CHAPTER VIII.

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES.

Prejudiceis the daughter of ignorance; and nothing exemplifies the truth of this more thoroughly than the senseless repugnance to salt which is now so remarkably prevalent. Ask these persons for their reasons, if we can dignify them as such, for disliking salt; their answers, as a rule, will be trifling platitudes, altogether unworthy of refutation, or even of moderate attention.

Objections founded on imperfect, or an affectation of knowledge, are not worth the trouble of confuting, even if they be supported by a fair amount of intelligence; but when the opponents of salt begin to base their assertions upon science, and demur on medicinal, dietetic, and physiological grounds, then we must meet them armed with similar weapons to those they have chosen, with the handling of which they are but imperfectly acquainted, and which therefore recoil upon them in such a way as prove that though they may be shrewd, they are but badly informed and credulous scientists.

At the present day the science of physiology has arrived at such a pitch of perfection that there is not a single secretion, tissue, or organ of the body, with the exception of the spleen, which has not been investigated, and the functions divulged and made so plain that it is quite divested of that apparent mystery which formerly enshrouded it; though our kind friends, the anti-vivisectionists, would willingly adopt the most unjust measures to prevent the study of life from being more perfect than it already is: they protest with well-feigned horror at a frog or a rabbit, under the influence of chloroform, being experimented upon for the benefit of humanity, while they see, without allowing a sign of disapprobation to escape from them, an inoffensive hare chased to death forthe amusement of gentility, and probably gloat over, with pleasure, the dying agonies of a stag: a sight which gratifies the somewhat questionable proclivities of refined and elegant ladies, who race their horses out of breath to gaze on the sanguinary scene.

Had it not been for physiological research we should not have known that the chloride of sodium was such an important constituent in the animal economy; we should have been in utter ignorance of the science of life, and we should never have known how man is begotten, how developed, or how he dies. With regard to the two processes of decay and repair, or how the human organism, from a mere cell, gradually becomes a being highly organised, mentally as well as physically, we should have known nothing. Physiology has been a boon to humanity and an inexhaustible field of research to the scientific.

In a chemical point of view there is no more important mineral constituent in the human body than the chloride of sodium, for it occurs nearly in every part of the system, both solid and fluid, in close and intimate relation with the organic compounds, and it materially influences their chemical and physical properties; for instance, the albumen partly owes its solubility to the presence of salt, the quantity of which causes the differences which it presents as regards its coagulation; pure caseine, which is quite insoluble, is dissolved at once on the addition of common salt; and if it is added in increased proportions it impedes the coagulation of the fibrine. Another remarkable physiological fact is that the chloride of sodium is not only uniformly present, but its various proportions are nearly definite and constant, both in the fluids and tissues; and the existence of a provision for the limitation of the quantity kept in the system causes the proportions to be little affected, in the way of excess at least, by the amount of salt the food may contain, that is, if the diet is wholesome and the individual healthy.

According to Lehmann, who experimentalised on himself, the blood may contain in a normal state 4·14 parts of the chloride of sodium in 1000, and after a meal of very salty food it may be only increased to 4·15; he says it only rose to 4·18 when two ounces of salt had been taken an hour before, and two quarts of water had been drunk in the interval. The blood will not receive more than a certain amount; and as an over-amount of salt will produce extreme thirst, a quantity passes through the kidneys with the water that has been drunk; frequent drinking of course causes frequent micturition. If we take the mean of numerous observations by severalexperimenters, the average quantity of urine voided by healthy adult males is about 52-1/2 fluid ounces; this quantity may contain urea to the amount of 512·4 grains, chlorine 105·0 grains, and soda 125·? grains, besides other salts and extractives. If such an amount passes out with the urine we can easily account for the slight increase in the blood of Lehmann.

The quantity of the chloride of sodium in the blood is liable to great variation in different diseases; and there can be little doubt that this variation is closely connected (though whether in the relation of cause or in that of effect, we are not exactly entitled to surmise) with the histological and other transformations of the component parts of the blood. The proportions of salt greatly differ in several tissues, and also at different periods of the development of the same tissue. “Thus in muscle,” according to Enderlin, “100 parts of the ash left after incineration of ox-flesh yielded nearly 46 per cent. of the chloride of sodium and potassium; which, as this ash constitutes 4·23 per cent. of the dried flesh, would give 1·94 as the proportion of the chloride of sodium in 100 parts of the latter; and reckoning this dried residue to constitute 28 per cent. of the whole substance of the muscle (the remaining 77 parts being water) the proportion of chloride of sodium in the latter will be 0·44. These figures, as will be presently seen, bear a remarkably close correspondence to those which represent the proportion of chloride of sodium in the ash, solid residue and entire mass of the blood.”57

Next to muscle, cartilage contains the largest amount of the chloride of sodium, and this especially in the temporary cartilages of the fœtus, its place being taken by the phosphate of lime as it approaches the time of birth. The percentage of the chloride of sodium contained in the ash of the costal cartilage of an adult is about 8·2; in the laryngeal cartilage 11·2; but as the ash does not constitute above 3·4 per cent. of the entire substance the percentage of the chloride of sodium in the latter is, at the most, 0·38 of the whole, or less than that of blood and muscle. Only from 0·7 to 1·5 per cent. could be extracted from the ash of bone.

Besides the important uses of the chloride of sodium in the blood to which we have already adverted, it serves the purpose of furnishing the hydrochloric acid required (by many animals, at least) for the gastric secretion; and it likewise supplies the soda-base for the alkaline phosphate, whose presence in the blood appearsto serve a most important purpose in the respiratory process. Moreover, there is reason to think, from the experiments of Boussingault upon animals, as well as from other considerations, that the presence of salt in the blood and excreted fluids facilitates the deportation of excrementitious substances from the blood. The proportion in which it occurs in the principal animal fluids is represented by the following table, constructed by Lehmann chiefly from his own analyses; it is highly interesting, and shows us at a glance that it is more important in the economy than any other substance, and is significant of the fact that health cannot exist long if the chloride of sodium is below the normal amount.

Percentage of Chloride of Sodium in various Animal Fluids, their Solid Residue and their Ash.

We have thus proved physiologically that the chloride of sodium holds a most prominent position among the other constituents of the body; that it is present in considerable quantities in muscle as well as in the blood; and that it furnishes the acid, which is necessary for the stomach to perform its functions of digestion. It holds the albumen partly in solution, and its coagulation is dependent more or less on the amount of salt which is present in the blood, and it also possesses the power of preventing the coagulation of the fibrine. In fevers the blood is generally thicker, and has a tendency to coagulate by reason of the partial absence of salt, because a good deal passes off with the perspiration; and fever patients always prefer salt to sugar, for while one refreshes them and helps to restore the usual healthy tone of the palate, by constringing the papillæ of the tongue, the other raises feelings of disgust.

It is also present in cartilage, though in a lesser degree than in blood or muscle, because in cartilage there is no disintegration orwaste of tissue, and therefore it does not require such a perpetual supply; there is, on the contrary, a continual loss going on in muscle, especially during exertion. Perspiration is to a certain extent the principal medium which carries off the chloride of sodium, owing to its being held in solution by the liquor-sanguinis; during fatigue, particularly if prolonged, a greater quantity passes off, producing various degrees of thirst. That the normal proportion of the chloride of sodium should be regularly maintained must be obvious.

In febrile disease the fibrine of the blood is materially increased, and there is also a marked decrease of salt, which is dependent on a greater or lesser intensity of the attack, rendering the blood denser, owing to the fact of the tendency of the fibrine to coagulate by reason of the diminution of the chloride of sodium, causing the blood to circulate slowly and with difficulty.

In some other morbid conditions, which we have already noticed, the blood becomes thinner and poorer; and consequently the system degenerates, and we get an anæmic, or chlorotic tendency, especially if there is a scrofulous diathesis. There are other blood diseases, as the reader may suppose, and which are more truly such, than those to which I have just alluded, into the phenomena of which it is not necessary to enter.

In health what a decided difference! the specific gravity of the blood is uniformly equable;58it circulates with comparative ease; and the whole system is permeated with the life-giving and health-preserving chloride of sodium, and the coagulation of the fibrine is prevented by nothing else but that mineral and inorganic substance—salt, which at the same time purifies and maintains the equalisation of the constituents of the blood. By it also the hydrochloric acid is supplied to the stomach, enabling that organ to perform its functions of digestion in accordance with the laws of health; and it likewise furnishes the alkaline phosphate “whose presence in the blood appears to serve the most important purpose in the respiratory process.”

What stronger evidence do we require to prove the salutary efficacy of salt? No wonder that it is so frequently reverted to in Holy Writ; neither can it be a source of surprise that it has been so carefully cherished and extensively utilised from time immemorial. What is to be regarded as an extraordinary anomaly is that there are not a few who are entire strangers to its virtues,and who prefer impurity and defilement to the luxury of health and cleanliness.

Those who desire more conclusive proof of the utility of salt, of its necessity in the animal economy, and of the peculiar morbid phenomena to which its absence in the system gives rise, I would refer to two articles which appeared at different times in theMedical Press and Circular, and in theMedical Times and Gazette.59The cases I there mention occurred in different localities, and they demonstrate incontestably that parasites, especially thelumbrici(thetæniæare well known to infest adults of impure habit), are sometimes the origin of strange and incomprehensible symptoms of a deceptive character, rendering diagnosis extremely difficult and unsatisfactory, and frequently endangering the lives of the sufferers. Is it not a blessing to know that nature has munificently provided a means whereby these distressing evils may be checked and definitely eradicated by a daily use of such an enemy to, and destroyer of, disease as the chloride of sodium, universally known as common salt?

CONCLUSION.

Itis invariably a relief when one’s task is completed, and more so when it is self-imposed. Putting our thoughts and opinions upon paper for others to peruse and to criticise, is pleasure combined with not a little anxiety; for one cannot with any degree of certainty predict what kind of reception one’s efforts may have from the public, who are frequently led to a choice of books on the recommendation of critics and reviewers; so that an unknown author is placed at a great disadvantage, and at the mercy of those who may laud a book to the skies if they please, satirically criticise another, and pass over a third with a sarcastic smile or a significant shrug of the shoulders. I am afraid that my little volume will unfortunately be found amongst the latter, but I candidly acknowledge that I hope it will be regarded as belonging to the first, or at least to the second.

As I have simply written it in order to point out the virtues of an aliment of the greatest interest in whatever light we may look at it, I trust that if I have not instructed, I have at any rate afforded pleasure to those who have thought it worth their while to glance over its pages; and I shall be quite contented if they have derived as much satisfaction in reading, as I have experienced in writing it.

I have tried to impress upon the reader the advisability, and indeed the necessity, of using the bountiful gifts of nature in a manner consistent with common sense, and not to follow blindly and credulously the whims and conceits of others, but to regard their frantic efforts to indoctrinate the thoughtless, with that dispassionate indifference which is the sign of philosophical complacency and superiority. Lucretius says truly that “nothing is more delightful than to occupy the elevated temples of the wise, well fortified by tranquil learning, whence you may look down upon others and see them straying in every direction, and wandering in search of the path of life.”

Approbation is pleasing, and particularly so when it comes from those who are more able to judge impartially and correctly than others; and censure, if deserved, though far from gratifying, is not of a nature to intimidate or to create discouragement.

With these concluding remarks, and certain misgivings, I now submit my short work to the indulgent consideration of those who read for the sake of obtaining information, those who read for amusement only, and to those who peruse literary productions with the eye of criticism. Lord Bacon advises us to “Read, not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. That is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.”

In conclusion, I must say that I sincerely hope that the candid reader has reaped improvement where the critic may have found only matter for censure.

A., page38. “Occasionally lakes are found which have streams flowingintothem, but none flowingout. Such lakes are usually salt. The Caspian Sea in Asia is an example. It is called a sea from its great extent, but it is in reality an inland lake of salt water.”

B., page80. Mr. William Barnard Boddy on “Diet and Cholera”: “The nourishment we derive from the flesh of some animals is not so compatible with the well-being of our constitutional wants as others, particularly the swine, which was altogether prohibited by the Jewish lawgiver, independent of its spiritual enactments, because it produced ‘leprosy.’ Now pork is largely consumed in England, especially by the poorer classes, and in ninety-nine cases out of every hundred is almost invariably succeeded by diarrhœa; and we need not be surprised at this when we look at the filthy habits of this animal; its impure feeding and liability to the diseases of measles and scarlet-fever. But when we know that they are often in this state killed and sold as an article of food, the liability to disease of course is much greater. But this is not all, as relates to this class of society, for almost—I might say positively so—every article upon which they subsist is impoverished by vile adulterations, and worse, putrefactions; their limited means enabling them to procure only the half-decomposed refuse of the vegetable market, and the half-tainted meat from the butchers’ shambles.

“The more wealthy command all the luxuries of life in abundance, and, agreeable to their inclinations and appetites, feast accordingly. Over-indulgence however, often repeated, at last exhausts the healthy tone of the stomach, and blunts the keen edge of desire; and in order to produce a false appetite, condiments of variouskinds and degrees are substituted; so that, in fact, the food becomes nearly as vitiated by these additions as that of the poor man’s by subtractions—the one of necessity, the other of choice. Extremes meet, and here ‘the rich and poor meet together;’ for under both circumstances the animal economy must severely suffer, and the ‘blood, which is the life,’ becomes weak and serous; and though for a time, from the great reluctance health has to depart, the growing evils of an impure and unwholesome diet may not be perceived or apprehended, yet insensibly, from the perpetual inroads made upon the constitution, and the delicate seat of life, the efforts to resist disease become weaker and weaker, till at last the whole mass is left without any internal active principle of sound health available to resist or overcome its effects.”

THE END.

BAILLIÈRE, TINDALL & COX, 20, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.

[1]The saliva, besides containing water, ptyaline, fatty matter, and albumen, holds in solution chloride of sodium and potassium, besides the sulphate of soda and the phosphates of lime and magnesia. The amount secreted during twenty-four hours has been estimated at from two to three pints.

[2]Their food, according to geologists, consisted solely of shell-fish.

[3]This sea is called by several names, viz., “The Dead Sea,” “The Sea of the Plain,” or “of the Arabah,” and “The East Sea.” In the 2nd Book of Esdras v. 7, it is called the “Sodomish Sea.” Josephus uses a similar name, ἡ Σοδομύτυς λίμνη—the Sodomite Lake; he also calls it by the same name as Diodorus Siculus, the “Asphaltic Lake”—ἡ Ἀσφαλτίτις λίμνη. It contains 26 per cent. of salt, including large quantities of magnesium compounds; its weight is of course great, a gallon weighing almost 12-1/2 lb.; and its buoyancy is proportionate to the weight, being such that the human body cannot sink in it. At the south side is a mass of crystallised salt, and in it is a very peculiar cavern, extending at least five miles, varying in height from 200 to 400 feet. This sea is 1312 feet below the level of the Mediterranean; the river Jordan, from the Sea of Galilee, flows into it, but no river flows from it.

[4]According to C. Velleius Paterculus of Rome, Homer flourishedB.C.968; according to Herodotus,B.C.884; the Arundelian Marbles fix his eraB.C.907.

[5]To show how acute the Greek mind must have been, and how alive the philosophers of that classic country were to everything, whether beautiful or useful, we need only call to mind the quaint observation of Zeno, the founder of the Stoics, who was born aboutB.C.300, and who says that “a soul was given to the hog instead of salt, to prevent his body from rotting;” by this we see he was quite cognisant of the preservative properties of salt.

[6]Between the Nile and the Red Sea there are quarries of white marble, of porphyry, of basalt, and the beautiful green breccia, known asVerde d’Egitto; in the same locality are found gold, iron, lead, emerald, and copper.

[7]A learned author states as follows: “We have seen, too, that the earliest state of Egypt, as seen in the pyramids, and in the tombs of the same age, reveals an orderly society and civilisation, of which the origin is unknown.”

[8]No doubt they were proud of their African parentage, and looked upon the hoary monarchy of the Nile with a sentiment of religious awe and unfeigned wonder. Baron Bünsen graphically puts it: “Egypt was to the Greeks a sphinx with an intellectual human countenance.”

[9]Probably owing to the existence of salt in Western Thibet and in Lahore, a province of Hindostan, also the Indian Salt Range, which stretches in a sigmoid curve, according to the late researches of Mr. Wynne, from Kalabagh on the Indus to a point north of Tank, both the Chinese and Hindoos may have been equally cognisant of its virtues with the Egyptians, especially when we have it recorded that the Celestials procured it by a process not only original but in a certain degree characteristic of Asiatic combination of ingenuity and clumsiness.

[10]Baron Bünsen says that “No nation of the earth has shown so much zeal and ingenuity, so much method and regularity in recording the details of private life, as the Egyptians.” They were also most expert engineers; the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea, which may be called the canal of Rameses II., being protected at the Suez mouth by a system of hydraulic appliances to obviate difficulties arising from the variable levels of the water.

[11]“It is a strange fact that the early Egyptians, like the Hindoos, had a religious dread of the sea,”(?); and yet in the reign of Necho, the son of Psammetichus, they actually accomplished the circumnavigation of Africa: the voyage took three years.

[12]Dr. Draper’s “History of the Intellectual Development of Europe.”

[13]“One momentous consequence of the Shepherd conquest appears to have been that the expelled Shemites carried back with them into Syria the arts and letters of Egypt, which were thence diffused by the maritime Phœnicians over the opposite shores of Greece. Thus Egypt began at this epoch to come in contact at once with the East and the West, with Asia and with Europe.”

[14]“Euterpe,” book ii. chap. lxxvii.

[15]Lord Bacon mentions somewhere in his works that the ancients discovered that salt water will dissolve salt put into it in less time than fresh water. The same great philosopher also affirms that “salt water passing through earth through ten vessels, one within another, hath not lost its saltness; but drained through twenty, becomes fresh.”

[16]The Russians have a custom of presenting bread and salt to the newly-married bride and bridegroom. In archæology we have salt-silver, one penny at the feast of St. Martin, given by the tenants of some manors, as a commutation for the service of carrying their lord’s salt from market to his larder; an old English custom.

[17]According to the researches of the late Mr. George Smith, Babylonian literature is of a much more ancient date than the histories of the Bible; which fact would tend to indicate that the intellectual development of that Eastern monarchy may have been coëval with that of the African.

[18]Dr. Draper’s “History of the Intellectual Development of Europe.”

[19]Leviticus ii. 13.

[20]2 Kings ii. 21.

[21]Judges ix. 45.

[22]2 Chronicles xiii. 5.

[23]Numbers xviii. 19.

[24]Ezekiel xvi. 4.

[25]Job v. 6.

[26]St. Mark ix. 50.

[27]Ibid.

[28]Huxley’s “Physiography.”

[29]Sir Robert Christison’s “Treatise on Poisons.”

[30]Sea-water contains 2·5 per cent. of the chloride of sodium; some say 4 per cent.; according to others, 5·7.

[31]It is well worth remembering that the Thames carries away from its basin above Kingston 548,230 tons of saline matter annually.

[32]Hence arose the custom of asking for salt at the Eton Montem.

[33]Sir R. S. Murchison, “The Mineral Springs of Gloucestershire and Worcestershire.”

[34]Dr. Mantell’s “Wonders of Geology.”

[35]There are the noted salt-works near Portobello, Edinburgh, which have been so truthfully presented to us on canvas by Mr. Edward Duncan.

[36]In Prussia salt is obtained from the brine-springs of that part of Saxony which is subject to her jurisdiction. It also exists in abundance in Bavaria and Würtemberg; and it is the chief mineral production of the Grand Duchy of Baden.

[37]“In one village they only found one earthen pot containing food, which Bruce took possession of, leaving in its place a wedge of salt, which, strange to say, is still used as small money in Gondar and all over Abyssinia.”—Bruce’s “Travels in Abyssinia.”

[38]Polymnia, book vii. chap. xxx.

[39]The geographical features of this almost unknown country are peculiarly interesting, and are unique when compared with others; the great height of its mountains, its remarkable elevation, the large rivers which take their rise here, and the numerous salt lakes, the altitude of some being from 13,800 to 15,400 feet above the level of the sea, all combine to excite our curiosity, which is increased by the fact that we know next to nothing of the interior or of the habits of the people.

[40]“Many springs in Sicily contain muriate of soda; and the ‘fuime salso’ in particular is impregnated with so large a quantity that cattle refuse to drink it. There is a hot spring at St. Nectaire, in Auvergne, which may be mentioned as one of many, containing a large proportion of muriate of soda, together with magnesia and other ingredients.”—Sir Charles Lyell’s “Principles of Geology.”

[41]The Jurassic formation presents a remarkable contrast with that of the Triassic, in the profusion of organic remains; for while the latter contains next to none, the former teems with marine fossils, a proof that the strata were unfavourable for the preservation of organic structures.—Dr. Mantell’s “Wonders of Geology.”

[42]There is a mountain composed entirely of rock-salt not far from this old Moorish city; it is 500 feet in height and three miles in circumference; it is completely isolated, and gypsum is also present. In other countries there are similar enormous masses, which require to be dug out and pulverised by machinery on account of their hardness.

[43]Gypsum, or sulphate of lime, consists of sulphuric acid 46·31, lime 32·90, and water 20·79. The massive gypsum is calledAlabaster; the transparent gypsumSelenite; powdered calcined gypsum formsPlaster of Paris. The fibrous gypsum has a silken lustre, and is used for ear-rings, brooches, and other ornaments. Fibrous gypsum of great beauty occurs in Derbyshire; veins and masses of this substance abound in the red marls bordering the valley of the Trent.

[44]Geological Journal, vol. iii. p. 257.

[45]Pereira’s “Materia Medica,” vol. i. p. 581.

[46]Sir Charles Lyell’s “Principles of Geology.”

[47]In the great desert of Gobi, which is supposed to have been originally the bed of the sea which communicated through the Caspian with the Baltic, as confirmatory of this theory, salt is found in great quantities mixed with the soil. To go a step further, we may infer that the lake in Western Thibet (called Tsomoriri) may have been in prehistoric times joined with this vanished sea, and if so would account for its being saline.

[48]Sir Charles Lyell’s “Principles of Geology.”

[49]In rocks of igneous origin, of which there are many and varied sorts in Australia, no fossils are found except in those rare cases where animal or vegetable bodies have become invested in a stream of lava or overwhelmed by a volcanic shower.

[50]Pigeons are always attracted by a lump of salt, and there is a kind of bait called a salt-cat which is usually made at salt-works.

[51]“Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation.”

[52]See page 28, chap. iii.

[53]During the famine in Armenia in the year 1880 the people were most distressed because they had no means to supply themselves with salt, the want of which they felt even more than the lack of food.

[54]It is an interesting fact that the gastric juice varies in different classes of animals, according to the food on which they subsist; thus in birds of prey as kites, hawks, and owls, it only acts on animal matter, and does not dissolve vegetables; in other birds, and in all animals feeding on grass, as oxen, sheep, and hares, it dissolves vegetable matter, as grass, but will not touch flesh of any kind.

[55]TheMedical Press“Analytical Reports on the Principal Bottled Waters,” by Professor Ticheborne and Dr. Prosser James.

[56]An alkaline spring has just been discovered in Bunhill Row which possesses most of the constituents of Carlsbad water, but in a dilute degree. A tube well, 217 feet in depth, has been recently completed on the premises of Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff, artesian well engineers. From an analysis which has been made of the spring found in the chalk it appears to be soft water possessing the characteristics which are peculiar to the above-mentioned famous German Spa. The well, although artesian, is only so to a partial extent, and a pump of a novel construction raises the water from 128 feet, and delivers it at the surface.

[57]Dr. Carpenter’s “Human Physiology.”

[58]Specific gravity of the blood, 1·055.

[59]“Observations on the Symptoms arising from the Ascaris Lumbricoides,”Medical Press and Circular, March 13, 1878; “On a Form of Pyrosis caused by the Ascaris Lumbricoides,”Medical Times and Gazette, June 7, 1879.

ABERCROMBIE (J.) On Tetany in Young Children

ADAMS (W.) Deformities (in Gant’s Surgery)

AMORY (R.) Translation of Kuss’ and Duval’s Physiology

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ANNANDALE (Thos.) Abstracts of Surgical Principles

ATKINSON (W. B.) Therapeutics of Gynæcology and Obstetrics

BAKER (Benson) How to Feed an Infant

BARNES (Robt.) Diseases of Women (in Gant’s Surgery)

BARTLEY (R. T. H.) Companion to the Visiting List

BELL (J.) Manual of Surgical Operations

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BERNARD (Claude) and HUETTE’S Text-book of Operative Surgery

BLACK (C.) Atlas of the Organs of Generation (Male)

BLACKLEY (C. H.) Hay Fever, its Causes and Treatment

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BURNESS (A. G.) The Specific Action of Drugs

BURNETT (S. M.) The Examination of the Eyes

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COHNHEIM (Prof.) On the Contagiousness of Consumption

COLES (Oakley) The Dental Student’s Note Book

COLLENETTE (C.) Chemical Tables

CULLIMORE (D. H.) Consumption as a Contagious Disease

CUNNINGHAM (D. J.) The Dissector’s Guide

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—— A Manual of Sanitation

GORE (Albert A.) Our Services Under the Crown

—— Medical History of African Campaigns

GRAY. The Pocket Gray, or Anatomist’s Vade-Mecum

GRIFFITHS (W. H.) Text-book of Materia Medica and Pharmacy

—— Posological Tables

—— A System of Botanical Analysis

HALTON (R. J.) Short Lectures on Sanitary Subjects

HARRIS (C. J.) The Physiology of Intestinal Obstruction

HARRIS (Vincent) Manual for the Physiological Laboratory

HARTMANN (Prof.) On Deafmutism, Translation by Dr. Cassells

HEMMING (W. D.) Aids to Examinations

—— Aids to Forensic Medicine

—— Tinnitus Aurium

—— Otorrhœa

HILL (J. W.) Management and Diseases of the Dog

HILL (J.) The Diseases of the Ox, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

HIME (T. W.) Cholera: How to Prevent and Resist It

HOGG (Jabez) The Cure of Cataract

—— The Impairment of Vision from Shock

HOGG (Jabez) Parasitic, or Germ Theory of Disease

HOWE (J. W.) The Breath, and Diseases which give it a Fœtid Odour

HUETTE (Chas.) Text-book of Operative Surgery

HYSLOP (W.) Sermons for Hospitals, Gaols, Asylums, etc.,

JACOB (A. H.) The General Medical Council

JAMES (M. P.) Laryngoscopy and Rhinoscopy in Throat Diseases

JUKES-BROWNE (A. J.) Palæontology (in Penning’s Field Geology),

KENNEDY (Hy.) An Essay on Fatty Heart

KINGZETT (C. T.) Nature’s Hygiene

KUSS (E.) Manual of Physiology

LAFFAN (T.) The Medical Profession of the United Kingdom (Second Carmichael Prize Essay),

LANDOLT (Prof.) The Examination of the Eyes

LEONARD (H. C.) The Hair in Health and Disease

LETHEBY (Hy.) A Treatise on Food

—— The Sewage Question

LOWNE (B. T.) Aids to Physiology

LUNN (C.) The Philosophy of Voice

MACBRIDE (J. A.) Anatomical Outlines of the Horse

MACDONALD (Angus) Materia Medica and Therapeutics

MACKENZIE (M.) Diseases of the Throat (in Gant’s Surgery),

MAHOMED (F. A.) The Sphygmograph (in Gant’s Surgery),

MASSE (J. N.) Text-book of Anatomical Plates

MAYER (T. W.) Anatomical Outlines of the Horse

MILLARD (H. B.) Bright’s Disease of the Kidneys

MILNE (Alex.) The Child, and How to Nurse it

MOORE (E. H.) Clinical Chart for Hospital and Private Practice

MUCKLEY (W. J.) Student’s Manual of Artistic Anatomy

—— A Handbook for Painters and Art Students on the Use of Colours

MUTER (J.) Key to Organic Materia Medica

—— Introduction to Analytical Chemistry

—— Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry

MURRAY (R. Milne) Chemical Notes and Equations

NAPHEYS (G. H.) Modern Medical Therapeutics

—— Modern Surgical Therapeutics

—— Handbook of Popular Medicine

NORTON (A. T.) Text-book of Operative Surgery

—— Osteology for Students

—— Affections of the Throat and Larynx

ORMSBY (L. H.) Deformities of the Human Body

OWEN (Lloyd) Translation of Giraud-Teulon’s (Anomalies of Vision) Eye

PAINTER (J. T.) Ethnology

PALFREY (J.) Atlas of the Female Organs of Generation

PALMER (J. F.) How to Bring up Young Children by Hand

PARRISH (Ed.) A Treatise on Pharmacy

PENNING (W. H.) Text-book of Field Geology

—— Engineering Geology

—— Notes on Nuisances, Drains, and Dwellings

PETTENKOFER (Von) Cholera: How to Prevent and Resist it

POLITZER (Prof.) The Ear and its Diseases (in the Press),

POWER (Hy.) Movable Atlas of the Eye, and the Mechanism of Vision

POWER (D’Arcy) Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory

PRATT (W.) A Physician’s Sermon to Young Men

PROCTOR (Richd.) The Stars and the Earth

PURVES (L.) Aural Diseases (in Gant’s Surgery),

REMSEN (Ira) The Principles of Theoretical Chemistry

REYNOLDS (J. Emerson) Lectures on Experimental Chemistry

RICHARDS (J. M.) A Chronology of Medicine

RICHARDSON (Thos.) Chemistry in its Application to the Arts and Manufactures

RIVINGTON (W.) The Medical Profession (First Carmichael Prize Essay),

—— Medical Education and Medical Organisation

ROTH (M.) Works on Deformities, Exercises, etc.,

ROUTH (C. H. F.) Overwork and Premature Mental Decay

—— On Fibrous Tumours of the Womb

—— On Checks to Population

SCORESBY-JACKSON (R. E.) Note-Book of Materia Medica

SEMPLE (R. H.) Diphtheria, Its Causes and Treatment

—— Movable Atlas of the Human Body (Neck and Trunk),

SEMPLE (C. E. A.) Aids to Botany

—— Aids to Chemistry

—— Aids to Materia Medica

—— Aids to Medicine

SEWILL (Hy.) Movable Atlas of the Teeth

SIMSON (J.) Contributions to Natural History

SMITH (C.) Mental Capacity in Relation to Insanity, Crime, etc.,

SPARKES (J.) Artistic Anatomy

STARTIN (J.) Lectures on Ringworm

STEAVENSON (W. E.) The Medical Acts and Medical Reform

STRANGEWAYS (Thos.) Text Book of Veterinary Anatomy

TELLOR (L. V.) The Diseases of Live Stock

THIN (George) Introduction to Practical Histology

THOROWGOOD (J. C.) Consumption; its Treatment by the Hypophosphites

—— Aids to Physical Diagnosis

TIDY (Meymott) On Vitiated Air

TIMMS (G.) Consumption; its Nature and Treatment

—— Alcohol in some Clinical Aspects, a Remedy, a Poison

TOMES (C. S.) Dental Surgery (in Gant’s Surgery),

TYSON (J.) The Urine, a Guide to its Practical Examination

VAUGHAN (J.) Strangeways’ Veterinary Anatomy

WALLEY (Thos.) The Four Bovine Scourges

WATTS (Hy.) Chemistry in its Application to the Arts and Manufactures

WILLIAMS (R.) Hints for Hospital Nurses

WILLIAMS (W.) The Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery

WILLSON (A. Rivers) Chemical Notes for Pharmaceutical Students

WILSON The Principles and Practice of Veterinary Medicine

WILSON (Erasmus) Diseases of the Skin (in Gant’s Surgery),

WILSON (J.) A Manual of Naval Hygiene

WINSLOW (L. S. Forbes) Manual of Lunacy

—— Chart of the Lunacy Acts

—— Handbook for Attendants on the Insane

—— Spiritualistic Madness

WITKOWSKI (G. J.) Movable Atlases of the Human Body

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