FOOTNOTES[1]These figures refer to the bibliography at the end.[2]Tylor (“On the Game of Patolli,”Journ. Anthrop. Inst., Vol. VIII., 1879, p. 128) cites another certain case of borrowing on the part of pre-Columbian America from Asia. “Lot-backgammon as represented by tab,pachisi, etc., ranges in the Old World from Egypt across Southern Asia to Birma. As thepatolliof the Mexicans is a variety of lot-backgammon most nearly approaching the Hindupachisi, and perhaps like it passing into the stage of dice-backgammon, its presence seems to prove that it had made its way across from Asia. At any rate, it may be reckoned among elements of Asiatic culture traceable in the old Mexican civilization, the high development of which ... seems to be in large measure due to Asiatic influence.”[3]See also2;3;7;8;9;10;16;20;21;24;29;30;38;48;49;50;51;61;73;103; and105.[4]For proof that it was reached see3;8;9;10;20;21;38;49;50;51;73;102;103; and105.[5]Dr. Fewkes’ discourse is essentially a farrago of meaningless verbiage. Later on in this communication I shall give a characteristic sample of the late Professor Keane’s dialectic; but the whole of the passages referred to should be read by anyone who is inclined to cavil at my strictures upon such expositions of modern ethnological doctrine. The obvious course for any serious investigator to pursue is to ignore such superficial and illogical pretensions: but the ethnological literature of this country and America is so permeated with ideas such as Fewkes and Keane express, that it has become necessary bluntly to expose the utter hollowness of their case.[6]For if any sense whatever is to be attached to this phrase it implies that man is endowed with instincts of a much more complex and highly specialised kind than any insect or bird—instincts moreover which impel a group of men to perform at the same epoch a very large series of peculiarly complex, meaningless and fantastic acts that have no possible relationship to the “struggle for existence,” which is supposed to be responsible for the fashioning of instincts.But William McDougall tells us that the distinctive feature of human instincts is that they are of “the most highly general type.” “They merely provide a basis for vaguely directed activities in response to vaguely discriminated impressions from large classes of objects.” (“Psychology, the Study of Behaviour,” p. 171.) There is nothing vague about the extraordinary repertoire of the “heliolithic” cult![7]It is a curious reflection that the idea of stone living which made such a fantastic belief possible may itself have arisen from the Egyptian practices about to be described.[8]How insistent the desire was to make a statue of the mummy itself is shown by the repeated attempts made in later times; see the account of the mummies of Amenophis III. (86) and of the rulers and priests of the XXIst and XXIInd Dynasties (78and87).[9]For an account of the geographical distribution of serpent-worship and a remarkable demonstration of the intimacy of its association with distinctive “heliolithic” ideas, see Wake (103).[10]Sir William Thiselton Dyer informs me that in all probability it was notcedarbutjuniperthat was obtained by the Ancient Egyptians from Syria [and used for embalming]. The material to which reference is made here would probably be identical with the modern ‘huile de cade,’ and be obtained fromjuniperus excelsa.I retain the term “oil of cedar” to facilitate the bibliographical references, as all the archæologists and historians invariably use this expression.[11]Since this memoir has been printed Dr. Alan Gardiner has published a most luminous and important account of “The Tomb of Amenemhēt” (N. de Garis Davies and Alan Gardiner, 1915), which throws a flood of light upon Egyptian ideas concerning the matters discussed in this communication.[12]Mr. Crooke has called my attention to a similar practice in India. Leith (Journ. Anthr. Soc. of Bombay, Vol. I., 1886, pp. 39 and 40) stated that theKáší Khandacontained an account of a Bráhman who preserved his mother’s corpse. After having it preserved and wrapped he “coated the whole with pure clay and finally deposited the corpse in a copper coffin.”[13]Jackson refers the suggestion to Curzon’s “Persia and the Persian Question,” 1892, where I find (Vol. II., pp. 74, 79, 80, 146, 178 and 192) most conclusive evidence in proof of the fact that the body of Cyrus was mummified and all the Egyptian rites were observed (see especially Mr. Cecil Smith’s note on p. 80). In Persia, under Darius (p. 182), the Egyptian methods of tomb-construction were closely copied, not only in their general plan, but in minute details of their decoration (see p. 178)—also the bas-relief of Cyrus wearing the Egyptian crown (p. 74). Cambyses even introduced Egyptian workmen to carry out such work (p. 192).There are reasons for believing that India also was in turn influenced by this direct transmission of Egyptian practices to Persia, but only after (perhaps more than a century after) the Ethiopian modification of Egyptian embalming had been adopted there.[14]See, however, p. 69. At some future time I shall explain what an important link is provided by the ancient culture of the Black Sea littoral between Egypt and the civilizations of the Western Mediterranean on the one hand and India on the other.[15]Reutter (63) quotes the statement from Tschirch that Neuhof has described the embalming of bodies in Asia. In Borneo camphor, areca nut and the wood of aloes and musk are used; and in China camphor and sandalwood.[16]For this and certain other references I have to thank my colleague Professor S. J. Hickson, F.R.S. So far I have been unable to consult the full reports of Lorenz’s expedition.[17]A curious feature of these models is the representation of faces on the shoulders. Similar practices have been recorded in America (Bancroft,3).[18]For the whole driving force of the so-called “psychological” ethnologists is really a reverence for authority and a meaningless creed.[19]Recent literature has thrown some doubt upon its occurrence in Western Europe.[20]It is quite possible this may refer to the relatively modern incursion of Norsemen and other Europeans into America by the North Atlantic.
[1]These figures refer to the bibliography at the end.
[1]These figures refer to the bibliography at the end.
[2]Tylor (“On the Game of Patolli,”Journ. Anthrop. Inst., Vol. VIII., 1879, p. 128) cites another certain case of borrowing on the part of pre-Columbian America from Asia. “Lot-backgammon as represented by tab,pachisi, etc., ranges in the Old World from Egypt across Southern Asia to Birma. As thepatolliof the Mexicans is a variety of lot-backgammon most nearly approaching the Hindupachisi, and perhaps like it passing into the stage of dice-backgammon, its presence seems to prove that it had made its way across from Asia. At any rate, it may be reckoned among elements of Asiatic culture traceable in the old Mexican civilization, the high development of which ... seems to be in large measure due to Asiatic influence.”
[2]Tylor (“On the Game of Patolli,”Journ. Anthrop. Inst., Vol. VIII., 1879, p. 128) cites another certain case of borrowing on the part of pre-Columbian America from Asia. “Lot-backgammon as represented by tab,pachisi, etc., ranges in the Old World from Egypt across Southern Asia to Birma. As thepatolliof the Mexicans is a variety of lot-backgammon most nearly approaching the Hindupachisi, and perhaps like it passing into the stage of dice-backgammon, its presence seems to prove that it had made its way across from Asia. At any rate, it may be reckoned among elements of Asiatic culture traceable in the old Mexican civilization, the high development of which ... seems to be in large measure due to Asiatic influence.”
[3]See also2;3;7;8;9;10;16;20;21;24;29;30;38;48;49;50;51;61;73;103; and105.
[3]See also2;3;7;8;9;10;16;20;21;24;29;30;38;48;49;50;51;61;73;103; and105.
[4]For proof that it was reached see3;8;9;10;20;21;38;49;50;51;73;102;103; and105.
[4]For proof that it was reached see3;8;9;10;20;21;38;49;50;51;73;102;103; and105.
[5]Dr. Fewkes’ discourse is essentially a farrago of meaningless verbiage. Later on in this communication I shall give a characteristic sample of the late Professor Keane’s dialectic; but the whole of the passages referred to should be read by anyone who is inclined to cavil at my strictures upon such expositions of modern ethnological doctrine. The obvious course for any serious investigator to pursue is to ignore such superficial and illogical pretensions: but the ethnological literature of this country and America is so permeated with ideas such as Fewkes and Keane express, that it has become necessary bluntly to expose the utter hollowness of their case.
[5]Dr. Fewkes’ discourse is essentially a farrago of meaningless verbiage. Later on in this communication I shall give a characteristic sample of the late Professor Keane’s dialectic; but the whole of the passages referred to should be read by anyone who is inclined to cavil at my strictures upon such expositions of modern ethnological doctrine. The obvious course for any serious investigator to pursue is to ignore such superficial and illogical pretensions: but the ethnological literature of this country and America is so permeated with ideas such as Fewkes and Keane express, that it has become necessary bluntly to expose the utter hollowness of their case.
[6]For if any sense whatever is to be attached to this phrase it implies that man is endowed with instincts of a much more complex and highly specialised kind than any insect or bird—instincts moreover which impel a group of men to perform at the same epoch a very large series of peculiarly complex, meaningless and fantastic acts that have no possible relationship to the “struggle for existence,” which is supposed to be responsible for the fashioning of instincts.But William McDougall tells us that the distinctive feature of human instincts is that they are of “the most highly general type.” “They merely provide a basis for vaguely directed activities in response to vaguely discriminated impressions from large classes of objects.” (“Psychology, the Study of Behaviour,” p. 171.) There is nothing vague about the extraordinary repertoire of the “heliolithic” cult!
[6]For if any sense whatever is to be attached to this phrase it implies that man is endowed with instincts of a much more complex and highly specialised kind than any insect or bird—instincts moreover which impel a group of men to perform at the same epoch a very large series of peculiarly complex, meaningless and fantastic acts that have no possible relationship to the “struggle for existence,” which is supposed to be responsible for the fashioning of instincts.
But William McDougall tells us that the distinctive feature of human instincts is that they are of “the most highly general type.” “They merely provide a basis for vaguely directed activities in response to vaguely discriminated impressions from large classes of objects.” (“Psychology, the Study of Behaviour,” p. 171.) There is nothing vague about the extraordinary repertoire of the “heliolithic” cult!
[7]It is a curious reflection that the idea of stone living which made such a fantastic belief possible may itself have arisen from the Egyptian practices about to be described.
[7]It is a curious reflection that the idea of stone living which made such a fantastic belief possible may itself have arisen from the Egyptian practices about to be described.
[8]How insistent the desire was to make a statue of the mummy itself is shown by the repeated attempts made in later times; see the account of the mummies of Amenophis III. (86) and of the rulers and priests of the XXIst and XXIInd Dynasties (78and87).
[8]How insistent the desire was to make a statue of the mummy itself is shown by the repeated attempts made in later times; see the account of the mummies of Amenophis III. (86) and of the rulers and priests of the XXIst and XXIInd Dynasties (78and87).
[9]For an account of the geographical distribution of serpent-worship and a remarkable demonstration of the intimacy of its association with distinctive “heliolithic” ideas, see Wake (103).
[9]For an account of the geographical distribution of serpent-worship and a remarkable demonstration of the intimacy of its association with distinctive “heliolithic” ideas, see Wake (103).
[10]Sir William Thiselton Dyer informs me that in all probability it was notcedarbutjuniperthat was obtained by the Ancient Egyptians from Syria [and used for embalming]. The material to which reference is made here would probably be identical with the modern ‘huile de cade,’ and be obtained fromjuniperus excelsa.I retain the term “oil of cedar” to facilitate the bibliographical references, as all the archæologists and historians invariably use this expression.
[10]Sir William Thiselton Dyer informs me that in all probability it was notcedarbutjuniperthat was obtained by the Ancient Egyptians from Syria [and used for embalming]. The material to which reference is made here would probably be identical with the modern ‘huile de cade,’ and be obtained fromjuniperus excelsa.
I retain the term “oil of cedar” to facilitate the bibliographical references, as all the archæologists and historians invariably use this expression.
[11]Since this memoir has been printed Dr. Alan Gardiner has published a most luminous and important account of “The Tomb of Amenemhēt” (N. de Garis Davies and Alan Gardiner, 1915), which throws a flood of light upon Egyptian ideas concerning the matters discussed in this communication.
[11]Since this memoir has been printed Dr. Alan Gardiner has published a most luminous and important account of “The Tomb of Amenemhēt” (N. de Garis Davies and Alan Gardiner, 1915), which throws a flood of light upon Egyptian ideas concerning the matters discussed in this communication.
[12]Mr. Crooke has called my attention to a similar practice in India. Leith (Journ. Anthr. Soc. of Bombay, Vol. I., 1886, pp. 39 and 40) stated that theKáší Khandacontained an account of a Bráhman who preserved his mother’s corpse. After having it preserved and wrapped he “coated the whole with pure clay and finally deposited the corpse in a copper coffin.”
[12]Mr. Crooke has called my attention to a similar practice in India. Leith (Journ. Anthr. Soc. of Bombay, Vol. I., 1886, pp. 39 and 40) stated that theKáší Khandacontained an account of a Bráhman who preserved his mother’s corpse. After having it preserved and wrapped he “coated the whole with pure clay and finally deposited the corpse in a copper coffin.”
[13]Jackson refers the suggestion to Curzon’s “Persia and the Persian Question,” 1892, where I find (Vol. II., pp. 74, 79, 80, 146, 178 and 192) most conclusive evidence in proof of the fact that the body of Cyrus was mummified and all the Egyptian rites were observed (see especially Mr. Cecil Smith’s note on p. 80). In Persia, under Darius (p. 182), the Egyptian methods of tomb-construction were closely copied, not only in their general plan, but in minute details of their decoration (see p. 178)—also the bas-relief of Cyrus wearing the Egyptian crown (p. 74). Cambyses even introduced Egyptian workmen to carry out such work (p. 192).There are reasons for believing that India also was in turn influenced by this direct transmission of Egyptian practices to Persia, but only after (perhaps more than a century after) the Ethiopian modification of Egyptian embalming had been adopted there.
[13]Jackson refers the suggestion to Curzon’s “Persia and the Persian Question,” 1892, where I find (Vol. II., pp. 74, 79, 80, 146, 178 and 192) most conclusive evidence in proof of the fact that the body of Cyrus was mummified and all the Egyptian rites were observed (see especially Mr. Cecil Smith’s note on p. 80). In Persia, under Darius (p. 182), the Egyptian methods of tomb-construction were closely copied, not only in their general plan, but in minute details of their decoration (see p. 178)—also the bas-relief of Cyrus wearing the Egyptian crown (p. 74). Cambyses even introduced Egyptian workmen to carry out such work (p. 192).
There are reasons for believing that India also was in turn influenced by this direct transmission of Egyptian practices to Persia, but only after (perhaps more than a century after) the Ethiopian modification of Egyptian embalming had been adopted there.
[14]See, however, p. 69. At some future time I shall explain what an important link is provided by the ancient culture of the Black Sea littoral between Egypt and the civilizations of the Western Mediterranean on the one hand and India on the other.
[14]See, however, p. 69. At some future time I shall explain what an important link is provided by the ancient culture of the Black Sea littoral between Egypt and the civilizations of the Western Mediterranean on the one hand and India on the other.
[15]Reutter (63) quotes the statement from Tschirch that Neuhof has described the embalming of bodies in Asia. In Borneo camphor, areca nut and the wood of aloes and musk are used; and in China camphor and sandalwood.
[15]Reutter (63) quotes the statement from Tschirch that Neuhof has described the embalming of bodies in Asia. In Borneo camphor, areca nut and the wood of aloes and musk are used; and in China camphor and sandalwood.
[16]For this and certain other references I have to thank my colleague Professor S. J. Hickson, F.R.S. So far I have been unable to consult the full reports of Lorenz’s expedition.
[16]For this and certain other references I have to thank my colleague Professor S. J. Hickson, F.R.S. So far I have been unable to consult the full reports of Lorenz’s expedition.
[17]A curious feature of these models is the representation of faces on the shoulders. Similar practices have been recorded in America (Bancroft,3).
[17]A curious feature of these models is the representation of faces on the shoulders. Similar practices have been recorded in America (Bancroft,3).
[18]For the whole driving force of the so-called “psychological” ethnologists is really a reverence for authority and a meaningless creed.
[18]For the whole driving force of the so-called “psychological” ethnologists is really a reverence for authority and a meaningless creed.
[19]Recent literature has thrown some doubt upon its occurrence in Western Europe.
[19]Recent literature has thrown some doubt upon its occurrence in Western Europe.
[20]It is quite possible this may refer to the relatively modern incursion of Norsemen and other Europeans into America by the North Atlantic.
[20]It is quite possible this may refer to the relatively modern incursion of Norsemen and other Europeans into America by the North Atlantic.
Many other bibliographical references have been added in the text while this memoir was in course of printing.
1.D’Albertis, L. M.“New Guinea.” London, 1880, Vol. I.2.Allen, F. A.“The Original Range of the Papuan and Negritto Races.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 8, 1878-9, p. 38.3.Bancroft, H. H.“The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America.” London, 1875.4.Bent, T.“The Bahrein Islands in the Persian Gulf.”Proc. R. Geograph. Soc., 1870, p. 13.5.Blackman, A. M.“The Significance of Incense and Libations in Funerary and Temple Ritual.”Zeitsch. f. Ægypt. Sprache, Bd. 50.6.Breasted, J. H.“A History of Egypt.” London, 1906.7.Brown, J. Macmillan.“Maori and Polynesian.” London, 1907.8.Buckland, A. W.“The Serpent in Connection with Primitive Metallurgy.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 4, 1874-5, p. 60.9.Ibid.“Ethnological Hints afforded by the Stimulants in use among Savages and among the Ancients.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 8, 1878-9, p. 239.10.Ibid.“On Tattooing.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 17, 1887-8, p. 318.11.Capart, J.“Une Rue de Tombeaux.”Brussels, 1907.12.Crooke, W.“Northern India.” 1907.13.Ibid.“The Rude Stone Monuments of India,”Proc. Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club, Vol. XV., May, 1905, p. 117.14.Davids, T. W. Rhys.“Buddhist India.” London, 1911.15.Ellis, W.“Polynesian Researches.” Vol. I., London, 1832.16.Enoch, C. R.“The Secret of the Pacific.” London, 1912.17.Fergusson, J.“Rude Stone Monuments in all Countries.” London, 1872.18.Fewkes, J. Walter.“Great Stone Monuments in History and Geography.” Presidential Address delivered before the Anthropological Society of Washington, February 20th, 1912.19.Flower, W. H.“Illustrations of the Mode of preserving the Dead in Darnley Island and in South Australia.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 8, 1878-9, p. 389.20.Fox, A. Lane.“Remarks on Mr. Hodder Westropp’s Paper on Cromlechs, with a Map of the World, shewing the Distribution of Megalithic Monuments.”Journ. Ethnol. Soc., Vol. 1, 1869, p. 59.21.Ibid.“On Early Modes of Navigation.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 4, 1874-5, p. 389.22.Frazer, John.“The Aborigines of New South Wales.” Sydney, 1892.23.Gardiner, Alan H.Article, “Life and Death.”Hastings’ Dictionary of Religion and Ethics, 1915.24.Glaumont, M.“Usages, Moeurs, et Coutumes des Néo-Calédoniens.”Revue d’ethnologie, 1888, p. 73—Summary in Cartailhac’s “Materiaux pour l’histoire de l’homme,” Vol. 22, 1888, p. 507.25.Haddon, A. C., andMyers, C. S.“Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits.”Funeral Ceremonies, Vol. VI., Cambridge, 1908, p. 126.26.Haigh (Miss).“Some Account of the Island of Teneriffe.”Trans. Ethnol Soc., New Series, Vol. 7. 1869, p. 112.27.Hamlyn-Harris, R.“Papuan Mummification.”Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Vol. I., 27th Nov., 1912.28.Ibid.“Mummification,”loc. cit. supra.29.Harrison, J. Park.“On the Artificial Enlargement of the Earlobe.”Journ. Anthropol. 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J.“Anthropology of Prehistoric Peru.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 4, 1874-5, p. 438.39.Jones, F. Wood.In Report on the Archæological Survey of Nubiafor 1907-8, Vol. II., p. 194.40.Junker, H.“Excavations of the Vienna Imperial Academy of Sciences at the Pyramids of Gizah, 1914.”Journ. Egyptian Archæol., Vol. I., Oct., 1914, p. 250.41.Keane, A. H.“Ethnology.” Cambridge, 1896.42.Ibid.“Man, Past and Present.” Cambridge, 1900.43.Lorenz, H. A.“Eenige Maanden onder de Papoea’s.” 1905, p. 224.44.Lubbock, J.“Notes on the Macas Indians.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 3, 1873-4, p. 29.45.Mace, A. C.“The Early Dynastic Cemeteries of Naga-ed-Dêr, Part II.” 1909.46.Moll, Hermann.“Modern History.” Vol. I., Dublin, 1739.47.Myers, C. S.“Contributions to Egyptian Anthropology: Tatuing.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. XXXIII., 1903, p. 82.48.Nadaillac De.“L’Amérique Préhistorique.” Paris, 1883.49.Nuttall, Zelia.“The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations,” Archæological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., 1901, p. 602.50.Ibid.“A curious Survival in Mexico of the Purpura Shell-Fish for Dyeing.” Putnam Anniversary Volume, 1909.51.Oldham, C. F.“The Sun and the Serpent.” London, 1905.52.Page, H.“Post-mortem artificially-contracted Indian Heads.”Journ. Anat. and Phys., Vol. 31, 1897, p. 252.53.Partington, Edge.“Ethnographical Album of the Pacific Islands.” 3rd series, August, 1898, p. 94.54.Petrie, W. M. Flinders.“Tarkhan.” 1913 and 1914.55.PerrotandChipiez. “History of Art in Phœnicia.” London, 1885.56.Pettigrew, T. J.“A History of Egyptian Mummies.” London, 1834.57.Piorry.Article “Massage,” inDictionnaire des Sciences Médicales. 1819.58.Prescott, W. H.“Conquest of Peru.”59.Ibid.“Conquest of Mexico.”60.Quatrefages, A. de.“Hommes Fossiles et Hommes Sauvages.” Paris, 1884.61.Read, C. H.,Joyce, T. A., andEdge-Partington, J.“Handbook of the Ethnological Collections” (British Museum), 1910.62.Reisner, George A.Bulletin of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.Vol. XII., No. 69, April, 1914, p. 23.63.Reutter, L.“De l’embaumement avant et après Jésus-Christ.” Paris, 1912.64.Rivers, W. H. R.Presidential Address to Section H.Report Brit. Assoc., Portsmouth, 1911, p. 490, orNature, 1911, Vol. LXXXVII., p. 356.65.Ibid.“The Disappearance of Useful Arts.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1912, p. 598 [Abstract of a memoir published inFestsscrift Tillägnad Edvard Westermarck, Helsingfors, 1912, p. 109].66.Ibid.“Survival in Sociology.”The Sociological Review, October, 1913, p. 292.67.Ibid.“Massage in Melanesia.”Report of the 17th International Congress of Medicine, London, August, 1913, Section XXIII., History of Medicine.68.Ibid.“The Contact of Peoples.” Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway. Cambridge, p. 474.69.Ibid.“The History of Melanesian Society.” Cambridge, 1914, Vol. II.70.Ibid.“Is Australian Culture Simple or Complex?”Report Brit. Assoc., 1914; alsoMan, 1914, p. 172.71.Roth, W. E.“North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 9, Burial Ceremonies and Disposal of the Dead.”Records of the Australian Museum, Sydney, Vol. VI., No. 5, 1907, p. 365.72.Roscoe, J.“Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda.”Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. XXXII., 1902, p. 44. [Also his book entitled “The Baganda.”]73.Semple, Ellen C.“Influences of Geographic Environment on the basis of Ratzel’s System of Anthropo-Geography.” London, 1911.74.Sethe, Kurt.“Zur altaegyptischen Sage vom Sonnenauge das in der Fremde war.”Untersuchungen zur Gesch. u. Altertumskunde Aeg., Bd. V., Heft 3, 1912, p. 10.75.Smith, G. Elliot.“On the Natural Preservation of the Brain in the Ancient Egyptians.”Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Vol. XXXVI., pp. 375-380. Two text figures. 1902.76.Ibid.“The physical characters of the mummy of the Pharaoh Thothmosis IV.”Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte, 1904, [and in Carter and Newberry’s “Tomb of Thothmosis IV.” London, 1908].77.Ibid.“Report on four mummies of the XXI. dynasty.” Ibid., 1904.78.Ibid.“A Contribution to the Study of Mummification in Egypt.”Mémoires presentés à l’Institut Égyptien, Tome V., Fascicule I., 1906, pp. 1-54, 19 plates.79.Ibid.“An Account of the Mummy of a Priestess of Amen.”Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte, 1906, pp. 1-28, 9 plates.80.Ibid.“Report on the Unrolling of the Mummies of the Kings Siptah, Seti II., Ramses IV., Ramses V., and Ramses VI., in the Cairo Museum.”Bulletin de l’Institut Égyptien, 5ᵉ Série, T.I. pp. 45 à 67.81.Ibid.“Report on the Unwrapping of the Mummy of Menephtah.”Annales du Service des Antiquités, 1907.82.Ibid.“Notes on Mummies.”The Cairo Scientific Journal, February, 1908.83.Ibid.“On the Mummies in the Tomb of Amenhotep II.”Bulletin de l’Institut Égyptien, 5ᵉ Série, Tome I., 1908.84.Ibid.Account of the Mummies of Yuaa and Thuiu, in Quibell’s “Tomb of Yuaa and Thuiu.” Catalogue Général du Musée du Caïre, 1908.85.Ibid.“The History of Mummification in Egypt.”Proc. Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, 1910.86.Ibid.“The Royal Mummies.” Catalogue Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caïre, 1912.87.Ibid.“Egyptian Mummies.”Journal of Egyptian Archæology, Vol. I., Part III., July, 1914, p. 189.88.Ibid.“Heart and Reins.”Journal of the Manchester Oriental Society, Vol. I., 1911, p. 41.89.Ibid.“The Earliest Evidence of Attempts at Mummification in Egypt.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1912, p. 612.90.Ibid.“The Ancient Egyptians.” London and New York, 1911.91.Ibid.“The Influence of Egypt under the Ancient Empire.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1911; also Man, 1911, p. 176.92.Ibid.“Megalithic Monuments and their Builders.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1912, p. 607; alsoMan, 1912, p. 173.93.Ibid.“The Origin of the Dolmen.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1913; alsoMan, 1913, p. 193.94.Ibid.“The Evolution of the Rock-cut Tomb and the Dolmen.” Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway. Cambridge, 1913, p. 493.95.Ibid.“Report on the Physical Characters of the Ancient Egyptians.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1914; alsoMan, 1914, p. 172.96.Ibid.“Early Racial Migrations and the Spread of Certain Customs.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1914; alsoMan, 1914, p. 173.97.Ibid.“The Rite of Circumcision.”Journ. Manchester Egy. and Oriental Soc., 1913, p. 75.98.Smith, Percy.“Hawaiki.” London, 3rd Edn., 1910.99.Talbot, P. Amaury.“Some Ibibio Customs and Beliefs.”Journ. African Soc., 1914, p. 241.100.Taylor, Meadows.“On Prehistoric Archæology of India.”Journ. Ethnol. Soc., New Series, Vol. I., 1868-9, p. 157.101.Thurston, E.“The Madras Presidency,” 1913.102.Tylor, E. B.“On the Diffusion of Mythical Beliefs as Evidence in the History of Culture.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1894, p. 774.103.Wake, C. S.“Origin of Serpent Worship.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 2, 1872-3.104.Weeks, J. H.“Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River.”Journ. Roy. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. XXXIX., 1909, pp. 450 and 451.105.Wilson, Thomas.“The Swastika.”Report of Smithsonian Institution, 1896.106.Yarrow, H. C.“A further Contribution to the Study of the North American Indians.”1st Report, Bureau Amer. Ethnol., Washington, 1881.
1.D’Albertis, L. M.“New Guinea.” London, 1880, Vol. I.
2.Allen, F. A.“The Original Range of the Papuan and Negritto Races.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 8, 1878-9, p. 38.
3.Bancroft, H. H.“The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America.” London, 1875.
4.Bent, T.“The Bahrein Islands in the Persian Gulf.”Proc. R. Geograph. Soc., 1870, p. 13.
5.Blackman, A. M.“The Significance of Incense and Libations in Funerary and Temple Ritual.”Zeitsch. f. Ægypt. Sprache, Bd. 50.
6.Breasted, J. H.“A History of Egypt.” London, 1906.
7.Brown, J. Macmillan.“Maori and Polynesian.” London, 1907.
8.Buckland, A. W.“The Serpent in Connection with Primitive Metallurgy.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 4, 1874-5, p. 60.
9.Ibid.“Ethnological Hints afforded by the Stimulants in use among Savages and among the Ancients.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 8, 1878-9, p. 239.
10.Ibid.“On Tattooing.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 17, 1887-8, p. 318.
11.Capart, J.“Une Rue de Tombeaux.”Brussels, 1907.
12.Crooke, W.“Northern India.” 1907.
13.Ibid.“The Rude Stone Monuments of India,”Proc. Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club, Vol. XV., May, 1905, p. 117.
14.Davids, T. W. Rhys.“Buddhist India.” London, 1911.
15.Ellis, W.“Polynesian Researches.” Vol. I., London, 1832.
16.Enoch, C. R.“The Secret of the Pacific.” London, 1912.
17.Fergusson, J.“Rude Stone Monuments in all Countries.” London, 1872.
18.Fewkes, J. Walter.“Great Stone Monuments in History and Geography.” Presidential Address delivered before the Anthropological Society of Washington, February 20th, 1912.
19.Flower, W. H.“Illustrations of the Mode of preserving the Dead in Darnley Island and in South Australia.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 8, 1878-9, p. 389.
20.Fox, A. Lane.“Remarks on Mr. Hodder Westropp’s Paper on Cromlechs, with a Map of the World, shewing the Distribution of Megalithic Monuments.”Journ. Ethnol. Soc., Vol. 1, 1869, p. 59.
21.Ibid.“On Early Modes of Navigation.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 4, 1874-5, p. 389.
22.Frazer, John.“The Aborigines of New South Wales.” Sydney, 1892.
23.Gardiner, Alan H.Article, “Life and Death.”Hastings’ Dictionary of Religion and Ethics, 1915.
24.Glaumont, M.“Usages, Moeurs, et Coutumes des Néo-Calédoniens.”Revue d’ethnologie, 1888, p. 73—Summary in Cartailhac’s “Materiaux pour l’histoire de l’homme,” Vol. 22, 1888, p. 507.
25.Haddon, A. C., andMyers, C. S.“Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits.”Funeral Ceremonies, Vol. VI., Cambridge, 1908, p. 126.
26.Haigh (Miss).“Some Account of the Island of Teneriffe.”Trans. Ethnol Soc., New Series, Vol. 7. 1869, p. 112.
27.Hamlyn-Harris, R.“Papuan Mummification.”Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Vol. I., 27th Nov., 1912.
28.Ibid.“Mummification,”loc. cit. supra.
29.Harrison, J. Park.“On the Artificial Enlargement of the Earlobe.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 2, 1872-3, p. 190.
30.Ibid.“Note on Phœnician Characters from Sumatra.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 4, 1874, p. 387.
31.Hartman, C. V.“Archæological Researches in Costa Rica.” Stockholm, 1901—a Review inNature, March 16th, 1905, p. 462.
32.Hastings’Dictionary of Religion and Ethics.
33.Hertz, R.“Contribution à une Étude sur la Représentation Collective de la Mort.”L’Année Sociologique, 1905-6, p. 48.
34.Hodson, T. C.“Funerary Rites and Eschatological Beliefs of the Assam Hill Tribes.”Third Internat. Congress Hist. Religions, Oxford, 1908, Vol. 1, p. 58.
35.Hough, W.“Oriental Influences in Mexico.”American Anthropologist, Vol. 2, 1900, p. 66.
36.Ibid.“Culture of the Ancient Pueblos of the Upper Gila River Region, New Mexico and Arizona.”Bulletin 87, Smithsonian Institution, 1914, p. 132.
37.Hrdlička, A.“Some Results of Recent Anthropological Exploration in Peru.”Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 56, No. 16, 1911.
38.Hutchinson, T. J.“Anthropology of Prehistoric Peru.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 4, 1874-5, p. 438.
39.Jones, F. Wood.In Report on the Archæological Survey of Nubiafor 1907-8, Vol. II., p. 194.
40.Junker, H.“Excavations of the Vienna Imperial Academy of Sciences at the Pyramids of Gizah, 1914.”Journ. Egyptian Archæol., Vol. I., Oct., 1914, p. 250.
41.Keane, A. H.“Ethnology.” Cambridge, 1896.
42.Ibid.“Man, Past and Present.” Cambridge, 1900.
43.Lorenz, H. A.“Eenige Maanden onder de Papoea’s.” 1905, p. 224.
44.Lubbock, J.“Notes on the Macas Indians.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 3, 1873-4, p. 29.
45.Mace, A. C.“The Early Dynastic Cemeteries of Naga-ed-Dêr, Part II.” 1909.
46.Moll, Hermann.“Modern History.” Vol. I., Dublin, 1739.
47.Myers, C. S.“Contributions to Egyptian Anthropology: Tatuing.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. XXXIII., 1903, p. 82.
48.Nadaillac De.“L’Amérique Préhistorique.” Paris, 1883.
49.Nuttall, Zelia.“The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations,” Archæological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., 1901, p. 602.
50.Ibid.“A curious Survival in Mexico of the Purpura Shell-Fish for Dyeing.” Putnam Anniversary Volume, 1909.
51.Oldham, C. F.“The Sun and the Serpent.” London, 1905.
52.Page, H.“Post-mortem artificially-contracted Indian Heads.”Journ. Anat. and Phys., Vol. 31, 1897, p. 252.
53.Partington, Edge.“Ethnographical Album of the Pacific Islands.” 3rd series, August, 1898, p. 94.
54.Petrie, W. M. Flinders.“Tarkhan.” 1913 and 1914.
55.PerrotandChipiez. “History of Art in Phœnicia.” London, 1885.
56.Pettigrew, T. J.“A History of Egyptian Mummies.” London, 1834.
57.Piorry.Article “Massage,” inDictionnaire des Sciences Médicales. 1819.
58.Prescott, W. H.“Conquest of Peru.”
59.Ibid.“Conquest of Mexico.”
60.Quatrefages, A. de.“Hommes Fossiles et Hommes Sauvages.” Paris, 1884.
61.Read, C. H.,Joyce, T. A., andEdge-Partington, J.“Handbook of the Ethnological Collections” (British Museum), 1910.
62.Reisner, George A.Bulletin of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.Vol. XII., No. 69, April, 1914, p. 23.
63.Reutter, L.“De l’embaumement avant et après Jésus-Christ.” Paris, 1912.
64.Rivers, W. H. R.Presidential Address to Section H.Report Brit. Assoc., Portsmouth, 1911, p. 490, orNature, 1911, Vol. LXXXVII., p. 356.
65.Ibid.“The Disappearance of Useful Arts.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1912, p. 598 [Abstract of a memoir published inFestsscrift Tillägnad Edvard Westermarck, Helsingfors, 1912, p. 109].
66.Ibid.“Survival in Sociology.”The Sociological Review, October, 1913, p. 292.
67.Ibid.“Massage in Melanesia.”Report of the 17th International Congress of Medicine, London, August, 1913, Section XXIII., History of Medicine.
68.Ibid.“The Contact of Peoples.” Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway. Cambridge, p. 474.
69.Ibid.“The History of Melanesian Society.” Cambridge, 1914, Vol. II.
70.Ibid.“Is Australian Culture Simple or Complex?”Report Brit. Assoc., 1914; alsoMan, 1914, p. 172.
71.Roth, W. E.“North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 9, Burial Ceremonies and Disposal of the Dead.”Records of the Australian Museum, Sydney, Vol. VI., No. 5, 1907, p. 365.
72.Roscoe, J.“Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda.”Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. XXXII., 1902, p. 44. [Also his book entitled “The Baganda.”]
73.Semple, Ellen C.“Influences of Geographic Environment on the basis of Ratzel’s System of Anthropo-Geography.” London, 1911.
74.Sethe, Kurt.“Zur altaegyptischen Sage vom Sonnenauge das in der Fremde war.”Untersuchungen zur Gesch. u. Altertumskunde Aeg., Bd. V., Heft 3, 1912, p. 10.
75.Smith, G. Elliot.“On the Natural Preservation of the Brain in the Ancient Egyptians.”Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Vol. XXXVI., pp. 375-380. Two text figures. 1902.
76.Ibid.“The physical characters of the mummy of the Pharaoh Thothmosis IV.”Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte, 1904, [and in Carter and Newberry’s “Tomb of Thothmosis IV.” London, 1908].
77.Ibid.“Report on four mummies of the XXI. dynasty.” Ibid., 1904.
78.Ibid.“A Contribution to the Study of Mummification in Egypt.”Mémoires presentés à l’Institut Égyptien, Tome V., Fascicule I., 1906, pp. 1-54, 19 plates.
79.Ibid.“An Account of the Mummy of a Priestess of Amen.”Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte, 1906, pp. 1-28, 9 plates.
80.Ibid.“Report on the Unrolling of the Mummies of the Kings Siptah, Seti II., Ramses IV., Ramses V., and Ramses VI., in the Cairo Museum.”Bulletin de l’Institut Égyptien, 5ᵉ Série, T.I. pp. 45 à 67.
81.Ibid.“Report on the Unwrapping of the Mummy of Menephtah.”Annales du Service des Antiquités, 1907.
82.Ibid.“Notes on Mummies.”The Cairo Scientific Journal, February, 1908.
83.Ibid.“On the Mummies in the Tomb of Amenhotep II.”Bulletin de l’Institut Égyptien, 5ᵉ Série, Tome I., 1908.
84.Ibid.Account of the Mummies of Yuaa and Thuiu, in Quibell’s “Tomb of Yuaa and Thuiu.” Catalogue Général du Musée du Caïre, 1908.
85.Ibid.“The History of Mummification in Egypt.”Proc. Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, 1910.
86.Ibid.“The Royal Mummies.” Catalogue Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caïre, 1912.
87.Ibid.“Egyptian Mummies.”Journal of Egyptian Archæology, Vol. I., Part III., July, 1914, p. 189.
88.Ibid.“Heart and Reins.”Journal of the Manchester Oriental Society, Vol. I., 1911, p. 41.
89.Ibid.“The Earliest Evidence of Attempts at Mummification in Egypt.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1912, p. 612.
90.Ibid.“The Ancient Egyptians.” London and New York, 1911.
91.Ibid.“The Influence of Egypt under the Ancient Empire.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1911; also Man, 1911, p. 176.
92.Ibid.“Megalithic Monuments and their Builders.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1912, p. 607; alsoMan, 1912, p. 173.
93.Ibid.“The Origin of the Dolmen.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1913; alsoMan, 1913, p. 193.
94.Ibid.“The Evolution of the Rock-cut Tomb and the Dolmen.” Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway. Cambridge, 1913, p. 493.
95.Ibid.“Report on the Physical Characters of the Ancient Egyptians.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1914; alsoMan, 1914, p. 172.
96.Ibid.“Early Racial Migrations and the Spread of Certain Customs.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1914; alsoMan, 1914, p. 173.
97.Ibid.“The Rite of Circumcision.”Journ. Manchester Egy. and Oriental Soc., 1913, p. 75.
98.Smith, Percy.“Hawaiki.” London, 3rd Edn., 1910.
99.Talbot, P. Amaury.“Some Ibibio Customs and Beliefs.”Journ. African Soc., 1914, p. 241.
100.Taylor, Meadows.“On Prehistoric Archæology of India.”Journ. Ethnol. Soc., New Series, Vol. I., 1868-9, p. 157.
101.Thurston, E.“The Madras Presidency,” 1913.
102.Tylor, E. B.“On the Diffusion of Mythical Beliefs as Evidence in the History of Culture.”Report Brit. Assoc., 1894, p. 774.
103.Wake, C. S.“Origin of Serpent Worship.”Journ. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. 2, 1872-3.
104.Weeks, J. H.“Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River.”Journ. Roy. Anthropol. Inst., Vol. XXXIX., 1909, pp. 450 and 451.
105.Wilson, Thomas.“The Swastika.”Report of Smithsonian Institution, 1896.
106.Yarrow, H. C.“A further Contribution to the Study of the North American Indians.”1st Report, Bureau Amer. Ethnol., Washington, 1881.