‘With threats and words of peaceOlaf his land defended,So that no one from the KingDurst claim a right thereto.’
‘With threats and words of peace
Olaf his land defended,
So that no one from the King
Durst claim a right thereto.’
And thus saith Stein Herdason in the lay of Olaf:
‘His heritage ’gainst SveinThe warlike King defendedIn that merchant town where resteth(Great is he) the saintly King.’
‘His heritage ’gainst Svein
The warlike King defended
In that merchant town where resteth
(Great is he) the saintly King.’
¶ But a compact was come to betwixt the kings at the time of this mustering, & peace ensued in the lands. King Magnuswas afterwards stricken with a sickness, the rift-worm sickness, and when he had lain abed for some time died he at Nidaros, and there was buried. He was a King right well-beloved of all the people.
NOTESThesenotes, with few exceptions, are taken from Professor Gustav Storm’s Norwegian version of the Heimskringla, from which this translation of the Saga of Olaf Tryggvason and of Harald Hardrad (Harald the Tyrant) is made.Ethel H. Hearn.In the Notes, “Translator” refers to the English translation (the present text).Page 12, line 11. Vladimir the Great of Russia (980-1015) became Grand Duke of Novgorod in 970.Page 19, line 25. The head of a ‘her,’i.e., a hundred families. The territory inhabited by them was called a ‘herath.’ The ‘hersir’ seems to have combined the offices of commander in time of war, and religious head of his tribe.—Translator.Ibid.Nordfiord and Söndfiord.Page 20, line 1. Those who absented themselves when the ships were called out for war, or who came to a wrong place of meeting, or at a wrong time, were compelled to pay a war-fine.Page 28, line 31. This is not in accord with page 22, line 2, in which Vingulmark is mentioned as being given to Harald the Grenlander. Perhaps the error is on the page aforesaid, as on page 53, line 30, Harald is described as King of Vestfold only.Page 30, line 14. The present North Germany, from eastern Holstein to eastern Prussia.Page 30, line 17.I.e., Boleslaw. By ‘Burislav,’ as mentioned here, must not be understood Boleslaw I of Poland (992-1025), but his father Miesco or Mieczyslaw (964-992).Page 31, line 12. The Emperor Otta is the Emperor Otho II (973-983). His march on Denmark did not take place in 988 as Snorri calculates, but late in the autumn of 974. Nor was the Emperor’s object the conversion of King Harald, for the latter had accepted Christianity about 960—but to bring Denmark under his own vassalage.Page 31, line 18. The Danavirki, or Danish wall, began in the east at the head of the Slefjord, and extended to the west only as far as the Træaa, the tributary river of the isthmus, and not to the sea.Page 32, line 24. It is not historical that Burislaw (or Miesco) accompanied the Emperor to the Danish wall; nor was Olaf Tryggvason, who was not full grown in 974, with him.Page 33, line 33. As early as 968 Vidkund of Corvey, in his chronicle of that year, mentions Poppo’s miracle and its effect in causing Harald to embrace Christianity. The incident must be ascribed to about the year 906.Page 34, line 12. ‘Learned men’ means men trained in the learning of the Church, that is to say, belonging to the priesthood.Page 35, line 3. ‘Go to Fret’ (?) means to consult the gods by means of the so-called ‘blotspaan,’ or sacrificial shavings. These, and pieces of wood (perhaps inscribedwith runes) were disposed in a particular manner, for the purpose of gaining information from the gods as to the future.Page 39, line 6. Gyda was the daughter of Olaf Kvaran, and not his sister. Olaf Kvaran died an old man in 980.Page 40, line 3. ‘Holmgang’ so called in Norway because the two combatants retired alone to a holm or uninhabited islet to fight.—Translator.Page 48, line 1. Mandseidet in Stadland.Page 55, line 15. The Russian name Wsevolod.Page 57, line 22. According to English sources Olaf was lying with his fleet off Southampton during the winter of 994-995. He received instruction there in Christianity from English bishops, and was confirmed in the spring of 995, on which occasion King Ethelred was his sponsor. He returned home to his country early in the summer.Page 59, line 28. Rimul now the farm of Romol (Guldalen) on the west side of the Gula river, opposite Melhus.Page 66, line 33.The note corresponding to this marker is missing.Page 72, line 6. The ‘Sogn-sea’ formed the boundary between Sogn and Hordaland so that the territory given to Erling was Hordaland, Rogaland, and the western part of Agder, as far as the Naze.Page 74, line 4. So-called because he ‘rooted in the soil,’i.e., practised agriculture.Page 74, line 11. This is not historical. Olaf the Saint was not christened until he was full grown. According to the oldest sources he was baptized in Rouen by Archbishop Robert, the brother of Duke Richard.Page 76, line 21. April 16, 998.Page 78, line 20. Olaf, like all Christians at that time, thought Odin to be an evil spirit.Page 78, line 27. A war-arrow was furnished with a cord or twist of withy at one end, and was intended to summon all men armed to a Thing.Page 82, line 8. ‘Ship-corner,’ a little creek of the river Nid, at the end of the present Strand Gade in Trondhjem.Page 82, line 13. This barrow, Skjeggehaugen, existed at the beginning of the nineteenth century; it was situated to the south of the farm of ‘Östraat’ (Austrat).Page 91, line 33.Svirar: what these were is not known; they must have been at the stern of the ship.Page 93, line 16. September 29, 999.Page 94, line 3.I.e., in christening raiment, which was worn for a week after baptism.Page 100, line 31. The town of Ladoga; it was situated at that time on the river Volkhov which debouches into the lake of Ladoga.Page 101, line 8. The island of Ösel was named in Old-Norse Ey-Sysla (island district) and the mainland opposite Adal-Sysla (chief district), and the whole of Estland (or Esthonia) together Sysla.Page 101, line 32. This is incorrect. Gunnhild was put away by King Svein and sent home to Wendland; after the death of Svein in 1014 her sons had her brought back to Denmark.Page 107, line 29. North America, probably Nova Scotia.Page 108, line 7. A particular kind of long-ship without a ‘head’ at the prow.Page 110, line 7. Svold is not an island as Snorri thought, but a haven or creek in the mouth of a river somewhat west of Rügen.Page 118, line 1.I.e., Lappish.—Translator.Page 126, line 10. Harald Hardrad, or Harald the Tyrant was in the service of the Greek Emperor in the year 1041, and took part in the pillaging of the rebellious Bulgarians. The account of this was not known to Snorri who lived so much later, but Thiodolf had heard of it.Page 127, line 23. An unknown people, perhaps ‘Lechers,’i.e., Poles.Page 128, line 10. Georgios Maniakes, the brave commander of the Greeks in the valley of the Euphrates 1033-1035, and in Sicily in 1038-1040.Page 128, line 13. Mercenaries, chiefly the northern inhabitants of Russia and of Greece.Page 130, line 26. Snorri here confuses ‘Serkland’ in Asia with Africa. Harald was taking part in the wars in Syria and Armenia in the years 1035-1037, before going in 1038 with the Greek army to Sicily.Page 131, lines 8 and 9. These two lines refer to Atli the King of the Huns, who according to the legend invited his brothers-in-law (Gunnar and Hogn) to a feast in order to betray them.Page 135, line 7. Snorri Sturlason was descended from Halldor in the fifth degree.Page 136, line 24. The Greek Emperor concluded a peace with the Calif of Egypt in 1036 which enabled the Emperor to build churches near the Holy Sepulchre. Craftsmen were despatched thither for this purpose by the Emperor, and among the troops sent to protect them was Harald Hardrad, or Harald the Tyrant.Page 138, line 1. Zoe never had a brother, so the relationship, at all events, is inaccurate.Page 138, line 18. No such chapel has ever been known to exist in Constantinople.Page 139, line 15. It is a fact that Harald was one of those who blinded the ‘Greek King’ Michael Kalafates. The latter was accepted as the son of Zoe and became Emperor together with her in 1041. After deposing her (April 21, 1042) he was himself deposed, and was blinded in the street by his body-guard, in which Harald was serving as ‘spatharokandidat’ (colonel). Michael is in this case confused with his successor Constantine.Page 139, line 19. Siavidarsund (i.e., ‘the sound with the sea-wood’) is the present Golden Horn; the heavy iron chain, which was stretched across its extremity, in times of dispute rested on wooden floats.Page 140, line 3. The mouth of the Dnieper in the Black Sea.Page 140, line 4. East-realm,i.e., Russia, or its eastern provinces.Page 140, line 21. If this is correct Harald must have gone to Constantinople before 1034, as there was a change of monarch in 1034, 1041, and 1042.Page 143, line 13. In south Jutland, west of Aabenraa. Magnus died in Zealand. His successor Svein (who was also named Magnus) died at Sudatorp.Page 143, line 14.I.e., half-brother (Alfhild’s son, not Olaf’s).Page 148, line 10. Budli’s, or the sea-king’s way—the sea.Page 148, line 28. This line with line 23 on page 137 and one omitted from the foregoing verse form together a kind of refrain which runs as follows: “May it dwell where it listeth—In Christ’s eternal House—Harald’s soul in Heaven.”Page 152, line 33. So named because upon a certain occasion he carried King Sigurd Slembe at a Thing.Page 153, line 7. Ruins of the church of Saint Olaf are to be found under the present Town Hall on the northern side of Kongens Gade, in Trondhjem.Page 153, line 20. They were moved thither from St. Clement’s church.Page 153, line 23. This church was west of the church of Saint Olaf, on the north side of the present Kongens Gade, where the Savings Bank now stands.Page 155, line 13. That is to say, 600.Page 156, line 10. ‘The King’s-House down by the river’ was the new King’s-House which Harald had built east of the church of Saint Mary.Page 158, line 11. The son of Ketil Calf and Gunnhild (mentioned on page 154).Page 162, line 32. Asmund’s father was Biorn Ulfson, the brother of Harald (died 1049).Page 166, line 35. Margad (in Irish Eachmargach) Rognvaldson was the King of Dublin in 1035-1038 and 1046-1052.Page 167, line 26. July 28, 1052.Page 168, line 11.I.e.in the Cathedral.Page 170, line 20. On the site of part of the present city of Christiania.Page 171, line 34. A ‘Bussa’ was a particular kind of large ship, broad in the beam, especially a war-ship.Page 172, line 2.Svirar, seenote on page 91, line 33.Page 174, line 8. That is to say, 180.Page 174, line 13. 360 ships.Page 176, line 1. Later Leire, near Roskilde in Zealand.Page 178, line 21.I.e., one who is in distress.Page 182, line 34. That is to say, 240.Page 190, line 29. Her name was Eadgitha; Gyda was her mother’s name. The sons of Earl Godwin were Harald, Tosti, Svein (died 1052), and Gyrd. Harald was theeldestson. Morcar, or Morkere, and Walthiof were not Earl Godwin’s sons; Morcar was the son of Ælfrik of Mercia, and from 1065 was Earlof Northumberland; Walthiof was the son of the Danish Earl Siward of Northumberland (died 1055).Page 191, line 6. At Ponthieu, where the Count took him prisoner. William released him and had him brought to Rouen. It is not historical that Harald held undue intercourse with William’s wife. William made use of Harald’s compulsory sojourn to make him swear allegiance to him, and affiance him to his daughter.Page 192, line 11. Unhistorical. The church referred to is St. Paul’s in London, but Edward died and was buried at Winchester, where Harald was likewise crowned.Page 192, line 18. This is unhistorical. Tosti had been Earl of Northumberland since 1055, but was driven away by the Northumbrians in October 1065 and fled to Flanders, so that he was not in England at the time of Edward’s death. Harald was Earl of Wessex and the most powerful man in the land.Page 192, line 28.I.e., the thirteenth day of Christmas, January 6.Page 193, line 11. Not historical, seepage 192, line 18.Page 195, line 20. The name of King Canute’s Danish guard, instituted 1018.Page 196, line 3. The Sulen Islands outside Sognefjord.Page 196, line 16. That is to say, 240.Page 199, line 20. Unhistorical. Morkere, or Morcar, escaped later and joined Harald the son of (Earl) Godwin.Page 199, line 27. Part of the refrain which runs as follows: ‘Olaf the Mighty is—the very greatest chief—born under the sun.’Page 200, line 9. September 20 (1066).Page 200, line 21. Now Stamford Bridge across the Derwent. Snorri thought that Stamford was situated nearer York than it really is.Page 200, line 27. September 24.Page 201, line 2. This is incorrect. The Thing was to be held at Stamford Bridge and Harald was to be given there hostages from the whole of Yorkshire. It was for this reason that the battle occurred there.Page 201, line 11. September 25 (1066).Page 202, line 32. Legends referring to the battle of Hastings (October 14, 1066) are incorporated in this and the following narrative. It was the Norwegians who fought on horseback, and who used the expedient of pretended flight against the English, and not the reverse: the latter had no horse.Page 208, line 19. Quite unhistorical.Page 208, line 34. Svein was killed in 1052.Page 209, line 4. October 14, 1066.Page 209, line 24. Walthiof submitted to William immediately after the battle, and became in 1070 Earl of Northumberland. In 1074 he took part in a plot against William and, although he made a timely confession of it, was beheaded outside Winchester in 1075.
Thesenotes, with few exceptions, are taken from Professor Gustav Storm’s Norwegian version of the Heimskringla, from which this translation of the Saga of Olaf Tryggvason and of Harald Hardrad (Harald the Tyrant) is made.
Ethel H. Hearn.
In the Notes, “Translator” refers to the English translation (the present text).
Page 12, line 11. Vladimir the Great of Russia (980-1015) became Grand Duke of Novgorod in 970.
Page 19, line 25. The head of a ‘her,’i.e., a hundred families. The territory inhabited by them was called a ‘herath.’ The ‘hersir’ seems to have combined the offices of commander in time of war, and religious head of his tribe.—Translator.
Ibid.Nordfiord and Söndfiord.
Page 20, line 1. Those who absented themselves when the ships were called out for war, or who came to a wrong place of meeting, or at a wrong time, were compelled to pay a war-fine.
Page 28, line 31. This is not in accord with page 22, line 2, in which Vingulmark is mentioned as being given to Harald the Grenlander. Perhaps the error is on the page aforesaid, as on page 53, line 30, Harald is described as King of Vestfold only.
Page 30, line 14. The present North Germany, from eastern Holstein to eastern Prussia.
Page 30, line 17.I.e., Boleslaw. By ‘Burislav,’ as mentioned here, must not be understood Boleslaw I of Poland (992-1025), but his father Miesco or Mieczyslaw (964-992).
Page 31, line 12. The Emperor Otta is the Emperor Otho II (973-983). His march on Denmark did not take place in 988 as Snorri calculates, but late in the autumn of 974. Nor was the Emperor’s object the conversion of King Harald, for the latter had accepted Christianity about 960—but to bring Denmark under his own vassalage.
Page 31, line 18. The Danavirki, or Danish wall, began in the east at the head of the Slefjord, and extended to the west only as far as the Træaa, the tributary river of the isthmus, and not to the sea.
Page 32, line 24. It is not historical that Burislaw (or Miesco) accompanied the Emperor to the Danish wall; nor was Olaf Tryggvason, who was not full grown in 974, with him.
Page 33, line 33. As early as 968 Vidkund of Corvey, in his chronicle of that year, mentions Poppo’s miracle and its effect in causing Harald to embrace Christianity. The incident must be ascribed to about the year 906.
Page 34, line 12. ‘Learned men’ means men trained in the learning of the Church, that is to say, belonging to the priesthood.
Page 35, line 3. ‘Go to Fret’ (?) means to consult the gods by means of the so-called ‘blotspaan,’ or sacrificial shavings. These, and pieces of wood (perhaps inscribedwith runes) were disposed in a particular manner, for the purpose of gaining information from the gods as to the future.
Page 39, line 6. Gyda was the daughter of Olaf Kvaran, and not his sister. Olaf Kvaran died an old man in 980.
Page 40, line 3. ‘Holmgang’ so called in Norway because the two combatants retired alone to a holm or uninhabited islet to fight.—Translator.
Page 48, line 1. Mandseidet in Stadland.
Page 55, line 15. The Russian name Wsevolod.
Page 57, line 22. According to English sources Olaf was lying with his fleet off Southampton during the winter of 994-995. He received instruction there in Christianity from English bishops, and was confirmed in the spring of 995, on which occasion King Ethelred was his sponsor. He returned home to his country early in the summer.
Page 59, line 28. Rimul now the farm of Romol (Guldalen) on the west side of the Gula river, opposite Melhus.
Page 66, line 33.The note corresponding to this marker is missing.
Page 72, line 6. The ‘Sogn-sea’ formed the boundary between Sogn and Hordaland so that the territory given to Erling was Hordaland, Rogaland, and the western part of Agder, as far as the Naze.
Page 74, line 4. So-called because he ‘rooted in the soil,’i.e., practised agriculture.
Page 74, line 11. This is not historical. Olaf the Saint was not christened until he was full grown. According to the oldest sources he was baptized in Rouen by Archbishop Robert, the brother of Duke Richard.
Page 76, line 21. April 16, 998.
Page 78, line 20. Olaf, like all Christians at that time, thought Odin to be an evil spirit.
Page 78, line 27. A war-arrow was furnished with a cord or twist of withy at one end, and was intended to summon all men armed to a Thing.
Page 82, line 8. ‘Ship-corner,’ a little creek of the river Nid, at the end of the present Strand Gade in Trondhjem.
Page 82, line 13. This barrow, Skjeggehaugen, existed at the beginning of the nineteenth century; it was situated to the south of the farm of ‘Östraat’ (Austrat).
Page 91, line 33.Svirar: what these were is not known; they must have been at the stern of the ship.
Page 93, line 16. September 29, 999.
Page 94, line 3.I.e., in christening raiment, which was worn for a week after baptism.
Page 100, line 31. The town of Ladoga; it was situated at that time on the river Volkhov which debouches into the lake of Ladoga.
Page 101, line 8. The island of Ösel was named in Old-Norse Ey-Sysla (island district) and the mainland opposite Adal-Sysla (chief district), and the whole of Estland (or Esthonia) together Sysla.
Page 101, line 32. This is incorrect. Gunnhild was put away by King Svein and sent home to Wendland; after the death of Svein in 1014 her sons had her brought back to Denmark.
Page 107, line 29. North America, probably Nova Scotia.
Page 108, line 7. A particular kind of long-ship without a ‘head’ at the prow.
Page 110, line 7. Svold is not an island as Snorri thought, but a haven or creek in the mouth of a river somewhat west of Rügen.
Page 118, line 1.I.e., Lappish.—Translator.
Page 126, line 10. Harald Hardrad, or Harald the Tyrant was in the service of the Greek Emperor in the year 1041, and took part in the pillaging of the rebellious Bulgarians. The account of this was not known to Snorri who lived so much later, but Thiodolf had heard of it.
Page 127, line 23. An unknown people, perhaps ‘Lechers,’i.e., Poles.
Page 128, line 10. Georgios Maniakes, the brave commander of the Greeks in the valley of the Euphrates 1033-1035, and in Sicily in 1038-1040.
Page 128, line 13. Mercenaries, chiefly the northern inhabitants of Russia and of Greece.
Page 130, line 26. Snorri here confuses ‘Serkland’ in Asia with Africa. Harald was taking part in the wars in Syria and Armenia in the years 1035-1037, before going in 1038 with the Greek army to Sicily.
Page 131, lines 8 and 9. These two lines refer to Atli the King of the Huns, who according to the legend invited his brothers-in-law (Gunnar and Hogn) to a feast in order to betray them.
Page 135, line 7. Snorri Sturlason was descended from Halldor in the fifth degree.
Page 136, line 24. The Greek Emperor concluded a peace with the Calif of Egypt in 1036 which enabled the Emperor to build churches near the Holy Sepulchre. Craftsmen were despatched thither for this purpose by the Emperor, and among the troops sent to protect them was Harald Hardrad, or Harald the Tyrant.
Page 138, line 1. Zoe never had a brother, so the relationship, at all events, is inaccurate.
Page 138, line 18. No such chapel has ever been known to exist in Constantinople.
Page 139, line 15. It is a fact that Harald was one of those who blinded the ‘Greek King’ Michael Kalafates. The latter was accepted as the son of Zoe and became Emperor together with her in 1041. After deposing her (April 21, 1042) he was himself deposed, and was blinded in the street by his body-guard, in which Harald was serving as ‘spatharokandidat’ (colonel). Michael is in this case confused with his successor Constantine.
Page 139, line 19. Siavidarsund (i.e., ‘the sound with the sea-wood’) is the present Golden Horn; the heavy iron chain, which was stretched across its extremity, in times of dispute rested on wooden floats.
Page 140, line 3. The mouth of the Dnieper in the Black Sea.
Page 140, line 4. East-realm,i.e., Russia, or its eastern provinces.
Page 140, line 21. If this is correct Harald must have gone to Constantinople before 1034, as there was a change of monarch in 1034, 1041, and 1042.
Page 143, line 13. In south Jutland, west of Aabenraa. Magnus died in Zealand. His successor Svein (who was also named Magnus) died at Sudatorp.
Page 143, line 14.I.e., half-brother (Alfhild’s son, not Olaf’s).
Page 148, line 10. Budli’s, or the sea-king’s way—the sea.
Page 148, line 28. This line with line 23 on page 137 and one omitted from the foregoing verse form together a kind of refrain which runs as follows: “May it dwell where it listeth—In Christ’s eternal House—Harald’s soul in Heaven.”
Page 152, line 33. So named because upon a certain occasion he carried King Sigurd Slembe at a Thing.
Page 153, line 7. Ruins of the church of Saint Olaf are to be found under the present Town Hall on the northern side of Kongens Gade, in Trondhjem.
Page 153, line 20. They were moved thither from St. Clement’s church.
Page 153, line 23. This church was west of the church of Saint Olaf, on the north side of the present Kongens Gade, where the Savings Bank now stands.
Page 155, line 13. That is to say, 600.
Page 156, line 10. ‘The King’s-House down by the river’ was the new King’s-House which Harald had built east of the church of Saint Mary.
Page 158, line 11. The son of Ketil Calf and Gunnhild (mentioned on page 154).
Page 162, line 32. Asmund’s father was Biorn Ulfson, the brother of Harald (died 1049).
Page 166, line 35. Margad (in Irish Eachmargach) Rognvaldson was the King of Dublin in 1035-1038 and 1046-1052.
Page 167, line 26. July 28, 1052.
Page 168, line 11.I.e.in the Cathedral.
Page 170, line 20. On the site of part of the present city of Christiania.
Page 171, line 34. A ‘Bussa’ was a particular kind of large ship, broad in the beam, especially a war-ship.
Page 172, line 2.Svirar, seenote on page 91, line 33.
Page 174, line 8. That is to say, 180.
Page 174, line 13. 360 ships.
Page 176, line 1. Later Leire, near Roskilde in Zealand.
Page 178, line 21.I.e., one who is in distress.
Page 182, line 34. That is to say, 240.
Page 190, line 29. Her name was Eadgitha; Gyda was her mother’s name. The sons of Earl Godwin were Harald, Tosti, Svein (died 1052), and Gyrd. Harald was theeldestson. Morcar, or Morkere, and Walthiof were not Earl Godwin’s sons; Morcar was the son of Ælfrik of Mercia, and from 1065 was Earlof Northumberland; Walthiof was the son of the Danish Earl Siward of Northumberland (died 1055).
Page 191, line 6. At Ponthieu, where the Count took him prisoner. William released him and had him brought to Rouen. It is not historical that Harald held undue intercourse with William’s wife. William made use of Harald’s compulsory sojourn to make him swear allegiance to him, and affiance him to his daughter.
Page 192, line 11. Unhistorical. The church referred to is St. Paul’s in London, but Edward died and was buried at Winchester, where Harald was likewise crowned.
Page 192, line 18. This is unhistorical. Tosti had been Earl of Northumberland since 1055, but was driven away by the Northumbrians in October 1065 and fled to Flanders, so that he was not in England at the time of Edward’s death. Harald was Earl of Wessex and the most powerful man in the land.
Page 192, line 28.I.e., the thirteenth day of Christmas, January 6.
Page 193, line 11. Not historical, seepage 192, line 18.
Page 195, line 20. The name of King Canute’s Danish guard, instituted 1018.
Page 196, line 3. The Sulen Islands outside Sognefjord.
Page 196, line 16. That is to say, 240.
Page 199, line 20. Unhistorical. Morkere, or Morcar, escaped later and joined Harald the son of (Earl) Godwin.
Page 199, line 27. Part of the refrain which runs as follows: ‘Olaf the Mighty is—the very greatest chief—born under the sun.’
Page 200, line 9. September 20 (1066).
Page 200, line 21. Now Stamford Bridge across the Derwent. Snorri thought that Stamford was situated nearer York than it really is.
Page 200, line 27. September 24.
Page 201, line 2. This is incorrect. The Thing was to be held at Stamford Bridge and Harald was to be given there hostages from the whole of Yorkshire. It was for this reason that the battle occurred there.
Page 201, line 11. September 25 (1066).
Page 202, line 32. Legends referring to the battle of Hastings (October 14, 1066) are incorporated in this and the following narrative. It was the Norwegians who fought on horseback, and who used the expedient of pretended flight against the English, and not the reverse: the latter had no horse.
Page 208, line 19. Quite unhistorical.
Page 208, line 34. Svein was killed in 1052.
Page 209, line 4. October 14, 1066.
Page 209, line 24. Walthiof submitted to William immediately after the battle, and became in 1070 Earl of Northumberland. In 1074 he took part in a plot against William and, although he made a timely confession of it, was beheaded outside Winchester in 1075.