Chapter 24

[110]On this question, and on the whole subject of Hittite influence surviving in the civilisations of the western coast, see the brilliant survey by Hogarth,Ionia and the East, especially pp. 74 ff. and 101-2.[111]Op. cit., pp. 101-2.[112]Excavations at Ephesus:I.The Archaic Artemisiap. 173.[113]Above,p. 37; see also below,p. 338, and Pls.LIII.,LIV.[114]Herodotus, i. 76.[115]On this subject see Mommsen,The Provinces of the Roman Empire(London, 1909), pp. 120, 123.[116]Pl.LV.[117]Pl.XXVII.[118]This place was visited by Drummond,Travels ... in Parts of Asia to the Euphrates(London, 1874), who gives a sketch plan (No. 9 to f. p. 201). Theodoret in hisEcclesiastical Historymentions three inscriptions over the gate, as well as a castle, a ‘very superb’ Theatre, a Basilica, Temple, and other buildings; cf. also Maundrell,A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem(ed. 1799), p. 158.[119]For these see a paper by the Rev. W. M. Linton Smith, in theLiv. Annals of Arch., 1910.[120]Pl.XXVIII.Cf. theMausolée Pyramidal de Maktar, published by Gauckler,Les travaux d’Art ... en Tunisie, inRevue Générale des Sciences(Paris, November 30, 1896), p. 971, fig. 15. Also tombs at Arles and in Algeria, published by Gsell inLes Monuments Antiques d’Algérie(Paris, 1901). For these references we are indebted to Professor Bosanquet.[121]Pls.XXIX.,XXX.[122]The old Aramæan name for Heliopolis; it is really just south of the historic Hittite frontier in the Lebanon.[123]For photographs of the ruins and city of Tarsus seePl.XXII.,XXIII.; cf. also Ramsay,Cities of St. Paul, PartII., with Pls.II.-V.[124]SeePl.XXXIV.(ii).[125]Pls.XXXII.,XXXIII.[126]On the importance of this aspect of study, cf. Frazer,Adonis, Attis, and Osiris, in the Preface; and Hogarth inAuthority and Archæology, 2nd ed. (London, 1899), Preface, vii.[127]Sayce,The Hittites(London, 1888), 3rd ed., 1902, p. 67.[128]As well as other sculptured and inscribed stones; see Winckler: Preliminary Report of Excavations at Boghaz Keui, 1907. (Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, No. 35, Dec. 1907), figs. 6, 7, pp. 57, 58.[129]Hist. Relations of Phrygia and Cappadocia (Jour. Roy. Asiatic Soc., xv., Pl.I.), p. 124.[130]Perrot and Chipiez,Art in ... Asia Minor, ii. etc., pp. 214 and ff.; also Hamilton,Researches, etc., ii., pp. 350, 351; andRevue Arch., 3, v. pp. 257-264, and Pls.XI.,XII.[131](a) A Hittite invasion preceded the overthrow of the First Babylonian Dynasty. The date in the eighteenth centuryB.C.assigned by King (Chronicles, etc., i. p. 137) is accepted by Meyer, but thought by Sayce and others to be too late. (b) The Egyptian annals, diplomatic letters, mural decorations, etc., make frequent mention of the Kheta from the 33rd year of ThothmesIII.(aboutB.C.1471) until the time of RamesesIII., early in the twelfth centuryB.C.There is an early appearance of the group of signs reading ‘Kheta’ on a stela of the Twelfth Dynasty (Louvre,CI.); some philologists are disposed to regard the group in this instance as forming part of a longer word—a unique instance which implies at any rate familiarity with the word Kheta in the Twelfth Dynasty. It is more probable, Mr. Griffith tells us, that the group is really to be translated ‘Kheta’ though written (under circumstances that can be explained philologically) with a false determinative. The Babylonian evidence now prepares us for this early appearance of the name. (c) In the Assyrian records the earliest reference to the Hatti seems to be in the reign of ShalmaneserI., about 1320B.C., but the name is not found recurring until the time of Tiglath PileserI., about 1120B.C.: Sargon (B.C.721-704) seems finally to have subjected and disunited their principalities in N. Syria.[132]Winckler,Report,cit., especially pp. 27 and ff.[133]See chap. v., Part 3, pp.299,314.[134]See chap. v., Part 2, pp.271-273.[135]See above, pp.55,56; cf. also Xenophon,Anabasis, v. 4-30.[136]The inscriptions still largely hold their secrets. The cause would seem to be chiefly the imperfections in our copies, for Professor Sayce’s system (described in theProc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1904,et seqq.) has consistently developed geographical and local names corroborated by the circumstances of discovery. The language seems to be unlike any that is known, and to vary in localities.[137]The inscribed round-topped stone on its pedestal, on a rise of ground near Bogche, overlooking the Halys. SeePl.XLVIII.[138]Like the massive altar on the pass of Kuru-Bel. Seep. 147.[139]E.g.the lions found near Derendeh; the obelisk of Izgîn, and the columnar figure from Palanga. See pp.141,145.[140]E.g.the monuments of Jerablus, the site ofCarchemish; and of Marash, the ancientMarghasi; also those found at Emir-Ghazi nearArdistama; or at Bor, Nigdeh, and Andaval nearTyana.[141]Like the lions of Sakje-Geuzi, Marash, Eyuk, etc.[142]E.g.at Kurts-oghlu and Marash. See pp.98,113.[143]E.g.from Kara-burshlu, Sinjerli, Sakje-Geuzi, Marash, Malatia.[144]E.g.from Jerablus, Marash, etc. See the readings of Professor Sayce,Proc. S.B.A., 1904, Nov.et seqq.[145]These are marked uponthe map, p. 390. A more detailed place-index to these monuments, with a bibliography, is given inAppendix B.[146]Sculptures decorate the three last-named palaces.[147]May be inferred from analogy of sculptured blocks and locality.[148]A careful scrutiny might reveal some signs.[149]Eagle monuments, presumably Hittite.[150]Lion monuments, head only in the round.[151]Statuettes in the round; at Marash, Lion monuments also.[152]Altar.[153]Built into the gate façade.[154]Seemingly biographical or memorial.[155]Objects easily portable.[156]Columnar statue.[157]Provenancedoubtful.[158]Cf. below,ch. v. p. 313.[159]Messerschmidt,C.I.H.(1900), Pls.XXXIX.-XLV.[160]E.g.from Bor,Recueil de Travaux, xiv. p. 88.[161]E.g.from Aintab,op. cit., vol. xvii. p. 26.[162]See below,p. 160,Pl.XL.(ii).[163]Perrot inArt in ... Asia Minor, ii. p. 83.[164]See later,p. 321.[165]To face p. 390.[166]Khalabu inAnnals of Thothmes III., 33rd year; Khalman in the Assyrian records; Khalpa in Hittite, and Haleb in Arabic.[167]Except a small archaic bronze figure procured from Homs (Ménant:Revue Arch., 1895, p. 31); another bronze figure and a cylinder seal of ironstone purchased at Latakia upon the coast. (LongpérierMusée Napol., Pls.XXI.-XXII.; andAmerican Jour. Arch., 1898, p. 163, and 1899, p. 18.) Addendum: an inscription of two lines in relief has recently been found at Restan by the Rev. Father Ronzevalli of Beyrout.[168]See, for instance, Perrot and Chipiez,Art in ... Asia Minor, ii. p. 18; Breasted,The Battle of Kadesh(Chicago, 1903), pp. 13,et ff.[169]See pp.128,130; and the list of monuments inAppendix B.[170]SeePl.XL.(i).[171]Ramsay (Hist. Geog., p. 35; alsoRecueil, xv., p. 28) believes in a main eastern route passing through Malatia, and connecting with the Royal Road. The place was, of course, the site of a Roman frontier fortress.[172]Liverpool Annals of Arch., i. p. 9.[173]Ibid., p. 11, and Pl.XIV., fig. 1. See below,Pl.XL.(ii).[174]See above,p. 38, and Ramsay,Historical Geography of Asia Minor, pp. 30, 31.[175]Pausanias,I.iv. 5.[176]Journal Hellenic Studies, xix., PartI., 1899, p. 50.[177]Or perhaps discrediting it. Cf.J.H.S.loc. cit., p. 45, at the top.[178]Our relatively large material for this region is mostly due to the consistent researches of Professor Sir William Ramsay and his school.[179]Ramsay,Luke the Physician, p. 174, footnote.[180]See above,p. 56, andPl.XXV.[181]This uncertainty, however, forbids us to use theirprovenanceas evidence, though in themselves objects with special features of interest.[182]Herodotus, i. 76, and i. 72; see also above, pp.21,22.[183]Ramsay,Historical Geography of Asia Minor(London, 1890), p. 32.[184]Professor Ramsay points out the neglected irrigation works,Luke the Physician, p. 129.[185]Thought by Miss Gertrude Bell to have been artificially separated from the ridge, of which it seems like a projecting headland. SeeThe Desert and the Sown(London, 1905), p. 223. The same work may be consulted for modern interests of this remarkable Arab town. So also Tyke,Dar el Islam(London, 1907).[186]Seep. 85, note 2(addendum); and Sayce inProc. S.B.A.(1909), p. 259.[187]Burckhardt,Travels in Syria and the Holy Land, (London 1822), p. 149.[188]For the progress and vicissitudes of the attempts to obtain a record of the Hamath stones, consult Wright,The Empire of the Hittites; Burton,Unexplored Syria, and the Quarterly Statements of the Palestine Exploration Fund (1871-2-3); and for a connected account, Sayce,The Hittites(1905); pp. 60-64.[189]One in particular, which was long, had virtues for the rheumatic, who stretched themselves upon it. The Aleppo stone was regarded as effective for ophthalmia; and some superstition clings to nearly all such remains when they have long been known to village communities. In Egypt any monuments of stone, even a stela newly found but of guaranteed antiquity, is particularly sought out by barren women, who seem to have a definite formula and ritual to observe—one of these acts is to cross and recross the stone, if possible, seven times each way without turning the eyes to right or left.[190]C.I.H.(Mitteilungen, etc., 1900, 5), Pls.III.B;IV.A, B;V.,VI., and text (1900, 4), pp. 6-8. Also Wright,op. cit., Pls.I.-IV., pp. 139-141.[191]Being a characteristic specimen and of historical interest we reproduce this monument inPl.XXXVII.[192]Sayce,Proc. S.B.A., 1903, March.[193]This feature distinguishes this sign from the determinative of a district, represented as a conical hill.[194]See for example the groups of symbols accompanying the divine figures at Boghaz-Keui, Pls.LXV.,LXII.[195]A reading of No. 1 was tentatively put forward by Sayce,Proc. S.B.A.(1903), p. 354; but this must be revised in the light of the new reading of No. 2, and the note on one of the signs of No. 1, inProc. S.B.A., 1905, Nov., p. 218.[196]Cf. the Aintab stone below,p. 107, andPl.XLI.Also the corner-stonesin situat Eyuk, Pls.LXXII.,LXXIII.[197]These monuments are now to be seen at Constantinople, in the Ottoman Museum. (Nos. 831, 832, etc.)[198]C.I.H., Pl.III.A, Text, p. 4 (Mitteilungen, etc., 1900, 4, 5), andProc. S.B.A., v. (1883), p. 146.[199]By the Liverpool Expedition of 1907. SeeLiv. Annals of Arch., i. p. 8, Pl.IX., 3; and cf.Proc. S.B.A., June 1908. For three uninscribed but presumably Hittite sculptures from Aleppo, seeLiv. Annals, ii. p. 184, and Pl.XLII.[200]SeePl.XXXVIII., to face.[201]C.I.H.(1900), Pl.VII.and p. 8.[202]Vorderasiatische Abteilung, No. 3009.[203]Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1900, pt. 4, p. 8. There is another inscribed object coming from this region now in the museum at Alexandretta, but it seems to have come originally from Marash. It is a small stone inscribed on both sides, of which one is flat and the other convex. The four rows of hieroglyphs in relief are preserved on either side, while portions of a fifth are visible, for a part of the object is broken away. Its width is 9½ inches, and the height of what is preserved 14 inches (ibid., loc. cit.).[204]C.I.H.(1900, 5), Pl.XXVI.1, 2, and do. (1900, 4), p. 20.[205]The illustration of the Sinjerli scene,Pl.LXXV., explains the subject in general: only at Sakje-Geuzi one of the figures is standing, in the other cases both are seated.[206]Compare in shape and subject the ‘gravestone of an Aramaic Queen,’ eighth centuryB.C., Berlin Museum (Vorderasiatische Abteilung, No. 2995). The shape corresponds also with that of the monument from Samsat (below,p. 130); and of the stela of Nabonidus from Mujelibeh now at Constantinople, published by Scheil,Recueil de Travaux, xviii. 1, 2 (Paris, 1896).[207]Such as are to be seen at Sakje-Geuzi and in one instance at Marash.[208]Unfortunately there seem to have been no soundings made for a much-wanted Hittite necropolis. On the possible evolution of the motive in general, see below,p. 357.[209]On this point seep. 357, and cf. Jensen,Hittiter und Armenier(Strassburg, 1898), p. 166; and Crowfoot,Jour. Hell. Stud., xix., pp. 42, 43.[210]Liv. Annals of Arch., i. pp. 97-117, and Pls.XXXIII.-XLIX.[211]Publ. inLiv. Annals of Arch., i. Pl.XLV., and pp. 101-2. There is a cast at the Liverpool Institute of Archæology.[212]Cf. the monuments of this class from Marash, described below, and the stela of Nerab, a Phœnician monument of the ninth centuryB.C.(of which a good photograph is published by Ball,Light from the East, to face p. 236). These sculptures should be compared with representations of shrines, or offerings at the altar, like the reliefs at Fraktin,Pl.XLVII.(Recueil de Travaux, xiv., Pl.VI., and Chantre,Mission en Cappadoce, Pl.XXIII.); also a scene at Eyuk,Pl.LXXIII.(i).[213]Cf. the similar sculpture from Marash,p. 111, andC.I.H.(1900, 5), Pl.XXII., and from Malatia, below,p. 135.[214]Vorderasiat. Mus., No. 971.[215]Pl.XXXIX.; cf. also Humann and Puchstein, inReisen in Kleinasien und Nord Syrien(Berlin, 1890):Atlas, Pl.XLVI.Perrot and Chipiez,Art in ... Asia Minor, ii. p. 64, and fig. 279.[216]Cf. the similar composition of another sculpture from the same site.Liv. Annals, i. (1908), Pl.XV., fig. 2.[217]Cf. the lion of Marash,Pl.XLII., and the newly found lion of Sakje-Geuzi,Pl.LXXIX.[218]Cf.Liv. Annals, i. (1908), Pls.XXXIV.2,XXXV.2.[219]Attributed by Puchstein,Pseudo-hethitische Kunst(Berlin, 1890), to the age of Sargon.[220]Pl.XL.(i).FromLiv. Annals, i. (1908), figs. 2, 3, Pl.XIV.[221]Cf.inter aliaChantre,Mission en Cappadoce, Pl.XXIV.; also (Bezzenberger und) Peiser,Die bronze Figur von Schernen(Sitzungsber. der Altertumsges. Prussia, Heft 22), where the distribution of this class of bronze figure is thoroughly examined. Among the sites of Asia Minor there appear Yuzgat, Angora, Amasîa, Karashehr, Iconium, and ten unnamed places of Cappadocia. On the Syrian side, Marash and Homs and the Lebanon region are noticeable. The distribution thus includes many Hittite sites, but not exclusively.[222]Pl.XLI.; cf.Liv. Annals Arch., i. (1908), Pls.X.,XI., p. 8, and fig. p. 7. Several important small objects have been secured at Aintab.[223]Cf. the monument recently discovered at Marash, described below,pp. 114 ff.[224]As at Sakje-Geuzi. SeePl.LXXVIII.[225]Perrot and Chipiez,Art in ... Asia Minor, ii., fig. 268.[226]Humann and Puchstein,Reisen, etc., Atlas, Pls.XLVII.-XLIX.[227]Other sculptured fragments are described on pp.118-122.

[111]Op. cit., pp. 101-2.

[112]Excavations at Ephesus:I.The Archaic Artemisiap. 173.

[113]Above,p. 37; see also below,p. 338, and Pls.LIII.,LIV.

[114]Herodotus, i. 76.

[115]On this subject see Mommsen,The Provinces of the Roman Empire(London, 1909), pp. 120, 123.

[116]Pl.LV.

[117]Pl.XXVII.

[118]This place was visited by Drummond,Travels ... in Parts of Asia to the Euphrates(London, 1874), who gives a sketch plan (No. 9 to f. p. 201). Theodoret in hisEcclesiastical Historymentions three inscriptions over the gate, as well as a castle, a ‘very superb’ Theatre, a Basilica, Temple, and other buildings; cf. also Maundrell,A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem(ed. 1799), p. 158.

[119]For these see a paper by the Rev. W. M. Linton Smith, in theLiv. Annals of Arch., 1910.

[120]Pl.XXVIII.Cf. theMausolée Pyramidal de Maktar, published by Gauckler,Les travaux d’Art ... en Tunisie, inRevue Générale des Sciences(Paris, November 30, 1896), p. 971, fig. 15. Also tombs at Arles and in Algeria, published by Gsell inLes Monuments Antiques d’Algérie(Paris, 1901). For these references we are indebted to Professor Bosanquet.

[121]Pls.XXIX.,XXX.

[122]The old Aramæan name for Heliopolis; it is really just south of the historic Hittite frontier in the Lebanon.

[123]For photographs of the ruins and city of Tarsus seePl.XXII.,XXIII.; cf. also Ramsay,Cities of St. Paul, PartII., with Pls.II.-V.

[124]SeePl.XXXIV.(ii).

[125]Pls.XXXII.,XXXIII.

[126]On the importance of this aspect of study, cf. Frazer,Adonis, Attis, and Osiris, in the Preface; and Hogarth inAuthority and Archæology, 2nd ed. (London, 1899), Preface, vii.

[127]Sayce,The Hittites(London, 1888), 3rd ed., 1902, p. 67.

[128]As well as other sculptured and inscribed stones; see Winckler: Preliminary Report of Excavations at Boghaz Keui, 1907. (Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, No. 35, Dec. 1907), figs. 6, 7, pp. 57, 58.

[129]Hist. Relations of Phrygia and Cappadocia (Jour. Roy. Asiatic Soc., xv., Pl.I.), p. 124.

[130]Perrot and Chipiez,Art in ... Asia Minor, ii. etc., pp. 214 and ff.; also Hamilton,Researches, etc., ii., pp. 350, 351; andRevue Arch., 3, v. pp. 257-264, and Pls.XI.,XII.

[131](a) A Hittite invasion preceded the overthrow of the First Babylonian Dynasty. The date in the eighteenth centuryB.C.assigned by King (Chronicles, etc., i. p. 137) is accepted by Meyer, but thought by Sayce and others to be too late. (b) The Egyptian annals, diplomatic letters, mural decorations, etc., make frequent mention of the Kheta from the 33rd year of ThothmesIII.(aboutB.C.1471) until the time of RamesesIII., early in the twelfth centuryB.C.There is an early appearance of the group of signs reading ‘Kheta’ on a stela of the Twelfth Dynasty (Louvre,CI.); some philologists are disposed to regard the group in this instance as forming part of a longer word—a unique instance which implies at any rate familiarity with the word Kheta in the Twelfth Dynasty. It is more probable, Mr. Griffith tells us, that the group is really to be translated ‘Kheta’ though written (under circumstances that can be explained philologically) with a false determinative. The Babylonian evidence now prepares us for this early appearance of the name. (c) In the Assyrian records the earliest reference to the Hatti seems to be in the reign of ShalmaneserI., about 1320B.C., but the name is not found recurring until the time of Tiglath PileserI., about 1120B.C.: Sargon (B.C.721-704) seems finally to have subjected and disunited their principalities in N. Syria.

[132]Winckler,Report,cit., especially pp. 27 and ff.

[133]See chap. v., Part 3, pp.299,314.

[134]See chap. v., Part 2, pp.271-273.

[135]See above, pp.55,56; cf. also Xenophon,Anabasis, v. 4-30.

[136]The inscriptions still largely hold their secrets. The cause would seem to be chiefly the imperfections in our copies, for Professor Sayce’s system (described in theProc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1904,et seqq.) has consistently developed geographical and local names corroborated by the circumstances of discovery. The language seems to be unlike any that is known, and to vary in localities.

[137]The inscribed round-topped stone on its pedestal, on a rise of ground near Bogche, overlooking the Halys. SeePl.XLVIII.

[138]Like the massive altar on the pass of Kuru-Bel. Seep. 147.

[139]E.g.the lions found near Derendeh; the obelisk of Izgîn, and the columnar figure from Palanga. See pp.141,145.

[140]E.g.the monuments of Jerablus, the site ofCarchemish; and of Marash, the ancientMarghasi; also those found at Emir-Ghazi nearArdistama; or at Bor, Nigdeh, and Andaval nearTyana.

[141]Like the lions of Sakje-Geuzi, Marash, Eyuk, etc.

[142]E.g.at Kurts-oghlu and Marash. See pp.98,113.

[143]E.g.from Kara-burshlu, Sinjerli, Sakje-Geuzi, Marash, Malatia.

[144]E.g.from Jerablus, Marash, etc. See the readings of Professor Sayce,Proc. S.B.A., 1904, Nov.et seqq.

[145]These are marked uponthe map, p. 390. A more detailed place-index to these monuments, with a bibliography, is given inAppendix B.

[146]Sculptures decorate the three last-named palaces.

[147]May be inferred from analogy of sculptured blocks and locality.

[148]A careful scrutiny might reveal some signs.

[149]Eagle monuments, presumably Hittite.

[150]Lion monuments, head only in the round.

[151]Statuettes in the round; at Marash, Lion monuments also.

[152]Altar.

[153]Built into the gate façade.

[154]Seemingly biographical or memorial.

[155]Objects easily portable.

[156]Columnar statue.

[157]Provenancedoubtful.

[158]Cf. below,ch. v. p. 313.

[159]Messerschmidt,C.I.H.(1900), Pls.XXXIX.-XLV.

[160]E.g.from Bor,Recueil de Travaux, xiv. p. 88.

[161]E.g.from Aintab,op. cit., vol. xvii. p. 26.

[162]See below,p. 160,Pl.XL.(ii).

[163]Perrot inArt in ... Asia Minor, ii. p. 83.

[164]See later,p. 321.

[165]To face p. 390.

[166]Khalabu inAnnals of Thothmes III., 33rd year; Khalman in the Assyrian records; Khalpa in Hittite, and Haleb in Arabic.

[167]Except a small archaic bronze figure procured from Homs (Ménant:Revue Arch., 1895, p. 31); another bronze figure and a cylinder seal of ironstone purchased at Latakia upon the coast. (LongpérierMusée Napol., Pls.XXI.-XXII.; andAmerican Jour. Arch., 1898, p. 163, and 1899, p. 18.) Addendum: an inscription of two lines in relief has recently been found at Restan by the Rev. Father Ronzevalli of Beyrout.

[168]See, for instance, Perrot and Chipiez,Art in ... Asia Minor, ii. p. 18; Breasted,The Battle of Kadesh(Chicago, 1903), pp. 13,et ff.

[169]See pp.128,130; and the list of monuments inAppendix B.

[170]SeePl.XL.(i).

[171]Ramsay (Hist. Geog., p. 35; alsoRecueil, xv., p. 28) believes in a main eastern route passing through Malatia, and connecting with the Royal Road. The place was, of course, the site of a Roman frontier fortress.

[172]Liverpool Annals of Arch., i. p. 9.

[173]Ibid., p. 11, and Pl.XIV., fig. 1. See below,Pl.XL.(ii).

[174]See above,p. 38, and Ramsay,Historical Geography of Asia Minor, pp. 30, 31.

[175]Pausanias,I.iv. 5.

[176]Journal Hellenic Studies, xix., PartI., 1899, p. 50.

[177]Or perhaps discrediting it. Cf.J.H.S.loc. cit., p. 45, at the top.

[178]Our relatively large material for this region is mostly due to the consistent researches of Professor Sir William Ramsay and his school.

[179]Ramsay,Luke the Physician, p. 174, footnote.

[180]See above,p. 56, andPl.XXV.

[181]This uncertainty, however, forbids us to use theirprovenanceas evidence, though in themselves objects with special features of interest.

[182]Herodotus, i. 76, and i. 72; see also above, pp.21,22.

[183]Ramsay,Historical Geography of Asia Minor(London, 1890), p. 32.

[184]Professor Ramsay points out the neglected irrigation works,Luke the Physician, p. 129.

[185]Thought by Miss Gertrude Bell to have been artificially separated from the ridge, of which it seems like a projecting headland. SeeThe Desert and the Sown(London, 1905), p. 223. The same work may be consulted for modern interests of this remarkable Arab town. So also Tyke,Dar el Islam(London, 1907).

[186]Seep. 85, note 2(addendum); and Sayce inProc. S.B.A.(1909), p. 259.

[187]Burckhardt,Travels in Syria and the Holy Land, (London 1822), p. 149.

[188]For the progress and vicissitudes of the attempts to obtain a record of the Hamath stones, consult Wright,The Empire of the Hittites; Burton,Unexplored Syria, and the Quarterly Statements of the Palestine Exploration Fund (1871-2-3); and for a connected account, Sayce,The Hittites(1905); pp. 60-64.

[189]One in particular, which was long, had virtues for the rheumatic, who stretched themselves upon it. The Aleppo stone was regarded as effective for ophthalmia; and some superstition clings to nearly all such remains when they have long been known to village communities. In Egypt any monuments of stone, even a stela newly found but of guaranteed antiquity, is particularly sought out by barren women, who seem to have a definite formula and ritual to observe—one of these acts is to cross and recross the stone, if possible, seven times each way without turning the eyes to right or left.

[190]C.I.H.(Mitteilungen, etc., 1900, 5), Pls.III.B;IV.A, B;V.,VI., and text (1900, 4), pp. 6-8. Also Wright,op. cit., Pls.I.-IV., pp. 139-141.

[191]Being a characteristic specimen and of historical interest we reproduce this monument inPl.XXXVII.

[192]Sayce,Proc. S.B.A., 1903, March.

[193]This feature distinguishes this sign from the determinative of a district, represented as a conical hill.

[194]See for example the groups of symbols accompanying the divine figures at Boghaz-Keui, Pls.LXV.,LXII.

[195]A reading of No. 1 was tentatively put forward by Sayce,Proc. S.B.A.(1903), p. 354; but this must be revised in the light of the new reading of No. 2, and the note on one of the signs of No. 1, inProc. S.B.A., 1905, Nov., p. 218.

[196]Cf. the Aintab stone below,p. 107, andPl.XLI.Also the corner-stonesin situat Eyuk, Pls.LXXII.,LXXIII.

[197]These monuments are now to be seen at Constantinople, in the Ottoman Museum. (Nos. 831, 832, etc.)

[198]C.I.H., Pl.III.A, Text, p. 4 (Mitteilungen, etc., 1900, 4, 5), andProc. S.B.A., v. (1883), p. 146.

[199]By the Liverpool Expedition of 1907. SeeLiv. Annals of Arch., i. p. 8, Pl.IX., 3; and cf.Proc. S.B.A., June 1908. For three uninscribed but presumably Hittite sculptures from Aleppo, seeLiv. Annals, ii. p. 184, and Pl.XLII.

[200]SeePl.XXXVIII., to face.

[201]C.I.H.(1900), Pl.VII.and p. 8.

[202]Vorderasiatische Abteilung, No. 3009.

[203]Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1900, pt. 4, p. 8. There is another inscribed object coming from this region now in the museum at Alexandretta, but it seems to have come originally from Marash. It is a small stone inscribed on both sides, of which one is flat and the other convex. The four rows of hieroglyphs in relief are preserved on either side, while portions of a fifth are visible, for a part of the object is broken away. Its width is 9½ inches, and the height of what is preserved 14 inches (ibid., loc. cit.).

[204]C.I.H.(1900, 5), Pl.XXVI.1, 2, and do. (1900, 4), p. 20.

[205]The illustration of the Sinjerli scene,Pl.LXXV., explains the subject in general: only at Sakje-Geuzi one of the figures is standing, in the other cases both are seated.

[206]Compare in shape and subject the ‘gravestone of an Aramaic Queen,’ eighth centuryB.C., Berlin Museum (Vorderasiatische Abteilung, No. 2995). The shape corresponds also with that of the monument from Samsat (below,p. 130); and of the stela of Nabonidus from Mujelibeh now at Constantinople, published by Scheil,Recueil de Travaux, xviii. 1, 2 (Paris, 1896).

[207]Such as are to be seen at Sakje-Geuzi and in one instance at Marash.

[208]Unfortunately there seem to have been no soundings made for a much-wanted Hittite necropolis. On the possible evolution of the motive in general, see below,p. 357.

[209]On this point seep. 357, and cf. Jensen,Hittiter und Armenier(Strassburg, 1898), p. 166; and Crowfoot,Jour. Hell. Stud., xix., pp. 42, 43.

[210]Liv. Annals of Arch., i. pp. 97-117, and Pls.XXXIII.-XLIX.

[211]Publ. inLiv. Annals of Arch., i. Pl.XLV., and pp. 101-2. There is a cast at the Liverpool Institute of Archæology.

[212]Cf. the monuments of this class from Marash, described below, and the stela of Nerab, a Phœnician monument of the ninth centuryB.C.(of which a good photograph is published by Ball,Light from the East, to face p. 236). These sculptures should be compared with representations of shrines, or offerings at the altar, like the reliefs at Fraktin,Pl.XLVII.(Recueil de Travaux, xiv., Pl.VI., and Chantre,Mission en Cappadoce, Pl.XXIII.); also a scene at Eyuk,Pl.LXXIII.(i).

[213]Cf. the similar sculpture from Marash,p. 111, andC.I.H.(1900, 5), Pl.XXII., and from Malatia, below,p. 135.

[214]Vorderasiat. Mus., No. 971.

[215]Pl.XXXIX.; cf. also Humann and Puchstein, inReisen in Kleinasien und Nord Syrien(Berlin, 1890):Atlas, Pl.XLVI.Perrot and Chipiez,Art in ... Asia Minor, ii. p. 64, and fig. 279.

[216]Cf. the similar composition of another sculpture from the same site.Liv. Annals, i. (1908), Pl.XV., fig. 2.

[217]Cf. the lion of Marash,Pl.XLII., and the newly found lion of Sakje-Geuzi,Pl.LXXIX.

[218]Cf.Liv. Annals, i. (1908), Pls.XXXIV.2,XXXV.2.

[219]Attributed by Puchstein,Pseudo-hethitische Kunst(Berlin, 1890), to the age of Sargon.

[220]Pl.XL.(i).FromLiv. Annals, i. (1908), figs. 2, 3, Pl.XIV.

[221]Cf.inter aliaChantre,Mission en Cappadoce, Pl.XXIV.; also (Bezzenberger und) Peiser,Die bronze Figur von Schernen(Sitzungsber. der Altertumsges. Prussia, Heft 22), where the distribution of this class of bronze figure is thoroughly examined. Among the sites of Asia Minor there appear Yuzgat, Angora, Amasîa, Karashehr, Iconium, and ten unnamed places of Cappadocia. On the Syrian side, Marash and Homs and the Lebanon region are noticeable. The distribution thus includes many Hittite sites, but not exclusively.

[222]Pl.XLI.; cf.Liv. Annals Arch., i. (1908), Pls.X.,XI., p. 8, and fig. p. 7. Several important small objects have been secured at Aintab.

[223]Cf. the monument recently discovered at Marash, described below,pp. 114 ff.

[224]As at Sakje-Geuzi. SeePl.LXXVIII.

[225]Perrot and Chipiez,Art in ... Asia Minor, ii., fig. 268.

[226]Humann and Puchstein,Reisen, etc., Atlas, Pls.XLVII.-XLIX.

[227]Other sculptured fragments are described on pp.118-122.

Back to Index Next