Chapter 62

42See Crawley,Mystic Rose, p. 49sq.

42See Crawley,Mystic Rose, p. 49sq.

43Schurtz,Das afrikanische Gewerbe, p. 10.

43Schurtz,Das afrikanische Gewerbe, p. 10.

44Ratzel,op. cit.ii. 419.

44Ratzel,op. cit.ii. 419.

45Macdonald,Life in Africa, p. 221.

45Macdonald,Life in Africa, p. 221.

46Holub, ‘Central South African Tribes,’ inJour. Anthr. Inst.x. 11.

46Holub, ‘Central South African Tribes,’ inJour. Anthr. Inst.x. 11.

47Waitz,op. cit.iii. 100.

47Waitz,op. cit.iii. 100.

48Prescott, in Schoolcraft,Indian Tribes of the United States, iii. 235.

48Prescott, in Schoolcraft,Indian Tribes of the United States, iii. 235.

49Bruce,Travels to Discover the Source of the Nileiv. 474.

49Bruce,Travels to Discover the Source of the Nileiv. 474.

50Nansen,First Crossing of Greenland, ii. 313. Cranz,History of Greenland, i. 138, 154.

50Nansen,First Crossing of Greenland, ii. 313. Cranz,History of Greenland, i. 138, 154.

51Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup,op. cit.i. 270.

51Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup,op. cit.i. 270.

52See Payne,History of the New World, ii. 8.

52See Payne,History of the New World, ii. 8.

53Gumilla,El Orinoco ilustrado, ii. 274sq.

53Gumilla,El Orinoco ilustrado, ii. 274sq.

It is obvious that this strict division of labour is apt to mislead the travelling stranger. He sees the women hard at work, and the men idly looking on; and it escapes him that the latter will have to be busy in their turn, within their own sphere of action. What is largely due to the force of custom is taken to be sheer tyranny on the part of the men; and the wife is pronounced to be an abject slave of her husband, destitute of all rights. And yet the strong differentiation of work, however burdensome it may be to the wife, is itself a source of rights, giving her authority within the circle which is exclusively her own. Among the Banaka and Bapuku the wife, though said to be her husband’s property and slave, is nevertheless an autocrat in her own house, strong enough to bid defiance to her lord and master.54Among the North American Indians, Schoolcraft observes, “the lodge itself, with all its arrangements, is the precinct of the rule and government of the wife…. The husband has no voice in this matter.”55Many other statements to a similar effect will be quoted below.

54Steinmetz,Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 29sq.

54Steinmetz,Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 29sq.

55Schoolcraft,Indian in his Wigwam, p. 73.

55Schoolcraft,Indian in his Wigwam, p. 73.

We have reason, then, to believe that the authority which savage husbands possess over their wives is not always quite so great as it is said to be. And we must distinctly reject as erroneous the broad statement that the lower races in general hold their women in a state of almost complete subjection.56Among many of them the married woman, though in the power of her husband, is known to enjoy a remarkable degree of independence, to be treated by him with consideration, and to exercise no small influence upon him. In several cases she is stated to be his equal, and in a few his superior.

56Thus Meiners says (History of the Female Sex, i. 2), “Among savage nations, the entrance into the married state is for the female the commencement of the most cruel and abject slavery; for which reason many women dread matrimony more than death.” In a recent work on the primitive family an Italian writer regards it as perhaps the most fundamental fact in the family institution that the woman is always and everywhere “sottoposta al più gravosomundiummaritale” (Amadori-Virgilj,L’istituto famigliare nelle società primordiali, p. 138).

56Thus Meiners says (History of the Female Sex, i. 2), “Among savage nations, the entrance into the married state is for the female the commencement of the most cruel and abject slavery; for which reason many women dread matrimony more than death.” In a recent work on the primitive family an Italian writer regards it as perhaps the most fundamental fact in the family institution that the woman is always and everywhere “sottoposta al più gravosomundiummaritale” (Amadori-Virgilj,L’istituto famigliare nelle società primordiali, p. 138).

Among many of the South American Indians the women have been noticed to occupy a respected position in the family or community.57Thus, among the Goajiros of Colombia, “in a quarrel or drunken brawl, women often save bloodshed by stepping in and tearing the weapons out of their husband’s or brother’s hand. Travelling with women is consequently perfectly safe, and in case of danger, if one undertakes to protect a stranger, he may rely upon coming out all right.”58Among the Tarahumares of Mexico—in spite of their saying that one man is as good as five women—the woman “occupies a comparatively high position in the family, and no bargain is ever concluded until the husband has consulted his wife in the matter.”59Among the Navahos of New Mexico the women “exert a great deal of influence”;60they “are very independent of menial duties, and leave their husbands upon the slightest pretext of dislike”;61“by common consent the house and all the domestic gear belongs entirely to the wife.”62Inhis description of North American Indians Mr. Grinnell observes:—“The Indian woman, it is usually thought, is a mere drudge and slave, but, so far as my observations extend, this notion is wholly an erroneous one. It is true that the women were the labourers of the camp; that they did all the hard work, about which there was no excitement … but they were not mere servants. On the contrary, their position was very respectable. They were consulted on many subjects, not only in connection with family affairs, but in more important and general matters. Sometimes women were even admitted to the councils and spoke there, giving their advice…. In ordinary family conversation women did not hesitate to interrupt and correct their husbands when the latter made statements with which they did not agree, and the men listened to them with respectful attention, though of course this depended on the standing of the woman, her intelligence, etc.”63Another competent observer, Ten Kate, strongly protests against the statement that, among the North American Indians, women are treated as beasts of burden, and affirms that their condition, as compared with that of the women of the lower classes in civilised countries, is rather better than worse.64Among the Omahas the women had an equal standing in society with the men; both the husband and wife were at the head of the family and the joint owners of the lodge, robes, and so forth, so that the man could not give away anything if his wife was unwilling.65Among the Senecas, “usually, the female portion ruled the house, and were doubtless clannish enough about it. The stores were in common; but woe to the luckless husband or lover who was too shiftless to do his share of the providing. No matter how many children, or whatever goods he might have in the house, he might at any time be ordered to pick up his blanket and budge.”66“From documentary references,” says Mr. Mooney, "it is apparent that there existed among the Cherokee a custom analogous to that found among the Iroquois and probably other Eastern tribes, by which the decision of important questions relating to peace and war was left to a vote of the women.”67Among the Salish, or Flatheads, “although the women are required to do much hard labour, they areby no means treated as slaves, but, on the contrary, have much consideration and authority.”68Among the Nootkas “wives are consulted in matters of trade, and in fact seem to be nearly on terms of equality with their husbands, except that they are excluded from some public feasts and ceremonies.”69Among the Indians about Puget Sound, also, women “are always consulted in matters of trade before a bargain is closed,” and “acquire great influence in the tribe.”70The Thlinket woman is not the slave of her husband; she has determinate rights, and her influence is considerable.71Among the natives of Cross Cape she even possesses “acknowledged superiority over the other sex.”72Among the Western Tinneh “the women do only a fair share of the work and have a powerful voice in most affairs.”73In Kadiak they were held in much respect, and enjoyed great liberties.74Among the Kamchadales they had the command of everything, and the husbands were their obedient slaves.75Nordenskiöld says of the Chukchi:—“The power of the woman appears to be very great. In making the more important bargains, even about weapons and hunting implements, she is, as a rule, consulted, and her advice is taken. A number of things which form women’s tools she can barter away on her own responsibility, or in any other way employ as she pleases.”76Mr. Bancroft’s statement concerning the Western Eskimo, that “the lot of the women is but little better than slavery,”77must be understood as chiefly involving the fact that they have much hard work to do. According to Dr. Seemann they “are treated, although not as equals, at least with more consideration than is customary among barbarous nations”; nay, “it not infrequently happens that the woman is the chief authority of the house,” and “the mannever makes a bargain without consulting his wife, and if she does not approve, it is rejected.”78Among the Point Barrow Eskimo “the women appear to stand on a footing of perfect equality with the men both in the family and in the community. The wife is the constant and trusted companion of the man in everything except the hunt, and her opinion is sought in every bargain or other important undertaking.”79In Greenland, also, though the woman is considered much inferior to the man, she is in no way oppressed,80and her husband consults with her on important matters.81

Among many of the South American Indians the women have been noticed to occupy a respected position in the family or community.57Thus, among the Goajiros of Colombia, “in a quarrel or drunken brawl, women often save bloodshed by stepping in and tearing the weapons out of their husband’s or brother’s hand. Travelling with women is consequently perfectly safe, and in case of danger, if one undertakes to protect a stranger, he may rely upon coming out all right.”58Among the Tarahumares of Mexico—in spite of their saying that one man is as good as five women—the woman “occupies a comparatively high position in the family, and no bargain is ever concluded until the husband has consulted his wife in the matter.”59Among the Navahos of New Mexico the women “exert a great deal of influence”;60they “are very independent of menial duties, and leave their husbands upon the slightest pretext of dislike”;61“by common consent the house and all the domestic gear belongs entirely to the wife.”62Inhis description of North American Indians Mr. Grinnell observes:—“The Indian woman, it is usually thought, is a mere drudge and slave, but, so far as my observations extend, this notion is wholly an erroneous one. It is true that the women were the labourers of the camp; that they did all the hard work, about which there was no excitement … but they were not mere servants. On the contrary, their position was very respectable. They were consulted on many subjects, not only in connection with family affairs, but in more important and general matters. Sometimes women were even admitted to the councils and spoke there, giving their advice…. In ordinary family conversation women did not hesitate to interrupt and correct their husbands when the latter made statements with which they did not agree, and the men listened to them with respectful attention, though of course this depended on the standing of the woman, her intelligence, etc.”63Another competent observer, Ten Kate, strongly protests against the statement that, among the North American Indians, women are treated as beasts of burden, and affirms that their condition, as compared with that of the women of the lower classes in civilised countries, is rather better than worse.64Among the Omahas the women had an equal standing in society with the men; both the husband and wife were at the head of the family and the joint owners of the lodge, robes, and so forth, so that the man could not give away anything if his wife was unwilling.65Among the Senecas, “usually, the female portion ruled the house, and were doubtless clannish enough about it. The stores were in common; but woe to the luckless husband or lover who was too shiftless to do his share of the providing. No matter how many children, or whatever goods he might have in the house, he might at any time be ordered to pick up his blanket and budge.”66“From documentary references,” says Mr. Mooney, "it is apparent that there existed among the Cherokee a custom analogous to that found among the Iroquois and probably other Eastern tribes, by which the decision of important questions relating to peace and war was left to a vote of the women.”67Among the Salish, or Flatheads, “although the women are required to do much hard labour, they areby no means treated as slaves, but, on the contrary, have much consideration and authority.”68Among the Nootkas “wives are consulted in matters of trade, and in fact seem to be nearly on terms of equality with their husbands, except that they are excluded from some public feasts and ceremonies.”69Among the Indians about Puget Sound, also, women “are always consulted in matters of trade before a bargain is closed,” and “acquire great influence in the tribe.”70The Thlinket woman is not the slave of her husband; she has determinate rights, and her influence is considerable.71Among the natives of Cross Cape she even possesses “acknowledged superiority over the other sex.”72Among the Western Tinneh “the women do only a fair share of the work and have a powerful voice in most affairs.”73In Kadiak they were held in much respect, and enjoyed great liberties.74Among the Kamchadales they had the command of everything, and the husbands were their obedient slaves.75Nordenskiöld says of the Chukchi:—“The power of the woman appears to be very great. In making the more important bargains, even about weapons and hunting implements, she is, as a rule, consulted, and her advice is taken. A number of things which form women’s tools she can barter away on her own responsibility, or in any other way employ as she pleases.”76Mr. Bancroft’s statement concerning the Western Eskimo, that “the lot of the women is but little better than slavery,”77must be understood as chiefly involving the fact that they have much hard work to do. According to Dr. Seemann they “are treated, although not as equals, at least with more consideration than is customary among barbarous nations”; nay, “it not infrequently happens that the woman is the chief authority of the house,” and “the mannever makes a bargain without consulting his wife, and if she does not approve, it is rejected.”78Among the Point Barrow Eskimo “the women appear to stand on a footing of perfect equality with the men both in the family and in the community. The wife is the constant and trusted companion of the man in everything except the hunt, and her opinion is sought in every bargain or other important undertaking.”79In Greenland, also, though the woman is considered much inferior to the man, she is in no way oppressed,80and her husband consults with her on important matters.81

57Waitz,Anthropologie der Naturvölker, iii. 472 (Guaycurus), 530 (Morotocos). von den Steinen,Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens, p. 332 (Bakaïri).

57Waitz,Anthropologie der Naturvölker, iii. 472 (Guaycurus), 530 (Morotocos). von den Steinen,Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens, p. 332 (Bakaïri).

58Simons, ‘Exploration of the Goajira Peninsula,’ inProceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.N.S. vii. 792. See also Candelier,Rio-Hacha, p. 256.

58Simons, ‘Exploration of the Goajira Peninsula,’ inProceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.N.S. vii. 792. See also Candelier,Rio-Hacha, p. 256.

59Lumholtz,Unknown Mexico, i. 265.

59Lumholtz,Unknown Mexico, i. 265.

60Letherman, inAnn. Rep. Smithsonian Inst.1855, p. 294.

60Letherman, inAnn. Rep. Smithsonian Inst.1855, p. 294.

61Eaton, in Schoolcraft,Archives, iv. 217.

61Eaton, in Schoolcraft,Archives, iv. 217.

62Stephen, inAmerican Anthropologist, vi. 354.

62Stephen, inAmerican Anthropologist, vi. 354.

63Grinnell,Story of the Indian, p. 46.Cf.Waitz,op. cit.iii. 101sq.

63Grinnell,Story of the Indian, p. 46.Cf.Waitz,op. cit.iii. 101sq.

64Ten Kate,Reizen en ondersoekingen Noord-Amerika, p. 365.Cf.ibid.9.

64Ten Kate,Reizen en ondersoekingen Noord-Amerika, p. 365.Cf.ibid.9.

65Dorsey, ‘Omaha Sociology,’ inAnn. Rep. Bur. Ethn.iii. 266, 366.

65Dorsey, ‘Omaha Sociology,’ inAnn. Rep. Bur. Ethn.iii. 266, 366.

66Morgan,Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines, p. 65sq.See also Dixon,New America, p. 46.

66Morgan,Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines, p. 65sq.See also Dixon,New America, p. 46.

67Mooney, ‘Myths of the Cherokee,’ inAnn. Rep. Bur. Ethn.xix. 489.

67Mooney, ‘Myths of the Cherokee,’ inAnn. Rep. Bur. Ethn.xix. 489.

68Hale,U.S. Exploring Expedition. Vol. VI. Ethnography and Philology, p. 207.

68Hale,U.S. Exploring Expedition. Vol. VI. Ethnography and Philology, p. 207.

69Bancroft,op. cit.i. 196.Cf.Sproat,Scenes and Studies of Savage Life, pp. 93, 95 (Ahts).

69Bancroft,op. cit.i. 196.Cf.Sproat,Scenes and Studies of Savage Life, pp. 93, 95 (Ahts).

70Bancroft,op. cit.i. 218.

70Bancroft,op. cit.i. 218.

71Krause,Tlinkit-Indianer, p. 161.

71Krause,Tlinkit-Indianer, p. 161.

72Meares,Voyages to the North-West Coast of America, p. 323.

72Meares,Voyages to the North-West Coast of America, p. 323.

73Dall,Alaska, p. 431.

73Dall,Alaska, p. 431.

74Holmberg, ‘Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des russischen Amerika,’ inActa Soc. Scient. Fennicæ, iv. 399.

74Holmberg, ‘Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des russischen Amerika,’ inActa Soc. Scient. Fennicæ, iv. 399.

75Steller,Beschreibung von dem Lande Kamtschatka, p. 287.

75Steller,Beschreibung von dem Lande Kamtschatka, p. 287.

76Nordenskiöld,Vegas färd kring Asien och Europa, ii. 144.

76Nordenskiöld,Vegas färd kring Asien och Europa, ii. 144.

77Bancroft,op. cit.i. 65sq.Mr. Bancroft’s authority is probably Armstrong, who says that the women are, to all intents and purposes, the slaves of the men, and do the greater part of the outdoor work, except hunting and fishing; but he adds that they nevertheless enjoy a higher position and more consideration than is usual amongst savages (Armstrong,Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the North-West Passage, p. 195).

77Bancroft,op. cit.i. 65sq.Mr. Bancroft’s authority is probably Armstrong, who says that the women are, to all intents and purposes, the slaves of the men, and do the greater part of the outdoor work, except hunting and fishing; but he adds that they nevertheless enjoy a higher position and more consideration than is usual amongst savages (Armstrong,Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the North-West Passage, p. 195).

78Seemann,Narrative of the Voyage of“Herald,” ii. 66.

78Seemann,Narrative of the Voyage of“Herald,” ii. 66.

79Murdoch, ‘Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition,’ inAnn. Rep. Bur. Ethn.ix. 413.

79Murdoch, ‘Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition,’ inAnn. Rep. Bur. Ethn.ix. 413.

80Nansen,First Crossing of Greenland, ii. 312.

80Nansen,First Crossing of Greenland, ii. 312.

81Nordenskiöld,Den andra Dicksonska expeditionen till Grönland, p. 509.

81Nordenskiöld,Den andra Dicksonska expeditionen till Grönland, p. 509.

Among the nomadic Tangutans the women’s rights in the household seemed to Prejevalsky to be equal to those of the men.82Of the Todas of India it is said that their women “hold a position in the family quite unlike what is ordinarily witnessed among Oriental nations. They are treated with respect, and are permitted a remarkable amount of freedom.”83Among the Kandhs women “are uniformly treated with respect; the mothers of families generally with much honour. Nothing is done either in public or in private affairs without consulting them, and they generally exert upon the councils of their tribes a powerful influence.” A wife may quit her husband at any time, except within a year of her marriage, or when she expects offspring, or within a year after the birth of a child, though, when she quits him, he has a right to reclaim immediately from her father the whole sum paid for her.84Among the peasants of the North-Western Provinces of India the wife is an influential personage in the household, not a mere drudge. Little is done without her knowledge and advice. If she is badly wronged the tribal council will protect her, and on the whole her position is, perhaps, not worse than that of her sisters in a similar grade of life in other parts of the world.85Among the Káttis the men are much under the authority of their wives.86Among the Bheels women “have much influence in the society,” and married men have always had the credit of allowing their wives to domineer over them.87“A Kol or Ho,” says Dr. Hayes, “makes a regular companionof his wife. She is consulted in all difficulties, and receives the fullest consideration due to her sex”;88and Colonel Dalton adds, “As a rule, in no country in the world are wives better treated.”89The Garos are “kind husbands, and their conduct generally towards the weaker sex is marked by consideration and respect.”90The Bódo and Dhimáls “use their wives and daughters well, treating them with confidence and kindness.”91The Santal “treats the female members of his family with respect.”92Among the Kukis women are generally held in consideration; “their advice is taken, and they have much influence.”93Mr. Colquhoun observes that among the Indo-Chinese races equality of the sexes prevails, and prevailed long before Buddhism took any hold upon the country.94

Among the nomadic Tangutans the women’s rights in the household seemed to Prejevalsky to be equal to those of the men.82Of the Todas of India it is said that their women “hold a position in the family quite unlike what is ordinarily witnessed among Oriental nations. They are treated with respect, and are permitted a remarkable amount of freedom.”83Among the Kandhs women “are uniformly treated with respect; the mothers of families generally with much honour. Nothing is done either in public or in private affairs without consulting them, and they generally exert upon the councils of their tribes a powerful influence.” A wife may quit her husband at any time, except within a year of her marriage, or when she expects offspring, or within a year after the birth of a child, though, when she quits him, he has a right to reclaim immediately from her father the whole sum paid for her.84Among the peasants of the North-Western Provinces of India the wife is an influential personage in the household, not a mere drudge. Little is done without her knowledge and advice. If she is badly wronged the tribal council will protect her, and on the whole her position is, perhaps, not worse than that of her sisters in a similar grade of life in other parts of the world.85Among the Káttis the men are much under the authority of their wives.86Among the Bheels women “have much influence in the society,” and married men have always had the credit of allowing their wives to domineer over them.87“A Kol or Ho,” says Dr. Hayes, “makes a regular companionof his wife. She is consulted in all difficulties, and receives the fullest consideration due to her sex”;88and Colonel Dalton adds, “As a rule, in no country in the world are wives better treated.”89The Garos are “kind husbands, and their conduct generally towards the weaker sex is marked by consideration and respect.”90The Bódo and Dhimáls “use their wives and daughters well, treating them with confidence and kindness.”91The Santal “treats the female members of his family with respect.”92Among the Kukis women are generally held in consideration; “their advice is taken, and they have much influence.”93Mr. Colquhoun observes that among the Indo-Chinese races equality of the sexes prevails, and prevailed long before Buddhism took any hold upon the country.94

82Prejevalsky,Mongolia, ii. 121.

82Prejevalsky,Mongolia, ii. 121.

83Marshall,A Phrenologist amongst the Todas, p. 43.

83Marshall,A Phrenologist amongst the Todas, p. 43.

84Macpherson,Memorials of Service in India, pp. 69, 132sq.

84Macpherson,Memorials of Service in India, pp. 69, 132sq.

85Crooke,North-Western Provinces of India, p. 230sq.

85Crooke,North-Western Provinces of India, p. 230sq.

86Rowney,Wild Tribes of India, p. 47.

86Rowney,Wild Tribes of India, p. 47.

87Malcolm,Memoir of Central India, ii. 180. Rowney,op. cit.p. 38.

87Malcolm,Memoir of Central India, ii. 180. Rowney,op. cit.p. 38.

88Hayes, quoted by Dalton,Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, p. 194.Cf.Bradley-Birt,Chota-Nagpore, p. 100sq.

88Hayes, quoted by Dalton,Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, p. 194.Cf.Bradley-Birt,Chota-Nagpore, p. 100sq.

89Dalton,op. cit.p. 194.

89Dalton,op. cit.p. 194.

90Ibid.p. 68.

90Ibid.p. 68.

91Hodgson,Miscellaneous Essays, i. 150.

91Hodgson,Miscellaneous Essays, i. 150.

92Hunter,Annals of Rural Bengal, i. 217.Cf.Ymer, v. p. xxiv.

92Hunter,Annals of Rural Bengal, i. 217.Cf.Ymer, v. p. xxiv.

93Lewin,Wild Races of South-Eastern India, p. 254.

93Lewin,Wild Races of South-Eastern India, p. 254.

94Colquhoun,Amongst the Shans, p. 234.Cf.Fytche,Burma, ii. 72.

94Colquhoun,Amongst the Shans, p. 234.Cf.Fytche,Burma, ii. 72.

Among the Nicobarese “the position of women is, and always has been, in no way inferior to that of the other sex. They take their full share in the formation of public opinion, discuss publicly with the men matters of general interest to the village, and their opinions receive due attention before a decision is arrived at. In fact, they are consulted on every matter, and the henpecked husband is of no extraordinary rarity in the Nicobars.”95Mr. Crawfurd thinks that in the Malay Archipelago “the lot of women may, on the whole, be considered as more fortunate than in any other country of the East”; they associate with the men “in all respects on terms of such equality as surprise us in such a condition of society.”96In Bali they are on a perfect equality with the men.97The Dyak shows great respect for his wife, and always asks her opinion;98he regards her “not as a slave, but as a companion.”99Among the Bataks the married women often have a great influence over their families.100In Serang they have in all matters equal rights with the men, and are, consequently, treated well.101The women of Sulu “have the reputation of ruling theirlords, and possess much weight in the government by the influence they exert over their husbands.”102

Among the Nicobarese “the position of women is, and always has been, in no way inferior to that of the other sex. They take their full share in the formation of public opinion, discuss publicly with the men matters of general interest to the village, and their opinions receive due attention before a decision is arrived at. In fact, they are consulted on every matter, and the henpecked husband is of no extraordinary rarity in the Nicobars.”95Mr. Crawfurd thinks that in the Malay Archipelago “the lot of women may, on the whole, be considered as more fortunate than in any other country of the East”; they associate with the men “in all respects on terms of such equality as surprise us in such a condition of society.”96In Bali they are on a perfect equality with the men.97The Dyak shows great respect for his wife, and always asks her opinion;98he regards her “not as a slave, but as a companion.”99Among the Bataks the married women often have a great influence over their families.100In Serang they have in all matters equal rights with the men, and are, consequently, treated well.101The women of Sulu “have the reputation of ruling theirlords, and possess much weight in the government by the influence they exert over their husbands.”102

95Kloss,In the Andamans and Nicobars, p. 242.

95Kloss,In the Andamans and Nicobars, p. 242.

96Crawfurd,History of the Indian Archipelago, i. 73.

96Crawfurd,History of the Indian Archipelago, i. 73.

97Raffles,History of Java, ii. p. ccxxxi.

97Raffles,History of Java, ii. p. ccxxxi.

98Bock,Head-Hunters of Borneo, p. 210sq.

98Bock,Head-Hunters of Borneo, p. 210sq.

99Selenka,Sonnige Welten, p. 33.Cf.Wilkes,op. cit.v. 363.

99Selenka,Sonnige Welten, p. 33.Cf.Wilkes,op. cit.v. 363.

100Steinmetz,Ethnol. Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe, ii. 299.

100Steinmetz,Ethnol. Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe, ii. 299.

101Riedel,De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 97.

101Riedel,De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 97.

102Wilkes,op. cit.v. 343.

102Wilkes,op. cit.v. 343.

In Melanesia the women generally have to work hard, supplying the place of slaves;103but at least in various islands their condition is otherwise fairly good. In the Western islands of Torres Straits “the women appear to have had a good deal to say on most questions and were by no means downtrodden or ill-used.”104In some parts of New Guinea their position is described as one of high esteem.105“They have a large voice in domestic affairs, and occasionally lord it over their masters”; and their influence is felt not only in domestic matters, but also in affairs of state.106In Erromanga, of the New Hebrides, although the women did all of the hard plantation work, they were on the whole well treated by their husbands.107The same is said to be the case in the Solomon Islands;108in the eastern part of New Georgia they do not even seem to do much work.109In Micronesia the position of woman is decidedly good. In the Marianne Group “the wife is absolute mistress in her house, the husband not daring to dispose of anything without her consent”; nay, the men are said to be actually governed by their wives, “the women assuming those prerogatives which in most other countries are invested in the other sex.”110In the Pelew Islands the women are in every respect the equals of the men; the oldest man, or Obokul, of a family can do nothing without taking advice with its oldest female members.111In the Caroline Group the weaker sex “enjoys a perfect equality in public estimation with the other.”112Among the Mortlock Islanders the wife is quite independent of her husband.113In the Kingsmill Islands very great consideration is awarded to the women: “they seem to have exclusive control over the house,” whilst all the hard labour is performed by themen.114Among the Line Islanders “no difference is made in the sexes; a woman can vote and speak as well as a man, and in general the women decide the question, unless it is one of war against another island.”115In many Polynesian islands, also, their position is by no means bad.116In Tonga “women have considerable respect shown to them on account of their sex, independent of the rank they might otherwise hold as nobles”; they are not subjected to hard labour or any very menial work,117and theirstatusin society is not inferior to that of men.118In Samoa they “are held in much consideration, … treated with great attention, and not suffered to do anything but what rightfully belongs to them.”119In the valley of Typee, in the Marquesas Group, the women are allowed every possible indulgence, the religious restrictions of the taboo alone excepted; they are exempt from toil, and “nowhere are they more sensible of their power.”120Rochon wrote of the Malagasy:—“Man here never commands as a despot; nor does the woman ever obey as a slave. The balance of power inclines even in favour of the women.”121At the present day, in Madagascar, the woman “is not scorned as essentially inferior to man,” but enters into her husband’s cares and joys, and shares his life, much in the same way as a wife does amongst ourselves.122

In Melanesia the women generally have to work hard, supplying the place of slaves;103but at least in various islands their condition is otherwise fairly good. In the Western islands of Torres Straits “the women appear to have had a good deal to say on most questions and were by no means downtrodden or ill-used.”104In some parts of New Guinea their position is described as one of high esteem.105“They have a large voice in domestic affairs, and occasionally lord it over their masters”; and their influence is felt not only in domestic matters, but also in affairs of state.106In Erromanga, of the New Hebrides, although the women did all of the hard plantation work, they were on the whole well treated by their husbands.107The same is said to be the case in the Solomon Islands;108in the eastern part of New Georgia they do not even seem to do much work.109In Micronesia the position of woman is decidedly good. In the Marianne Group “the wife is absolute mistress in her house, the husband not daring to dispose of anything without her consent”; nay, the men are said to be actually governed by their wives, “the women assuming those prerogatives which in most other countries are invested in the other sex.”110In the Pelew Islands the women are in every respect the equals of the men; the oldest man, or Obokul, of a family can do nothing without taking advice with its oldest female members.111In the Caroline Group the weaker sex “enjoys a perfect equality in public estimation with the other.”112Among the Mortlock Islanders the wife is quite independent of her husband.113In the Kingsmill Islands very great consideration is awarded to the women: “they seem to have exclusive control over the house,” whilst all the hard labour is performed by themen.114Among the Line Islanders “no difference is made in the sexes; a woman can vote and speak as well as a man, and in general the women decide the question, unless it is one of war against another island.”115In many Polynesian islands, also, their position is by no means bad.116In Tonga “women have considerable respect shown to them on account of their sex, independent of the rank they might otherwise hold as nobles”; they are not subjected to hard labour or any very menial work,117and theirstatusin society is not inferior to that of men.118In Samoa they “are held in much consideration, … treated with great attention, and not suffered to do anything but what rightfully belongs to them.”119In the valley of Typee, in the Marquesas Group, the women are allowed every possible indulgence, the religious restrictions of the taboo alone excepted; they are exempt from toil, and “nowhere are they more sensible of their power.”120Rochon wrote of the Malagasy:—“Man here never commands as a despot; nor does the woman ever obey as a slave. The balance of power inclines even in favour of the women.”121At the present day, in Madagascar, the woman “is not scorned as essentially inferior to man,” but enters into her husband’s cares and joys, and shares his life, much in the same way as a wife does amongst ourselves.122

103Nieboer,op. cit.p. 392sqq.Waitz-Gerland,op. cit.vi. 626.

103Nieboer,op. cit.p. 392sqq.Waitz-Gerland,op. cit.vi. 626.

104Haddon, inReports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, v. 229.

104Haddon, inReports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, v. 229.

105Ratzel,op. cit.i. 274.

105Ratzel,op. cit.i. 274.

106Pitcairn,Two Years among the Savages of New Guinea, p. 6l.Cf.Bink, inBulletin Soc. d’Anthrop. de Paris, xi. 392; Hagen,Unter den Papua’s, pp. 226, 243.

106Pitcairn,Two Years among the Savages of New Guinea, p. 6l.Cf.Bink, inBulletin Soc. d’Anthrop. de Paris, xi. 392; Hagen,Unter den Papua’s, pp. 226, 243.

107Robertson,Erromanga, p. 397.

107Robertson,Erromanga, p. 397.

108Parkinson,Zur Ethnographie der nordwestlichen Salomo Inseln, p. 4.

108Parkinson,Zur Ethnographie der nordwestlichen Salomo Inseln, p. 4.

109Somerville, ‘Ethnogr. Notes in New Georgia,’ inJour. Anthr. Inst.xxvi. 405sq.

109Somerville, ‘Ethnogr. Notes in New Georgia,’ inJour. Anthr. Inst.xxvi. 405sq.

110Moore,Marriage Customs, p. 187. Waitz,op. cit.v. pt. i. p. 107sq.

110Moore,Marriage Customs, p. 187. Waitz,op. cit.v. pt. i. p. 107sq.

111Kubary,Die socialen Einrichtungen der Pelauer, p. 38sq.Cf.Idem, ‘Die Palau-Inseln,’ inJournal des Museum Godeffroy, iv. 43; Keate,Account of the Pelew Islands, p. 331.

111Kubary,Die socialen Einrichtungen der Pelauer, p. 38sq.Cf.Idem, ‘Die Palau-Inseln,’ inJournal des Museum Godeffroy, iv. 43; Keate,Account of the Pelew Islands, p. 331.

112Hale,op. cit.p. 73.

112Hale,op. cit.p. 73.

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