Military History and Criticism
For a reasoned history of warfare in more detail than has been given in the general articles already alluded to, the reader will find some outline like the following valuable, the arrangement being roughly chronological and all words inItalicsbeing titles of articles in the Britannica.
Marathon;Darius;Miltiades;Herodotus.
Thermopylae;Leonidas;Salamis.
Peloponnesian War;Pericles;Cleon;Pylos;Brasidas;Alcibiades;Critias;Thucydides;Xenophon.
Epaminondas;Mantineia.
Philip II of Macedon;Olynthus;Chaeroneia;Alexander the Great;Arrian.
Pyrrhus.
Roman Army;Caudine Forks;Punic Wars;Carthage;Hanno;Hannibal;Hasdrubal;Mago;Trasimene;Fabius(Cunctator);Cannae;Scipio Africanus;Scipio Aemilianus;Aemilius Paulus;Perseus;Marius;Jugurtha;Sulla;Sertorius;Pompey;Caesar;Antonius(Mark Antony).
Charles Martel.
Charlemagne.
William I(of England);Hastings;Standard, Battle of.
Crusades(equivalent to 90 pages of this Guide);Godfrey of Bouillon;Raymund of Toulouse;Richard I(ofEngland);Philip II(of France);Saladin;Henry VI(Roman Emperor);Baldwin I;Frederick II;Louis IX(of France).
Bouvines.
Bannockburn;Robert Bruce.
Hundred Years’ War;Philip VI;Edward III;Crécy;John of Bohemia;Edward(the Black Prince);Calais;Poitiers;John II(of France);Lancaster, House of(for John of Gaunt);Bertrand Du Guesclin;Henry V(of England);Agincourt;Joan of Arc;1st Duke of Bedford(John Plantagenet); Count ofDunois.
Wars of the Roses;St. Albans;Towton;Earl of Warwick(Richard Neville);Edward IV.
Ravenna, battle of;Bayard(the chevalier);Gaston de Foix;Pescara;Navarro;Marignan;FrancisI (of France).
Flodden;James IV(of Scotland);Norfolk, 3rd Duke.
St. Quentin(1557);Coligny;Montmorency(constable);Emmanuel Philibert.
Alva;William the Silent(Vol. 28, p. 672);Maurice of Nassau;Farnese(duke of Parma).
Thirty Years’ War;Maximilian I(of Bavaria);Frederick V(elector palatinate; Vol. 11, p. 59);Mansfeld;Tilly;Wallenstein;Gustavus Adolphus;Breitenfeld;Lützen;Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar; duc deRohan;Frederick Henry;Gallas;Banér;Piccolomini;Turenne;Torstensson;Condé;Freiburg;Mercy;Nördlingen;Wrangel(1613–1676);Fronde.
Great Rebellion(English Civil Wars of 1642–52);Charles I(of England);Prince Rupert;Essex(2nd Earl, Vol. 9, p. 782);Edgehill;John Hotham;Baron Hopton;Sir William Waller;Duke of Newcastle(1592–1676);Fairfax of Cameron(2nd and 3rd Barons);Sir Bevil Grenville;Oliver Cromwell;Manchester, 2nd Earl of (Vol. 17, p. 543);Marston Moor;Leven;Skippon;Argyll, 8th Earl;Montrose;Lord Newark;Goring;Naseby;John Lambert;Charles Fleetwood;Dunbar;Thomas Harrison.
Dutch Wars;Louis XIV;Condé;Frederick William of Brandenburg;Turenne;Montecucculi;William III(of England);Duke of Luxembourg;Charles of Lorraine(Vol. 17, p. 11).
Vauban.
Grand Alliance, War of;Catinat;Luxembourg;Vauban;Fleurus;Louvois;Duc de Boufflers;Coehoorn;William III of England;Steenkirk;Neerwinden;Villeroi.
Spanish Succession;Marlborough;Eugene of Savoy;Villars;Peterborough;Ruvigny;Catinat;Vendôme;Blenheim;Ramillies;Oudenarde;Malplaquet;Berwick.
Polish Succession War.
Austrian Succession;Frederick the Great;Count von Schwerin;L. A. Khevenhüller;Duc de Broglie;Traun;Charles(of Lorraine; Vol. 5, p. 936);Seckendorf;George II(of England);Noailles;Conti(Vol. 7, p. 28);Hohenfriedberg;Fontenoy; comte deSaxe(marshal); Duke ofCumberland;Ligonier;Belle-Isle.
Seven Years’ War(with 5 diagrams):Frederick the Great;Clive;Amherst;Wolfe; comte deLally;Montcalm; Count vonBrowne;Ferdinand(of Brunswick);Daun;Zieten;F. E. J. Keith;Seydlitz;Rossbach;Soubise(1715–1787);Leuthen;Loudon;Kunersdorf;Finck;Minden;Sackville, 1st Viscount;Granby.
American War of Independence;Lexington;Concord;Bunker Hill;Joseph Warren;Israel Putnam;Thomas Gage;William Howe;Ethan Allen;Ticonderoga;George Washington;Benedict Arnold;Richard Montgomery;Long Island;Rufus Putnam;William Alexander;Trenton and Princeton;Henry Knox;Brandywine;Germantown;Burgoyne;Bennington;John Stark;Saratoga;George Rogers Clark;Sir Henry Clinton;Monmouth;John Sullivan;Anthony Wayne;William Moultrie;Charleston(S. C.);Francis Marion;Thomas Sumter;Andrew Pickens;Horatio Gates;Nathanael Greene;Cornwallis;Kalb;Camden;King’s Mountain;Daniel Morgan;Henry Lee;Tarleton;Eutawville;Lafayette;Yorktown.
French Revolutionary Wars(with 6 diagrams);Dumouriez;Kellerman(1735–1820);Custine;Jemappes;Gribeauval;Neerwinden(1793);Clerfayt;Vendée;L. N. M. Carnot;Jourdan;Wattignies;Joubert;Frederick Augustus, Duke of York;Souham;Moreau;Kray von Krajova;Vandamme;Pichegru;Marceau;Charles, archduke of Austria (Vol. 5, p. 935);Masséna;Napoleon;Augereau;Serurier;Joubert;Sir W. Sidney Smith;Kléber;Alexandria;Oudinot;Suvarov;Borodino;Macdonald;Marengo;Murat;Lannes;Berthier;Bautzen.
Napoleonic Campaigns(9 diagrams; and see, on p. 233 of Vol. 19, “The Military Character of Napoleon”);Napoleon;Wrede;Murat;Charles XIV(Bernadotte);Marmont;Davout;Ney;Lannes;Soult;Berthier;Angereau;Dupont de l’Etang;Austerlitz;Kutusov;Hohenlohe(Vol. 13, p. 572);Blücher;Lasalle;Massenbach;Kalckreuth;Scharnhorst;Lefebvre-Desnoëttes;Count von Bennigsen;Eylau;Friedland;Grouchy;Mortier;Senarmont;Oudinot;Massena;Aspern-Essling;Charles, archduke of Austria;Bellegarde;Wagram;Beauharnais;Macdonald; JeromeBonaparte(Vol. 4, p. 195);Barclay de Tolly;Bagration;Victor-Perrin;Yorck von Wartenburg;Lauriston;Wittgenstein;Bautzen;Schwarzenberg;Gouvion St. Cyr;Dresden(battle).
Peninsular War;Junot;Murat;Dupont de l’Etang;Moncey;Palafox y Melzi;Wellington;Sir John Moore; Sir DavidBaird;Talavera;Suchet;Sebastiani;Foy;Lord Hill;Lord Lynedoch; W. C.Beresford;Salamanca;Clausel;O’Donnell;Vitoria;Sir William Napier.
American Warof 1812; IsaacBrock;Dearborn;Baltimore;Washington;New Orleans; AndrewJackson; JacobBrown; JamesWilkinson; and for sea-fighting the titles in the chapter of this Guide:For Naval Officers.
Waterloo Campaign(with 3 maps);Napoleon;Murat;Schwarzenberg;Barclay de Tolly;Wellington;Blücher;Lord Hill;Anglesey;D’Erlon;Gneisenau;Gérard;Grouchy;Vandamme;Thielmann;Bülow(1755–1816);Ney;Exelmans;Pajol;Picton.
Greek Independence;Ypsilanti;Mavrocordato;Coraës;Dundonald;Sir Richard Church.
Russo-Turkish Wars(1828–29);Paskevich;Diebitsch(1877–78);Osman;Skobelev;Plevna(with diagram);Todleben;Shipka Pass.
Crimean War(with 2 diagrams):Gorchakov;Hess;Raglan;Saint Arnaud;Canrobert;Pelissier;Menshikov(1787–1869);Bosquet;Todleben;Alma;Balaklava;Scarlett;Cardigan;Inkerman;Sir George Brown;Sir George Cathcart;Kinglake.
Italian Wars(1848–1870);Radetzky;Charles Albertof Sardinia (Vol. 5, p. 938);Durando;Pepe;Victor Emmanuel;Pelissier;Canrobert;La Marmora;Napoleon III;Forey;MacMahon;Bazaine;Wimpffen;Benedek;Niel;Custozza;Cialdini.
American Civil War;Bull Run;McDowell;Beauregard;J. E. Johnston;R. E. Lee;Rosecrans;Lexington, Mo.;Fremont;Nathaniel Lyon;F. P. Blair, Jr.;Pope;Burnside;B. F. Butler;McClellan;A. S. Johnston;G. H. Thomas;U. S. Grant;C. F. Smith;Lew Wallace;McClernand;Halleck;O. M. Mitchel;Shiloh;N. P. Banks;T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson;Shenandoah;Fair Oaks;Seven Days;A. P. Hill;D. H. Hill;J. E. B. Stuart;Braxton Bragg;Longstreet;Bull Run (second battle);Ewell;Sigel;Hooker;Kearny;Fitz-John Porter;Antietam;E. V. Sumner;Hood;Burnside;Van Dorn;Fredericksburg;W. B. Franklin;John F. Reynolds;D. N. Couch;Stone River;Hardee;A. McD. McCook;T. L. Crittenden;G. H. Thomas;J. C. Breckinridge;McPherson;Chancellorsville;T. F. Meagher;Meade;Gettysburg;O. O. Howard;Doubleday;Early;Hancock;Sickles;Vicksburg;J. H. Morgan;Chickamauga;N. B. Forrest;Chattanooga;Sheridan;Wilderness(4 diagrams);Fitz-HughLee;J. H. Wilson;G. K. Warren;John Sedgwick;Merritt;R. H. Anderson;Spottsylvania;Cold Harbor;Petersburg;Shenandoah Valley;Cedar Creek;W. T. Sherman;Marietta;Atlanta;Slocum;Schofield;Joseph Wheeler;J. A. Logan;Nashville;Richmond;Appomatox Court-House;Durham, N. C.
Seven Weeks’ War(with 2 diagrams):William I(of Germany);Moltke;Benedek;Frederick III(of Germany);Frederick Charles(of Prussia; Vol. 11, p. 61);Steinmetz;Blumenthal;Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen(Vol. 13, p. 573b);Goeben; and seeItalian Warsabove.
Franco-German War;Napoleon III;Niel;Moltke;William I(of Germany);Steinmetz;Frossard;MacMahon;Wörth(with plan);Bazaine;Metz(2 plans);Alvensleben;Canrobert;Bourbaki;Leboeuf;Manteuffel;Caprivi;Prince Frederick Charles;Sedan(with plan);Vinoy;Wimpffen;Gallifet;Werder;Gambetta;Freycinet;Aurelle de Paladines;Orleans;Bourbaki;Le Mans;Chanzy;Faidherbe;Belfort;Clinchant;Paris.
Servo-Bulgarian War;Alexander of Bulgaria(Vol. 1, p. 544);Milan of Servia.
Greco-Turkish War;Edhem Pasha.
Spanish-American War;Joseph Wheeler;F. V. Greene;Roosevelt;Miles.
Transvaal(Vol. 27, pp. 203 sqq. for Boer War of 1899–1902);Kruger;Cronje;P. J. Joubert;Sir George White;Buller;Lord Roberts;Lord Kitchener;J. H. De la Rey;Christian DeWet;Louis Botha.
Russo-Japanese War(with 4 diagrams);Kuroki;Kuropatkin;Inouye;Oku;Nozu;Oyama.
A Military Encyclopaedia
The military student will see from what has already been said that the Britannica is not merely a general work of reference but a valuable aid in the study of military history, biography, theory, practice and phraseology. The following alphabetical list names only the chief of the articles in the Britannica which make it a military cyclopaedia. As has been noticed above, many articles are special treatises in themselves dealing with many related topics, and—for instance—articles on wars or campaigns contain elaborate descriptions of separate battles. Many topics are treated in the Britannica, even if they are not in the following list, and their whereabouts may be readily learned by turning to the Index volume.
The scope of a naval officer’s professional interests is so broad that the present chapter of this Guide could not, without duplicating other chapters, indicate all the aspects of the Britannica with which he is directly concerned. And he will find that his use of the Britannica is simplified by the subdivisions about to be specified, which virtually present his subjects under four different heads. Of course he may be called upon, in the exercise of his duties, simultaneously to think and to act in all his capacities, to concentrate upon the swift solution of one problem his knowledge of warfare, of shipbuilding, of navigation and of mechanical engineering; but his reading upon these topics naturally divides itself into these four parts.
Three Other Relevant Chapters
Inasmuch as army officers, even when they are at sea, are passengers, and, save in relation to the discipline of their troops, have nothing to do with the ship’s management, it could not be assumed that the present chapter would appeal to them. But naval officers, when co-operating in a land expedition, need to employ every kind of knowledge that is of use to army officers, and as the chapterFor Army Officersin this Guide would therefore in any case be read by them, it has seemed convenient to include in it the description of those articles in the Britannica which deal with war in general.
The chapterFor Marine Transportation Menin this Guide is also one to which the naval officer should refer, as it deals with ships and navigation in general. The articlesShipandShipbuildingmentioned in that chapter are (except for the historical section of the former) by Sir Philip Watts, designer of the British “Dreadnoughts” and “Super-Dreadnoughts;” and the articleShippingis by Douglas Owen, of the Royal Naval War College at Portsmouth. Obviously these and many other articles described in that chapter are of the greatest importance to naval officers.
The chapterFor Engineersin this Guide describes the articles dealing with steam engines, internal combustion engines, electrical machinery and fuels of all kinds; and it would be a waste of space to repeat in this chapter a summary of the Britannica treatment of these subjects.
All three of the chapters mentioned should therefore be treated as forming constituent parts of the general plan of this present chapter, in which the naval officer will find no repetition of their contents.