112Is. Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, “Sur la Classification Anthropologique,”Mém. de la Société d’Anthropologie, 1861, vol. i, p. 125.113[Compare Joulin,Anatomie et Physiologie comparé du bassin des Mammifères, 8vo, Paris, 1864; andMémoire sur le bassin considéré dans les Races Humaines, 8vo, Paris, 1864.—Editor.]114The proportion given by Camper is this: the great diameter is to the little,In the European :: 41 : 27.In the Negro :: 39 : 27·5.115Account of the Regular Gradation of Man, 4to, London, 1799, p. 118.116Cours de Physiologie, Paris, 1848, vol. i, p. 394. See, also, on the same question, A. Maury, in theAthénéum Français, 1853, No. 47.117[We cannot entirely agree with the author regarding the low stature of the Spaniards. From our own observation we may unreservedly say that, at all events, the inhabitants of thesouthandsouth westernparts of Spain are a fine race, not at all liable to the charge of being different in height from the Anglo-Saxons.—Editor.]118[Although our author rather despises the idea of the legs being bowed by riding, it is tolerably well known in this country that too much riding on horseback,when young, and especially on large animals, is very apt to alter the shape of delicate and weakly limbs.—Editor.]119“Tribus Mongoles,” translated by S. A. de Grandsagne, in theMémoires du Muséum, vol. xvii.120See Broca,Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie, 3rd April, 1862.121See Lawrence,Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, London, 1848, p. 410.122Davy,An Account of the Interior of Ceylon, 1821, p. 109.123See Daniel Wilson, in theBritish Review, 1851; and in Stephens, the description of the Temple of Uxmal.124SeeBulletins de la Société de Géographie, 4th series, vol. x, p. 45. It must not be forgotten that these weapons with a small handle may have been used by those valiant heroines, whose praises have so often been sung in the songs of the north.125Presented by A. C. Harris, Esq., 1840.126[Compare the memoir of Professor C. G. Carus,Ueber die Typisch geurdenen abbildungen menschlichen kopfformen namentlich auf münzen in verschiedenen zeiten und volkern, published in theNovorum Actorum Academiæ Cæsareæ Leopoldini-Carolinæ Germanicæ naturæ curiosumfor 1863, in which the author gives characteristic examples of the ancient types, as deduced from the examination of coins, etc. Compare, also, Nott and Gliddon,Types of Mankind.—Editor.]127See especially Lepsius,Denkmaeler von Egypten und Œthiopen, vol. ii, pl. 133; vol. iii, pl. 116, 117, 118, 136.128Bérard,Cours de Physiologie, Paris, 1848, vol. i, p. 394.129See J. H. Hanneman,Curiosum Scrutinium Nigredinus Posterorum Cham, in 4to, Kiloni, 1677, § 14.130See Pruner-Bey,Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie, 5th March, 1863.131See, upon this point, G. Pouchet,Des Colorations de l’Epiderme, 4to, Paris, 1864.132Bory de Saint-Vincent divided mankind intoLeucotriquesandUlotriques(see Bérard,Cours de Physiologie, 1848, vol. i, p. 394). Prichard refers all these races to the three following types:—1.Melanocomous; 2.Leucous; 3.Xanthous(seeEnglish Cyclopædia, art. “Man”).133Tableau Synoptique des Races Humaines(Mém. de la Société d’Anthropologie, vol. i, p. 143).134See Pruner-Bey,De la Chevelure(Mém. de la Soc. d’Anthrop., vol. ii, p. 1).135See Smith,The Natural History of the Human Species, p. 189.136See Earl, quoted by Crawfurd,On the Negro Race, etc. (British Association, 1852, p. 86.)137Compare Burnouf,Le Lotus de la bonne loi, p. 562.138Compare,idem,ibidem, p. 569.139Narrative of a Second Voyage, etc., 1835, p. 427.140[The name given to Persia by its inhabitants.—Editor.]141CompareThe Natural History of the Human Species.142M. de Serres, in hisLectures on Anthropology, at the Museum of Natural History.143Ross,Narrative of a Second Voyage, etc., p. 446.144This fact is related by Pallas,Mémoires du Muséum, vol. xvii, p. 238. A Kalmuc saw a body of men thirty versts off [nearly twenty miles English], while the Russian general could see nothing even with a telescope.145It would be interesting to discover if the fact related by Knox (The Races of Men, 1850, p. 271) is true; namely, that the sharpness of sight, which the Bosjesmans possess in a very high degree, is lost immediately on crossing the breed with the whites.146Le Cat,Traité des Sens, 1744; Haller,Elementa Physiologiæ, vol. v, p. 179; Humboldt,Relation Personnelle, vol. iii, p. 229.147See Robin,Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1845;Zoologie, vol. iv, p. 380.148Histoire des Travaux de Buffon, p. 92.149[“Face to face with the present position of metaphysical thought in England, that anthropology, which can find no higher employment for the human mind than the ascertainment of man’s relations with the baboons, will find no place at all.... We have no real fear that the consequences which may result from the practical application of this law (transmutation) will be prejudicial to religion, morality, or society.... But until the day comes when such a law shall be fully, entirely, and satisfactorily established, we must strenuously protest against the diffusion, even amongst the ‘wider circle of the intelligent public,’ of essays, the object of which is to render ‘Man’s Place in Nature’ closer to that of the brute creation.” C. Carter Blake,Man and Beast(Anthropological Review, vol. i, pp. 154, 161).—Editor.]150See Sömmering, 1785, p. 42.151Sketches of Central Africa.152There is a copy of it at the British Museum.153We only know of one painting in which Egyptians themselves are represented in a like position; it is in the British Museum, and is on a tomb. It is a group of persons squatted behind a flock of geese. It is right to remark, however, that the artist may have been rather puzzled about its composition, more complicated than usual, and that the inartistic profiles of his figures, which almost cover one another, greatly diminish the value of the picture with reference to our subject.154Geographische Nosologie oder die Lehre von den Veränderungen der Krankheiten in den Verschiedenen Gegenden der Erde, in Verbindung mit Physicher Géographie und Naturgeschichte des Menschen, 8vo, Stuttgart, 1813.155Traité de Géographie Médicale, 1857: Introduction, p. 29.156[“The great question of acclimatisation has hitherto been treated lightly enough. ‘A firm resolution not to be conquered by a malady,’ says Malte-Brun, ‘is, in the opinion of most doctors, one of the most efficacious preventives of disease. Our body depends on our intelligence. In every climate the nerves, the muscles, the blood-vessels, in relaxing or in stretching, in dilating or in contracting, soon take the particular state which suits the degree of heat or cold which is borne by the body.’ Thus, according to this celebrated geographer, man has only to exercise hiswillin order to accommodate his organism to all the difficulties of a new temperature and a new climate.” H. J. C. Beavan,The Acclimatisation of Man(Social Science Review, February 21, 1863.)—Editor.]157Hirsch,Handbuch der Historisch-Geographischen Pathologie, § 10. With the author of this immense compilation we refer our readers (with reference to this relative immunity of Negroes from marsh-fever) to the works of Jobin, Tschudi, M’Cabe, Hunter, Arnold, Cameron, Heymann, Epp, Bartlett, Thomson, Tidyman (Philad. Journ. of Med. Science, vol. iii, No. 6), etc.158Epidemiological Society, 3rd June, 1861;Medical Times and Gazette, 29th June, 1861, No. 574.159[“In spite of ‘previous acclimatisation,’ a Negro regiment was almost entirely destroyed by chest disease at Gibraltar, in 1817, within the short space of fifteen months.”Acclimatisation of Man(Social Science Review, February 21, 1863).—Editor.]160“Si no acontecía ahorcar al Negro, nunca moría.” Compare Herrera,Hist. Gener. de los Hechos de los Castellanos, dec. 2, BookIII, chap. xiv.161Bancroft (Essay 273); Blair,Some Account of the last Yellow Fever Epidemic of British Guiana, London, 1850; Jackson; Hirsch,Handbuch der Historisch-Geographischen Pathologie, § 36.162“It is a well-established fact, that there is something in the Negro constitution which affords him protection against the worst effects of yellow fever, but what it is I am unable to say.”—Fenner. Compare Hirsch,Handbuch, § 36.163“The smallest admixture of Negro blood, even though the subject be brought from a more northerly state, seems to be a potent antidote against the morbid poison.”—Nott,Southern Journal of Medicine, February, 1847. “The coloured people resisted the epidemic influence better than the whites; and, I believe I may hazard the observation, that their degree in resistance was in proportion to the admixture of white blood.”—Bryant,American Journal, April, 1856, p. 301. Compare Hirsch,Handbuch, § 36.164SeeMémoires de Médecine et de Chirurgie Militaire, November and December 1863;Société d’Anthropologie, meeting of 19th March, 1864.165M. d’Eichthal,Lettres sur la Race noire, 1839, p. 15.166[“The Arabs say that Mohammed, whilst on the road from Medina to Mecca, one day happened to see a widow woman sitting before her house, and asked how she and her three sons were; upon which the troubled woman (for she had concealed one of her sons on seeing Mohammed’s approach, lest he, as is customary when there are three males of a family present, should seize one and make him do porterage), said, ‘Very well; but I’ve only two sons!’ Mohammed, hearing this, said to the woman, reprovingly, ‘Woman, thou liest! thou hast three sons; and for trying to conceal this matter from me, henceforth remember that this is my decree,—that the two boys whom thou hast not concealed shall multiply and prosper, have fair faces, become wealthy, and reign lords over all the earth; but the progeny of your third son shall, in consequence of your having concealed him, produceseedisas black as darkness, who will be sold in the market like cattle, and remain in perpetual servitude to the descendants of the other two.’” This is the Arab theory of the Negro’s origin, mentioned inWhat led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, by J. H. Speke, p. 341, London, 1864.—Editor.]167Othello, Act I, Scene 3. [Othello was, however, aMoor, not a Negro, and capable of a far higher delicacy of mental perceptions than the veritable “unbleached African.” Perhaps one of the most absurd theatrical errors was committed when the part of Othello was acted by a genuine Negro, Ira Aldridge.—Editor.]168Edmond About,Le Progrès, 1864, p. 15.169These are Negroes of whom he is speaking.170“De l’Unité de l’Espèce Humaine,”Biblioth. Univ. de Genève, nouv. ser., vol. liv, p. 145, 1844.171Gliddon,Types of Mankind, p. 59. Carus has observed, that among the remarkable Negroes mentioned by Blumenbach, not one of them was distinguished either in politics, literature, or in any high conception of art. Compare Gobineau,De l’Inégalité des Races Humaines, vol. i, p. 122, 1853.172See De Maillet,Telliamed, 8vo, vol. ii, p. 187, Amsterdam, 1748. For want of those passages of the Korán to which he refers, we give the whole of Maillet’s remark on the subject:—“Mohammed was so struck with the difference between white and black men, that he did not hesitate to say, that God had made the first withwhite earth, and the latter withblack. He did not imagine that men so different, not only in colour but in figure and inclination, could possibly be of one and the same origin. He observes, in another place, that although there have been prophets of all other nations, there was never one among the blacks; which shows that they have so little mind, that the gift of foresight,—the effect of natural wisdom, which has sometimes been honoured with the name of prophecy,—has never fallen to the lot of any of them.” This passage is, besides, remarkable; because this custom of prophecy seems to be a special attribute of the Semitic race (compare Renan,Histoire Générale des Langues Sémitiques, 8vo, p. 8, Paris, 1855), and Mohammed, in making this distinction, declared almost a specific characteristic. In the translation of the “Évangile de l’Enfance,” by G. Brunet (Evangiles Apocryphes, 12mo, Paris, 1849), there is this curious document (Jesus had just changed some children into rams in the sight of some women, who asked for their pardon), “The Lord Jesus having answered, thatthe children of Israel were, among other nations, like the Ethiopians; the women said,” etc. This is merely a proof of the contempt which overwhelmed this unhappy race in the east.173On the Negro’s Place in Nature(Dr. Hunt,Anthropological Society of London, November 17, 1863).174See the table taken from theSystema Naturæ. We know that Linnæus had adopted the geographical classification of human races.Homo Americanus.{Pertinæ, contentus, liber.Regitur consuetudine.” Europæus.{Levis, argutus,inventor.Regitur ritibus.” Asiaticus.{Severus, fastuosus, avarus,Regitur opinionibus.” Afer.{Vafer, segnis, negligens,Regitur arbitrio.175Des Races Humaines, in theRevue des Deux Mondes.176[It is, indeed, worthy of a place in science, though not apparently in the sense which is meant by our author. C. Carter Blake says, and says truly, “In zoology, as in all other methods of human thought, the sincere searcher after truth will reap some solid benefit for his labours if carried on in a fair and honest spirit. What science reveals to us,—and we know of no source of knowledge whence the revelation of the truth, as it is manifested in living nature, can be impugned,—what science teaches us, a simple-minded student will accept, that which the unbiassed evidences of his senses and the manifestations of his own consciousness tell him to be true.” (C. Carter Blake,On the Doctrine of Final Causes, as illustrated by Zoology, Hastings Philosophical Society, meeting of January 13, 1864.)—Editor.]177[“The natives of Australia,” observes Hasskarl, “are deficient in the idea of a Creator or moral Governor of the world, and all attempts to instruct them terminate in a sudden break up of the conversation. The Bechuanas, one of the most intelligent tribes of the interior of South Africa, have no idea of a Supreme Being; and there is no word to be found in their language for the conception of a Creator.” (Force and Matter, by Dr. Louis Büchner, transl. and edited by J. F. Collingwood, F.R.S.L., F.G.S., F.A.S.L.).—Editor.]178I translate in this way the wordmythology, used by Latham; it is the real translation. Every religion is necessarily based on afable, for whoever does not practise it, “Mutato nomine, de te fabula narratur.” [This is an assertion which our author has no right to make, and which certainly does not redound to his credit. We must earnestly protest against it. A moment’s consideration, however, will satisfy most men that the translator’s license has here been carried to a most unwarrantable extent.—Editor.]179The Reverend Messrs. Schmidt, Parker, etc.180John Leighton.181See Bertillon,Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie, March 15, 1860. [See above, p. 66,note.—Editor.]182I had this fact from the mouth of M. de Lesseps, on his return from a journey to Khartûm.183J. Ross,Narrative of a Second Voyage, p. 548, 1835.184Emanuel Zobrega wrote to the Company from Brazil, in 1552:—“The inhabitants acknowledge Saint Thomas, whom they call Zomé (changing theThintoZ, according to their dialect); and they have a tradition that he once journeyed through this country.” His letter is fully given by Nieremberg,Historia Naturæ, fol., Antuerpiæ, 1635.185“On the Intellectual Character of the Esquimaux” (Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. xxxviii, p. 306, October 1844 to April 1845.)186L’Immortalité de l’âme chez les Juifs, transl. by I. Cohen, 12mo, Paris, 1857.187See Brecher,L’Immortalité de l’âme chez les Juifs, p. 81.188Josephus,Antiquities, xviii, ch. 2, transl. by D. G. Génébrard, Paris, 1639.189Chapter upon the “Nirvâna.”190Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire,Bouddha et sa Religion, chapter upon the “Nirvâna,” 1862.191Niebuhr quoted, in support of this, the Nalhkis and the Guaranis in the New Californian and Cape Missions. Schlegel (Essais, p. 341, Paris, 1841) declares, that most savage nations ought always to remain so by the will of nature.192SeeComptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, meeting of July 20, 1857.193“I maintain,” says Courtet de l’Isle (Tableau Ethnographique du genre humain, p. 89, 8vo, Paris, 1849), “that human races are unequal in intellectual power, that they are, consequently, not susceptible of the same degree of development, and that each of them is called upon to fill, in unequal conditions, a mission marked out by Providence.”194Doctor Martius is a curious example of the extravagances to which monogenist ideas may lead. In order to explain the moral character of the Americans, he is obliged to suppose a frightful cataclysm [great inundation] which happened, he cannot say when, and adds, “Is it the profound terror felt by those unhappy people who escaped from this awful calamity which, being transmitted without a diminished intensity to following generations, has troubled their reason, obscured their intelligence, and hardened their heart?” Compare Morel,Traité des Dégénérescences de l’espèce humaine, 1857, andDiscours Inaugural à l’Académie de Rouen, 1857.195D’Orbigny saw the Charruas continue a war against the Spaniards (who decimated them) rather than renounce their much-valued independence. (Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, vol. iv, Introduction p. 4.) [Our author ought not to compare the northern Americans with the southern aborigines, giving tobothof them, apparently, the same characteristics. The northerners are whites, and (supposing the Canadians and the north-western settlers are spoken of) worthy of his praise. We put the presentNorthern Stateson one side altogether, as the character given by our author cannot possibly apply to them. The Charruas, who are mentioned in the above note, are Indians, inhabiting the banks of the Uruguay in South America, and therefore, whatever may be their courage and love of libertyas aborigines, they cannot properly be classed with white inhabitants, who are merelysettlers.—Editor.]196Compare D’Escayrac de Lauture,Le Désert et le Soudan;Mémoire sur le Soudan, etc. [These people are not so very peculiar in this respect. Even in our own land, there is sometimes a good deal of difficulty in obtaining information about routes; and agricultural labourers especially are much given to scratching their heads and chewing the cud of meditation, ending with an indecision quite delightful to the tired traveller.—Editor.]197SeePhilosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, pp. 482, 483, 4to, Amstelodami, 1723.198SeeEssai Politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne, Paris, 1811.199Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale.200Crania Americana, Introduction.201Mémoireon the preceding work.202[Dr. Hunt, however, does not think that language is such an unfailing test as our author appears to imagine. He considers that language must be utterly discarded as the first principle of anthropological classification, and gives a far higher value to religion and to art, considering language merely as the third element. It is possible to change the language of a race; but apparently impossible to change either their religion or their innate ideas of art. See Hunt onAnthropological Classification(Brit. Assoc., 1863),Anthrop. Rev., vol. i, p. 383. “On ethnology, Professor Müller says, ‘The science of language and the science of ethnology have both suffered most seriously from being mixed up together. The classification of races and languages should be quite independent of each other. Races may change their languages; and history supplies us with several instances where one race adopted the language of another. Different languages, therefore, may be spoken by one race, or the same language may be spoken by different races; so that any attempt at squaring the classification of races and tongues must necessarily fail.’”(On the Science of Language, R. S. Charnock;Anthrop. Rev., vol. i, p. 200.)—Editor.]203See Chavée,Les Langues et les Races, 1862.204Histoire des Langues Sémitiques, p. 467, Paris, 1855.205See Prichard,The Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations, edited by Latham, 1857.206“The sound of their voice resembles sighing.” “Their language resembles the clucking of a turkey.” Compare White,Account of the regular gradation of Man, p. 67, London, 1799. Appleyard,The Kafir Language, p. 3, 8vo, King William’s Town, 1850. Morel,Traité des Dégénérescences de l’espèce humaine, p. 42, Paris, 1857. “The Kafirs have adopted some of the inflexions in use among their neighbours, but as a simple ornament to their speech, without attributing any special signification to these ‘cluckings.’”—Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (Correspondence).207Compare Cabanis,Rapports du Physique et du Moral, 13th year, vol. ii, p. 201: Knox,The Races of Men, p. 82, London, 1850: Morel,Dégénérescences de l’Espèce Humaine, Paris, 1857.208See Beddom inEnglish Cyclopædia: see, also, Vitruvius, book vi, ch. i.209Rapports du Physique et du Moral, 13th year, vol. ii, p. 294.210Histoire Naturelle Générale, vol. iii, p. 319, 1860. We do not here quote the facts relative to the Barbary and Corsican stag (ibidem, p. 407), since they rest only on the negative assertion of an old author.211“Partout de petits changements, nulle part de grands.”Hist. Naturelle Générale, vol. iii, p. 388.212Recherches sur les Ossements Fossiles, 4to, vol. i, p. 59, 1831.213Histoire Naturelle Générale, vol. iii, p. 389.214“What would be thought of a breeder who took Norman colts or Flemish calves to the high lands of the Alps and the Pyrenees, and then expected to see them reproduce (their training having been finished) all the pure characteristics of the original races?”—Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,Histoire Naturelle Générale, vol. iii, p. 307.215See Verneuil,Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie, February 2, 1860.—Bonté,ibidem, August 6, 1863.216[“A priest who has drunk wine shall migrate into a moth or a fly, feeding on ordure. He who steals the gold of a priest, shall pass a thousand times into the bodies of spiders. If a man shall steal honey, he shall be born a great stinging gnat; if oil, an oil-drinking beetle; if salt, a cicada; if a household utensil, an ichneumon fly” (Institutes of Menu, § 353). Thus, apparently with regard tocomparison, the Hindú considers insects to be the lowest form of animal life, into whichmoralcriminals are to pass after death, according to their doctrine of metempsychosis.—Editor.]217[Why will some scientific men persist in separating, so strongly, religion and science, as ifbothcould not be practised? This is what the “master of science” appears to think. Eachstudentof science may well apply the following lines: “It is your duty to go on steadfastly, unwaveringly,ohne Hast, ohne Rast, conscious that you interpret, to the best of your finite ability, your conceptions of the truths of science, equally conscious that whatever may be the immediate result of your labours, they must eventually fulfil the aspiration which tendsad majorem Dei gloriam.”—C. Carter BlakeOn the Doctrine of Final Causes(Hastings Philosophical Society, meeting of January 13, 1864).—Editor.]218Robin,Mémoire sur la Production du Blastoderme(Journal de Physiologie, p. 358, 1862).219It is thus that we do not see realised in man that general law which decrees that animal species are large in proportion to the continent which they inhabit; the mean size of the mammalia, in particular, is regularly proportional to the extent of Australia, America, the ancient continent, and the bottom of the ocean.220Compare Mitchell,An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours, etc. (Philosophical Transactions, 1745.)221“Sole colorari homines non dubium, eosque autem ut nigrescant non constat.” Albinus,De Sede et Causa Coloris Æthiopum, p. 12. He also says, still speaking of Negroes, that they are coloured, “quod suum parentes colorem in liberos propagant ...; æthiops fœmina si cum mare æthiope rem habuerit, æthiopem, ni quid forte natura ludat, gignit; alba si cum albo, album.”—Ibidem, p. 10. It is in some manner the permanence of a declared type.222Dissertation Physique sur les Différences des Traits du Visage, p. 17.
112Is. Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, “Sur la Classification Anthropologique,”Mém. de la Société d’Anthropologie, 1861, vol. i, p. 125.
113[Compare Joulin,Anatomie et Physiologie comparé du bassin des Mammifères, 8vo, Paris, 1864; andMémoire sur le bassin considéré dans les Races Humaines, 8vo, Paris, 1864.—Editor.]
114The proportion given by Camper is this: the great diameter is to the little,In the European :: 41 : 27.In the Negro :: 39 : 27·5.
115Account of the Regular Gradation of Man, 4to, London, 1799, p. 118.
116Cours de Physiologie, Paris, 1848, vol. i, p. 394. See, also, on the same question, A. Maury, in theAthénéum Français, 1853, No. 47.
117[We cannot entirely agree with the author regarding the low stature of the Spaniards. From our own observation we may unreservedly say that, at all events, the inhabitants of thesouthandsouth westernparts of Spain are a fine race, not at all liable to the charge of being different in height from the Anglo-Saxons.—Editor.]
118[Although our author rather despises the idea of the legs being bowed by riding, it is tolerably well known in this country that too much riding on horseback,when young, and especially on large animals, is very apt to alter the shape of delicate and weakly limbs.—Editor.]
119“Tribus Mongoles,” translated by S. A. de Grandsagne, in theMémoires du Muséum, vol. xvii.
120See Broca,Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie, 3rd April, 1862.
121See Lawrence,Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, London, 1848, p. 410.
122Davy,An Account of the Interior of Ceylon, 1821, p. 109.
123See Daniel Wilson, in theBritish Review, 1851; and in Stephens, the description of the Temple of Uxmal.
124SeeBulletins de la Société de Géographie, 4th series, vol. x, p. 45. It must not be forgotten that these weapons with a small handle may have been used by those valiant heroines, whose praises have so often been sung in the songs of the north.
125Presented by A. C. Harris, Esq., 1840.
126[Compare the memoir of Professor C. G. Carus,Ueber die Typisch geurdenen abbildungen menschlichen kopfformen namentlich auf münzen in verschiedenen zeiten und volkern, published in theNovorum Actorum Academiæ Cæsareæ Leopoldini-Carolinæ Germanicæ naturæ curiosumfor 1863, in which the author gives characteristic examples of the ancient types, as deduced from the examination of coins, etc. Compare, also, Nott and Gliddon,Types of Mankind.—Editor.]
127See especially Lepsius,Denkmaeler von Egypten und Œthiopen, vol. ii, pl. 133; vol. iii, pl. 116, 117, 118, 136.
128Bérard,Cours de Physiologie, Paris, 1848, vol. i, p. 394.
129See J. H. Hanneman,Curiosum Scrutinium Nigredinus Posterorum Cham, in 4to, Kiloni, 1677, § 14.
130See Pruner-Bey,Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie, 5th March, 1863.
131See, upon this point, G. Pouchet,Des Colorations de l’Epiderme, 4to, Paris, 1864.
132Bory de Saint-Vincent divided mankind intoLeucotriquesandUlotriques(see Bérard,Cours de Physiologie, 1848, vol. i, p. 394). Prichard refers all these races to the three following types:—1.Melanocomous; 2.Leucous; 3.Xanthous(seeEnglish Cyclopædia, art. “Man”).
133Tableau Synoptique des Races Humaines(Mém. de la Société d’Anthropologie, vol. i, p. 143).
134See Pruner-Bey,De la Chevelure(Mém. de la Soc. d’Anthrop., vol. ii, p. 1).
135See Smith,The Natural History of the Human Species, p. 189.
136See Earl, quoted by Crawfurd,On the Negro Race, etc. (British Association, 1852, p. 86.)
137Compare Burnouf,Le Lotus de la bonne loi, p. 562.
138Compare,idem,ibidem, p. 569.
139Narrative of a Second Voyage, etc., 1835, p. 427.
140[The name given to Persia by its inhabitants.—Editor.]
141CompareThe Natural History of the Human Species.
142M. de Serres, in hisLectures on Anthropology, at the Museum of Natural History.
143Ross,Narrative of a Second Voyage, etc., p. 446.
144This fact is related by Pallas,Mémoires du Muséum, vol. xvii, p. 238. A Kalmuc saw a body of men thirty versts off [nearly twenty miles English], while the Russian general could see nothing even with a telescope.
145It would be interesting to discover if the fact related by Knox (The Races of Men, 1850, p. 271) is true; namely, that the sharpness of sight, which the Bosjesmans possess in a very high degree, is lost immediately on crossing the breed with the whites.
146Le Cat,Traité des Sens, 1744; Haller,Elementa Physiologiæ, vol. v, p. 179; Humboldt,Relation Personnelle, vol. iii, p. 229.
147See Robin,Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1845;Zoologie, vol. iv, p. 380.
148Histoire des Travaux de Buffon, p. 92.
149[“Face to face with the present position of metaphysical thought in England, that anthropology, which can find no higher employment for the human mind than the ascertainment of man’s relations with the baboons, will find no place at all.... We have no real fear that the consequences which may result from the practical application of this law (transmutation) will be prejudicial to religion, morality, or society.... But until the day comes when such a law shall be fully, entirely, and satisfactorily established, we must strenuously protest against the diffusion, even amongst the ‘wider circle of the intelligent public,’ of essays, the object of which is to render ‘Man’s Place in Nature’ closer to that of the brute creation.” C. Carter Blake,Man and Beast(Anthropological Review, vol. i, pp. 154, 161).—Editor.]
150See Sömmering, 1785, p. 42.
151Sketches of Central Africa.
152There is a copy of it at the British Museum.
153We only know of one painting in which Egyptians themselves are represented in a like position; it is in the British Museum, and is on a tomb. It is a group of persons squatted behind a flock of geese. It is right to remark, however, that the artist may have been rather puzzled about its composition, more complicated than usual, and that the inartistic profiles of his figures, which almost cover one another, greatly diminish the value of the picture with reference to our subject.
154Geographische Nosologie oder die Lehre von den Veränderungen der Krankheiten in den Verschiedenen Gegenden der Erde, in Verbindung mit Physicher Géographie und Naturgeschichte des Menschen, 8vo, Stuttgart, 1813.
155Traité de Géographie Médicale, 1857: Introduction, p. 29.
156[“The great question of acclimatisation has hitherto been treated lightly enough. ‘A firm resolution not to be conquered by a malady,’ says Malte-Brun, ‘is, in the opinion of most doctors, one of the most efficacious preventives of disease. Our body depends on our intelligence. In every climate the nerves, the muscles, the blood-vessels, in relaxing or in stretching, in dilating or in contracting, soon take the particular state which suits the degree of heat or cold which is borne by the body.’ Thus, according to this celebrated geographer, man has only to exercise hiswillin order to accommodate his organism to all the difficulties of a new temperature and a new climate.” H. J. C. Beavan,The Acclimatisation of Man(Social Science Review, February 21, 1863.)—Editor.]
157Hirsch,Handbuch der Historisch-Geographischen Pathologie, § 10. With the author of this immense compilation we refer our readers (with reference to this relative immunity of Negroes from marsh-fever) to the works of Jobin, Tschudi, M’Cabe, Hunter, Arnold, Cameron, Heymann, Epp, Bartlett, Thomson, Tidyman (Philad. Journ. of Med. Science, vol. iii, No. 6), etc.
158Epidemiological Society, 3rd June, 1861;Medical Times and Gazette, 29th June, 1861, No. 574.
159[“In spite of ‘previous acclimatisation,’ a Negro regiment was almost entirely destroyed by chest disease at Gibraltar, in 1817, within the short space of fifteen months.”Acclimatisation of Man(Social Science Review, February 21, 1863).—Editor.]
160“Si no acontecía ahorcar al Negro, nunca moría.” Compare Herrera,Hist. Gener. de los Hechos de los Castellanos, dec. 2, BookIII, chap. xiv.
161Bancroft (Essay 273); Blair,Some Account of the last Yellow Fever Epidemic of British Guiana, London, 1850; Jackson; Hirsch,Handbuch der Historisch-Geographischen Pathologie, § 36.
162“It is a well-established fact, that there is something in the Negro constitution which affords him protection against the worst effects of yellow fever, but what it is I am unable to say.”—Fenner. Compare Hirsch,Handbuch, § 36.
163“The smallest admixture of Negro blood, even though the subject be brought from a more northerly state, seems to be a potent antidote against the morbid poison.”—Nott,Southern Journal of Medicine, February, 1847. “The coloured people resisted the epidemic influence better than the whites; and, I believe I may hazard the observation, that their degree in resistance was in proportion to the admixture of white blood.”—Bryant,American Journal, April, 1856, p. 301. Compare Hirsch,Handbuch, § 36.
164SeeMémoires de Médecine et de Chirurgie Militaire, November and December 1863;Société d’Anthropologie, meeting of 19th March, 1864.
165M. d’Eichthal,Lettres sur la Race noire, 1839, p. 15.
166[“The Arabs say that Mohammed, whilst on the road from Medina to Mecca, one day happened to see a widow woman sitting before her house, and asked how she and her three sons were; upon which the troubled woman (for she had concealed one of her sons on seeing Mohammed’s approach, lest he, as is customary when there are three males of a family present, should seize one and make him do porterage), said, ‘Very well; but I’ve only two sons!’ Mohammed, hearing this, said to the woman, reprovingly, ‘Woman, thou liest! thou hast three sons; and for trying to conceal this matter from me, henceforth remember that this is my decree,—that the two boys whom thou hast not concealed shall multiply and prosper, have fair faces, become wealthy, and reign lords over all the earth; but the progeny of your third son shall, in consequence of your having concealed him, produceseedisas black as darkness, who will be sold in the market like cattle, and remain in perpetual servitude to the descendants of the other two.’” This is the Arab theory of the Negro’s origin, mentioned inWhat led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, by J. H. Speke, p. 341, London, 1864.—Editor.]
167Othello, Act I, Scene 3. [Othello was, however, aMoor, not a Negro, and capable of a far higher delicacy of mental perceptions than the veritable “unbleached African.” Perhaps one of the most absurd theatrical errors was committed when the part of Othello was acted by a genuine Negro, Ira Aldridge.—Editor.]
168Edmond About,Le Progrès, 1864, p. 15.
169These are Negroes of whom he is speaking.
170“De l’Unité de l’Espèce Humaine,”Biblioth. Univ. de Genève, nouv. ser., vol. liv, p. 145, 1844.
171Gliddon,Types of Mankind, p. 59. Carus has observed, that among the remarkable Negroes mentioned by Blumenbach, not one of them was distinguished either in politics, literature, or in any high conception of art. Compare Gobineau,De l’Inégalité des Races Humaines, vol. i, p. 122, 1853.
172See De Maillet,Telliamed, 8vo, vol. ii, p. 187, Amsterdam, 1748. For want of those passages of the Korán to which he refers, we give the whole of Maillet’s remark on the subject:—“Mohammed was so struck with the difference between white and black men, that he did not hesitate to say, that God had made the first withwhite earth, and the latter withblack. He did not imagine that men so different, not only in colour but in figure and inclination, could possibly be of one and the same origin. He observes, in another place, that although there have been prophets of all other nations, there was never one among the blacks; which shows that they have so little mind, that the gift of foresight,—the effect of natural wisdom, which has sometimes been honoured with the name of prophecy,—has never fallen to the lot of any of them.” This passage is, besides, remarkable; because this custom of prophecy seems to be a special attribute of the Semitic race (compare Renan,Histoire Générale des Langues Sémitiques, 8vo, p. 8, Paris, 1855), and Mohammed, in making this distinction, declared almost a specific characteristic. In the translation of the “Évangile de l’Enfance,” by G. Brunet (Evangiles Apocryphes, 12mo, Paris, 1849), there is this curious document (Jesus had just changed some children into rams in the sight of some women, who asked for their pardon), “The Lord Jesus having answered, thatthe children of Israel were, among other nations, like the Ethiopians; the women said,” etc. This is merely a proof of the contempt which overwhelmed this unhappy race in the east.
173On the Negro’s Place in Nature(Dr. Hunt,Anthropological Society of London, November 17, 1863).
174See the table taken from theSystema Naturæ. We know that Linnæus had adopted the geographical classification of human races.Homo Americanus.{Pertinæ, contentus, liber.Regitur consuetudine.” Europæus.{Levis, argutus,inventor.Regitur ritibus.” Asiaticus.{Severus, fastuosus, avarus,Regitur opinionibus.” Afer.{Vafer, segnis, negligens,Regitur arbitrio.
175Des Races Humaines, in theRevue des Deux Mondes.
176[It is, indeed, worthy of a place in science, though not apparently in the sense which is meant by our author. C. Carter Blake says, and says truly, “In zoology, as in all other methods of human thought, the sincere searcher after truth will reap some solid benefit for his labours if carried on in a fair and honest spirit. What science reveals to us,—and we know of no source of knowledge whence the revelation of the truth, as it is manifested in living nature, can be impugned,—what science teaches us, a simple-minded student will accept, that which the unbiassed evidences of his senses and the manifestations of his own consciousness tell him to be true.” (C. Carter Blake,On the Doctrine of Final Causes, as illustrated by Zoology, Hastings Philosophical Society, meeting of January 13, 1864.)—Editor.]
177[“The natives of Australia,” observes Hasskarl, “are deficient in the idea of a Creator or moral Governor of the world, and all attempts to instruct them terminate in a sudden break up of the conversation. The Bechuanas, one of the most intelligent tribes of the interior of South Africa, have no idea of a Supreme Being; and there is no word to be found in their language for the conception of a Creator.” (Force and Matter, by Dr. Louis Büchner, transl. and edited by J. F. Collingwood, F.R.S.L., F.G.S., F.A.S.L.).—Editor.]
178I translate in this way the wordmythology, used by Latham; it is the real translation. Every religion is necessarily based on afable, for whoever does not practise it, “Mutato nomine, de te fabula narratur.” [This is an assertion which our author has no right to make, and which certainly does not redound to his credit. We must earnestly protest against it. A moment’s consideration, however, will satisfy most men that the translator’s license has here been carried to a most unwarrantable extent.—Editor.]
179The Reverend Messrs. Schmidt, Parker, etc.
180John Leighton.
181See Bertillon,Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie, March 15, 1860. [See above, p. 66,note.—Editor.]
182I had this fact from the mouth of M. de Lesseps, on his return from a journey to Khartûm.
183J. Ross,Narrative of a Second Voyage, p. 548, 1835.
184Emanuel Zobrega wrote to the Company from Brazil, in 1552:—“The inhabitants acknowledge Saint Thomas, whom they call Zomé (changing theThintoZ, according to their dialect); and they have a tradition that he once journeyed through this country.” His letter is fully given by Nieremberg,Historia Naturæ, fol., Antuerpiæ, 1635.
185“On the Intellectual Character of the Esquimaux” (Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. xxxviii, p. 306, October 1844 to April 1845.)
186L’Immortalité de l’âme chez les Juifs, transl. by I. Cohen, 12mo, Paris, 1857.
187See Brecher,L’Immortalité de l’âme chez les Juifs, p. 81.
188Josephus,Antiquities, xviii, ch. 2, transl. by D. G. Génébrard, Paris, 1639.
189Chapter upon the “Nirvâna.”
190Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire,Bouddha et sa Religion, chapter upon the “Nirvâna,” 1862.
191Niebuhr quoted, in support of this, the Nalhkis and the Guaranis in the New Californian and Cape Missions. Schlegel (Essais, p. 341, Paris, 1841) declares, that most savage nations ought always to remain so by the will of nature.
192SeeComptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, meeting of July 20, 1857.
193“I maintain,” says Courtet de l’Isle (Tableau Ethnographique du genre humain, p. 89, 8vo, Paris, 1849), “that human races are unequal in intellectual power, that they are, consequently, not susceptible of the same degree of development, and that each of them is called upon to fill, in unequal conditions, a mission marked out by Providence.”
194Doctor Martius is a curious example of the extravagances to which monogenist ideas may lead. In order to explain the moral character of the Americans, he is obliged to suppose a frightful cataclysm [great inundation] which happened, he cannot say when, and adds, “Is it the profound terror felt by those unhappy people who escaped from this awful calamity which, being transmitted without a diminished intensity to following generations, has troubled their reason, obscured their intelligence, and hardened their heart?” Compare Morel,Traité des Dégénérescences de l’espèce humaine, 1857, andDiscours Inaugural à l’Académie de Rouen, 1857.
195D’Orbigny saw the Charruas continue a war against the Spaniards (who decimated them) rather than renounce their much-valued independence. (Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, vol. iv, Introduction p. 4.) [Our author ought not to compare the northern Americans with the southern aborigines, giving tobothof them, apparently, the same characteristics. The northerners are whites, and (supposing the Canadians and the north-western settlers are spoken of) worthy of his praise. We put the presentNorthern Stateson one side altogether, as the character given by our author cannot possibly apply to them. The Charruas, who are mentioned in the above note, are Indians, inhabiting the banks of the Uruguay in South America, and therefore, whatever may be their courage and love of libertyas aborigines, they cannot properly be classed with white inhabitants, who are merelysettlers.—Editor.]
196Compare D’Escayrac de Lauture,Le Désert et le Soudan;Mémoire sur le Soudan, etc. [These people are not so very peculiar in this respect. Even in our own land, there is sometimes a good deal of difficulty in obtaining information about routes; and agricultural labourers especially are much given to scratching their heads and chewing the cud of meditation, ending with an indecision quite delightful to the tired traveller.—Editor.]
197SeePhilosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, pp. 482, 483, 4to, Amstelodami, 1723.
198SeeEssai Politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne, Paris, 1811.
199Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale.
200Crania Americana, Introduction.
201Mémoireon the preceding work.
202[Dr. Hunt, however, does not think that language is such an unfailing test as our author appears to imagine. He considers that language must be utterly discarded as the first principle of anthropological classification, and gives a far higher value to religion and to art, considering language merely as the third element. It is possible to change the language of a race; but apparently impossible to change either their religion or their innate ideas of art. See Hunt onAnthropological Classification(Brit. Assoc., 1863),Anthrop. Rev., vol. i, p. 383. “On ethnology, Professor Müller says, ‘The science of language and the science of ethnology have both suffered most seriously from being mixed up together. The classification of races and languages should be quite independent of each other. Races may change their languages; and history supplies us with several instances where one race adopted the language of another. Different languages, therefore, may be spoken by one race, or the same language may be spoken by different races; so that any attempt at squaring the classification of races and tongues must necessarily fail.’”(On the Science of Language, R. S. Charnock;Anthrop. Rev., vol. i, p. 200.)—Editor.]
203See Chavée,Les Langues et les Races, 1862.
204Histoire des Langues Sémitiques, p. 467, Paris, 1855.
205See Prichard,The Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations, edited by Latham, 1857.
206“The sound of their voice resembles sighing.” “Their language resembles the clucking of a turkey.” Compare White,Account of the regular gradation of Man, p. 67, London, 1799. Appleyard,The Kafir Language, p. 3, 8vo, King William’s Town, 1850. Morel,Traité des Dégénérescences de l’espèce humaine, p. 42, Paris, 1857. “The Kafirs have adopted some of the inflexions in use among their neighbours, but as a simple ornament to their speech, without attributing any special signification to these ‘cluckings.’”—Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (Correspondence).
207Compare Cabanis,Rapports du Physique et du Moral, 13th year, vol. ii, p. 201: Knox,The Races of Men, p. 82, London, 1850: Morel,Dégénérescences de l’Espèce Humaine, Paris, 1857.
208See Beddom inEnglish Cyclopædia: see, also, Vitruvius, book vi, ch. i.
209Rapports du Physique et du Moral, 13th year, vol. ii, p. 294.
210Histoire Naturelle Générale, vol. iii, p. 319, 1860. We do not here quote the facts relative to the Barbary and Corsican stag (ibidem, p. 407), since they rest only on the negative assertion of an old author.
211“Partout de petits changements, nulle part de grands.”Hist. Naturelle Générale, vol. iii, p. 388.
212Recherches sur les Ossements Fossiles, 4to, vol. i, p. 59, 1831.
213Histoire Naturelle Générale, vol. iii, p. 389.
214“What would be thought of a breeder who took Norman colts or Flemish calves to the high lands of the Alps and the Pyrenees, and then expected to see them reproduce (their training having been finished) all the pure characteristics of the original races?”—Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,Histoire Naturelle Générale, vol. iii, p. 307.
215See Verneuil,Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie, February 2, 1860.—Bonté,ibidem, August 6, 1863.
216[“A priest who has drunk wine shall migrate into a moth or a fly, feeding on ordure. He who steals the gold of a priest, shall pass a thousand times into the bodies of spiders. If a man shall steal honey, he shall be born a great stinging gnat; if oil, an oil-drinking beetle; if salt, a cicada; if a household utensil, an ichneumon fly” (Institutes of Menu, § 353). Thus, apparently with regard tocomparison, the Hindú considers insects to be the lowest form of animal life, into whichmoralcriminals are to pass after death, according to their doctrine of metempsychosis.—Editor.]
217[Why will some scientific men persist in separating, so strongly, religion and science, as ifbothcould not be practised? This is what the “master of science” appears to think. Eachstudentof science may well apply the following lines: “It is your duty to go on steadfastly, unwaveringly,ohne Hast, ohne Rast, conscious that you interpret, to the best of your finite ability, your conceptions of the truths of science, equally conscious that whatever may be the immediate result of your labours, they must eventually fulfil the aspiration which tendsad majorem Dei gloriam.”—C. Carter BlakeOn the Doctrine of Final Causes(Hastings Philosophical Society, meeting of January 13, 1864).—Editor.]
218Robin,Mémoire sur la Production du Blastoderme(Journal de Physiologie, p. 358, 1862).
219It is thus that we do not see realised in man that general law which decrees that animal species are large in proportion to the continent which they inhabit; the mean size of the mammalia, in particular, is regularly proportional to the extent of Australia, America, the ancient continent, and the bottom of the ocean.
220Compare Mitchell,An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours, etc. (Philosophical Transactions, 1745.)
221“Sole colorari homines non dubium, eosque autem ut nigrescant non constat.” Albinus,De Sede et Causa Coloris Æthiopum, p. 12. He also says, still speaking of Negroes, that they are coloured, “quod suum parentes colorem in liberos propagant ...; æthiops fœmina si cum mare æthiope rem habuerit, æthiopem, ni quid forte natura ludat, gignit; alba si cum albo, album.”—Ibidem, p. 10. It is in some manner the permanence of a declared type.
222Dissertation Physique sur les Différences des Traits du Visage, p. 17.