11,14,24-34Henry II.,10,11,14,17,25,146Henry III.,26,146Henry IV.,2,27,59,65,150Henry V.,27Henry VI.,28,57,58,59,62,66,155Henry VII.,65,66,79Henry VIII.,66,67,73,79,118,150Henry de Lacy,26Hereford,25Historical attitude essential in studying history of gilds,44Hope,27Hugh le Despenser,27Huntingdon,35Incorporation, municipal,14,16Indentures of apprenticeship,46,52,64Infirmary,109Inns of Court,119Intrants,148Intruders and Interlopers,89,98cf. alsoForeignersIpswich,18,25Irish not to be taken as apprentices,82Iron Trade,78Ironmongers,53,109James I.,84,95Jews,78John,14,18,25Journeymen,39,40,106Judge, a member of Merchant Gild,29Justices Itinerant,11Justices of the peace,81S. Katharine,118,150Kenfig,27Kinaston, Mr,95King’s Bench,11Kingsland,125,127Kingston-on-Thames,26Kirkham,27Lampeter,27Lancaster,27Launceston,26Leather-sellers,39Leech,29Leet assesses Tensers’ fines,150loses its powers,105,150Leicester,24,147,153Leve-lookers or leave-lookers,151,152Lever, Thomas,74Lewes,24Lincoln,25,35,146,147Liskeard,26Liverpool,111Livery,43,65Llanfyllin,27Llantrissaint,27Lloyd, John,80Local Government Board,141Local history, value of,10Local life, always varied in England,1Locksmith,29London,111its “laws”,13its Anglo-Saxon Gilds,12its Craft Gilds,35its rivalry with provincial towns,92,124its modern pre-eminence,1,3,123Lostwithiel,26Ludlow,28,79,109Lyme Regis,26Lynn Regis,25,69Macclesfield,26Machinery, introduction of,4Magna Carta,136Malmesbury,25,147Marches, of Wales,2,148Lords of,2Court of,2,89President of,2Markets,13,15Marlborough,25S. Mary, Chantry in Church of,53Mary,118Mason,29Masters,40-41,67,75-76,103,105May Day,5,98,120Mayor administers oath of admission,99Mellent, Robert, Earl of,24Mercers,33,44,53,59,62,63,64,73,82,83,84,88,101,103,108,126,131,135,137,138,of York,84Merchant,14,29,38,48Merchant Gilds, the chief difference between town and country,12,21originated to preserve peace,12,21compared with Frith Gilds,13,46trade regulations follow,13earliest mention,14royal authorisation,14,21at Shrewsbury,10,14effects,16,22chronological list of,24-8relations with communa,10,16,17,19,20,22,34with Craft Gilds,20compared with Trades Unions,46functions and privileges of,14-16,18-19,21duties of gildsmen,17comprised majority of householders,15,22all branches of trade,16,19,30and professions,18and women,18and ecclesiastics,18a rallying point for burgesses,16,22all burgesses are gildsmen,16but all gildsmen are not burgesses,18efforts towards municipal objects,20gild hall becomes town hall,17in later years delegates its mercantile functions to Craft Gilds,20,22,30,34,36who sometimes in aggregate receive name of “Merchant Gild”,35subsequent history,35S. Michael, patron of Mercers’ Company,53,63Militia, national,11Miller,29,59Monasteries,8,67,77Monks’ Gilds,8(and n. 2),59,140Monks excluded from burgess-ship,18Montgomery,26Mornspeche,43-44Mortmain Acts,55(n. 2),61Much Wenlock, seeWenlockMunicipal Corporations Act,127,136,156Municipalities, seeBoroughsMynde, Abbot,61Neath,27,147Nevin,27Newborough,27Newcastle-on-Tyne,25Newcastle-under-Lyme,26Newport (Salop),26Newport,27Newton,27Norfolk,69Norman Conquest,10favours trade,13,21Norwich,147Nottingham,25Oaths,39,53Odd Fellows,68seeFriendly SocietiesOswestry,27,89rivalry with Shrewsbury,91-96Overton,26Oxford,25,35Pageants,4,33,42,63,113-127Painters,118Palmer,29Parchment-makers,39Paul’s Cross,74Peasant Revolt,56Pelterer,29Pembroke, Earl of,27Petersfield,24Pewterer,53Plasterer,28Plymouth,28Pointmaker,39Police regulations aided by gilds,65,108Pontefract,28Poor maintained by Craft Gilds,33,47,80Portsmouth,26Potter,29Pre-emption, gildmen’s right of,15royal right of,145Preston,25Priest,29Privileges of gildsmen,15,17,63,64,65Processions, seePageantsPuritans,120,125Pursers,39Pwllheli,27Reading,26,35Recruiting Officer,123-4Reformation, its shock to industry,3,6,77to gilds,67Reform movement fatal to companies,6,127and Show,127Religion and trade,5,107,125Religious Gilds,60of Holy Trinity,59of S. Winifred,31,59-62frequently connected with trade,60Residence not requisite for membership of Merchant Gild,18Restoration,122,125Rhuddlan,27Richard I.,14,16,25Richard II.,27,65,82Richard III.,28Richard, Earl of Cornwall,26Robert de Belesme,11Rochester,26Roger de Montgomery,11,12Romans, gilds of,7Rowley’s Mansion,80Rubens,118Ruyton,27Saddlers,29,59,131Saffron Walden,27Salisbury,25Salopian Journal,109Scarborough,26Schools maintained by Gilds,33Lancaster,109Searcher’s duties,43Severn,123Shearmen,5,32,59,79,83,90,103,117,120-2Shoemakers,28,32,57,58Shrewsbury, its strong individuality,1its geographical position,2early growth,2,3in Domesday,11depressed by Conquest,11taken by Henry II.,11later prosperity,3streets and houses,4its abbey,11,31,60castle,12peculiarities of its gild history,5,40-42its gild-records,10,16gilds,4,36,58-9gild hall,17gild-chantries,32,63,74,92religious gilds,31,59-62Merchant Gild confirmed,14,25,146incorporation of Craft Gilds,58-9early history of,55-76Reformation changes,77-97obtains monopoly of Welsh cloth trade,3,91-7rivalry with Coventry,63in 16th century,76,79with Oswestry in the 17th century,89-96with Chester,92with London,92,124typical of the 17th century,4,122-5influence of machinery upon,4later degeneracy of its companies,98-112,129-139Shrewsbury Show,113-127,137Tensers of, (Appendix155) and other towns,147etymology,149-150their fines,150status,152-154privileges,147,155relations with burgesses,155later history,155Skinners,36,38,41,59,83,89,118Skins, seller of,29Smiths,84,88,118Social Gilds, seeReligious GildsSocialists,141Social life changed by newer conditions,1,123Somerset,67Southampton,25Stafford, Earl of,27Stallingers,148Stamford,28,115Steen, Widow,101Stephen,24Stewards, duties of,42Stow,120Strype,74Suffolk, Earl of,95Sunderland,26Sword Cutler,28Tailors,28,32,36,38,41,44,57,59,83,84,88,89,101,117Tanners,28,57,59,98-9Tavern-keeper,29Tensers, seeShrewsburyTeynterer,29Thegn-right obtained by three voyages,48Thurstan, Abp of York,24Tolls paid by ungildated merchants,146-156Totnes,18(n. 6),25,147Town bargains, common,15Townhall,17-18Towns, growth of, in twelfth century,10,