B.

B.

Bab,seePort Doreh.

Baba.

A dialect allied toJavanese, vernacular in an island called Babber by the Dutch; it is one of the Serawatty group, E. of Timor in the Indian Ocean. Small Vocabulary in Latham p. 303.SeeKissa.

Babuma.

A native dialect of Africa, vernacular on the Gaboon. See small Vocabulary in Latham, p. 563.

Babylonian.

ASemiticdialect spoken in Babylonia from the Assyrian conquest of the country, aboutB.C.1300, to its occupation by the followers of Mohammed. It is closely allied to theAssyrian(which see), but is somewhat simpler. The language exists in numerous inscriptions found in the country which cover the interval from aboutB.C.620 toB.C.540, and also in the trilingual inscriptions of the Achæmenian Persian, where it is found regularly in the third column. The best account of the language, which is written in a cuneiform alphabet based on theAssyrian, will be found in Sir H. Rawlinson’s “Analysis of the third column of the Behistun Inscription”—Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1856.G. R.

Bachan,seeBatchian.

Bactrian.

The dialect spoken in ancient Bactria (modern Balkh), now commonly supposed to be identical with the literary language calledZend. It is not at all certain, however, that Bactria was the country in which Zend was spoken. But there can be no doubt thatBactrianwas a very ancient form ofAryanspeech.G. R.SeeZend.

Bagba.

An African dialect allied to theBakeleof the R. Gaboon.

Bagbalan.

A dialect ofKouri, vernacular in Central Africa. See small Vocabulary in Latham, p. 584.

Bagherme,seeBegharmi.

Bagnon.

A native dialect, vernacular in W. Africa, spoken on the W. coast, S. of the R. Nunez; long Vocabulary in “Mémoires de la Société Ethnologique,” Paris, 1845.

Bago.

The dialect of several populations, vernacular in N.W. Africa; classed as a sub-dialect ofTimmani.

Bagwan.

A nativepatoisof British India, derived fromTamil.

Bahasa-tanah,seeAmboyna.

Baikha.

A dialect ofOstiakof theYeniseianclass, spoken in Asiatic Russia. See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 136.

BajauorBajou.

Dialects ofMalay, spoken by the Sea-gipsies. See Vocabulary in Wallace; Appdx. to “Malay Archipelago.”

⁂ “Fishmen of Borneo.”Bajauproperly belongs to all Borneo. The Bugis traders, who belong to all that Archipelago, cannot properly speak Bajau.Bugisis perhaps truly the language of the pirates of those seas, their head-quarters being (the Illanons) Illanon Bay, S.W. of Mindanao, one of the Philippines.E. B.SeeBiajuk.

Bakele.

A dialect ofKaffir, somewhat allied toMpongwe, spoken on the R. Gaboon, W. Africa. See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 561.

Baladea.

The native name of New Caledonia. The language is allied toAnnatom, also calledDuaura.SeeAneiteum.

Bali.

An insular dialect ofJavanese, vernacular in the Indian Archipelago. See Crawfurd’s Dissertation in “Malay Grammar,” p. 75. ☞

Balu.

African: a dialect allied to theBakele, vernacular on the R. Gaboon.

Bambarra.

African: a division of theManaclass, spoken on the Upper Niger; including also theJallunka, theSokko, and theSusu. It is bounded on the E. by the Songho of Timbuctu, with which a new class begins.

Bamon.

African: a dialect of the N. W. division ofKaffir, allied toRalu.

BancaorBangka.

Besides the Chinese who work in the tin mines, Banca has a native population who speak a dialect of Malay, with some intermixture of Javanese, derived from Palembang, an ancient colony of Javanese, and other foreign elements.P. J. V.

Banffshire.

A dialect of the lowlands of Scotland. See “Remarks on the dialect of Banffshire, with a glossary of words not in Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary,” by Rev. W. Gregor, Philol. Socy. Trans., 1866.W. W. S.

Banga.

A dialect ofBengali, vernacular in Arracan. See “Asiatic Researches,” vol. v., p. 238.

Bangbay.

African: short vocabulary communicated by Dr. Barth to the Geographical Society.

Baniwa.

A variety of native S. American dialects, allied toChimanos, vernacular between Brazil and Venezuela. ☞

Banjak.

Name of an island off Sumatra. The natives have two dialects:—(1) the primitive language calledBatta, and (2) theMalayof Sumatra.SeeMaruwi.

BantekorBantik.

AnAlfurudialect vernacular in N. Celebes.

Bantu.

African: Dr. Bleek’s name for a very large class of languages, including theKayo,Bunda,Zangian, andMozambiquebranches.

BarabaorBarama.

A dialect of Asia; in its Russian form calledBarabinski.

Barabinski.

A dialect of theSiberian Turkishspoken in the steppe of Baraba, or Barama, between the upper Irtysch and the R. Obi in Asiatic Russia. See Klaproth’s “Asia Polyglotta,” p. 226.H. H. H.

Baraki.

A dialect ofPersian, spoken at Barak in Affghanistan, and at Kàniguram. ☞

Barbara, Santa.

A native dialect, vernacular on W. Coast of N. America. Jnl. R. Geogl. Socy., 1841. xi., 246-51.

Barbary,seeBerber.

Barea.

African: a Negro dialect on the Nubian and Abyssinian frontier. Vocabulary in Salt’s “Voyage to Abyssinia.”

BariorBarree.

A dialect of Central Africa. Mitterrutzner: “Die Sprache der Bari,” Brixen, 1867.SeeBarea.

Barre.

American: closely akin to theBaniwa,Tariana, andUainambeu; it is probably the same as thePareniof Humboldt, but Wallace uses it as a class-name. “Travels on the Amazon,” &c., 8vo, 1853.

BasaorBhasa-Krama.

A form ofJavanese. Literally “The polite language.”SeeBhasa.

Basa,Bassa,orBassah.

A dialect of W. Africa, belonging to theGrebofamily and allied toMandingo, vernacular in parts of Liberia.

⁂ A geographical or national division of Africa. See Kilham’s “Specimens.”

Bas-Breton,seeArmorican.

BasheeorBashi.

A dialect ofNegritic, vernacular in the China Sea, S. of Formosa; a group of the Philippines. See Vocaby.: Belcher’s “Voyage of the Samarang,” vol. ii.

Bashkir.

A dialect ofTurkish, spoken in Orenburg, Asiatic Russia.

⁂ The Baskir now speakTurkish, but there are many reasons for believing them to be of Ugrian descent. See Klaproth, A. P., and Müller, “Ugrische Volkstamm.”H. H. H.

Bashmuric.

A dialect ofCoptic, formerly spoken at Bashmur, a province in the delta of the Nile; it was largely infused withGreek.

Basian.

A dialect ofTurkishspoken in the Caucasus, almost identical withNogay. See Klaproth, “Reise in den Kaukasus.”H. H. H.

BaspaorBhaspa,seeMoghol.

BasqueorEscuara.

A language spoken in the Spanish provinces, Guipuzcoa and Biscay, partially in Alava and Navarre; in France, only in the arrondissements of Mauléon and Bayonne in the department of the Lower Pyrenees. Five principal dialects, with several sub-dialects:—Guipuzcoan,Biscayan(and the dialect of Llodia) in Spain; and theBas-Navarrais,SouletinandLabourdin, in France. Clearly agglutinative. Analogies detected with theFinnish, by Prince L. L. Buonaparte and others; and N. American (Algonkin) by Pruner-Bey and Charency; also with theKhamiticby D’Abbadie, andAccadianby Sayce. Fabre’s “Dict. Français-Basque,” Bayonne, 1870, “Essai de Grammaire,” par W. J. Van Eys, Amsterdam, 1867.W. W.SeeEscuara.

Basundo.

A native dialect of Africa, belonging to the N.W. division of the Kaffir group, vernacular in the R. Gaboon.

Batak,orBatta.

A native dialect of wild Malays in Sumatra; it is allied toBugis, with written characters imitated from theDevanagirialphabet ofSanskrit.

⁂ The Orang Batta are the indigines of Sumatra;Banjak,Pakpak,Zingkal,Toba, are all sub-dialects ofBattain Sumatra. See Van der Tunk’s “Collection of Battak Texts, with Notes and Translations,” 4 vols., Amsterdam, 1860-62; “Bataksch Leesboek”; and “Bataksch-Nederduitsch Woordenboek,” Amsterdam, 1861. ☞

Batar,seeBor.

Batavian-Malay.

What is calledBatavian-Malayis perhaps rather a Sundanese than a Malay dialect. It is the language of the natives of Batavia and its environs, a population sprung from the conflux of individuals from almost every part of the Archipelago; yet theSundaneseelement seems to predominate. This language ought not to be confounded with the low-Malay spoken at Batavia by Europeans and natives in their ordinary intercourse, which is merely Malay corrupted by the introduction of foreign words and forms of speech. To these Europeans the language which the natives use among themselves is quite unintelligible.P. J. V.

Batchian.

A dialect ofMalay, somewhat allied toGilolo.

⁂ This island is one of the Moluccas; it has no indigenous population, but the so-called Malay colonists are of a mixed race, and the dialect they speak is mixed with Papuan or Alfuru elements.P. J. V.

Batemdakaiee,seeKulanapo.

Bathurst.

A dialect vernacular in N. S. Wales.

Batta(1),seeBatak.

Batta(2).

A family of languages, vernacular in Africa.

⁂ One of the thirty languages of the Adamawa, spoken under 9° N.L.

Batu-Merah(“Red-rock” inMalay).

A dialect of the Mohammedan suburb of Amboyna, closely allied toLiang.SeeMorella.

Bauré,seeMoxos.

BauroorSan Cristoval.

A dialect of the Solomon Isles, or Isles of Danger, in the Pacific Ocean.

Bavarian(Baierische).

A dialect ofTeutonic, typical High-German. See “Bayerisches Wörterbuch,” by Schmeller, 4 vols., Stuttgard, 1827-37.W. W. S.

Bayano.

A dialect of Central America, vernacular at San Salvador, Guatemala.SeeDarienandSavaneric.

Bayeiye.

African: a sub-dialect ofBantu, vernacular in the interior.

BayonorBayung.

A dialect ofKaffir, vernacular on the R. Gaboon.

⁂ The name is important because it is the last of the languages on the W. half of equatorial Africa of which any specimen is known.

Beak.

A dialect ofPapuan, vernacular in New Guinea.

Béarnais.

The dialect of Béarn, in the S. of France. See Hatoulet et Picot’s “Proverbes Béarnais, avec un Vocabulaire,” 8vo, Paris, 1862.W. W. S.

Beaver.

American: dialect of the Beaver Indians, N. of the Hudson’s Bay country; sometimes classed asChipewayan.

Bechuana.

African: a dialect ofKaffir. Moffat’s “Spelling-book,” London 1826; “Bukauiane A B C,” Kapstadt, 1839.SeeSechuana.

Bedfordshire.

A dialect of England. See “An Analysis of English, with an Analysis of the dialect of Bedfordshire,” by T. Batchelor, London, 1809.W. W. S.

Begharmi.

A dialect of central Africa, spoken to the S.E. of Lake Tshad; Dr. Barth assigns it to theShilukclass. Vocabulary in Klaproth’s “Essai sur la Langue du Bornou,” Paris, 1826.

BejaorBoje.

A dialect of N.E. Africa, vernacular at Kosseir, the ancient Apollonopolis Parva, in Egypt. It is also calledBishari. See Burckhardt’s “Travels in Nubia,” pp. 160-1.

BelangorBilong.

A native dialect of Celebes, somewhat allied toLangowan.SeeBentenang.

BelgicorBelgian.

Old Belgic was Teutonic, Low-German, classed as a dialect of Frisian. Modern Belgian is a dialect of French. See De Reiffenberg’s “Nouv. Obs. sur les patois Romans de la Belgique,” “Echo du Monde Savant,” 1840.

Belonese.

Dialects of E. Timor, spoken by the Belonese under Portuguese dominion; sub-dialects are Teto, Vaiqueno, Viale, Manatuta. Vocaby. by Mr. Heymering, in “Tyd.v.Ned. Ins.” viii., 3.P. J. V.

BeloochiorBiluch.

The native dialect of Beloochistan, the tract between Affghanistan and the Indian Ocean, N. India; it is allied toPersian.

Beltin.

A dialect ofTurkish, spoken by a small tribe on the R. Abakan in Siberia. “Asia P.” p. 229.H. H. H.

BengaorBenguelan.

A dialect of W. Africa, classed by Bleek as a sub-dialect ofBantu, N.W. branch. Mackey’s “Grammar,” N. York, 1855.SeeBienga.

Bengali.

The vernacular dialect of the province of Bengal, British India; it is derived fromSanskrit, and written in characters modified from the Divanagari alphabet. See Carey’s “Dict. of the Bengalee Language,” &c., 2 vols., Serampore, 1825; Yates’s “Introd. to Bengali,” Calcutta, 1847.

Beni,Benin,orBini.

A general name for the native dialects, vernacular in the Bight of Benin, W. Africa. Applied more particularly to theMoko. Other dialects are theBonny, theIbo, andAro. See Clarke’s “Dialects of Africa,” p. 35.

Beni Menasser,see underM.

Bentenang.

Alfuru dialect of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts of Pasan, Ratahan, and Ponasakan, sometimes calledPasan Bangko.P. J. V.

Berber.

A language spoken in many parts of N. Africa by supposed descendants of the ancient Lybians and Mauritanians; it somewhat resemblesCopticin construction, with an African vocabulary. The word Berber is a form of οἰ βάρβαροι, “people whose speech is not intelligible; gibberish.”

⁂ More properly a name given by the Arabs and Europeans to several widely spread languages of N. Africa. “Dict. Français-Berbère,” Paris, 1844.F. W. N.SeeLibyan.

Berberini.

A language spoken on the Upper Nile, which has no relation to theBerber, properly so called.F. W. N.

Beresov.

The Ostiaks of Beresov speak a dialect ofOstiack. See Klaproth, “Asia P.”H. H. H.

Bergamasco.

A provincial dialect ofItalian.

Berkshire.

A few remarks on this dialect occur in Nichol’s “Bibliotheca Typographica Britannica,” 4to, 1783, vol. iv., p. 44; see also T. Hughes’s “Scouring of the White Horse.”W. W. S.

Bethuck.

The native dialect of Newfoundland; it is allied toAlgonquin.

Betoi.

American dialect of New Grenada, on the eastern slope of the Andes. Sub-dialects are theAirico,Ele,Girari, andSitufa.

Bhasa.

Native word for speech or language, used both in combination and composition. 1. InBhasa-krama, the ceremonial language of Java, and in theBahasa-tanahof Amboyna, it precedes; 2. InBrij-bhasa, it follows the word. CompareSanskrit, वाचा,vâchâ, “speech.”SeeAmboyna.

Bhatui,orBhatore.

A dialect ofTamul.

⁂ One of the cant, slang, or artificial languages of India; its basis isMarathi. Balfour’s “Languages of the Wandering Tribes of India.”

BhilorBheel.

A name for theBiluchof Beloochistan.SeeBeloochi. ☞

Bhojepoora.

A dialect ofHinduwi, spoken throughout the neighbourhood of Benares, in the N. of British India.

Bhootanese.

A dialect of theBhotiyafamily, spoken in the modern Bhootan; it is allied toTamul.G. R.

BhotorBhotia.

The language ofBhotorBootan. The people of all Thibet, from Ladak to Lassa, areBhotiäs, and inhabit the whole length of the Himalaya, along the snowy range on its S. face in Kumaon, Nipal and Sikim. Papers by Mr. Hodgson, in the “Asiatic Society’s Journal of Bengal.” A.C.

⁂ Bhot or Bhotiya: native name for Thibet or Tibet and the Tibetans; Bútan and Bultistan are from the same root, and serve to indicate the great spread of the Tibetan race. The Bútanis call themselves Lhopa.R. G. L.SeeThibetan.

Bhotiya.

A general name for the Sub-Himalayan languages.G. R.

Bhramu.

A dialect of Nepaul, allied toDahl.SeeBramhu.

Biafada.

A negro dialect, allied toPadsade, vernacular in the Bissagos, or Bijugas islands at the mouth of Rio, W. Africa.

BiajukorBiajú.

A dialect ofMalay, of certain ruder populations of Borneo.

⁂ Properly Biajus or Beajus, the Dayaks of S. Borneo, in the ancient kingdom of Banyarmarsin, now under Dutch rule.P. J. V.☞

Bibliography.

An attempt has been made to quote authorities under each leading article; but, for the general knowledge of all languages in a collective form, the following list of books is here supplied:—

Hervas: “Catalogo delle lingue conosciute,” &c., Cesena, 1785 (Italy).

Empress Catherine and Pallas: “Linguarum totius orbis Vocabularia comparativa,” 3 vols., St. Petersburgh, 1786-9.

Adelung and Vater: “Mithridates, oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde,” &c., 4 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1806-17.

Vater and Jülg: “Litteratur der Grammatiken, Lexiker, und Wörtersammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde,” 2nd edit., Berlin, 1847.

Balbi: “Atlas Ethnographique du Globe,” &c., Paris, 1826.

Migne: “Dictionnaire de Linguistique et de philologie comparée,” &c., Paris, 1864.

Latham: “Elements of Comparative Philology,” London, 1862.

Tregelles and others: “The Bible of every Land: a History of the Sacred Scriptures in every language and dialect, with specimens, alphabets, maps,” &c., S. Bagster and Sons, London.

Müller: “Lectures on the Science of Language,” by Prof. Max Müller, London, 1862-64.

Farrar: “Families of Speech,” by the Rev. F. W. Farrar, &c., London, 1870.

⁂ For the later authorities quoted throughout the Dictionary, see published catalogues of Messrs. Trübner, Quaritch, and other dealers.

Bidduma,seeBuduma.

Bienga.

African: language of the I. of Corisco.

Bight-head.

A native dialect of Australia.

Bijenelumbo.

A native dialect of Australia.

Bikanira.

A dialect ofHinduwi, spoken in Rajpootana, N.W. India; using characters of the Divanagari alphabet.

Biluch,seeBeloochi.

Bima.

A dialect ofMalayan, vernacular in E. Sumbawa, an island to the S.E. of Java. ☞

Bimbpa,seeCameroons.

Bini,seeBeninandMoko.

BisayaorBissayan.

A dialect of the Philippine Islands. See Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,” dissertation, p. 239. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841. ☞

⁂ Also the name of a Dayak tribe on the R. Limbang, N. Borneo. Vocaby. in St. John’s “Life in the Forests of the Far East;” appdx. p. 407.P. J. V.

Biscayan,seeBasque.

Bishari.

African: a collective name for theDanakil,Ilmormo, andSomauli.SeeBeja.

Bissago.

African: numerous and diverse dialects, vernacular in a small Archipelago, so called, between 8° and 10° N.L.SeeBiafada.

Blackfoot.

A native dialect of N. America, classed asAlgonquin. It is now spoken by several tribes on the Saskatchewan river line. See Butler’s “Great Lone Land,” London, 1873, p. 385; “Trans. Amer. Ethn. Soc.,” vol. ii., Introd. p. cxii., p. 88; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 494.

Blackmouths,seeJuripixunha.

Bobia.

African: a sub-dialect ofOtam.

Bode.

A dialect ofBornu. See Kölle’s “Africa Pol.”

Bodega,seeOlamentke.

Bodo.

A dialect ofThibetanvernacular in the Sikhim Himalayas. Hodgson (H. B.) “Aborigines of India.”SeeMech.

Boëro,seeCajeli.

Bohemian.

Sometimes calledChekhorTschekh, spoken in Bohemia, a province of the Austrian Empire; it is ofSlovackorigin, and closely allied toRussian. “Slownjk Cesko-Nemecky,” by Jungmann. Five vols. 4to. A Bohemian-Latin-German Dictionary; published by the Royal Academy of Prague.W. W. S.SeeRomany.

BokharaorBokaree.

A dialect ofPersian, vernacular in Bokhara. See Klaproth “Asia Pol.,” pp. 242-54. Pallas’s “Vocab. Cath.” p. 102.

Boksa,seeKumaon.

Bolaango.

Alfuru dialects of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts Boloöng, Uki, Bentaüna and Andagile of Kattingola.P. J. V.

Bolar.

A negro dialect, allied toBulanda.

Bolong,Bolaang,orBulong.

A dialect of Celebes or Macassar, allied toBugis; and sub-divided intoBolong-itang-otaandBolong-mongondo. Respectively Upper and Lower, the former is theBolang-itamorHitamof Wallace’s App. “Malay Archipelago.” Classed as sub-dialects ofMenadu. ☞

Bonny.

A class of native African dialects, vernacular in Guinea.SeeObany.

Booro,seeCajeli.

Bor.

A sub-Turaniandialect spoken by a broken tribe of Nepaul.

Borabora.

Polynesian: ATahitianlanguage. Vernacular in one of the Society’s Is.W. G.SeeTahitian.

Boraiper.

A dialect of Australia, allied toAiawong.

Borgia, San.

A native dialect of California, N. America.

Boritsu.

A dialect ofKaffir(N. W. division), vernacular on the R. Gaboon. See Kölle: “Polyg. Afric.”

Bormio.

A dialect ofItalian, vernacular in Lombardy.

Borneo.

The populations of Borneo are of mixed races, known as Biajuks, Biajús or Bajows, Dyaks, &c., as well as Malays. We have dialects ofKaganorKayan,Kupua,Malo,Meri,Millanow,Murung,Sakarron,Sangouw,Sibnow,Sow,Suntab. Works by Crawfurd, Brooke (Sir J.), Keppel (Adml.), Marsden, &c.; for details see Latham, pp. 305-7; Vater, p. 465.SeeDajak.

BornuorBornui.

A large class of native African, allied to theHaussa. Klaproth: “Essai, &c.” 8vo, Paris, 1826. Clarke: “Dialects of Africa,” p. 35. Kölle: “Grammar of the Bornu language.”SeeKanuri.

Boro.

A dialect ofThibetan, allied toBodo.

Bororo.

An unclassed dialect ofS. American, vernacular in S.W. Brazil.

Bosjesman.

Dutch name for the Bushmen or Hottentots.

Bosnian.

Slavic, the dialect of Bosnia, European Turkey.

Botango.

A sub-dialect ofMenadu. Small Vocaby. in Latham, p. 309.SeeBolong.

BotiaorBotya,seeBhot.

Botocudo.

A large class of native languages, vernacular in Brazil, S. America.

⁂ The dialect is quite distinct from theGuarani.D. F.☞

Boustrophedon.

“To turn,” as the ox in ploughing; a term used of early Greek writing, which went alternately in different directions; Solon’s laws were thus written. It comes intermediate between theSemiticorder of writing, viz., from right to left, and theEuropeanform from left to right.

Bouton,seeButon.

Bowditch Island.

The most easterly reef island of S. Pacific, occupied by Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries. Had nowrittenlanguage before visited by missionaries, and so nearly resembles theSamoanthat its books are easily read and understood by the people.W. G.

Bowri.

A dialect ofTamul.

Brahminic.

A name forSanskrit.

BrahooiorBrahui.

A dialect spoken in parts of Beloochistan, allied toTamil. See Caldwell’s “Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages,” 1861; Leech: Paper in Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, July, 1838.

⁂ Interesting as showing affinities toJapanese,Loochoo,Korean, andBasque.H. C.SeeBeloochi.

Brai.

A dialect of France; Cambrai (Nord)? See “Dictionnaire du Patois du Pays de Brai,” 1852.W. W. S.

Braj-Bhaka,seeBruj.

BramhuorBhramu.

A dialect ofThibetan, vernacular in Nepaul.

Brasilian,seeBrazilian.

Brass-town.

A class of negro dialects allied toAro.SeeOru.

Brazilian.

A name for the written language of the Tupi and Guarani races of Indians in S. America, as spoken in Brazil and Paraguay; it is largely infused withPortuguese, and much used by residents. In Portuguese the “lingua Brasilica” means the “lingua geral.” See Da Silva: “Diccionario da Lingua geral dos Indios de Brasil,” &c., Bahia, 1854.

Bremisch.

A name for theLow-Germandialect of Bremen, N. Germany. See “Bremisch-Niedersächsisches Wörterbuch,” Bremen, 1767-71, with Supplement, 1869.W. W. S.

Brescian.

AnItalianpatois, vernacular in Lombardy.

Breton.

See “Dictionnaire Breton-Français et Français-Breton,” par Villemarqué, 2 vols., 1847-50; and “Dict. Celto-Breton and Breton-Français,” par Legonidec, 1807-21. ☞

Brissi.

A native dialect of W. Timor, closely allied toTeto. Vocaby. in Wallace: Appdx.SeeKupang.

British.

A name for thePre-Romandialects of England.SeeCelticorKeltic.

Bruj.

A dialect ofHinduwi, otherwise calledBrij-bhaka, spoken in the province of Agra, Hindustan.

Bubonko.

Alfuru dialect of the Togean or Toühia Islands, in the Gulf of Tomini, N. Celebes.P. J. V.

Buchan.

A dialect of Scotland.

Budugur.

A dialect ofCanarese, vernacular in the Nilghery Hills, S. India.

Buduma.

A native dialect of Africa, allied toKanuri. Spoken by the islanders of Lake Tshad.

Bughelcundi.

A corruptedHinduwi, otherwise calledBaghelcundi, vernacular in Boghela, in the province of Allahabad, British India.

BugisorBuji.

A dialect of theMalayanfamily spoken in the Island of Celebes or Macassar, an island adjoining Borneo, and written in a different character fromOld Macassar. See Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,” Dissertation p. 88. “Vocabulary,” Mission Press, 1833; “Chrestomathies,” Paris.SeeMangkasar.

Buji.

African: a sub-dialect ofKabyle.

Bulanda.

A dialect of W. Africa, allied toBago.

Bulgarian.

Also calledCyrillic; a dialect ofSlovackorigin, brought into Europe by the Bulgars, an Asiatic race who settled in ancient Mœsia, S. of the Danube, in E. Europe. Bulgaria, so named from them, is a province of European Turkey. Morse and Vasilief, Grammar, &c., Constantinople, 1859-60. ☞

Bulgarian, Old,seeSlavonic.

Bullom.

A dialect ofMandingo, vernacular near Sierra Leone, W. Africa.

⁂ It is in contact withTimmani, but totally different therefrom.

Bulochi,seeBeloochi.

Bumbete.

A native dialect of Africa, vernacular in the R. Gaboon. It is classed as a N.W. form ofKaffir.

Bunda.

The native dialect of Angola, W. Africa. Classed by Bleek as a sub-genus ofBantu, including alsoAngola,Nano,Otziherero, andSindonga. See Cannecattim’s Dicty. Lisboa, 1804.

Bundelcoondi.

A dialect ofHinduwi, spoken in the district of Bundelcund, Allahabad, British India.

BuolorBuool.

Alfurudialect of N. Celebes or Macassar, allied toBugis.

Burgundian.

The dialect of Burgundy, E. France. One of the four principal dialects of the oldLangue d’oil; the others being thePicard, theNorman, and theFrenchof the I. de France.W. W. S.

Buriat.

A Mongolian dialect of theTuranianfamily of languages, vernacular near Lake Baikal, in the province of Irkutsh, Eastern Siberia, Russia in Asia. Castrén: “Versuch einer Burjätischen Sprachlehre,” by Schiefner, 8vo, St. Petersburgh, 1857.SeeKalka. ☞

Burmese.

A monosyllabic language, vernacular in the Burman Empire, S. Asia; originally conformable toChinese, it has been modified by the fusion withPali, a Buddhistic dialect of Sanskrit. See Crawfurd: “Embassy to Ava,” Vocaby. in Appendix, p. 35. Dictionaries: Hough (Maulmein, 1845); Judson (Rangoon, 1866).

Bushman.

A dialect of African, remotely related to theHottentot; it is also calledSaab.

Butan.

A dialect ofThibetan, spoken by the Lhopa, people of Bhootan.SeeBhootaneseandBhot.

ButonorBoutang.

A dialect allied toBugis, vernacular in Boutong, a large island to the S. of Celebes. Only known by Vocaby. in Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”

Buttanir.

A dialect ofHinduwi, spoken by the Bhattis, a race of Rajpootana, N.W. India; it is sometimes calledVirat.

Byzantine.

A name for theGreekof the Eastern Empire. Sophocles: Lex., Boston, U.S., 1870.

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