Fig. 254.Fig. 254.
It will be apparent that the respective cores of the field-magnets are subjected to neutralizing or intensifying effects of the current in the shunt throughc', and the magnetism of the cores will be partially neutralized, or the points of greatest magnetism shifted, so that it will be more or less remote from or approaching to the armature, and hence the aggregate energizing actions of the field magnets on the armature will be correspondingly varied.
In the form indicated in Fig. 253 the regulation is effected by shifting the point of greatest magnetism, and in Figs. 254 and 255 the same effect is produced by the action of the current in the shunt passing through the neutralizing helix.
The relative positions of the respective brushes may be varied by moving the auxiliary brush, or the brushcmay remain stationary and the corePbe connected to the main-brush holderA, so as to adjust the brushesa bin their relation to the brushc. If, however, an adjustment is applied to all the brushes, as seen in Fig. 257, the solenoid should be connected to bothaandc, so as to move them toward or away from each other.
There are several known devices for giving motion in proportion to an electric current. In Figs. 256 and 257 the moving cores are shown as convenient devices for obtaining the required extent of motion with very slight changes in the current passing through the helices. It is understood that the adjustment of the main brushes causes variations in the strength of the current independently of the relative position of those brushes to the auxiliary brush. In all cases the adjustment should be such that no current flows over the auxiliary brush when the dynamo is running with its normal load.
In Figs. 256 and 257A Aindicate the main-brush holder, carrying the main brushes, andCthe auxiliary-brush holder, carrying the auxiliary brush. These brush-holders are movable in arcs concentric with the centre of the commutator-shaft. An iron piston,P, of the solenoidS, Fig. 256, is attached to the auxiliary-brush holderC. The adjustment is effected by means of a spring and screw or tightener.
In Fig. 257 instead of a solenoid, an iron tube inclosing a coil is shown. The piston of the coil is attached to both brush-holdersA AandC. When the brushes are moved directly by electrical devices, as shown in Figs. 256 and 257, these are so constructed that the force exerted for adjusting is practically uniform through the whole length of motion.
Fig. 255.Fig. 255.
It is true that auxiliary brushes have been used in connection with the helices of the field-wire; but in these instances the helices receive the entire current through the auxiliary brush or brushes, and these brushes could not be taken off without breaking the circuit through the field. These brushes cause, moreover, heavy sparking at the commutator. In the present case the auxiliary brush causes very little or no sparking, and can be taken off without breaking the circuit through the field-helices. The arrangement has, besides, the advantage of facilitating the self-excitation of the machine in all cases where the resistance of the field-wire is very great comparatively to the resistance of the main circuit at the start—for instance, on arc-light machines. In this case the auxiliary brushcis placed near to, or better still in contact with, the brushb, as shown in Fig. 258. In this manner the partM'is completely cut out, and as the partMhas a considerably smaller resistance than the whole length of the field-wire the machine excites itself, whereupon the auxiliary brush is shifted automatically to its normal position.
Fig. 256, 257.Fig. 256.Fig. 257.
In a further method devised by Mr. Tesla, one or more auxiliary brushes are employed, by means of which a portion or the whole of the field coils is shunted. According to the relative position upon the commutator of the respective brushes more or less current is caused to pass through the helices of the field, and the current developed by the machine can be varied at will by varying the relative positions of the brushes.
Fig. 258.Fig. 258.
In Fig. 259,aandbare the positive and negative brushes of the main circuit, andcan auxiliary brush. The main circuitDextends from the brushesaandb, as usual, and contains the helicesMof the field wire and the electric lamps or other working devices. The auxiliary brushcis connected to the pointxof the main circuit by means of the wirec'.His a commutatorof ordinary construction. It will have been seen from what was said already that when the electro-motive force between the brushesaandcis to the electromotive force between the brushescandbas the resistance of the circuitaMc' cAis to the resistance of the circuitbC Bc c'D, the potentials of the pointsxandywill be equal, and no current will pass over the auxiliary brushc; but if that brush occupies a different position relatively to the main brushes the electric condition is disturbed, and current will flow either fromytoxor fromxtoy, according to the relative position of the brushes. In the first case the current through the field-helices will be partly neutralized and the magnetism of the field magnets will be diminished. In the second case the current will be increased and the magnets gain strength. By combining with the brushes ata b cany automatic regulating mechanism, the current developed can be regulated automatically in proportion to the demands of the working circuit.
In Figs. 264 and 265 some of the automatic means are represented that maybe used for moving the brushes. The coreP, Fig. 264, of the solenoid-helixSis connected with the brushato move the same, and in Fig. 265 the corePis shown as within the helixS, and connected with brushesaandc, so as to move the same toward or from each other, according to the strength of the current in the helix, the helix being within an iron tube,S', that becomes magnetized and increases the action of the solenoid.
In practice it is sufficient to move only the auxiliary brush, as shown in Fig. 264, as the regulation is very sensitive to the slightest changes; but the relative position of the auxiliary brush to the main brushes may be varied by moving the main brushes, or both main and auxiliary brushes may be moved, as illustrated in Fig. 265. In the latter two cases, it will be understood, the motion of the main brushes relatively to the neutral line of the machine causes variations in the strength of the current independently of their relative position to the auxiliary brush. In all cases the adjustment may be such that when the machine is running with the ordinary load, no current flows over the auxiliary brush.
The field helices may be connected, as shown in Fig. 259, or a part of the field helices may be in the outgoing and the other part in the return circuit, and two auxiliary brushes may be employed as shown in Figs. 261 and 262. Instead of shunting the whole of the field helices, a portion only of such helices may be shunted, as shown in Figs. 260 and 262.
The arrangement shown in Fig. 262 is advantageous, as it diminishes the sparking upon the commutator, the main circuit being closed through the auxiliary brushes at the moment of the break of the circuit at the main brushes.
Fig. 259.Fig. 259.Fig. 260.Fig. 260.Fig. 261.Fig. 261.Fig. 262, 263.Fig. 262.Fig. 263.
The field helices may be wound in the same direction, or a part may be wound in opposite directions.
The connection between the helices and the auxiliary brush or brushes may be made by a wire of small resistance, or a resistance may be interposed (R, Fig. 263,) between the pointxand theauxiliary brush or brushes to divide the sensitiveness when the brushes are adjusted.
Fig. 264, 265.Fig. 264.Fig. 265.
The accompanying sketches also illustrate improvements made by Mr. Tesla in the mechanical devices used to effect the shifting of the brushes, in the use of an auxiliary brush. Fig. 266 is an elevation of the regulator with the frame partly in section; and Fig. 267 is a section at the linex x, Fig. 266.Cis the commutator;BandB', the brush-holders,Bcarrying the main brushesa a', andB'the auxiliary or shunt brushesb b. The axis of the brush-holderBis supported by two pivot-screws,p p. The other brush-holder,B', has a sleeve,d, and is movable around the axis of the brush-holderB. In this way both brush-holders can turn very freely, the friction of the parts being reduced to a minimum. Over the brush-holders is mounted the solenoidS, which rests upon a forked column,c. This column also affords a support for the pivotsp p, and is fastened upon a solid bracket or projection,P, which extends from the base of the machine, and is cast in one piece with the same. The brush-holdersB B'are connected by means of the linkse eand the cross-pieceFto the iron coreI, which slides freely in the tubeTof the solenoid. The iron coreIhas a screw,s, by means of which it can be raised and adjusted in its position relatively to the solenoid, so that the pull exerted upon it by the solenoid is practically uniform through the whole length of motion which is required to effect the regulation. In order to effect the adjustment with greater precision, the coreIis provided with a small iron screw,s'. The core being first brought very nearly in the required position relatively to the solenoid by means of the screws, the small screws'is then adjusted until the magnetic attraction upon the core is the same when the core is in any position. A convenient stop,t, serves to limit the upward movement of the iron core.
To check somewhat the movement of the coreI, a dash-pot,K, is used. The pistonLof the dash-pot is provided with a valve,V, which opens by a downward pressure and allows an easy downward movement of the iron coreI, but closes and checks the movement of the core when it is pulled up by the action of the solenoid.
To balance the opposing forces, the weight of the moving parts, and the pull exerted by the solenoid upon the iron core, the weightsW Wmay be used. The adjustment is such that when the solenoid is traversed by the normal current it is just strong enough to balance the downward pull of the parts.
Fig. 266, 267.Fig. 266.Fig. 267.
The electrical circuit-connections are substantially the same as indicated in the previous diagrams, the solenoid being in series with the circuit when the translating devices are in series, and in shunt when the devices are in multiple arc. The operation of the device is as follows: When upon a decrease of the resistance of the circuit or for some other reason, the current is increased, the solenoidSgains in strength and pulls up the iron coreI, thus shifting the main brushes in the direction of rotation and the auxiliary brushes in the opposite way. This diminishes the strength of the current until the opposing forces are balanced and the solenoid is traversed by the normal current; but if from any cause the current in the circuit is diminished, then the weight of the moving parts overcomes the pull of the solenoid, the ironcoreIdescends, thus shifting the brushes the opposite way and increasing the current to the normal strength. The dash-pot connected to the iron coreImay be of ordinary construction; but it is better, especially in machines for arc lights, to provide the piston of the dash-pot with a valve, as indicated in the diagrams. This valve permits a comparatively easy downward movement of the iron core, but checks its movement when it is drawn up by the solenoid. Such an arrangement has the advantage that a great number of lights may be put on without diminishing the light-power of the lamps in the circuit, as the brushes assume at once the proper position. When lights are cut out, the dash-pot acts to retard the movement; but if the current is considerably increased the solenoid gets abnormally strong and the brushes are shifted instantly. The regulator being properly adjusted, lights or other devices may be put on or out with scarcely any perceptible difference. It is obvious that instead of the dash-pot any other retarding device may be used.
This invention of Mr. Tesla is an improvement in the construction of dynamo or magneto electric machines or motors, consisting in a novel form of frame and field magnet which renders the machine more solid and compact as a structure, which requires fewer parts, and which involves less trouble and expense in its manufacture. It is applicable to generators and motors generally, not only to those which have independent circuits adapted for use in the Tesla alternating current system, but to other continuous or alternating current machines of the ordinary type generally used.
Fig. 268 shows the machine in side elevation. Fig. 269 is a vertical sectional view of the field magnets and frame and an end view of the armature; and Fig. 270 is a plan view of one of the parts of the frame and the armature, a portion of the latter being cut away.
The field magnets and frame are cast in two parts. These parts are identical in size and shape, and each consists of the solid plates or endsA B, from which project inwardly the coresC Dand the side bars or bridge pieces,E F. The precise shape of these parts is largely a matter of choice—that is to say, each casting, as shown, forms an approximately rectangular frame; but it might obviously be more or less oval, round, or square, without departure from the invention. It is also desirable to reduce the width of the side bars,E F, at the center and to so proportion the parts that when the frame is put together the spaces between the pole pieces will be practically equal to the arcs which the surfaces of the poles occupy.
The bearingsGfor the armature shaft are cast in the side barsE F. The field coils are either wound on the pole pieces or on a form and then slipped on over the ends of the pole pieces. The lower part or casting is secured to the base after being finished off. The armatureKon its shaft is then mounted inthe bearings of the lower casting and the other part of the frame placed in position, dowel pinsLor any other means being used to secure the two parts in proper position.
Fig. 268.Fig. 268.Fig. 269.Fig. 269.Fig. 270.Fig. 270.
In order to secure an easier fit, the side barsE F, and end pieces,A B, are so cast that slotsMare formed when the two parts are put together.
This machine possesses several advantages. For example, if we magnetize the cores alternately, as indicated by the charactersNS, it will be seen that the magnetic circuit between the poles of each part of a casting is completed through the solid iron side bars. The bearings for the shaft are located at the neutral points of the field, so that the armature core is not affected by the magnetic condition of the field.
The improvement is not restricted to the use of four pole pieces, as it is evident that each pole piece could be divided or more than four formed by the shape of the casting.
At one time, soon after his arrival in America, Mr. Tesla was greatly interested in the subject of arc lighting, which then occupied public attention and readily enlisted the support of capital. He therefore worked out a system which was confided to a company formed for its exploitation, and then proceeded to devote his energies to the perfection of the details of his more celebrated "rotary field" motor system. The Tesla arc lighting apparatus appeared at a time when a great many other lamps and machines were in the market, but it commanded notice by its ingenuity. Its chief purpose was to lessen the manufacturing cost and simplify the processes of operation.
We will take up the dynamo first. Fig. 271 is a longitudinal section, and Fig. 272 a cross section of the machine. Fig. 273 is a top view, and Fig. 274 a side view of the magnetic frame. Fig. 275 is an end view of the commutator bars, and Fig. 276 is a section of the shaft and commutator bars. Fig. 277 is a diagram illustrating the coils of the armature and the connections to the commutator plates.
The coresc c c cof the field-magnets are tapering in both directions, as shown, for the purposes of concentrating the magnetism upon the middle of the pole-pieces.
The connecting-frameF Fof the field-magnets is in the form indicated in the side view, Fig. 274, the lower part being provided with the spreading curved cast legse e, so that the machine will rest firmly upon two base-bars,r r.
To the lower pole,S, of the field-magnetMis fastened, by means of babbitt or other fusible diamagnetic material, the baseB, which is provided with bearingsbfor the armature-shaftH. The baseBhas a projection,P, which supports the brush-holders and the regulating devices, which are of a special character devised by Mr. Tesla.
The armature is constructed with the view to reduce to a minimum the loss of power due to Foucault currents and to the change of polarity, and also to shorten as much as possible the length of the inactive wire wound upon the armature core.
Fig. 271.Fig. 271.
It is well known that when the armature is revolved between the poles of the field-magnets, currents are generated in the iron body of the armature which develop heat, and consequently cause a waste of power. Owing to the mutual action of the lines of force, the magnetic properties of iron, and the speed of the different portions of the armature core, these currents are generated principally on and near the surface of the armature core, diminishing in strength gradually toward the centre of the core. Their quantity is under some conditions proportional to the length of the iron body in the direction in which these currents are generated. By subdividing the iron core electrically in this direction, the generation of these currents can be reduced to a great extent. For instance, if the length of the armature-core is twelve inches, and by a suitable construction it is subdivided electrically, so that there are in the generating direction six inches of iron and six inches of intervening air-spaces or insulating material, the waste currents will be reduced to fifty per cent.
As shown in the diagrams, the armature is constructed of thin iron discsD D D, of various diameters, fastened upon the armature-shaft in a suitable manner and arranged according to their sizes, so that a series of iron bodies,i i i, is formed, each of which diminishes in thickness from the centre toward the periphery. At both ends of the armature the inwardly curved discsd d, of cast iron, are fastened to the armature shaft.
The armature core being constructed as shown, it will be easily seen that on those portions of the armature that are the most remote from the axis, and where the currents are principally developed, the length of iron in the generating direction is only asmall fraction of the total length of the armature core, and besides this the iron body is subdivided in the generating direction, and therefore the Foucault currents are greatly reduced. Another cause of heating is the shifting of the poles of the armature core. In consequence of the subdivision of the iron in the armature and the increased surface for radiation, the risk of heating is lessened.
The iron discsD D Dare insulated or coated with some insulating-paint, a very careful insulation being unnecessary, as an electrical contact between several discs can only occur at places where the generated currents are comparatively weak. An armature core constructed in the manner described may be revolved between the poles of the field magnets without showing the slightest increase of temperature.
Fig. 272, 273.Fig. 272.Fig. 273.
The end discs,d d, which are of sufficient thickness and, for the sake of cheapness, of cast-iron, are curved inwardly, as indicated in the drawings. The extent of the curve is dependent on the amount of wire to be wound upon the armatures. In this machine the wire is wound upon the armature in two superimposed parts, and the curve of the end discs,d d, is so calculated that the first part—that is, practically half of the wire—just fills up the hollow space to the linex x; or, if the wire is wound in any other manner, the curve is such that when the whole of the wire is wound, the outside mass of wires,w, and the inside mass of wires,w', are equal at each side of the planex x. In this case the passive or electrically-inactive wires are of the smallest length practicable. The arrangement has further the advantagethat the total lengths of the crossing wires at the two sides of the planex xare practically equal.
Fig. 274.Fig. 274.
To equalize further the armature coils at both sides of the plates that are in contact with the brushes, the winding and connecting up is effected in the following manner: The whole wire is wound upon the armature-core in two superimposed parts, which are thoroughly insulated from each other. Each of these two parts is composed of three separated groups of coils. The first group of coils of the first part of wire being wound and connected to the commutator-bars in the usual manner, this group is insulated and the second group wound; but the coils of this second group, instead of being connected to the next following commutator bars, are connected to the directly opposite bars of the commutator. The second group is then insulated and the third group wound, the coils of this group being connected to those bars to which they would be connected in the usual way. The wires are then thoroughly insulated and the second part of wire is wound and connected in the same manner.
Suppose, for instance, that there are twenty-four coils—that is, twelve in each part—and consequently twenty-four commutator plates. There will be in each part three groups, each containing four coils, and the coils will be connected as follows:
Groups.Commutator Bars.First1—5First part of wireSecond17—21Third9—13First13—17Second part of wireSecond5—9Third21—1
In constructing the armature core and winding and connecting the coils in the manner indicated, the passive or electrically inactive wire is reduced to a minimum, and the coils at each side of the plates that are in contact with the brushes are practically equal. In this way the electrical efficiency of the machine is increased.
Fig. 275, 276.Fig. 275.Fig. 276.
The commutator platestare shown as outside the bearingbof the armature shaft. The shaftHis tubular and split at the end portion, and the wires are carried through the same in the usual manner and connected to the respective commutator plates. The commutator plates are upon a cylinder,u, and insulated, and this cylinder is properly placed and then secured by expanding the split end of the shaft by a tapering screw plug,v.
Fig. 277.Fig. 277.
The arc lamps invented by Mr. Tesla for use on the circuits from the above described dynamo are those in which the separation and feed of the carbon electrodes or their equivalents is accomplished by means of electro-magnets or solenoids in connection with suitable clutch mechanism, and were designed for the purposeof remedying certain faults common to arc lamps.
He proposed to prevent the frequent vibrations of the movable carbon "point" and flickering of the light arising therefrom; to prevent the falling into contact of the carbons; to dispense with the dash pot, clock work, or gearing and similar devices; to render the lamp extremely sensitive, and to feed the carbon almost imperceptibly, and thereby obtain a very steady and uniform light.
In that class of lamps where the regulation of the arc is effected by forces acting in opposition on a free, movable rod or lever directly connected with the electrode, all or some of the forces being dependent on the strength of the current, any change in the electrical condition of the circuit causes a vibration and a corresponding flicker in the light. This difficulty is most apparent when there are only a few lamps in circuit. To lessen this difficulty lamps have been constructed in which the lever or armature, after the establishing of the arc, is kept in a fixed position and cannot vibrate during the feed operation, the feed mechanism acting independently; but in these lamps, when a clamp is employed, it frequently occurs that the carbons come into contact and the light is momentarily extinguished, and frequently parts of the circuit are injured. In both these classes of lamps it has been customary to use dash pot, clock work, or equivalent retarding devices; but these are often unreliable and objectionable, and increase the cost of construction.
Mr. Tesla combines two electro-magnets—one of low resistance in the main or lamp circuit, and the other of comparatively high resistance in a shunt around the arc—a movable armature lever, and a special feed mechanism, the parts being arranged so that in the normal working position of the armature lever the same is kept almost rigidly in one position, and is not affected even by considerable changes in the electric circuit; but if the carbons fall into contact the armature will be actuated by the magnets so as to move the lever and start the arc, and hold the carbons until the arc lengthens and the armature lever returns to the normal position. After this the carbon rod holder is released by the action of the feed mechanism, so as to feed the carbon and restore the arc to its normal length.
Fig. 278 is an elevation of the mechanism made use of in this arc lamp. Fig. 279 is a plan view. Fig. 280 is an elevation of the balancing lever and spring; Fig. 281 is a detached plan view of the pole pieces and armatures upon the friction clamp, and Fig. 282 is a section of the clamping tube.
Mis a helix of coarse wire in a circuit from the lower carbon holder to the negative binding screw −.Nis a helix of fine wire in a shunt between the positive binding screw + and the negative binding screw −. The upper carbon holderSis a parallel rod sliding through the platesS' S2of the frame of the lamp, and hence the electric current passes from the positive binding post + through the plateS2, carbon holderS, and upper carbon to the lower carbon, and thence by the holder and a metallic connection to the helixM.
Fig. 278, 282.Fig. 278.Fig. 282.Fig. 279.Fig. 279.Fig. 280.Fig. 280.Fig. 281.Fig. 281.
Fig. 278, 282.Fig. 278.Fig. 282.
Fig. 279.Fig. 279.
Fig. 280.Fig. 280.
Fig. 281.Fig. 281.
The carbon holders are of the usual character, and to insure electric connections the springslare made use of to grasp the upper carbon holding rodS, but to allow the rod to slide freely through the same. These springslmay be adjusted in their pressure by the screwm, and the springlmaybe sustained uponany suitable support. They are shown as connected with the upper end of the core of the magnetN.
Around the carbon-holding rodS, between the platesS' S2, there is a tube,R, which forms a clamp. This tube is counter-bored, as seen in the section Fig. 282, so that it bears upon the rodSat its upper end and near the middle, and at the lower end of this tubular clampRthere are armature segmentsrof soft iron. A frame or arm,n, extending, preferably, from the coreN2, supports the leverAby a fulcrum-pin,o. This leverAhas a hole, through which the upper end of the tubular clampRpasses freely, and from the leverAis a link,q, to the levert, which lever is pivoted atyto a ring upon one of the columnsS3. This leverthas an opening or bow surrounding the tubular clampR, and there are pins or pivotal connectionswbetween the levertand this clampR, and a spring,r2, serves to support or suspend the weight of the parts and balance them, or nearly so. This spring is adjustable.
At one end of the leverAis a soft-iron armature block,a, over the coreM'of the helixM, and there is a limiting screw,c, passing through this armature blocka, and at the other end of the leverAis a soft iron armature block,b, with the end tapering or wedge shaped, and the same comes close to and in line with the lateral projectioneon the coreN2. The lower ends of the coresM' N2are made with laterally projecting pole-piecesM3N3, respectively, and these pole-pieces are concave at their outer ends, and are at opposite sides of the armature segmentsrat the lower end of the tubular clampR.
The operation of these devices is as follows: In the condition of inaction, the upper carbon rests upon the lower one, and when the electric current is turned on it passes freely, by the frame and springl, through the rods and carbons to the coarse wire and helixM, and to the negative binding postVand the coreM'thereby is energized. The pole pieceM3attracts the armaturer, and by the lateral pressure causes the clampRto grasp the rodS', and the leverAis simultaneously moved from the position shown by dotted lines, Fig. 278, to the normal position shown in full lines, and in so doing the linkqand levertare raised, lifting the clampRandS, separating the carbons and forming the arc. The magnetism of the pole pieceetends to hold the leverAlevel, or nearly so, the coreN2being energized by the current in the shunt which contains the helixN. In this position the leverAis notmoved by any ordinary variation in the current, because the armaturebis strongly attracted by the magnetism ofe, and these parts are close to each other, and the magnetism ofeacts at right angles to the magnetism of the coreM'. If, now, the arc becomes too long, the current through the helixMis lessened, and the magnetism of the coreN3is increased by the greater current passing through the shunt, and this coreN3, attracting the segmental armaturer, lessens the hold of the clampRupon the rodS, allowing the latter to slide and lessen the length of the arc, which instantly restores the magnetic equilibrium and causes the clampRto hold the rodS. If it happens that the carbons fall into contact, then the magnetism ofN2is lessened so much that the attraction of the magnetMwill be sufficient to move the armatureaand leverAso that the armaturebpasses above the normal position, so as to separate the carbons instantly; but when the carbons burn away, a greater amount of current will pass through the shunt until the attraction of the coreN2will overcome the attraction of the coreM'and bring the armature leverAagain into the normal horizontal position, and this occurs before the feed can take place. The segmental armature piecesrare shown as nearly semicircular. They are square or of any other desired shape, the ends of the pole piecesM3,N3being made to correspond in shape.
In a modification of this lamp, Mr. Tesla provided means for automatically withdrawing a lamp from the circuit, or cutting it out when, from a failure of the feed, the arc reached an abnormal length; and also means for automatically reinserting such lamp in the circuit when the rod drops and the carbons come into contact.
Fig. 283 is an elevation of the lamp with the case in section. Fig. 284 is a sectional plan at the linex x. Fig. 285 is an elevation, partly in section, of the lamp at right angles to Fig. 283. Fig. 286 is a sectional plan at the liney yof Fig. 283. Fig. 287 is a section of the clamp in about full size. Fig. 288 is a detached section illustrating the connection of the spring to the lever that carries the pivots of the clamp, and Fig. 289 is a diagram showing the circuit-connections of the lamp.
In Fig. 283,Mrepresents the main andNthe shunt magnet, both securely fastened to the baseA, which with its side columns,S S, are cast in one piece of brass or other diamagnetic material. To the magnets are soldered or otherwise fastened the brass washers or discsa a a a. Similar washers,b b, of fibre or other insulating material, serve to insulate the wires from the brass washers.
The magnetsMandNare made very flat, so that their width exceeds three times their thickness, or even more. In this way a comparatively small number of convolutions is sufficient to produce the required magnetism, while a greater surface is offered for cooling off the wires.
Fig. 286, 283.Fig. 286.Fig. 283.Fig. 285.Fig. 285.Fig. 287, 288.Fig. 287.Fig. 288.Fig. 284.Fig. 284.
Fig. 286, 283.Fig. 286.Fig. 283.
Fig. 285.Fig. 285.
Fig. 287, 288.Fig. 287.Fig. 288.
Fig. 284.Fig. 284.
The upper pole pieces,m n, of the magnets are curved, as indicated in the drawings, Fig. 283. The lower pole piecesm' n', are brought near together, tapering toward the armatureg, as shown in Figs. 284 and 286. The object of this taper is to concentrate the greatest amount of the developed magnetism upon the armature, and also to allow the pull to be exerted always upon the middle of the armatureg. This armaturegis a piece of ironin the shape of a hollow cylinder, having on each side a segment cut away, the width of which is equal to the width of the pole piecesm' n'.
The armature is soldered or otherwise fastened to the clampr, which is formed of a brass tube, provided with gripping-jawse e, Fig. 287. These jaws are arcs of a circle of the diameter of the rodR, and are made of hardened German silver. The guidesf f, through which the carbon-holding rodRslides, are made of the same material. This has the advantage of reducing greatly the wear and corrosion of the parts coming in frictional contact with the rod, which frequently causes trouble. The jawse eare fastened to the inside of the tuber, so that one is a little lower than the other. The object of this is to provide a greater opening for the passage of the rod when the same is released by the clamp. The clampris supported on bearingsw w, Figs. 283, 285 and 287, which are just in the middle between the jawse e. The bearingsw ware carried by a lever,t, one end of which rests upon an adjustable support,q, of the side columns,S, the other end being connected by means of the linke'to the armature-leverL. The armature-leverLis a flat piece of iron inNshape, having its ends curved so as to correspond to the form of the upper pole-pieces of the magnetsMandN. It is hung upon the pivotsv v, Fig. 284, which are in the jawxof the top plateB. This plateB, with the jaw, is cast in one piece and screwed to the side columns,S S, that extend up from the baseA. To partly balance the overweight of the moving parts, a spring,s', Figs. 284 and 288, is fastened to the top plate,B, and hooked to the levert. The hookois toward one side of the lever or bent a little sidewise, as seen in Fig. 288. By this means a slight tendency is given to swing the armature toward the pole-piecem'of the main magnet.
The binding-postsK K'are screwed to the baseA. A manual switch, for short-circuiting the lamp when the carbons are renewed, is also fastened to the base. This switch is of ordinary character, and is not shown in the drawings.
The rodRis electrically connected to the lamp-frame by means of a flexible conductor or otherwise. The lamp-case receives a removable cover,s2, to inclose the parts.
The electrical connections are as indicated diagrammatically in Fig. 289. The wire in the main magnet consists of two parts,x'andp'. These two parts may be in two separated coils or inone single helix, as shown in the drawings. The partx'being normally in circuit, is, with the fine wire upon the shunt-magnet, wound and traversed by the current in the same direction, so as to tend to produce similar poles,N NorS S, on the corresponding pole-pieces of the magnetsMandN. The partp'is only in circuit when the lamp is cut out, and then the current being in the opposite direction produces in the main magnet, magnetism of the opposite polarity.
The operation is as follows: At the start the carbons are to be in contact, and the current passes from the positive binding-postKto the lamp-frame, carbon-holder, upper and lower carbon, insulated return-wire in one of the side rods, and from there through the partx'of the wire on the main magnet to the negative binding-post. Upon the passage of the current the main magnet is energized and attracts the clamping-armatureg, swinging the clamp and gripping the rod by means of the gripping jawse e. At the same time the armature leverLis pulled down and the carbons are separated. In pulling down the armature leverLthe main magnet is assisted by the shunt-magnetN, the latter being magnetized by magnetic induction from the magnetM.