APPENDIX I.

APPENDIX I.PREVIOUS LITERATURE RELATING TO THE FAYUM.AndrewsC. W.—Extinct Vertebrates from Egypt. Parts I, II, Geol. Mag. N.S. Dec. IV. Vol. VIII, Sept. and Oct, 1901.Notes on an Expedition to the Fayûm, Egypt, with description of some new Mammals, Geol. Mag. N.S. Dec. IV. Vol. X. Aug. 1903.Further Notes on the Mammals of the Eocene of Egypt, (Pts I, II, III), Geol. Mag. N.S. Dec. V. Vol. I. March, April, May, 1904.A note on the occurrence of a Ratite Bird in the Upper Eocene beds of the Fayûm, Egypt. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1904, Vol. I.Andrews, C. W. and Beadnell, H. J. L.—A preliminary note on Some New Mammals from the Upper Eocene of Egypt, Survey Dept., P.W.M., Cairo, 1902.A preliminary Notice of a Land Tortoise from the Upper Eocene of the Fayûm, Egypt. Survey Dept., P.W.M., Cairo, 1903.Beadnell, H. J. L.—Découvertes Géologiques Récentes dans la Vallée du Nil et le Désert Libyen, VIII. Congr. Géol. Intern. 1900. Paris, 1901.The Fayûm Depression; a Preliminary Notice of the Geology of a district in Egypt containing a new Palaeogene Vertebrate Fauna. Geol. Mag. Dec. IV. Vol. VIII No. 450, Dec. 1901.A preliminary note on Arsinoitherium Zitteli, Beadn., Survey Dept., P.W.M., Cairo, 1902.Neolithic Flint Implements from the Northern Desert of the Fayûm, Egypt. Geol. Mag. Dec. IV. Vol. X. Febr. 1903.Blanckenhorn, M.—Geologie Ægyptens(Pts I-IV) Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell. Berlin, 1901.Neue geologisch-stratigraphische Beobachtungen in Ægypten, S.-Ber. d. math.-phys. Classe d. Kgl. bayer. Ac. d. Wiss. Bd. XXXII, 1902, Heft III, München, 1902.Die Geschichte des Nil-Stroms in der Tertiär- und Quartär periode, sowie des Palaeolithischen Menschen in Ægypten. Z. d. Ges. f. Erdk. Z. Berlin, 1902.Nachträge zur Kenntniss des Palaeogens in Ægypten, Centralb. f. Mineral. No. 9. 1903.Brown, Sir Hanbury.—The Fayûm and Lake Mœris, London, 1892.Cossmann, M.—Additions a la Faune Nummulitique d’Egypte, Cairo, 1901.Dames, W.—Uber eine Tertiäre Wirbelthier Fauna von der westlichen Insel des Birket-el-Qurûn in Fayûm (Ægypten). Sitzungsber. Akad. Wissensch., Berlin, 1883.Dames, W. and Kayser.—Uber Zeuglodonten aus Ægypten und die Beziehungen der Archæoceten zu den übrigen Cetacean. Palaeont. Abhand. I. V. 5, Jena, 1894.Editor Geological Magazine.—A New Egyptian Mammal (Arsinoitherium) from the Fayûm. Geol. Mag. N.S., Dec. IV, Vol. X, Dec. 1903.Elliot Smith, G.—The Brain of the Archaeoceti, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vol. 71.Flinders Petrie.—Hawara, Biahmu and Arsinœ, Egypt. Explor. Fund Reports, 1889.Garstin, Sir William.—Report upon the Basin of the Upper Nile, Cairo, 1904.Grenfell and Hunt.—The disposition of the Lake Mœris, Archaeol. Rep. Egypt. Exploration Fund. 1898-99. Pt. I. D.Liernur, Western and Scott Moncrieff, Sir Colin.—Notes on the Wadi Rayan, Cairo, 1888.Linant de Bellefonds.—Mémoires sur les travaux publics en Egypte, Paris, 1873.Mémoires sur les principaux travaux d’utilité publique exécutés en Egypte depuis la plus haute antiquité jusqu’à nos jours, 1872-1873.Lucas, A.—A preliminary Investigation of the Soil and Water of the Fayûm Province, Survey Dept., P.W.M., Cairo, 1902.Martens. E. v.—Subfossile Süsswasser-Conchylien aus dem Fajum. Sitz. Ber. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1879.Mayer-Eymar,—L’oasis de Moëleh, Bull. de l’Inst. Egypt., April, 1892.Nouvelles Recherches sur le Ligurien et le Tongrien d’Egypte, Bull. de l’Instit. Egypt., April, 1894.Die Versteinerungen der tertiären Schichten von der westlichen Insel im Birket-el-Qurûn See, Paleontogr. N.F.X., 3, (XXX).Oppenheim, P.—Zur Kenntnis alttertiärer Faunen in Aegypten, (I). Palaeontographica, Dreif. Band. III, Public Works Ministry reports, 1889-1904. Abt. Erst. Lief. Stuttgart, 1903.Reinach, v.—Schildkrötenreste aus dem ägyptischen Tertiär. Sonderabd. aus d. Abhand. d. Senckenb. natur. Gesellsch. XXIX, I. Frankfurt, 1903.Schweinfurth, G.—Reise in das Depressionsgebiet im Umkreise des Fajûm, Zeitschr. Ges. F. Erdkunde, Berlin, 1886.A note on the Salt in the Wadi Rayan, Appendix II, Egyptian Irrigation (Willcocks), London, 1899.Scott Moncrieff, Sir Colin—Note on the Wadi Raian Project, Cairo, 1889.Stromer, E.—Zeuglodonten-Reste aus dem oberen Mitteleocän des Fayûm, Bayer. Akad. Wissensch., Bd. XXXII, 1902.Einiges über Bau und Stellung der Zeuglodonten, Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geolog. Gesellsch. 1903. See also Beiträge zur Paläont. u. Geol. Osterr.-Ungarins u. des Orients. Band XV. Heft II and III.Afrika als Entstehungszentrum für Säugetiere, Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geolog. Gesellsch. 1903.Whitehouse, Cope.—Bull. of the American Geographical Society, 1882.Willcocks, Sir William.—Perennial Irrigation and Flood Protection in Egypt, P.W.M. Report, Cairo, 1894.Egyptian Irrigation, 2nd Edit. London, 1899.The Assuan Reservoir and Lake Mœris, London, 1904.Zittel, K. v.—Geologie u. Palaeontologie der Libyschen Wüste, Cassel, 1883.APPENDIX II.Paul Oppenheim has recently published[100]a description of a large collection of Egyptian lamellibranchs; the following is a list of the species of which examples have been collected in the Fayûm (including Rayan and Moêla). Figured species are marked by an asterisk.*Gryphaea pharaonum, OppenhLower Mokattam.*Ostrea (Gryphaea) Whitehousei, May.-Eym.„*O.„Edmondstonei, May-Eym.„*O.„histris, May.-Eym.„*Gryphaea (?) arabica, May.-Eym.„*O. elegans, Desh.Upper (and intermediate) Mokattam.*O. Fraasi, May.-Eym.Lower and Upper Mokattam.*O. Stanleyi, May.-Eym.„„*O. Cailliaudi, May.-Eym.Upper Mokattam.*O. ramosa, May.-Eym.Lower Mokattam.*O. plicata, Sol.Mokattam Series.O. paucicostata, Oppenh.Lower Mokattam.O. Reili, Fraas.Lower and Upper Mokattam.O. Schweinfurthi, May.-Eym.Upper Mokattam.O. Sickenbergeri, May.-Eym.„*O. Hessi, May.-Eym.Lower and Upper Mokattam.*O. qeruniana, May.-Eym.Mokattam Series.O. gigantica, Sol.Upper (and intermediate) Mokattam.*O. (Alectryonia) Clot-Beyi, Bell.Lower and Upper Mokattam.*O. („) Bellardi, May.-Eym.Lower Mokattam.O. („) semipectinata, Schafh.„*O. („) Mehemeti, May.-Eym.„Carolia placunoides, CantraineLower and Upper Mokattam.*Pecten moëlehensis, May.-Eym.Lower Mokattam.*P. Cailliaudi, Oppenh.Lower and Upper Mokattam.Plicatula pyramidarum, FraasUpper Mokattam.P. Bellardi, May.-Eym.Mokattam Series.P. indigena, May.-Eym.„*P. Schweinfurthi, Oppenh.Lower Mokattam.*Spondylus ægyptiacus, NewtonMokattam Series.*S. Rouaulti, d’Arch.Lower and Upper Mokattam.*S. perhorridus, Oppenh.Lower Mokattam.*Vulsella crispata, FischerLower and Upper Mokattam.*V. lignaria, Oppenh.Lower Mokattam.*V. moëlehensis, Oppenh.„*V. chamiformis, May.-Eym.„*Nucula Mœridis, Oppenh.Upper Mokattam.*Cucullaea dimehensis, Oppenh.„*Arca subplanicostata, Oppenh.Upper Mokattam.*A. Tethyis, Oppenh.Mokattam Series.*A. uniformis, Oppenh.Upper Mokattam.*A. tenuifilosa, Cossm.Mokattam Series.*Pectunculus juxtadentatus, Cossm.Upper Mokattam.*P. aegyptiacus, Oppenh.„*Cardita Viquesneli, d’Arch.Lower and Upper Mokattam.C. acuticostata, Lk.„„*C. mokattamensis, Oppenh.Upper Mokattam.*C. fayumensis, Oppenh.„*C. fidelis, May.-Eym.„*C. Mosis, Oppenh.Mokattam Series.*Crassatella fajumensis, Oppenh.Upper Mokattam.C. Junkeri, May.-Eym.„C. puellula, May.-Eym.„*C. trigonata, Lk.Mokattam Series.*Lucina pharaonis, Bell.Lower and Upper Mokattam.*L. Rai, Oppenh.Mokattam Series.*L. polythele, Oppenh.„*L. calliste, Oppenh.„*L. gibbosula, Lk.Upper Mokattam.*L. fajumensis, Oppenh.„*L. sinuosa, Bell.„*Diplodonta cycloidea, Bell.Mokattam Series.*D. inflata, Bell.„*Lucina (Diplodonta) corpusculum, Oppenh.„*Cardium desertorum, Oppenh.Upper Mokattam.*C. Schweinfurthi, May.-Eym.„*Cyrena (Corbicula) Blanckenhorni, Oppenh.„*Cyprina aegyptiaca, Oppenh.„[100]Zur Kenntnis alttertiärer Faunen in Ägypten. Pt. I.Der Bivalven, erster Teil. Palaeontographica Bd. XXX, III.INDEXAAbshawai—30-31,84.Abu Roash as an island—65.Acacias—25.Adaptive radiation of Hyracoidea, &c.—69.Aegean plateau, Giraffes, &c. of—69.Aetheria—81.Africa with Europe or Asia, Connection of—68.Africa as centre of mammalian radiation—68,88.Agamiin—84.Agassizia gibberulus—52.Ain Warshat el Melh—20.Air passages of crocodile skulls, as casts—52.Akeraaff.striatella—51-52.Alectryonia Clot-Beyi—35,50-52.Allen—69.Alluvial deposits—23,25-26,29,39,79-81.Alluvial soil, Composition of—11-12.Alluvium covering eastern area—25,30.Amenemhat I—13,26,82,84.Ampullina hybrida—51.Ampullaria—51,81.Analyses of water—13,22.Analysis of fossil bones—54.Analysis of ox bone—55.Ancodus Gorringei—34,59,70.Andrews, Dr. C. W.—10,34,52,59,68,71,80,87.Anisaster gibberulus—52.Anomaluridae—68-69.Anoplotheres—69.Antelopes—69.Aquatic animals—55.Aquatic hyracoid—69.Arca—53,60.Arca Edwardsi—43.Arca subplanicostata—90.Arca tenuifilosa—90.Arca tethyis—52,90.Arca uniformis—90.Archæoceti—44,52,87.Ard varks—69.Area of Birket el Qurûn—13.Area of cultivated land—11.Area of desert in depression—15.Area of Fayûm depression—9-11.Area of Fayûm freshwater lake—80.Arenaceous deposits—84.Arenaceous sediments of Nile—81.Argillaceous sandstone—36,39,46.Argillaceous sands—57.Armadillos—69.Arsinœ—13,83,87.Arsinoitherium—10,54,59,62,68-87.Arsinoitherium Andrewsii—34,70.Arsinoitherium Zitteli—10,34,59,70,87.Assuan Reservoir—88.Astarte—46.Astrohelia similis—35,43,51.BBaboons—69.Bacchias—83-84.Baharia Oasis—9,25,27,29,66,67.Bahr Belama—18.Bahr Yusef—11-12,17-18,25-26,83-84.Balanus—39,47.Ball, Dr. J.—66.Barbatia—60.Barriers between Nile lakes—79.Barron, T.—71.Barton Clay—58.Bartonian beds—43,53-70.Barytherium—10,51,68.Barytherium grave—35,51,70.Basalt sheet—15,28,34,53,56-64,75-76 (derived).Basins receiving drainage—25,79.Bats, Ravine of El—29-30,37,39-40.Beadnell, H. J. L.—10,33,59-60,65-66,78,87.Beauchamp sands—58.Beekite—61.Biahmu—13,83-84,87.Birds, Fossil—70-87.Birket el Qurûn—11,12-14,16,23-25,27-28,30-32,36,40-41,43-47,49-50,56,61,72-73,80-81,83-84,87-88.Birket el Qurun Schichten—63.Birket el Qurûn Series—23,27,35,41-50,52,64,72-74.Bithyniaaff.Boissieri—81.Blanford—69-70.Blanckenhorn, Dr. M.—30-31,34,39,45,58,60,64,66,71,81,87.Blue Nile fauna—81.Bone horizons & pits—52,54,62,76.Borings, Artesian—18.Borings at Medinet el Fayûm—29-30,41.Borings by molluscs—23,34,43,71-73,78.Borings by shells at two levels—72-73.Borsonia—37.Boulders in gravel terraces—76.Brackish-water shells—84.Brain of archæoceti—52,87.Branches wanting on fossil trees—64-65.British Museum collections—59.Brown coal—53.Brown, Sir Hanbury—11,13,80,83,87.Bryozoa—36,52.Bubalis—80.Bugti beds (Sind)—70.Bullen Newton, R.—76.CCairo—9,16,28,49,56,64,65.Calcareous beds in lake—12.Calcareous grits—33,53,56-63.Calcareous sandstone—25,42-43,45,50-51,59,72.Calcite—51,58-59,61-62.Callianassa—36,58.Calyptræa trochiformis—43.Canals—11-12,18-19,29,73.Canals, Mud brought to lake by—14.Canis—80.Cape Rayan—21,36.Carbonaceous clays—46.Carbonaceous matter—42,51.Cardita—38-39,47.Cardita acuticostata—90.Carditaaff.carinata—52.Carditaaff.depressa—52.Cardita ægyptiaca—46.Cardita fidelis—90.Cardita fajumensis—35,46,50-52,90.Carditacf.gracilisanddepressa—52.Cardita mokattamensis—90.Cardita Mosis—90.Carditaaff.triparticostata—52.Cardita Viquesneli—35,45-46,90.Cardium—59.Cardium desertorum—90.Cardium Schweinfurthi—35,43-44,50-51,90.Carolia—36-39,48,50,52.Carolia Beds—33,48-53,74(rolled blocks).Carolia placunoides—35-36,38-39,45-49,51-52,73,89.Cassidaria—51.Cassidaria nilotica—51.Cassidariaaff.nodosa—51.Casts of crocodilian skull air passages—52.Casts of shells—39,44,51,59,63.Cavernous limestone—37.Celestine—48.Cellular weathering of sandstone—46.Central African character of Fayûm shells—60.Central Area of Fayûm—24-25.Centres of independent evolution—69.Cerithium—39,46-47,53,57-58.Cerithium crispum—58.Cerithium fodicatum—37.Cerithium perditum—58.Cerithium tiarella—58.Cetacea—9,43-44,47,49,87.Chalcedony—61.Chalky limestones—40.Charcoal, Natural—51,53.Chelonians—34,44,54,62.Chert, Tabular—61-62.Cherty limestones—57,59,61.Chicoreus anguliferus—76.Claudius Ptolemy—83.Clavellithes longævus—35,45-46.Clays—12,15,18,20,22-25,28-30,33-53,55-59,61-62,74-76,80,82.Clays, Variegated—62.Clayey marls—37,53,62.Clayey sands—29,36-37,42,58.Clayey sandstones—36,50,57,62.Clayey shales—77.Cleopatra pirothi—81.Cleopatra pirothivar.unicarinata—81.Cleopatra bulimoides—81,84.Cliffs—12,14-15,20-24,27,32,36,40-41,45-46,48-50,53,56,73-74,84-85.Climate, Variations in Egyptian—81.Coal, Thin seam of—53.Coast-line of old continent—54.Colossi at Biahmu—84.Concretions—35-36,38-40,42-46,50,72.Concretionary sands—58.Concretionary sandstones—35,46,49,51,55-56,62.Concretionary weathering—42,46.Conglomerate—25,74-76,78.Conical hill near Wadi Muêla—36.Coniferous fossil trees—63.Constancy of beds over wide areas—33.Continental land in Oligocene times—64.Continuance of Oligocene continental conditions—54.Cope Whitehouse—16-17.Coprolites—50-51,62.Corals—36-37,44,46,51,53.Corbicula Blanckenhorni—90.Corbicula fluminalis, var.consobrina—81,84.Corbula—40.Corbulaaff.pixidicula—35,39,43.Cossmann, M.—45,58,87.Cossmannella ægyptiaca—50.Cranial casts in limestone—52.Crassatella fajumensis—90.Crassatella Junkeri—90.Crassatella puellula—90.Crassatella trigonata—90.Crassatellithes—50.Creodonts—70.Crocodiles—9,34,51-55,59,62,80.Crocodilus—59,70.Crystals of quartz, calcite &c.—61.Cucullæaaff.crassatina—52.Cucullæa dimehensis—89.Cultivated lands—9,11-14,39-42,73,83-84.Currents in Birket el Qurûn—14.Currents in ancient river—52,54,65-66,71-78,80.Current-bedded clays, sands, &c.—51,56.Cuvier—69.Cyprina ægyptiaca—90.Cyrena Blanckenhorni—90.Cytherea—46.Cytherea Newboldi—43.DDakhla Oasis—29.Dam at El Lahûn—84.Dames—9,43-44,49,87.Damp climate formerly in Egypt—81.Dashûr, Pyramids of—28.Dasypodidae—69.Defile of Wadi Muêla—9,21.Delta, Ancient—54,66-67.Dentalium—46.Denudation, Effects of—39,73,75,77,84.Deposition of sediments in Eocene times—54.Depression, Origin of Fayûm—15,29,33,79.Depression cut out in sedimentary rocks—33.Depression, Fayûm—9,11-16,20,24,26-30,33-36,39,53,61,64,67,71,75,77-81,84-85,87-88.Depression, Mogara—71.Depression, Wadi Rayan &c.—17-19,21-24.Depressions of Libyan Desert—16,29,67.Depth of Birket et Qurûn—13.Der el Beda—64.Der el Galamûn—21,36.Desert conditions—73,79.Desert region—11,14,16,26-28.Deshasleh—17.Dictyopleurus Haimi—52.Diluvial deposits—81.Dimê—13,31,45,50,72.Dinotheres—69.Diodorus Siculus—13,82.Dionysias—83-84.Dip, Importance and nature of—15,33,48-49,55,57,64.Diplodonta corpusculum—90.Diplodonta cycloidea—90.Diplodonta inflata—90.Dip-slopes of central area &c., of Fayûm—24,25,27,50.Disconnection of Nile Valley and Fayûm—80.Dormice—69.Downthrow of faults—32,50.Drainage basins—11,13,23,25.Drains—12.Dreikanter—56.Druses of calcite—62.Dugongs—53.Dunes—17,21-23,26-27,84-85.Dunes, Slope of—26.Dunes, Straight-lined character of—26,85.EEarth-pillars—46.Earthy limestone—46.Echinids—36-37,39.Echinolampas Crameri—35,50.Edentata—69.Edwa—82-83.Egyptian irrigation—88.Elephants, Early—68.Elephas—80.El-Gayat, village—20.Elliot Smith, Dr.—52,87.Elwat Hialla—28,55-56,75-76.Emigration of African animals—68.Eocene sea, Extension of—66.Eosiren—10,52.Eosiren libyca—35,51,70.Eremopezus libycus—34,70.Erosion by Nile—79,80.Erosion, Superficial—85.Escarpments—15,21,26-28,31-32,45,49,52,56-58,60-61,75-77.Escarpments determined by fractures—32.Eschara Duvali—37.Estuarine conditions of upper beds—53,55.Ethiopian faunal region—68-69.Ethiopian region centre of independent evolution—69-70.Euhemeria—84.Euspatangus Blanckenhorni—36.Euspatangus cairensis—52.Euspatangus formosus—36.Evaporation of late Pliocene lake—78-79.Even-toed ruminants—68.Exogyra Fraasi—35,50-52.FFacetted quartz pebbles—56.False-bedding—50-51,55-57,62,73.Farafra Oasis—29.Faulting and folding—16,29-32,49-50.Fault near Qasr el Sagha—32.Fault, Nile Valley—15.Fayûm beds shallower water than those of Mokattam—41.Fayûm, Causes of origin of—15,29,33.Ferruginous bands—51-52,58.Ferruginous clays—51.Ferruginous grits—27,58,62,66-67.Ferruginous sand—54.Ferruginous sandstone—46,50,52,57.Feshn—11.Fibrous gypsum—52.Ficula tricarinata—43.Filhol, M.—69.Fiord, Nile Valley—78-79.Fish remains—9,35,39-40,42-44,46-47,50-52,59,70,77,70.Fish-scales—39-40,42,44,77.Fish-spines—39,50.Fish-teeth—39,43,50.Fish-vertebrae—50.Flat-topped hills—20.Flinders, Petrie—13,87.Flint implements—61,82.Flint pebbles—20,50,56,62-63,73,75-76.Flint, Tabular—61-62.Floods—26,54,67,82.Flood protection—88.Flood-readings—80.Floor of depression—39.Fluviatile conditions of deposition—58.Fluviatile sands, etc.—60,66-67.Fluviomarine conditions of deposition—33.Fluviomarine Series—9,27,34,53-65,74-76.Flying rodents—68-69.Fold near Qasr el Sagha—32,49.Foraminiferal beds—33,35-39,41-42,45-48,74.Formation of Fayûm lake—26,78-80,82-84.Fractures determining escarpments—32.Freshness of Birket el Qurûn—14,24.Freshwater conditions of deposition—58.Freshwater lake before Mœris—79-80.Freshwater lakes of Nile Valley—79.Freshwater shells—18,44,47,60,80-81,88.Freshwater shells absent in Wadi Rayan—23.Fusus—37,48.GGar el Gehannem—9,23,25,27,32,36-39,41,46-47,50,52,61,67,73,80,85.Gar el Hamra—27,67.Garat el Esh—32,61,76,85.Garat el Faras—28,50,75.Garat el Gindi—28,75.Garstin, Sir W.—18,87.Gasteropods—36,58.Geniohyus—10.Geniohyus fayumensis—34,70.Geniohyus major—34,70.Geniohyus mirus—34,70.Geodes—61.Geological Succession in Wadi Rayan—22.Geological Magazine—10,87.Geology of Fayûm—33,90.Geziret el Qorn—31,40,43-45,63.Gharaq, Bahr el—11,17.Gharaq Basin—11,13,19-20,23-26,31,36,85.Gharaq, Wadi—17.Ghardag bushes—22.Ghart el Khanashat—26-27,85.Gigantophis—10.Gigantophis Garstini—35,51,70.Giraffes—69.Gisortia—37.Gisortia gigantea—51.Giza, Pyramids of—28,63.Glacial period—69,81.Glauconitic clays—36,39,50.Glauconitic marl—39.Glauconitic sands—37.Globular concretions—35,42-46,72.Glycimeris pulvinatus—52.Goat remains—80.Goniastræa cocchii—43.Goniaræa elegans—51.Goniopora—51.Grass in desert—27.Gravels—15,25-27,32,34,40-42,73-78.Gravel-capped hills—75.Gravel terraces—25,34,42,71,73-80.Gravelly gypsum—77.Grenfell, Mr.—83-84,87.Grits—27,33-34,57-63,66.Grooving due to blown sand—85.Gryphæa arabica—89.Gryphæa Edmonstonei—89.Gryphæa histris—89.Gryphæa pharaonum—89.Gryphæa Whitehousei—89.Gauges, Nile—80.Gypseous clays—33,35,37-40,44-46,51-52.Gypseous deposits—71,75,77,79.Gypseous limestone—50,52.Gypseous marls—37-39.Gypseous plain—20-21.Gypseous sands—39.Gypseous shale—42,48.Gypsum—18,20,36-37,39,42,50-52,61-62,77-79.Gypsum of Paris, Animals in—69.HHade of fault—32.Haram el Bahrl, El—36.Harpoons, Flint—61.Hawara—11,13,26,87.Headon Hill beds—58.Height of Pliocene terraces—76.Heliastræa acervularia—43.Heliastræa Ellisi—13.Heliastræa flattersi—43.Heluan—16.Herodotus—13,82,84.High-level lake—83.Hippopotamus—69,80.Historic epoch—81-85.Horns of Birket el Qurûn due to siliceous bands—41.Hunt, Mr.—83-84,87.Huxley, Prof.—68.Hydractinia—38.Hydractinia cornuta—35.Hydrobia stagnalis—84.Hyracoidea—69.IIce periods—69,81.Immigration of animals into Africa—68.Implements, Flint—61.India, Fauna of—69.Indo-Malayan faunal region—69.Invasion of Africa by European animals—69.Invasion of Europe by African animals—69.Ironstone—50,58-59.Irrigation works, Result of—12,88.Isocardia cyprinoides—43.JJerboas—69.Joint-planes—36.KKafr el Ayat—11.Karanis—84.Kayser—87.Kenîsa, El—72.Kharga Oasis—29.Knobs along line of fault—32.Kom Ombo—81.Korif, Wadi—21.LLacustrine deposits—12-13,34,40,44,47,49,66-67,79-80,82.Lahûn—11,26,39,84.Lahûn Pyramid—28,42.Lake deposits—67,79.Lake in Fayûm—11-14,78-80.Lake Mœris—12-13,18-19,23-24,43,49,79-80,82-84,87-88.Lake, Nile Valley—78-79.Lake of the Horns—12.Lamellibranchs—12,58-59,89.Lamination of arenaceous deposits—66.Land-animal remains—52-54.Land-areas, Ancient—65-67,71.Lanistes—53,58,81.Lanistes antiquus—51.Lanistes bartonianus—34,60.Lanistes carinatus—60.Lava Flows—15,33-34,53,56-58,61-62,75.Leakage through ridge of Wadi Rayan—23.Leda—35,39.Lenticular sand-beds—55.Leptodon—69.Levels made from Rayan to Nile Valley—17.Libyan Desert, Area, etc., of—15,88.Liernur Bey—17-18,87.Liernur, Wadi—17,19.Lignite—51,53.Ligurian beds—43,64,88.Limb-bones of vertebrates—52.Limestones—12,15-16,20-25,29,33-42,45-53,56-57,59-62,65-66,73-77.Limnæa mœris—81.Limnæa natalensis—81.Limnæa palustris—81.Linant de Bellefonds—16,83,88.Linthia—52.Little Rayan—22.Littoral deposits—66.Loam—39.Lobocarcinus Paulino-Wurtembergicus—36.Lower Headon Hill beds—58.Lower Oligocene—53-70.Lucas, A.—9,14,22,54,88.Lucina—36,39,45-46,48,53,58.Lucina calliste—90.Lucina consobrina—37.Lucina Defrancei—37.Lucina fajumensis—90.Lucina fortisiana—51.Lucina gibbosula—90.Lucina globulosa—37.Lucina pharaonis—35,43,45,51,90.Lucina polythele—90.Lucina pomum—43.Lucina Rai—90.Lucina sinuosa—90.Lucinacf.tabulata—43.Lulu, Wadi—17.Lydekker, R.—70.MMacrosolen Hollowaysi—35,46,51.Mactra compressa—43.Madagascar and Africa, Connection of—68.Mammalia, Fossil—34-35,55,62,38-70,80,87.Mammillary weathering—57.Mandibles of vertebrates—52.Marls—18,29-30,33-35,37,39-42,49-50,53,55,61-62,73-74,76.Marls in lake—12.Marls, Saliferous—19.Marly clays—29-30,57,62.Marly gypsum—77.Marly limestones—33,35,37-39,47-48,62,77.Marsh land—26,40,82.Martens, Prof. von.—60,81,88.Masaigega, Wadi—19.Masaret-Abusia—40.Mastodons—68-69.Mayer-Eymar, K.—37,43,49,53,64,88.Mazana—17,19.Medinet el Fayûm—29-30,41,82-83.Mediterranean fauna—81.Medum—40,77(pyramid).Megalohyrax—10.Megalohyrax eocænus—34,59,70.Megalohyrax minor—34,70.Melania—53,57-60.Melania muricata—60.Melaniacf.Nysti—60,64.Melania tuberculata—81,84.Melanopsis—81.Melanopsisfauna—81.Melongena nilotica, var.bicarinata—51.Menesi Ali, Ezba—17.Meretrix nitidula—51.Meretrix parisiensis—51.Mesalia—51.Mesalia fasciata—35,51.Mesalia oxycrepis—51.Middle Eocene—9-10,15,32-33,35-53,54-55,57-58,60,62,64,66-67,70,80.Migrations of mammalia—69-70.Miocene beds suggested—64.Miocene, Lower—34,54,70.Miocene, Lower, of Orient European in type—70.Miocene strata, Absence of—34,71.Mitra—36.Mœriophis Schweinfurthi—50,70.Mœris (see Lake Mœris).Mœritherium—10,52,59,68,70.Mœritherium gracilis—35,51,70.Mœritherium Lyonsi—34,35,51,59,70.Mœritherium trigodon—34-70.Mogara—34,54,71,85.Mokattam beds, Lower—35,89-90.Mokattam beds, Upper—33,41,49,89-90.Mokattam beds deeper water than Fayûm beds—41.Mokattam, Jebel—39,41,49.Monastery in Wadi Muêla—21.Moncrieff, Sir C. S.—16-17,87.Monkeys—69.Monoclinal fold—16.Monograph of Fayûm vertebrates—10.Monotony of desert—26.Muêla, Wadi—9,14,16-17,20-21,35-37,88-89.Mutela—53,60.Mytilus affinis—51.NNatica—46.Natica crassatina—64.Natrûn, Wadi—26,27,54,85.Nautilus—36,46,48.Nawamis—40.Necrodasypus—69.Neolithic implements—82,87.Neritina nilotica—81,84.Nezleh Canal—19.Nicolia—63.Nile deposit absent in Wadi Rayan—23.Nile mud—80-82.Nile Valley, Connection with—11,13,17-18,79-82.Nile Valley, History of—79,87.Nile waters enter depression—26,79-80,82.Nilometer—80.Nodular bands—44,47.Nodular limestones—48.Nodules, Calcareous—39,61.Nonionina—46.Northern Desert Region—9,26-28,87.Nucula Mœridis—89.Nucularia—35,39.Nummulites—33,36,39,41,46-48.Nummulites Beaumonti—35,41.Nummulites curvispira—35-37.Nummulites Fraasi—35,41-42.Nummulites gizehensis—33,35-37,39,41,48.Nummulites gizehensislimestones—33,35-37,39,41,48.Nummulites Schweinfurthi—41.Nummulites sub-Beaumonti—41.Nummulitic limestones—36-39,65.OOases depressions—67.Oases, Origin of—29.Oasis, Parva—83.Oldest beds in Fayûm—33.Oligocene beds—34,53,70.Oligocene of Orient European in type—70.Oliva—46.Operculina—33,46,74.Operculina discoidea—35,41-42,47,74.Operculina-NummuliteBeds—35,41-48,74.Oppenheim, Dr. P.—43,50,88-89.Oriental faunal region—69.Origin of Fayûm, Causes of—15.Original floor of depression—39.Osborn, Prof. H. F.—68,70.Ostrea—36-39,42,44-46,48-50,52.Ostrea Bellardi—89.Ostrea Caillaudi—89.Ostrea Clot-Beyi—38,46,89.Ostrea cucullata—41,71,77.Ostrea digitalina—43.Ostrea Edmonstonei—89.Ostrea elegans—35,51,89.Ostrea flabellula—51.Ostrea Fraasi—38-39,47,89.Ostrea gigantea—43.Ostrea gigantica—89.Ostrea Gumbeli—37.Ostrea Hessi—89.Ostreaaff.heteroclyta—51.Ostrea histris—89.Ostrea longirostris—43.Ostrea Mehemeti—89.Ostrea paucicostata—89.Ostrea plicata—43,89.Ostrea producta—43.Ostrea qeruniana—89.Ostrea ramosa—89.Ostrea Reili—35,39,45-47,51-52,89.Ostrea Schweinfurthi—89.Ostrea semipectinata—89.Ostrea Sickenbergeri—89.Ostrea Stanleyi—89.Ostrea Whitehousei—89.Oudardia ovalis—39.Outlets, Subterranean, to lake—14,24.Outliers—21,28.Output of water from springs—22.Oysters—36,39,42,48.Oyster-beds—36,50.Oyster-limestone—52.PPalæogene freshwater shells—60.Palæogene vertebrate fauna—87.Palæontographica—43,63,88.Palæomastodon—10,59,68.Palæomastodon Beadnelli—34,59,70.Palæomastodon minor—34,70.Palms—21-22.Paludina—81.Pangolins—69.Paper-shales—36,51.Paris basin—58.Parisian beds—18,35-53.Pass from Muêla to Rayan—21.Pebble deposits—18,30,39-40,56,58,76,78.Pecten—39,42,46-47.Pecten benedictus—71.Pecten Caillaudi—89.Pecten corneus—37.Pecten moëlehensis—37,52,59.Pecten solariolum—52.Pectunculus—46.Pectunculus juxtadentatus—90.Pectunculus ægyptiacus—51,90.Pectunculus pseudopulvinatus—35.Pectunculus pulvinatus—52.Pelomedusa progaleata—70.Pelvis ofArsinoitherium—54.Perforate weathering of sandstone—46.Permeability of Wadi Rayan—24.Perennial irrigation in Egypt—88.Pharaonic province—84.Philotera—84.Phiomia—10.Phiomia serridens—34,59,70.Pinna—39,47.Plains—50,52,54,77.Plain of subaerial denudation—39.Planorbis Ehrenbergi—84.Planorbis marginatusvar.subangulata—84.Planorbis subangulata—81.Plant-remains—42,50-51,53,57.Plateau bounding Fayûm to north—26.Plateaux—15,21,25,27-28,32,62.Pleistocene Beds—30,34,47,50,54,71,79-81,84.Pleurotoma—37,43,46,53,58.Pleurotoma ingens—34,58.Plicatula Bellardi—50-51,89.Plicatula indigena—89.Plicatula polymorpha—35,45-46,51.Plicatula pyramidarum—89.Plicatula Schweinfurthi—89.Pliny—82.Pliocene Beds—30,34,41-42,54,69,71-78.Pliocene sea, Invasion of—43,71,78.Pliohyrax—69.Podocnemis antiqua—37,70.Podocnemis Blanckenhorni—70.Podocnemis Blanckenhornivar.ovata—70.Podocnemis fajumensis—70.Podocnemis Stromeri—35,70.Podocnemis Stromerivar.major—70.Pools formed by rainfall—25.Pools produced by springs—20,22.Potamides—53.Potamides scalaroides—34,58,64.Potamides tiarella—64.Potamides tristriatus—34.Prehistoric epoch—81-82.Prehistoric lake—23,79-82.Preservation of fossil remains—55.Proboscidea—68-69.Promontories of Birket el Qurûn, Origin of—41.Propristis Schweinfurthi—35,51,70.Psephophorus eocænus—35,70.Pseudodon—58,60.Pterodon—10.Pterodon africanus—34,59,70.Pterodon macrognathus—34,70.Pterosphenus—10.Pterosphenus Schweinfurthi—35,50-51,70.Ptolemaic lake—84.Ptolemaic period—82.Ptolemy Philadelphus—84.Ptolemy the second—84.Puddingstone of ancient rivers—26,67.Pyramid-like building—74.Pyramid pebbles—56.QQalamsha, Ezba—23,25-26,41-42,77.Qasr el Banat—84.Qasr el Qurûn—84.Qasr el Sagha—9,31-32,43,49,52,56-58,60-61.Qasr el Sagha Series—27,32-33,35,38,41,44-57,64-66,75,77.Qatrani, Jebel El—28,55,61,75.Qatrani beds—34,53-70.Qerunia—38.Qerunia cornuta—35,45-46,48,51-52.Quartz pebbles—20,50,56,62-63,73,75.Quartz sand—55.Quartzite—62,73-75.RRadiation of Mammalia from Africa—69.Railway to Fayûm—40.Raised beaches—34,41.Ratite bird—87.Ravine Beds—23,25,29-30,35,37-42,46,77.Ravines—12,19,29,37,39-40.Rayan, Jebel—36-37.Rayan, Geology of Wadi—22-23.Rayan, Little—22.Rayan Series—24,25,30,33,35-39,41.Rayan, Wadi—9,11,14-24,27-28,31,85,87-89.Rays—70.Recent Beds—34,81-85.Reclamation of Fayûm lake—82-84.Reconnection of Nile Valley and Fayûm—80.Reeds—20.Regulator of floods, Fayûm as—82.Reinach, Von—59,88.Reptiles, Fossil—70.Reservoir at Assuan—88.Reservoir proposed in Wadi Rayan—16-19.Retreat of Eocene sea—54,55,66.Rhinoceros bicornis—69.Ridge separating Nile Valley and Fayûm—25-26,71,73-74,79-80.Ridge separating Rayan and Gharaq—23.Rimella rimosa—35,51.Ripple-marked sandstone—51.Rise of Nile bed—80.River, Ancient—27,52-55,66-67,79.River-currents—65,71,78.River-sand—55.Roads in desert—27.Rocks forming Libyan Desert—15.Roda—13,75,80.Rodents, Flying—68-69.Rohlfs’ Expedition—9,63.Rolled fossils—73.Rostellaria—37.Round-topped hill-ranges—75.Rubiat—39-42.Ruins—20-22,48-50,52.Ruminants, Even-toed—68-69.Rushes—20.SSaghatherium—10.Saghatherium antiquum—34,59,70.Saghatherium magnum—34,70.Saghatherium minus—34,59,70.Salines—20.Salinity of lake—14.Salinity of water in Wadi Rayan—24.Salt—18,36,77,79.Salt in Wadis Rayan & Muêla—19,20,88.Samos, Island of—69.Sands—15,18,21,29,33-34,40,42,47,50,53,55-59,61-62,71,74-76,80.Sand accumulations, Wind-blown—12,20-21,32,34,73,84-85.Sand, &c., deposited in Birket el Qurûn—13,80,84.Sandberger Hills—62.Sandblast action—73.Sand-rock—44,50-51,56-60,62,74.Sands, Variegated—34,53,57,59.Sandstones—15,28,32-36,38-39,42-63,72,74-77.Sandstone, Concretionary—35,38.Sandstone-grit—56,58,62-63.Sandstones, Mottled—62.Sandstones, Variegated—76.Sandy clays—12,18,36-37,42,44,46,50-52,56-59,62.Sandy conglomerate—18.Sandy limestones—25,35-36,38-39,42,49-52.Sandy marl—37,42,62.Sandy shale—42.Saqâra, Pyramid of—28.Saws, Flint—61.Scalenohedra of calcite—51.Schizaster—36.Schizasteraff.africanus—52.Schweinfurth, Dr.—9,14,19,24,34-37,43-44,49,64,71-72,77-80,88.Schweinfurth’s Temple—49.Scoring due to blown sand—85.Scott Moncrieff, Sir C.—88.Sculpturing of sandstone—85.Scutellabeds—64.Second Cataract—81.Sections, Geological—36-42,44-47,50-52,56,58-62.Sediment deposited in Fayûm—26,54.Sêla—9,26,39-40,73.Septaria—46.Serpula—46.Sersena—25,42,75.Shales—36,42,48.Shaly Clays—44,47,62,77.Shaly marl—39-41,44.Sharks—39.Sharks’ teeth—46,51.Sheep remains—80.Shell-borings—72.Shell-impressions—39-40,42,44,50.Shelly limestone—38-39,46,51-52.Shelly sands—36.Shelly sandstone—46,51.Sherwin, R. S.—78.Shore-line, Ancient—77.Shore-line, Movements of—65.Shrinkage of Birket el Qurûn—13.Sidmant el Jebel—17,34,71,77.Siliceous bands, Horns of Birket el Qurûn due to—41.Siliceous beds capping hills—61.Siliceous limestone—37,41.Silicified grits—27,62,67.Silicified sandstones—32,57.Silicified trees—27,34,51,53,55-59,61,63,65,73-75.Silicified trees, Size of—53,63.Silsila—81.Siluroid fish—35,51,70,80.Sirenia—51.Sites, Excavated—84.Skeleton-carrying currents—53.Soil, Character of—11-12,88.Soil survey—9.Solarium—51.Solariumaff.bistriatum—51.South Africa as centre of evolution—69.South America, Migrations to—69.Spatha—53,58,60,81.Spatha dahomeyensis—60.Spatha Droueti—60.Spondylus ægyptiacus—52,89.Spondylus perhorridus—89.Spondylus Ruaulti—89.Springs in Wadi Muêla—20.Springs of Wadi Rayan—22.Stem-weathering in sandstone—56.Step-faults—31.Stereogenys Cromeri—35,51,70.Stereogenys libyca—70.Stereogenys podocnemioides—35,70.Stock-work—50.Stone Age, Neolithic—82.Strabo—13,82.Strata, Classification of—34.Strike faults—32.Stromer von Reichenbach, E.—44,59,69,88.Strontium sulphate pseudomorphs—48.Subaerial denudation—39.Sub-fossil fauna of Fayûm—81.Successive faunal invasions, Theory of—68.Sulphate of lime—78.Sulphate of strontium pseudomorphs—48.Survey collections—59.Surveying operations—9.Surveying by Colonel Western—17.TTable-land of cultivated area—11.Tafla beds—39.Tamarisk growth—22,25,72,82.Tamia—12-13,15,25,27-28,31,40,42,49-50,55-56,72,75.Tamia lake—40.Tectonics—16,29-32.Tellina—40,42,51.Tellina pellucida—43.Tellina scalaroides—35.Tellina tenuistriata—35,39.Temperature changes in desert—73.Temperature effects on pebbles—56.Temperature of springs in Wadi Rayan—22.Temple of Qasr el Sagha—49,56.Terebellum sopitum—36.Teredo—39,47.Testudo Ammon—10,34,59,70.Thallassochelys libyca—35,70.Theadelphia—84.Thickness of beds in section—37-29,42,45-46,49-52,56-60,65,76-77.Thickness of sediments in Fayûm—15.Thinning of Fluvio-marine series—55.Tomistoma—70.Tomistoma africanum—35,51,59,70.Tongrian beds—13,64,88.Toothed whales—39.Topography and structural geology—11-28.Tortoises, Large—10,53-54,59,66,87.Trachelochetus bituberculatus—51.Tropical shells in Fayûm—60.Tuba, El—40.Tudiclaaff.umbilicaris—51.Tufaceous gypsum—77.Turbo Parkinsoni—43.Turritella—38-39,44-53.Turritella angulata—43,45,60,64.Turritella carinifera—35,38,43,51-52.Turritella imbricataria—51-52.Turritella Lessepsi—51.Turritella parisiana—51.Turritella pharaonica—34-35,45,51-52,58.Turritella transitoria—43.Turritella turris—43.Turtles—53-55,59,60.Twelfth Dynasty—26,82.Twigs preserved in clays—53.UUm el Atl—84.Unconformable junctions—39-40,73,76.Underground outlets of Birket el Qurûn—14.Ungulate, Horned—10.Unio—34,53,58-60.Unio abyssinicus—81.Unio Bonneaudi—60.Unio Caillaudi—60.Unio Homsensis—60.Unio lithophagus—60.Unio Nyassænsis—60.Unio Schweinfurthi—81.Unio teretiusculus—60.Upper Eocene—10,32-34,53-70,76.Upper Mokattam beds—33.Upper Nile basin—87.Ur-Nil—66.VValvata nilotica—80,84.Vegetation in water-courses—25.Velates Schmiedeli—37.Venus—46.Venus plicatella—35.Vermetus—46.Vertebrae ofMœritherium—52.Vertebrae ofZeuglodon—45,47,50.Vertebrate fauna, Discovery of—9.Vertebrates, Extinct—10,34-35,43,49,51-52,55,61,63,65,67,70,87.Voluta—46.Voluta arabica—35.Vulsella chamiformis—37,89.Vulsella crispata—89.Vulsella lignaria—89.Vulsella moëlehensis—89.WWadi, Ravine of El—29-30,37,39.Wadi Rayan, Muêla, etc. (see under Rayan, Muêla).Wadi Rayan series—35-37.Warshat el Melh—20.Water analyses—22.Water-courses—25.Water-rounded pebbles—56,72.Water-supply of Fayûm—11,88.Weathering—57.Wells—21.Western, Colonel—16-18,22,87.Whales, Frequency of river and shore-frequenting—53.Whales, Toothed—39.Whitehouse, Cope—88.White Nile fauna, Absence of—81.Widan el Faras—28,55,58,60,62,75-76.Willcocks, Sir William—13-14,17-19,80-88.Wind-shadow—84.XXiphodonts—29.ZZeuglodon—9,39,44,49,52,87-88.Zeuglodon brachyspondylus—44.Zeuglodon Isis—35,44-45,47,70.Zeuglodon macrospondylus—44.Zeuglodon Osiris—35,44,47,49-51,70.Zeuglodon Zitteli—44,70.Zeuglodon Valley—41,46-49,61,63,85.Zittel, Prof. K.—43,49,62,89.

PREVIOUS LITERATURE RELATING TO THE FAYUM.

Paul Oppenheim has recently published[100]a description of a large collection of Egyptian lamellibranchs; the following is a list of the species of which examples have been collected in the Fayûm (including Rayan and Moêla). Figured species are marked by an asterisk.

[100]Zur Kenntnis alttertiärer Faunen in Ägypten. Pt. I.Der Bivalven, erster Teil. Palaeontographica Bd. XXX, III.

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