shaped; chalaza roundish.

Lincecumii seems to have been first described by Rafinesque, in 1830 under the nameVitis multiloba. His description fits fairly well, and as the source from which the vines were secured is within the habitat of the species, there appears but little doubt as to its correctness. In the same year Prince gives a very brief description of a grape from Texas under the nameVitis diversifoliawhich is probably this grape. The first description of the variety (or species) in such detail that it could not be mistaken was that of Buckley in 1861, asVitis linsecomii.

It inhabits the eastern half of Texas, western Louisiana, Indian Territory, Arkansas and southern Missouri on high sandy land, frequently climbing post-oak trees, hence the name, Post-oak grape, by which it is locally known.

Lincecumii has attracted considerable attention through the work of H. Jaeger and T. V. Munson in domesticating it, both of whom considered it one of the most, if not the most, promising form from which to secure cultivated varieties for the Southwest. The qualities which recommended it to them are: First, its vigor; second, its capacity to withstand rot and mildew; third, its hardiness and capacity to endure hot and dry summers without injury; and fourth, the large cluster and berry which were found on certain of the wild vines. It requires a longer season to mature than that of New York and is, consequently, of but little interest to grape-growers in this State. The fruit is characteristic because of its dense bloom, firm, yet tender texture and the peculiar so-called Post-oak flavor. The cultivated varieties have given satisfaction in many sections of the central western and southern states. Like Aestivalis, it is difficult to propagate from cuttings.

The north-Texas glaucous form of this variety mentioned in the technical description above is theVitis aestivalis glaucaof Bailey. This is the type of Lincecumii that Munson has used in his breeding work.

1.Garber,Gar. Mon.,1:75. 1859.2.Engelmann,Bush. Cat.,1883:16. (Varieties of southern origin).3.Bush,Ib.,1883:23.Southern Aestivalis.4.An. Hort.,1889:101.V. Bourquina.5.Munson,Gar. and For.,3:474, 475. 1890.V. Bourquiniana;Southern Aestivalis.6.Ib.,U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul.,3:12. 1890.V. Bourquiniana.7.Ib.,Am. Gard.,12:584. 1891.V. Bourquiniana;Southern Aestivalis.8.Popenoe and Mason,Kan. Sta. Bul.,44:117. 1893.V. Bourquiniana.9.Munson,Bush. Cat.,1894:20, 22, 27.V. Bourquiniana;Southern Aestivalis.10.Husmann,1895:6, 8.V. Bourquiniana.11.Munson,Tex. Farm and Ranch, Feb. 8,1896:10.V. Bourquiniana;Southern Aestivalis.12.Bailey,Gray’s Syn. Fl.,1:428. 1897.13.Ib.,Ev. Nat. Fr.,1898:81, 83, 114.14.Munson,Am. Gard.,20:1688. 1899.V. Bourquiniana.15.Ib.,Tex. Sta. Bul.,56:231, 240, 261. 1900.V. Bourquiniana;Southern Aestivalis.16.Viala and Ravaz,Am. Vines,1903:178.V. Bourquiniana.

Bourquiniana greatly resembles Aestivalis and differs chiefly from this species in having thinner leaves and in that the shoots and under side of the leaves are only slightly reddish-brown in color and the pubescence usually disappears at maturity; this pubescence is mostly of an ashy or dun color. The leaves on some of the vines are more deeply lobed than is at all common in Aestivalis. The fruit is considerably larger than that of Aestivalis, sweeter and more juicy.

The botanical variety, Bourquiniana, is known only in cultivation. It is mentioned by Garber in 1859 and by Engelmann in 1883. Speaking of Aestivalis the latter says: “Unfortunately the typical forms cannot be propagated by cuttings and there are a number of varieties which, originating from a southern home, are not quite hardy here but on the other hand have the advantage of being readily propagated by slips in some favorable localities. * * * Unfortunately no wild plant from which these varieties might have sprung is yet known but must be looked for in the mountains and hills of the Carolinas and Georgia and only when found in a wild state can we correctly judge of their botanical status.”

The name Bourquiniana was given by Munson, who ranks the group as a species. He includes therein many southern varieties the most important of which are: Herbemont, Bertrand, Cunningham, and Lenoir, these he groups in the Herbemont section; and Devereaux, Louisiana and Warren, he puts in the Devereaux section. Munson has traced the history of this interesting group and states that it was brought from southern France to America over 150 years ago by the Bourquin family of Savannah, Georgia. Many botanists have been of the opinion that Bourquiniana is a hybrid. Engelmann says: “I will only state here that a slight suspicion exists of their being hybrids betweenV. aestivalisand some form ofviniferathough the seeds are entirely those of the former and also the resistance to phylloxera.” Millardet considers Bourquiniana to be a mixed hybrid of Aestivalis, Cinerea and Vinifera. The hybrid supposition is certainly corroborated to a degree at least by the characters being more or less intermediatebetween the parent species and also by the fact that up to date no wild form of Bourquiniana has been found.

Munson’s derivation of the origin has not been accepted by either French or American botanists. In this connection Bailey says: “It is unassumable that a native grape distributed through the Mediterranean region could have escaped for centuries the critical search of European botanists and the knowledge of hundreds of generations of vignerons to be discovered at last transplanted in the new world.” Bush says: “This reminds us forcibly of the ‘Pedro Ximenes’ (called also White Green Riesling), which was believed to have been brought to Spain from the banks of theMoselleby the man whose name it bears.” Count Odart, a celebrated ampelograph, wittily said: “If he (Ximenes) took any he tookALL, for nosuchvine grows now north of the Pyrenees.’ Thus we also think: If Mr. Bourquin took any of the above grapes he tookALL, for noHerbemontorLenoircan now be found native in Europe.”

The only northern variety of grape of any importance that is supposed to have Bourquiniana blood is the Delaware,[147]and in this case only a fraction of Bourquiniana blood is presumably present.

Bourquiniana can be propagated from cuttings more easily than the typical Aestivalis but not so readily as Labrusca, Riparia or Vinifera. Many of the varieties of Bourquiniana show a marked susceptibility to mildew and black-rot; in fact, the whole Herbemont group is much inferior in this respect to the Norton group of Aestivalis. The roots are somewhat hard, branch rather freely and are quite resistant to phylloxera.

1.Le Conte,Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci.,6:272. 1853.V. aestivalis(Darlington).2.Ib.,U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt.,1857:230.Two-colored-leaved vine.3.Munson,Soc. Prom. Ag. Sci. Rpt.,1887:59.V. Argentifolia;Blue grape.4.An. Hort.,1889:101.5.Munson,Gar. and For.,3:474. 1890.6.Munson,U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul.,3:12. 1890.7.Ib.,Am. Gard.,12:585. 1891.Blue grape;Northern Summer grape.8.Ib.,Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1893:116.Blue grape;Northern aestivalis.9.Bailey,Gray’s Syn. Fl.,1:428. 1897.Blue grape;Northern Summer grape.10.Britton and Brown,2:409. 1897.Blue grape;Winter grape;V. aestivalis, var.bicolor.11.Munson,Tex. Sta. Bul.,56:231, 234, 240, 266. 1900.Blue grape.12.Viala and Ravaz,Am. Vines,1903:42, 59.Vine vigorous, climbing; shoots cylindrical or slightly angled, with rather long internodes, generally perfectly glabrous, usually showing much blue bloom, sometimes spiny at base; diaphragms medium to thick; tendrils intermittent, long, usually bifid. Leaves with short, broad stipules; leaf-blade medium to very large; roundish-cordate, usually three-, sometimes on older growth shallowly five-lobed, rarely entire; petiolar sinus variable in depth, usually rather narrow; margin irregularly dentate; teeth acuminate; glabrous above, usually glabrous below and showing much blue bloom which sometimes disappears late in the season; young leaves sometimes slightly pubescent; petioles very long. Cluster of medium size, compact, usually simple; peduncle long. Berries small to medium, black with much blue bloom, rather acid but pleasant tasting when ripe. Seeds small, plump, broadly oval, very short beak; chalaza oval, raised, distinct; raphe distinct, showing as a cord-like ridge.

Vine vigorous, climbing; shoots cylindrical or slightly angled, with rather long internodes, generally perfectly glabrous, usually showing much blue bloom, sometimes spiny at base; diaphragms medium to thick; tendrils intermittent, long, usually bifid. Leaves with short, broad stipules; leaf-blade medium to very large; roundish-cordate, usually three-, sometimes on older growth shallowly five-lobed, rarely entire; petiolar sinus variable in depth, usually rather narrow; margin irregularly dentate; teeth acuminate; glabrous above, usually glabrous below and showing much blue bloom which sometimes disappears late in the season; young leaves sometimes slightly pubescent; petioles very long. Cluster of medium size, compact, usually simple; peduncle long. Berries small to medium, black with much blue bloom, rather acid but pleasant tasting when ripe. Seeds small, plump, broadly oval, very short beak; chalaza oval, raised, distinct; raphe distinct, showing as a cord-like ridge.

Bicolor is readily distinguished from Aestivalis by the absence of the reddish pubescence, and by the bloom on the under side of the leaves and is distinguished from the glaucous form of Lincecumii by the smaller fruit and seeds. The species blooms slightly later than Aestivalis and Lincecumii. It was named and described by Le Conte in 1853 and has been generally recognized as a distinct species by later botanists.

The habitat of Bicolor is to the north of that of Aestivalis, occupying the northeastern, whereas Aestivalis occupies the southeastern quarter of the United States. Like Aestivalis it is not confined to streams and river-banks but frequently grows on higher land also. It is found in north Missouri, Illinois, southwestern Wisconsin, Indiana, southern Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, New York, southwestern Ontario, New Jersey and Maryland, and is by some botanists reported as far south as western North Carolina and west Tennessee.

The horticultural characters of Bicolor are much the same as those of Aestivalis. About the only points of difference are that it is much hardier (some of the Wisconsin vines stand a temperature as low as 20 degrees below zero); it is said to be slightly less resistant to mildew and more resistant to phylloxera. Like Aestivalis, Bicolor does not thrive on limy soilsand it is difficult to propagate from cuttings. The horticultural possibilities of Bicolor are probably much the same as those of Aestivalis, though many believe it to be more promising for the North. It is as yet cultivated but little. Its chief defect for domestication is the small size of the fruit.

1.De Candolle,Prodr.,1:634. 1824 (cited by Watson).2.Chapman,Fl. Sou. States,—:71. (cited by Watson).3.Buckley,U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt.,1861:483.4.Engelmann,Bush. Cat.,1883:10, 12, 14, 15.5.Munson,Am. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1885:136.Caloosa.6.(?) Ib.,Soc. Prom. Ag. Sci. Rpt.,1887:59.Prof. Curtis’ grape.7.Planchon,De Candolle’s Mon. Phan.,5:323, 330. 1887.8.Munson,U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul.,3:14. 1890.9.Ib.,Gar. and For.,3:474. 1890.10.Ib.,Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1893:116.11.Bailey,Gray’s Syn. Fl.,1:428. 1897.12.Viala and Ravaz,Am. Vines,1903:42, 52.Vine slender, climbing; shoots more or less woolly, or rarely nearly glabrous; diaphragms medium to thick; tendrils intermittent, rarely continuous, bifid or frequently trifid. Leaves cordate, usually entire when mature, frequently acuminate pointed; teeth shallow, wide, mucronate, slightly rugose above, thick whitish or rusty pubescence below; stipules small. Clusters large, long, with long, slender peduncle. Berries small to very small, purple or black with thin bloom, intensely acid until very ripe. Seeds usually but one or two to the berry, small to very small (Engelmann states that the Florida forms give larger seeds than those from the West Indies), notched; chalaza more or less circular, depressed, usually distinct; raphe a groove or slightly distinct. Very variable.

Vine slender, climbing; shoots more or less woolly, or rarely nearly glabrous; diaphragms medium to thick; tendrils intermittent, rarely continuous, bifid or frequently trifid. Leaves cordate, usually entire when mature, frequently acuminate pointed; teeth shallow, wide, mucronate, slightly rugose above, thick whitish or rusty pubescence below; stipules small. Clusters large, long, with long, slender peduncle. Berries small to very small, purple or black with thin bloom, intensely acid until very ripe. Seeds usually but one or two to the berry, small to very small (Engelmann states that the Florida forms give larger seeds than those from the West Indies), notched; chalaza more or less circular, depressed, usually distinct; raphe a groove or slightly distinct. Very variable.

Caribæa was first described by De Candolle and later by many other botanists but the species is not yet well known owing to its habitat. Caribæa is an inhabitant of the West Indies, middle and southern Florida, Louisiana, eastern Mexico, Yucatan, and various portions of tropical America. It is said to grow largely on lowlands.

The species is of no practical interest as it does not thrive and soon dies in temperate climates. Its horticultural characters are unknown.

1.Engelmann,Gray’s Pl. Lindh.,2:166. 1845.2.U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt.,1847:198.Mustang grape.3.Engelmann,Gray’s Pl. Wright.,1:32. 1852.4.Vanzandt,Gar. Mon.,1:166. 1859.Mustang grape.5.Affleck,Mag. Hort.,26:98. 1860.Mustang grape.6.Buckley,U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt.,1861:482.V. Mustangensis;Mustang grape.7.Engelmann,Am. Nat.,2:321. 1868.Mustang grape.8.Koch,Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1868:82.V. Mustangensis;Mustang grape.9.Engelmann,Mo. Ent. Rpt.,1874:76.V. Mustangensis;Mustang grape.10.Ib.,Bush. Cat.,1883: 10, 11, 12, 14, 15.V. Mustangensis;Mustang grape.11.Munson,Am. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1885: 137.V. Mustangensis.12.Ib.,Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.,1885:97, 98.Mustang grape.13.Planchon,De Candolle’s Mon. Phan.,1887:323, 326.V. Mustangensis;Mustang grape.14.Munson,Soc. Prom. Ag. Sci. Rpt.,1887:59.Mustang grape.15.Ib.,U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul.,3:10. 1890.16.Ib.,Bush. Cat.,1894:20, 22, 25.Mustang grape.17.Ib.,Rural N. Y.,56:610. 1897.Mustang.18.Bailey,Gray’s Syn. Fl.,1:428. 1897.Mustang grape.19.Munson,Tex. Sta. Bul.,56:232, 234, 240, 267. 1900.Mustang grape.20.Viala and Ravaz,Am. Vines,1903:42, 54.Vine very vigorous, climbing; shoots and petioles densely woolly, whitish or rusty; diaphragm thick; tendrils intermittent (according to Munson, rarely four continuous). Leaves with medium to large stipules; blade small to medium, broadly cordate to reniform ovate, frequently resembling those of a poplar, entire or in young shoots and on young vines and sprouts usually deeply from three- to five-, or even seven-lobed; teeth shallow, sinuate; petiolar sinus shallow, wide, sometimes lacking; dull, slightly rugose above, dense whitish pubescence below. Clusters small. Berries medium to large, black, purple, green, or even whitish, thin blue bloom or bloomless. Seeds usually three or four, large, short, plump, blunt, notched; chalaza oval, depressed, indistinct; raphe a broad groove.

Vine very vigorous, climbing; shoots and petioles densely woolly, whitish or rusty; diaphragm thick; tendrils intermittent (according to Munson, rarely four continuous). Leaves with medium to large stipules; blade small to medium, broadly cordate to reniform ovate, frequently resembling those of a poplar, entire or in young shoots and on young vines and sprouts usually deeply from three- to five-, or even seven-lobed; teeth shallow, sinuate; petiolar sinus shallow, wide, sometimes lacking; dull, slightly rugose above, dense whitish pubescence below. Clusters small. Berries medium to large, black, purple, green, or even whitish, thin blue bloom or bloomless. Seeds usually three or four, large, short, plump, blunt, notched; chalaza oval, depressed, indistinct; raphe a broad groove.

Candicans was described and named by Engelmann in his account of certain plants sent from Texas by Lindheimer. In 1861 it was described by Buckley who seems to have been unaware of the species having been previously named.

The habitat of this grape extends from southern Oklahoma, as a northern limit, southwesterly into Mexico. The western boundary is the Pecos River. It is found on dry, alluvial, sandy or limestone bottoms or on limestone bluff lands and is said to be especially abundant along upland ravines. Candicans grows well on limestone lands enduring as much as 60 per ct. of carbonate of lime in the soil. The species blooms shortly before Labrusca and a week later than Riparia. It requires the long hot summers of its native country and will stand extreme drouth but is not hardy to cold, ten or fifteen degrees below zero killing the vine outright unless protected; and a lesser degree of cold injuring it severely. Theberries, which are large for wild vines, have thin skins under which there is a pigment which gives them, when first ripe, a fiery, pungent taste but which partly disappears with maturity. The berries are very persistent, clinging to the pedicel long after ripe. Candicans is difficult to propagate from cuttings. Its roots resist phylloxera fairly well. It makes a good stock for Vinifera vines in its native country but owing to the difficulty of propagation is seldom used for that purpose. In the early days of Texas it was much used for the making of wine but as it is deficient in sugar, and as the must retains the acrid, pungent flavor, it does not seem to be well adapted for this purpose. It is not regarded as having great promise for southern horticulture and certainly has none for the North.

1.Shuttleworth Mss., Herb. Boiss.2.Chapman,Fl. Sou. States,—:71 (cited by Watson, Planchon and Bailey).V. caribea, var.CORIACEA.3.Engelmann,Bush. Cat.,1883:15.V. CANDICANS, Florida form.4.Munson,Am. Hort. Soc. Rpt.,1885:136.V. Caribea;Caloosa.5.Planchon,De Candolle’s Mon. Phan.,5:323, 345. 1887.V. coriacea.6.Munson,Soc. Prom. Ag. Sci. Rpt.,1887:59.V. coriacea;Leather-Leaf grape.7.Ib.,Gar. and For.,3:474. 1890.V. coriacea.8.Ib.,U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul.,3:10, 11. 1890.V. coriacea.9.Ib.,Am. Gard.,12:661. 1891.V. coriacea; Leather-leaf grape.10.Bailey,Gray’s Syn. Fl.,1:429. 1897.Leather-leaf grape; Calloosa grape.11.Munson,Tex. Sta. Bul.,56:232, 240. 1900.V. coriacea;Leather-Leaf grape.12.Viala and Ravaz,Am. Vines,1903:42, 52.V. coriacea.

Coriacea is a Florida variety of Candicans, differing from the Texas form, in having a shorter, somewhat smaller and comparatively thicker seed; small stipules; quite variable leaves, intermediate in shape between Labrusca and Candicans; and an absence of the fiery flavor. The blossoming period is two or three weeks later than the Texas form.

This form of Candicans was named and described by Shuttleworth in a manuscript now in the Herbarium Boissier at Geneva, Switzerland. Botanists seem divided as whether to regard it as a separate species or as a botanical variety. Its habitat is central and southern Florida.

Coriacea is more tender than the regular forms ofVitis candicansand this alone would make it worthless to the northern cultivator even were it otherwise valuable.

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