APPENDIX II.

ON THE AMERICAN REBELLION.

(7) Of books on the American revolutionary war the best general history of a popular kind is by Mr.Fiske,American Revolution, 2 vols., 1891; it is written with moderation and a desire for impartiality.Gordon,History of the Rise of the Independence of the United States, 4 vols., 1788, with many documents.G. Bancroft,History of the United States, centenary edition, 1879, vols. iii.-vi. containing the history of the revolution, display wonderful industry, but are disfigured by violent partisanship.Narrative and Critical History of America, edited by J. Winsor, vol. vi., 1888, has some good papers by various writers.Cambridge Modern History, vol. vii.,The United States, 1903.Tyler,Literary History of the American Revolution, 2 vols., 1879, illustrates the course of American sentiment during the period. SirG. O. Trevelyan,The American Revolution, pts. i. and ii., 3 vols., in progress, written on the whig side: the views taken in the present book as to the causes and character of the dispute, and as to some other points are different from those advanced by this distinguished author. For the loyalists,L. Sabine,American Loyalists, Boston, 1847, revised edit.,Biographies, etc., 2 vols., 1864, and Mr.Flick,Loyalism in New York(Columbia University Studies, xiv.). The best purely military history of the war is byStedman,History of the American War, 2 vols., 4to, 1794; he served under Howe, Clinton, and Cornwallis, and his book is a standard authority.Tarleton,Campaigns of 1780, 1781 in the Southern Provinces, 1787.Other books consulted areWashington's Writings and Life,bySparks, 12 vols., Boston, 1833-39;Franklin,Works, edit. Bigelow, 10 vols., N.Y., 1887-88;Tudor,Life of Otis, Boston, 1823;Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson, edited by P. Hutchinson, 2 vols., 1883, 1886;Frothingham,Siege of Boston,1849, a careful piece of work, though written in a remarkably vainglorious tone; Mr.Codman,Arnold's Expedition to Quebec, New York, 1902, an excellent and interesting monograph;Kingsford,History of Canada, vol. v., 1892, also deals with theexpedition.Johnston,Campaign of1776 (Long Island Hist. Soc.), 1878, a good narrative well furnished with documentary proofs, and by the same,The Yorktown Campaign, New York, 1881. JudgeJones,History of New York during the War, 2 vols., New York, 1879-80, edited by Mr. De Lancy, a book of special interest, for Jones was a loyalist; it is written with vigour, and censures the misdeeds on both sides alike. For Burgoyne's expedition—SirJ. Burgoyne,State of the Expedition from Canada, 1779, with his defence before the house of commons;Fonblanque,Episodes from the Life of Burgoyne, 1876, and Lieut.Hadden,Journal and Orderly-books, 1886. For Howe's conduct of the war—Examination of Joseph Galloway before the House of Commons, 1779; [Galloway,]Letters to a Nobleman, 1779, Galloway, a Philadelphian lawyer of large property, joined the British in 1776; SirW. Howe,Narrativebefore a committee of the house of commons, April 29, 1779, withObservations on Letters to a Nobleman, 1780;Detail and Conduct of the War, including the celebratedFugitive Pieces, 1780. Mr.M'Cradyin hisHistory of South Carolina: i.Under Royal Government, New York, 1899, an able book, shows how the desire for independence gained ground in the provinces; vols. ii. and iii.In the Revolution, 1902, contain a careful but tedious narrative, which seems to err in exalting the partisan commanders, Marion and Sumter, at the expense of Greene.The Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy, 2 vols., 1888, edited with minute care by the late Mr.B. F. Stevens, and containing all the official letters, orders, and the like of the campaigns in the Carolinas; this elaborate work is essential for forming a judgment on the controversy between the two generals. Other authorities more or less bearing on the quarrel with the colonies and the subsequent war are noted in other sections.

(8) On military matters generally:—Colonel the Hon. SirEdward Cust,Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth Century, iii.-v., 3rd edit., 1862; the Hon.J. W. Fortescue,A History of the British Army, 3 vols., 1899-1902, in progress, an important work to which this volume is indebted, though the view with regard to Clinton and Cornwallis taken by Mr. Fortescue is widely different from that adopted here;M. Chuquet,La jeunesse de Napoleon, Toulon, 1897, andGuerres de la Révolution, 11 vols., in progress, an important work, vol. x.Valenciennes, vol. xi.Hondschoote; SirH. Bunbury,Narratives of the Great War with France, 1854, begins with the campaign in Holland of 1799;Drinkwater,History of the Siege of Gibraltar, Dublin, 1793;C. J. Fox,Napoleon Bonaparte and the Siege of Toulon, Washington, U.S.A., 1902; Dr.Holland Rose,Life of Napoleon I., 2 vols., 1902, and some other works.

ON NAVAL HISTORY.

(9) For naval history:—CaptainMahan,Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1889,Influence of Sea Power on the French Revolution, 2 vols., 4th edit., 1892, andLife of Nelson, 2 vols., 1897, books to which all students of the history of the eighteenth century are deeply indebted.James,Naval History of Great Britain, 6 vols., edit. 1837; vols. i.-iii. include from 1793 to 1801, a famous work which is still of high authority on naval engagements and tactics, the size and classes of ships, the number and character of their guns, etc., but it neither explains nor criticises strategy.Brenton,Naval History of Great Britain, 1783-1822, 5 vols., 1823, uncritical and inaccurate, though as the work of a naval officer in active service, who had a part in some of the events it describes, it has a certain importance. SirW. L. Clowes,The Royal Navy, vol. iv., 1899.T. Keppel,Life of Viscount Keppel, 2 vols., 1842.Mundy,Life of Rodney, 2 vols., 1830. Mr.D. Hannay,Rodney(English Men of Action Series), 1891, an admirable little book, and his edition of theLetters of Sir S. (Viscount) Hood(Navy Records Soc.), 1895, exhibiting the determining effect of naval failure on the part of England on the last phase of the war with America.Barrow,Life of Earl Howe, 1838. Mr.J. K. Laughton,Nelson(English Men of Action Series), 1895, by an acknowledged master of English naval history, and his articles in theDict. of National Biographyon the sea-captains of the period.Logs of the Great Sea Fights, 1794-1805(Navy Records Soc.), vol. i., 1899, in progress, well edited by Rear-Admiral T. Sturges Jackson, a delightful book of first-rate value. References to the latest contributions to the subject of Nelson at Naples are given in the text.Chevalier,Histoire de la Marine Française pendant la Guerre de l'Indépendence Americaine, 1877,Histoire, etc., sous la première République, 1886, most valuable works; a third vol.,Hist., etc., sous le Consulat. M. le CapitaineDesbrière,Projets de Débarquement, 2 vols., 1901, a phase of the great war told with all the care and lucidity which distinguish the best French historical work.

(10) For European politics during the French revolution the best books are byHeinrich von Sybel, used here in the French translation,Histoire de l'Europe pendant la Révolution Française, 6 vols., 1869-88, and by M.Albert Sorel,L'Europe et la Révolution Française, 6 vols., 1903, in progress; vol. vi. covers 1800-5, a work distinguished alike by learning, insight, and literary quality; the great collection ofG. F. von Martens,Recueil des Traités depuis 1761, vols. i.-vi., 1817-29; Comtede Garden,Histoire des Traités, vols. iv.-vi., 1848-87, andF. de Martens,Recueil des Traités conclus par la Russie, vols. ix., x. (Angleterre), 1892.

(11) In Irish historyLeckyhas generally been followed, supplemented byPlowden,History of Ireland to the Union, 2 vols., 1809;H. Grattan,Life of Grattan, 5 vols., 1839;Correspondence between Pitt and the Duke of Rutland, 1781-87, edit. 1890. EarlFitzwilliam,FirstandSecond Letters to the Earl of Carlisle, 1795;Tone,Life of T. W. Tone, 2 vols., 1826;Madden,United Irishmen, 2 vols., 2nd edit., 1858;Gordon,History of the Rebellion, 2nd edit., 1803, a trustworthy and graphic narrative by a protestant clergyman of co. Wexford;Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh(Lord Londonderry), 12 vols., 1848-85, vols. ii.-iv.;Ingram,History of the Irish Union, 1887, though failing in its hopeless attempt to prove that the union was not effected by corrupt means, a book well worth reading;Cornwallis Correspondenceand some other books already noted.

(12) For Indian matters:—MillandWilson,History of British India, 10 vols., 1858, vols. iii.-vi., a standard work; SirJ. F. Stephen,Story of Nuncomar, 2 vols., 1885; Mr.G. Forrest,Selections from State Papers, India, 1772-85, 3 vols., 1890, documents of first-rate importance, well edited, with good introduction, which, perhaps, attempts too complete a defence of Hastings; SirA. Lyall,Warren Hastings(English Men of Action Series), 1902, a thoroughly sound and well-considered biography; Mr.S. J. Owen,Selections from the Despatches of Marquess Wellesley, 1877, with theCornwallis Correspondencealready noted.

ON ECONOMIC PROGRESS.

(13) For the social and economic history in chap, xiii., a general account will be found inLecky,History, vol. v., an admirable and delightful piece of work;Social England, vol. v., 1896, edited byTraill, papers of various merit by various authors; a new edition with well-chosen illustrations is now (1904) published; and chapters at the end of vols. vii. and ix. of thePictorial History of England, edited byCraikandMacfarlane, 1841, 1843. Manners and customs are described by Mr.Sydney,England and the English in the Eighteenth Century, 2 vols., 1891, and by Mr.Ashton, whoseOld Times, 1885, is almost wholly composed of newspaper cuttings and caricatures, and is, therefore, so far as it goes, a contemporary authority. Notices of the gambling and frivolity of a portion of the upper class, some not before printed, are given in SirG. Trevelyan'sEarly Life of C. J. Fox(see above). An independent study should include the chronicle in theAnnual Register, Walpole's Letters,Jesse,George Selwyn and his Contemporaries, 4 vols., 1843, andSelwyn's Letters, edited by Mr. Roscoe and Miss Clergue, 1899;Smollett,Humphrey Clinker, written in 1770;Anstey,New Bath Guide, "poeticalepistles describing life at Bath" in 1766; MissBurney,Evelina, in 1778, and many other books. A good introduction to the literary history of the period is given by Mr.G. Saintsbury,Short History of English Literature, 1898. Though the late SirLeslie Stephenin hisEnglish Thought in the Eighteenth Century, 2 vols., 2nd edit., 1881, deals chiefly with the earlier part of the century, he has much of the highest value, specially in chaps. x. and xi., on writers of this period; see also his articles on them in theDict. of National Biography. Church history is carefully treated byAbbeyandOverton,The English Church in the Eighteenth Century, ed. 1887. For the administration of the criminal law—MajorGriffith,Chronicles of Newgate, 2 vols., 1884. For prisons—John Howard,The State of the Prisons, 4th edit., 1792. For the police arrangements of London—Colquhoun,Treatise on the Police, 1795.

On economic and industrial history the latest and best authority is Dr.Cunningham,Growth of English Industry and Commerce, Modern Times, pts. i. and ii., 2 vols., 1903. Other books used areCraik, inPictorial Historyas above, republished in hisHistory of British Commerce, 1844;Macpherson,Annals of Commerce, 4 vols., 1805;McCulloch, edition ofAdam Smith,Wealth of Nations, 1863;Rogers,Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 2 vols., 1884, and hisIndustrial and Commercial History of England, lectures, 2 vols., 1898, andWarner,Landmarks in English Industrial History, 1899, a useful and well-arranged little book. For the cotton manufacture—SirE. Baines,History of the Cotton Manufacture, 1836. With reference to agriculture and the poor—A. Young,Six Weeks' Tour in the Southern Counties, 1769, andTour through the North, 4 vols., 1770, present the condition of agriculture at the time, with lists of wages and the expenses of the labouring class; Rev.J. Howlett, pamphlets on theInfluence of Enclosures, 1786, and theCauses of the Increase of the Poor, 1786; Mr.R. E. Prothero,Pioneers and Progress of English Farming, 1888, an excellent account; SirG. A. Nicholls,History of the English Poor Law, 2 vols., 1898, and Mr. and Mrs.S. Webb,History of Trades Unionism, 1902.

***Dr. A. von Ruville's important and masterly work,William Pitt, Graf von Chatham, 3 vols., Stuttgart and Berlin, 1905, appeared while this book was in the press.

ADMINISTRATIONS OF GREAT BRITAIN, 1760-1801.[318]

1. NEWCASTLE,as in November, 1760.

2. BUTE,May, 1762.

3. GRENVILLE,May, 1763.

4. ROCKINGHAM,July,1765.

5. CHATHAM,August, 1766.

6. GRAFTON,December, 1767.

7. NORTH,January, 1770.

8. ROCKINGHAM,March, 1782.

9. SHELBURNE,July, 1782.

10. COALITION, NORTHandFOX,April, 1783.

11. PITT,December, 1783.

FOOTNOTES:[318]In preparing these lists I have derived much help from theBook of Dignities, edited by Mr. Ockerby, 1890, though my lists do not always agree with it. The division of the spheres of the secs. of state into n. and s. depts. was merely a matter of convenience, and I am not sure that my attempt to present the changes of depts. is accurate in every case.[319]Not a cabinet office.

[318]In preparing these lists I have derived much help from theBook of Dignities, edited by Mr. Ockerby, 1890, though my lists do not always agree with it. The division of the spheres of the secs. of state into n. and s. depts. was merely a matter of convenience, and I am not sure that my attempt to present the changes of depts. is accurate in every case.

[319]Not a cabinet office.

THE GRENVILLES.

FOOTNOTES:[320]In 1760 ld. privy seal; resigned, 1761.[321]In 1760 treas. of navy; sec. of state, 1762; first ld. of treas. and ch. of exch., 1763-65.[322]Ld.-lieut. of Ireland, 1782; one day sec. of state, 1783; ld.-lieut. of Ireland, 1787.[323]Minister plen. at Paris, 1782; ambassador at Vienna, 1793; book-collector.[324]Chief sec. for Ireland, 1782; paymaster-general, 1783; speaker, 1789; sec. of state, home, 1789; sec. of state, foreign, 1791; first ld. of treas., 1806.

[320]In 1760 ld. privy seal; resigned, 1761.

[321]In 1760 treas. of navy; sec. of state, 1762; first ld. of treas. and ch. of exch., 1763-65.

[322]Ld.-lieut. of Ireland, 1782; one day sec. of state, 1783; ld.-lieut. of Ireland, 1787.

[323]Minister plen. at Paris, 1782; ambassador at Vienna, 1793; book-collector.

[324]Chief sec. for Ireland, 1782; paymaster-general, 1783; speaker, 1789; sec. of state, home, 1789; sec. of state, foreign, 1791; first ld. of treas., 1806.

Abercromby, Sir Ralph,377,389;

commander-in-chief in Ireland,405,406,430,436,439.

Abington, Mrs.,258.

Abukir bay,417,439. SeeNile, battle of the.

Academy, Royal,262.

A'Court, General,52.

Acre, siege of,418,419.

Acton, Sir John,427.

Adam, William, advocate,358.

Adam, Robert, architect,262.

Adams, John,132,134.

Adams, Samuel,60,109,124-126,132,142,147.

Addington, Henry (afterwards Viscount Sidmouth),187;

speaker,315,452,453;

first lord of treasury and chancellor of exchequer,454.

Agricultural revolution,273-278.

Aiguillon, Duc d',114,115.

Aitken, James, "John the Painter,"170.

Albany (U.S.A.),172,173,176,178-180.

Albemarle, Earl of (Keppel), general,37.

Alessandria, convention signed at,437.

Alexandria taken by the French,416.

Alien act,341,403.

Alkmaar,430.

Allen, Ethan,144,151.

Almon, John,116,324.

Alvinzi, Austrian general,382,390.

Ambleteuse,401.

Amboy (U.S.A.),169.

American colonies, proposed taxation of,54,57;

trade advantages of,55;

contraband trade of,56;

stamp duty imposed upon,59,60;

troubles in,61;

claim exemption from taxation,62,63;

the Townshend duties in,83,84;

penal laws against Massachusetts,128;

quartering bill in,129;

first continental congress,132;

outbreak of war in,139;

second congress, the "United Colonies,"146;

declaration of Independence,158.

American War of Independence,139-169,172-188,191,193-198,214-216,218-226,238-244.

Amherst, Sir Jeffrey (later baron),58,89,186.

Amsterdam,209;

pensionary of,210.

Andover, parliamentary election for,19.

André, Major,215,216.

Anson, George, Lord Anson, admiral, first lord of the admiralty,8,16,29,35.

Anti-jacobin, the,399.

Antwerp, conference at,349.

Arbuthnot, Marriot, admiral,219.

Architecture, state of,261.

Arcola, battle of,390.

Arcot, capture of,196,237;

nawáb of,232.

Arden, Pepper, master of the rolls,306.

Arklow (Ireland), battle of,411.

Arkwright, Richard,271,272.

Armagh, Archbishop of (William Stuart),45.

Armed Neutrality, leagues of,208-210,441,442.

Armistead, Mrs.,309.

Arnold, Benedict,144,151,152,156,166,178;

treachery of,215,216,221-223,225.

Artois, Comte d',376,377.

Asaf-ud-Daulá, nawáb wazír of Oudh,249.

Atholl, Duke of (Stewart Murray),63.

Auckland, Earl of. SeeEden, William.

Augsburg, proposed congress at,23.

Austen, Jane,260.

Austria. SeeFrancis II.;Joseph II.;Leopold II.

Austria, makes war for Silesia,17,23,24,36;

joins the league of armed neutrality,208;

aggressive policy under Joseph II.,297-298;

war with Turks,325-326;

agreement with Prussia against revolution in France,334;

war with France,334,337;

joins the first coalition,340;

aims of,351,361;

renews hostilities,374;

losses in Italy,380;

peace with France,390,397;

joins second coalition,423;

deserts it,440.

Austrian Netherlands, plan of exchange297,349,351;

revolt of,325,326;

French party in,331;

French invasion of,336,337;

occupation of,342;

French evacuate,349;

French conquest of,360-363;

surrender of proposed,383;

emperor surrenders,397;

Belgium ceded to France,440.

Bacon, John, sculptor,263.

Bahama islands,217,243.

Bakewell, Robert, grazier,275.

Ballinamuck, battle of,414.

Baltimore (U.S.A.),168,225.

Bank of England, suspension of cash payments,387,388;

grants a loan,435.

Banks, Sir Joseph,263.

Barbadoes,199,227.

Barras, Comte de,224.

Barré, Isaac, colonel,52,59,107,117,130,139,238,240,253.

Barri, Madame du,114.

Barrier treaty (1713),297.

Barrington, Samuel, admiral,195,202.

Barrington, Viscount (Barrington),20,35;

secretary at war,68,96,153.

Basle, treaty between Prussia and France signed at,374.

Bass, George,264.

Bastia, captured by British,363.

Bastille, fall of the,316.

Bath, Earl of (Pulteney),16.

Bathurst, Earl (previously Lord Apsley); lord chancellor,115;

lord president of council,203.

Bavaria, Elector of, subsidiary treaty between Great Britain and,436.

SeeAustrian Netherlandsfor plan of exchange.

Baxár, battle of,78.

Beaufoy, Henry, M.P.,295.

Beaumarchais, dramatist,182.

Beckford, William, alderman,32,76,100,107,110,111;

death of,116,260.

Bedford, Duke of (Russell),8,26,31;

privy seal,32-34;

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