THE END

War, prisoners of, treatment of, i.336,343,422;sacrificed to gods, i.339,441,450,452,467;to the dead, i.472,474;bodily injuries inflicted upon, i.519sq.;enslaved, i.674,675,677,681–686,688–691,695,701,715;ransom accepted for, i.701;eaten, ii.554,561,578

Water, human sacrifices offered for the purpose of getting drinking, i.451sq.

Whitemen, atrocities committed by, among coloured peoples, i.370sq.;coloured persons not accepted as witnesses against, i.429;their demoralising influence upon savages, i.548,549,571sq., ii.2,126–129,424,735;injuries inflicted by coloured persons upon, i.713sq.;prohibited from marrying coloured persons, i.714;looked down upon by savages, ii.171sq.;taken for spirits, ii.590

Widowers, suicide committed by, ii.232,233,235sq.;fasting of, ii.299–301;second marriages of, prohibited or condemned, ii.412,451

Widows, sacrifice of, i.472–474, ii.450sq.;suicide committed by, i.473sq., ii.232,234,235,241,242,244,247;prohibited from remarrying, i.475, ii.450sq.;rules of inheritance relating to, ii.45,4755sq.;fasting of, ii.298–301;priests forbidden to marry, ii.412,420

Will, the, as the subject of moral judgment, ch. ix. (i.217–248), i.214–216,310–314;as a cause of non-moral retributive emotions, i.315,319.SeeFree-will

Wills, ii.43,53;the sacredness attached to, ii.519,541,552

Wine, superstitious notions concerning, i.278,281, ii.344,345,591sq.;prohibition of, ii.341–345;after a death, ii.302,305;in honour of the sun, ii.312

Wishes, deliberate, as subjects of moral judgments, i.206sq.

Witchcraft, ii.649–652;punishment of, i.45,189,190,492, ii.650–652.SeeMagic

Witches, lunatics burned as, i.273;old women regarded as, i.620;addicted to homosexual practices, ii.484 n.1;the custom of swimming, ii.690.SeeWitchcraft

Wives, the subjection of, ch. xxvi. (i.629–669);punished if convicted of a design to kill their husbands, i.245;crimes committed by, in the presence of their husbands, i.284;husbands killing their, i.418,419,631;killing their husbands, i.419sq.;acquired by duels, i.499,500,503;husbands inflicting bodily injuries upon their, i.514–516,631;the duty of husbands to protect and support their, i.526–529,532sq.;lending of, to guests or others, i.575,593, ii.752;cursed by their husbands, i.626;sold as slaves by their husbands, i.675,684;proprietary rights and incapacities of, i.632,637–641,643,645,661, ii.28–31,41,57;belief in a mysterious bond of sympathy between husbands and, ii.205;suicide committed by husbands on the death of their, ii.232,233,235sq.;fasting of husbands on the death of their, ii.299–301;adultery committed by, ii.397,447–455;of gods, ii.412–414;priests forbidden to marry divorced, ii.420;exchange of, ii.752;eaten by their husbands, ii.555.SeeConjugal affection,Marriage,Widows

Wizards. SeeMagicians

Wolf’s flesh, abstinence from, ii.320,322,327

Women, the position of, ch. xxvi. (i.629–669);rape committed upon, i.187,188,290,311,521, ii.437,438,633,679;punished by being burned alive, i.188;treatment of, in war, i.335,336,342,343,369sq.;killing of, i.418–421;not allowed to be beaten, i.514;the evil eye of, i.592;regarded as versed in magic, especially when old, i.620,666–668;the occupations of, i.633–637;the sexual impulse of, i.657sq., ii.435;ideas held about, i.661–669, ii.192;the future state of, i.662sq., ii.673;of such as have died in child-birth, ii.238 n.3,678;menstruous, i.663; ii.307 n.2,538 n.2,586;regarded as unclean, i.663–666, ii.538 n.2;forbidden to enter sacred places, i.664,665,ii.752;to offer sacrifices, i.664sq.;to pray, i.664,667 n.1;curses of, i.668;serving as asylums, i.668sq.;proprietary rights and incapacities of, i.661, ii.28–30,41,57;rules of inheritance relating to, ii.44,45,47,48,55;addicted to falsehood, ii.76,113;to suicide, ii.232;politeness to, ii.152;certain foods forbidden to, ii.320sq.;celibacy and continence of religious, ii.406–414,419–421;married to gods, ii.412–414;chastity of unmarried, i.49, ii.422–446,675;coyness of, ii.435sq.;homosexual practices between, ii.464,465,752;the lack of accessible women a cause of homosexual practices between men, ii.466sq.;their mental inferiority a cause of pederasty, ii.470sq.;treatment of the dead bodies of, ii.526,527,549;forbidden to eat human flesh, ii.554,555 n.,573,575;refuge denied to kidnappers of, ii.633.SeeDaughters,Mother,Wives,Widows

Work. SeeLabour

World, renunciation of the, ii.361–363

“Wrong,” analysis of the concept, i.134

YOUNG PERSONS, certain foods forbidden to, ii.319sq.SeeChildren, young

ATHENÆUM.—

“The first attempt to deal with the subject of the evolution of human morality in the concrete on a scale at all corresponding to its complexity and sheer bulk.… This book remains an achievement unsurpassed in its own kind, a perpetual monument of the courage, the versatility, and the amazing industry of its author.”

R. R. Marett, in MIND.—

“Dr. Westermarck’s work fills me with profound admiration.… There is no book in any language that deals concretely with the evolution of morality on so grand a scale or in so authoritative a way.”

Havelock Ellis, in THE JOURNAL OF MENTAL SCIENCE.—

“Throughout marked by an extraordinary degree of erudition which never becomes pedantic, by an invariably fair-minded and well-balanced attitude towards difficult problems, and by a power of broad and lucid presentation which recalls Buckle.”

Q. C. Wheeler, in REVUE DE DROIT INTERNATIONAL.—

“Une des contributions les plus importantes à la sociologie qui aient été produites pendant les dernières années.… Cet ouvrage aura pour effet de rendre presque impossible toute étude scientifique de la morale sur les anciennes bases.”

Franz Oppenheimer, in DAS BLAUBUCH.—

“Ein neues Buch von Edward Westermarck bedeutet ein soziologisches Ereignis. Westermarck, das heisst: profundestes ethnographisches Wissen, meisterhaft beherrscht durch ordnenden Verstand und durchleuchtet von schürfster Kritik und spürkräftigster Psychologie. Wie seine ‘Geschichte der Ehe’ einstandard workder Gesellschaftslehre bleiben wird, als dasjenige Buch, das zum erstenmal eines der schwierigsten Gebiete des menschlichen Zusammenlebens auf brietester Grundlage schilderte und erklärte, so wird auch dieses zweite mächtige Werk, dessen erster Band uns jetzt vorliegt, auf lange Zeit hinaus zu den Grundsteinen der werdenden Wissenschaft von Menschen gehören.”

PHILOSOPHICAL REVIEW.—

“Altogether it is perhaps safe to say that the work is the most important contribution to ethical literature within recent years.”

W. R. Sorley, in THE BOOKMAN.—

“Dr. Westermarck is the only writer who can claim to have systematically examined the whole of the evidence, and to have produced a comprehensive treatise on the development of men’s ideas of good and evil.… He is to be congratulated on having produced a standard work on a subject of first-rate importance. It is distinguished alike by breadth of view and mastery of detail, by skilful marshalling of evidence and by sound judgment.”

NATURE.—

“The readers of his ‘History of Human Marriage’—all of them his debtors—were doubtless prepared for the vast array of footnotes, the excellent way in which long series of facts are arranged, the clearness of the style, the sanity and reasonableness of a work which certainly was needed to keep ethical theory abreast of anthropological research, and which will add greatly to its author’s reputation.… The account of the moral emotions, the treatment of punishment (in which subtle arguments are offered against determent as a sufficient guiding principle), the discussion of the various distinctions suggested by terms like act, agent, motive, intention, the detailed examination of the facts advanced by such authorities as Lord Avebury, Dr. J. G. Frazer, Dr. Steinmetz, are all excellent.”

NORTHERN WHIG.—

“For learning and research the book is simply a marvel.… It will be an authoritative book for many a day on the subjects with which it deals.”

L. T. Hobhouse, in TRIBUNE.—

“It has remained for Dr. Westermarck, a Finn writing in English, to give to the English-speaking world the first comprehensive and systematic account of the genesis of moral ideas on the basis of a detailed survey of the customs of mankind.… It is not too much to predict that it will mark the beginning of a new era in the study of general sociology.”

GUARDIAN.—

“This work, by the author of ‘The History of Human Marriage,’ will undoubtedly take its place, and that a foremost place, amongst the standard works on the subject of ethics.… The width and depth of his learning will be recognised by every reader, and will be utilised by many generations of students.”

DAILY NEWS.—

“A perfect graveyard of the hasty generalisations of his predecessors.”

CAMBRIDGE REVIEW.—

“The purpose of the present work is to arrange and examine all the available evidence regarding the nature of men’s moral judgments and the kind of objects which they approve or condemn. No one could be found more competent than Dr. Westermarck to carry this great undertaking to a successful issue.”

EXPOSITORY TIMES.—

“One of the greatest contributions of recent years to the study of Comparative Religion.”

S. Alexander, in THE SPEAKER.—

“Dr. Westermarck’s book is without doubt of the first importance, whether it be regarded as a philosophical treatise on ethics or as a history of moral institutions. Neither of these descriptions singly does justice to it, for its merit lies in its blending of the analytical with the historical method, so that the long history which begins in the second half of this volume and is to be completed in the next volume, constitutes a continuous verification of his main ethical thesis that moral disapprovals und approvals arise from and express social indignation and social gratitude.… I conclude by expressing my unqualified admiration of Dr. Westermarck’s work, which is worthy of the years of labour he has bestowed upon it. Besides its scientific importance it is recommended to readers by the unfailing interest and lucidity of its manner.”

UNIVERSITY REVIEW.—

“Dr. Westermarck belongs to no accepted school of moralists. He endorses neither the humanist nor the religious views of society. He is neither a utilitarian nor an intuitionalist. He is both an anthropologist and a historian; he is also a sociologist and a traveller. In neglected lands where he might escape from European prejudices he has lived and studied the problems of the human heart and mind, accumulating at first hand a mass of material which throws much light on the origin and development of peculiar customs and beliefs. This, added to a remark able erudition, a scientific temper, a felicity and abundance of illustration, and a clear and vigorous style, gives us a contribution to ethics, psychology, and sociology which is undoubtedly of the first rank, and, in our opinion, the most comprehensive and luminous work which has yet been written on the subject.”

GLOBE.—

“Both by the clarity and the philosophical insight of its arguments, and the wide range of its investigations and illustrative details, it will claim securely to rank among those epoch-marking works which define the steady progress of mankind in the study and understanding of its sociological developments.”

PALL MALL GAZETTE.—

“The fuller consideration of Dr. Westermarck’s book as a philosophic treatise must wait; meanwhile we can only congratulate him and the Duchy, of which he is so conspicuous an ornament, on the production of a book that is really epoch-marking.”

SCOTSMAN.—

“One of its prime characteristics is the skill with which it traces out the historical connection between moral opinions and magic and religious beliefs.”

YORKSHIRE POST.—

“In Dr. Westermarck’s hands a subject which might be impossibly abstruse becomes almost as attractive as a romance.… In pure philosophy he is to some extent a pioneer, and will have the noble satisfaction of the pioneer in arousing doubt, interest, and admiration.”

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