401.1On the Couvade generally the reader may consult Tylor,Early Hist., 291; H. Ling Roth, in xxii.Journ. Anthr. Inst., 204; Ploss, i.Kind, 143; Von Dargun, 18; and the correspondence inThe Academyfor 29th Oct., 5th, 12th, 19th Nov., 10th, 17th Dec. 1892.
404.1Modigliani, 555; Ploss, i.Kind, 36.
404.2Codrington, 228.
405.1Von den Steinen, 334, 338, 503, 434.
406.1Addy, 91. Compare the tale, citedsuprà,p. 11, of the mother whose digging-stick broke when her child was taken away. In a Chinese tale a grown-up son feels pain when his mother bites her finger. i. Doolittle, 454.
407.1Tylor,Early Hist., 292, quoting Du Tertre.
408.1Featherman,Papuo-Mel., 64.
411.1Grimm,Teut. Myth., 1845.
411.2Temme,Altmark, 87, 78.
411.3ii.Am Urquell, 123.
411.4De Zmidgrodzki, in vi.Rev. Trad. Pop., 40; Temme,Altmark, 88.
411.5i. Kohlrusch, 340.
411.6Temme,Altmark, 74.
411.7Schiffer, in iv.Am Urquell, 170.
412.1Tylor,Early Hist., 304, citing Wuttke.
412.2Grimm,Teut. Myth., 1796; ii. Witzschel, 249. Other German examples will be found in Grimm,Teut. Myth., 1779, 1786, 1799, 1845; Temme,Altmark, 74, 88; ii. Witzschel, 244, 250; Ploss, i.Kind, 213, 216; Von Wlislocki,Siebenb. Sachs., 152; Hillner, 38; vi.Am Urquell, 93; Spiess,Obererz., 36.
412.3ii.Am Urquell, 198.
413.1Ploss, i.Kind, 216.
413.2Knoop,Posen, 116.
413.3Kaindl, 6.
413.4Marchesa di Villamarina, in i.Rivista, 72.
414.1Bérenger-Féraud, 171; i. Strackerjan, 48; vi.Am Urquell, 93; ii.Bull. de F.L., 151.
414.2ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 9.
414.3Julie Filippi, in ix.Rev. Trad. Pop., 465.
414.4Ostermann, 381.
414.5viii.Journ. Am. F.L., 22.
414.6ii.Bull. de F.L., 152.
414.7Lady Vere de Vere, in i.Rivista, 447.
415.1Ostermann, 381; i.Rivista, 635; ii. 45.
415.2Von Wlislocki, in iii.Am Urquell, 93.
416.1Dr. Krauss, in vii.Internat. Archiv, 168, 188, 191, 193, 196. See also Wilken, ii.Haaropfer, 68, quoting Grimm.
417.1Kaindl, 25, 40.
417.2Pigorini-Beri, 287.
418.1ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 9.
419.1Diod. Sic., iv. The Roman form seems to have been similar; Lubbock, 96, citing Müller,Das Mutterrecht.
420.1Krauss,Sitte und Brauch, 600, quoting Jukic; 599.
420.2ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 13, 39; Kolbe, 176.
420.3Brayley, 36. A Swedish superstition requires a mother of a child begotten before marriage, herself to hold the child at the font, otherwise it will not be legitimate. Grimm,Teut. Myth., 1830, quoting Fernow’sBeskrifning öfver Wärmeland.
421.1A. Weidemann, in iii.Am Urquell, 259.
421.2Girald. Cambr.,Topog.xxiii.; Saxo, 82, 200; Elton’s version, 99, 245.
421.3Paulitschke, 193, citing Abbadie,Géog. de l’Ethiopie.
421.4Lubbock, 97, quoting Parkyn.
421.5Hearn, 105.
421.6xxv.Sac. Bks.352.
422.1As to adoption generally, in addition to the citations above, see, among others, Paulitschke, 209; Robertson Smith,Kinship, 44, 149; Aulus Gellius, v. 19; Hunter,Captivity, 19, 35, 249; ii. Domenech, 324, 350; Featherman,Aoneo-Mar., 184, 310, 320;Chiapo-Mar., 274; Codrington, 42; Marsden, 229; vi.Rep. Bur. Ethn., 580; ix., 419; i. Crantz, 165; i.N. Ind. N. and Q., 152, 204; D’Arbois, i.Droit Celt., 251; Kaindl, 26. Biddulph, 82, describes fosterage in the Hindoo Koosh. Mr. Parkinson, in ii.Internat. Arch., 33, speaks of adoptive parents and children in the Kingsmill Islands. Adoption, however, seems there rather of the nature of sponsorship. It creates rights and duties, but does not involve detachment from the family of birth. A similar custom appears elsewhere in Polynesia.
424.1Ramage, 241. Mr. Ramage’s journey took place in 1828, and the incident referred to occurred at some previous date not indicated. May we hope the Italian peasant knows better by this time?
425.1Strack, 86, citingThe Book of the Pious.
425.2L. F. Sauvé, in ii.Mélusine, 254; Le Braz, 231; A. de Cock, in x.Rev. Trad. Pop., 249.
425.3Callaway,Tales, 284.
426.1Daily News, 14th July 1894.
427.1Ellis,Ewe-speaking Peoples, 208;Yoruba, 176, 300.
429.1Dalton, 64.
429.2ii. Binger, 260; Ellis,Yoruba, 299.
429.3Fison and Howitt, 157 note.
430.1i.N. Ind. N. and Q., 82.
430.2The provisions of the Irish laws are carefully analysed, D’Arbois, i.Droit Celt.
430.3Professor Kovalevsky, in the interesting paper mentionedante,p. 230note, which he read to the British Association at Oxford last year, gave some account of theLex Barbarorumof Daghestan, a code written down in the last century, but embodying the ancient customs of the Chevsurs, Pschavs and Touchains of Daghestan, who speak a dialect of Georgian. The population is organised ingentes, calledtouchoum; and everytouchoumincurs joint responsibility for the acts of its members. “Consanguinity,” says the professor, “to the remotest degree makes a man jointly responsible.… In case of murder or wounding, not only the trespasser but each one of the members of histouchoum, or gens, has to expect vengeance on the part of thetouchoumto which the victim belonged. The same mutual responsibility exists in the case of forcible entry.” It is noteworthy that eachtouchoumclaims descent from some mythical ancestor.
431.1Bartels, 205, quoting some writer I have not traced. The want of exact references is too frequently a serious blot on German scholarship. Dr. Bartels is shamefully guilty in this respect.
432.1Dyer, 171, quoting a paper by Mr. Chanter in ii.Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association(1867), 39.
432.2Prof. Mikhailovskii, in xxiv.Journ. Anthr. Inst., 126.
432.3Featherman,Nigr., 134, citingA Walk across Africa, by J. A. Grant (1803).
433.1v.Rep. Bur. Ethn., 426.
433.2vii.Rep. Bur. Ethn., 338, 350, 346.
434.1ii.Sax. Leechd., 136.
434.2Featherman,Drav., 246;Chiapo-Mar., 464;Papuo-Mel., 502;Nigr., 36, 750; xxiv.Journ. Anthr. Inst., 66.
435.1Richardson,The Folly of Pilgrimages, 70.
435.2i. Doolittle, 149. In Sardinia it is a common remedy, not merely in cases of bite by the famous spider, but for other diseases also, to bury the sick man up to his neck in earth, and to cause seven maidens, seven wives or seven widows, according as he is a bachelor, a married man or a widower, to dance round him. F. Valla, in xiv.Archivio, 40, 49. This seems referable to the same order of ideas.
435.3Suprà,p. 94; i.N. Ind. N. and Q., 6.
436.1E. Regàlia, in xiii.Archivio, 489.
436.2ii. De Groot, 507, 621.
436.3Andree, ii.Ethnog. Par., 11, citing Wuttke.
437.1Landor, 225, 227. See Batchelor, 211, as to other Ainu tribes.
437.2Anthony Jully, in v.L’Anthropologie, 400.
437.3Julian Ralph, in lxxxiv.Harper’s New Monthly Mag., 177.
437.4Featherman,Papuo-Mel., 179.
437.5Codrington, 269.
437.6Du Chaillu,Eq. Afr., 18.
438.1i. De Groot, 90, 93, 64, 89.
439.1ii. De Groot, 441; ii. Gray, 25, 305.
439.2iv.Internat. Arch., 9. The Hawaiian practice of flinging the dead into a volcano or into the sea perhaps belongs to the class of superstitions dealt with in the above paragraph. Ellis,Hawaii, 336.
439.3Taylor, 208.
444.1Fison and Howitt, 170.
‘An interesting study in comparative mythology. The old school of interpreters explained the presence of irrational and repulsive elements in classic legend as due to loss of the primitive purer meaning of the names of the high-dwelling gods. But that has given place to a more rational method. This explains the presence of the gross and barbaric as actual survivals of beliefs and customs from the rude myth-making stage out of which the higher races slowly emerged. Truly, a more excellent way.’—Daily Chronicle.
‘A most scholarly and fascinating book. Those who have not followed the progress of similar investigations will be startled by its suggestiveness.’—The Nation.
‘Folklore, treated as it is in the scientific method employed in the present work, is raised at once to a high level of importance, and is full of possibilities in the near future. It is a new science, but it is one which is already being elevated to a high standard of scholarly excellence by the publication of such works as the one before us. We shall await the appearance of the second volume of Mr. Hartland’s work with much interest, when we shall hope to deal with the subject thoroughly as a whole.’—Antiquary.
‘There will be agreement as to the skill with which he has disentangled a mass of valuable material and produced it in lively form.’—The Academy.
‘His book is one that no one interested in the early history of religion, in folklore, or in anthropology can safely neglect.’—Manchester Guardian.
‘The latter half of the book, which deals with the subject of parthenogenesis and miraculous births generally throughout all literature, is especially interesting, and makes one look forward to the second volume.’—Pall Mall Gazette.
‘Mr. E. S. Hartland has placed himself on the trail of this venerable and widespread tradition, and he follows it up with the scent of a sleuth-hound, or of a born folklorist.’—Scotsman.
‘Mr. Frazer’s great book, “The Golden Bough,” began a new epoch in the modern treatment of mythology. It showed us how to apply the comparative method to the folklore and religious tales of all countries and ages, with surprising results. Mr. Hartland is one of our most learned and competent workers in this novel field, and he ably follows Mr. Frazer’s footsteps.… Our author shows, with a marvellous array of instances, that supernatural birth is almost invariably claimed as a necessary attribute of the central figure in early myths: and he examines minutely the various methods in which the marvel takes place, the miraculous conception in a virgin being diversely caused by numberless more or less tangible antecedents, from something half-magical eaten or drunk to a shower of gold or a ray of sunlight.’—Westminster Gazette.
‘Crammed with good reading that is eminently thought-producing.’—Speaker.
[Copied from volume III in the series]
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[Chapter VIII]
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