LANGUAGES.|+--—--—--—--—---------—--—+--—--—--—-----------—--—+| |Uncultivated. Cultivated.| |+--—--—-----—-+--—-----—--—-+ +--—--—------+--—-----—--+| | | |Isolating. Inflectional. Isolating. Inflectional.| | | || +--—-----—--—--+--—-----—--—-+ | +--—------—--+--—-----—--+| | | | | | | |I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII.The Polynesian. Ural-Altaic American. Chinese. Egyptian. Semitic. Aryan.Transgangetic (Expressing (Alatyan). (By (By loose (By internal (Bylanguages. the (By the incorporation.) annexation vowel-changes.) propermodifications attachment of the suffixes.)of meaning by of suffixes grammaticalreduplications to the elements.)and prefixes.) root.)
LANGUAGES.|+-------------------+-------------------+| |UNCULTIVATED. || |+-------------+-------------+ || | |Isolating. Inflectional. || | || +--------------+-------------+ || | | | |I. II. III. IV. |The Polynesian. Ural-Altaic American. |Transgangetic (Expressing (Alatyan). (By |languages. the (By the incorporation.) |modifications attachment |of meaning by of suffixes |reduplications to the |and prefixes.) root.) ||+----------------------------------+||CULTIVATED.|+-----------+----------+| |Isolating. Inflectional.| || +------------+------------+| | | |V. VI. VII. VIII.Chinese. Egyptian. Semitic. Aryan.(By loose (By internal (Byannexation vowel-changes.) properof the suffixes.)grammaticalelements.)
Farrar: “Families of speech,” p. 173.
Cleve.
Sub-dialect ofLow-German. See Geerling: “Ueber die Clevische V.,” Wesel, 1841.
Cleveland.
A dialect of England, spoken in the district of Cleveland, situate in the North Riding of Yorkshire. See Atkinson’s “Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect,” London, 1868.W. W. S.
Clydesdale.
ALowland Scottishdialect, from which numerous words are cited in Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary.W. W. S.
Cobeu.
American: language of the R. Negro. Allied toUainambeu, and described by Wallace: “Travels on the Amazon,” London, 1853.
Coblentz.
Teutonic: a sub-dialect ofLow-German.
Cocama.
American: spoken on the R. Ucayale.
Cochetimi.
A N. American dialect, allied toAcoma.
Cochimi.
A N. American dialect, vernacular in Old California.
Cochin-Chinese.
Monosyllabic: also calledAnamite. Dissertation by Du Ponceau, 8vo, Philadelphia, 1838.
Cochnewagoes.
American: described asIroquois; either extinct or another form ofCayuga.R. G. L.
Cockney.
Cant term for idiomatic speech of London, metropolis of the United Kingdom.
Cocomaricopa.
American: a dialect ofSonora, allied toCuchan.
Coconoons.
American: a dialect of U. California, allied toTularena. Spoken in the R. Mercede.
Coconuco.
American: dialect of New Grenada. See “Memoria,” by Mosquera, N. York, 1852.
Cocos.
A dialect of Polynesian, allied toSamoan.
Coeruna.
American: dialect of Brazil.
Cohistan I.,see underK.
Colack.
A native dialect of Australia.
Collagua.
American: a dialect of theAymara.
Comanch.
A dialect of Texas in America, classed asPaducan. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” ii., 494. ☞
Comasque.
Romance: dialect of Lake Como.
Comeya.
American: a language of California; spoken by Indians of the San Diego Mission (Bartlett); a tribe of the Yumas, according to Whipple. See “Pacific R. R.,” vol. ii., Washington, 1855.
Comparative Philology.
That branch of philology which treats of a comparison of languages by their grammatical structure, or the similarity of radical words.
Concho.
American: a dialect ofOld Mexican. See Trübner’s “Ludewig,” p. 52.
CongoorKongo.
A large genus of nativeAfricanlanguages, vernacular on the W. coast. Classed by Dr. Bleek asBantu.
Conibos.
American: dialect of Peru, on the U. Ucayale. “Bulletin de la Soc. Géo.,” Paris, 1853.
Coolie.
Indian word for “porter” or “bearer.”
Coorg,orCurg.
The dialect of Coorg, a mountainous district of Madras, S. India. Grammar by Cole, Bangalore, 1867.
Cootani,seeKitunaha.
Copeh.
American: dialect of U. California, vernacular on the R. Sacramento.
Coptic.
A language supposed to be derived from the ancientEgyptian, but mingled withArchaic Greek; it was spoken in the valley of the Lower Nile until the seventeenth century, but is now extinct. The alphabetical system greatly resembles Greek, with six letters adopted from the hieroglyphics.
⁂ The upper dialect is called theSahidicorTheban; the middle dialect is theMemphitic, and the language of the Delta theBashmuric. Greek words abound in all those, but most in the last. Vocaby. by Parthey, Coptic and Latin, L. & C., Berlin, 1844; Grammar by Schwartze, Berlin, 1850.
Cora.
A dialect of Central America, allied toPima.
Cordofan.
African: dialect of the Capital, Obeyd.
Corean.
A dialect vernacular in the Corea, a peninsula of N. E. Asia, intermediate between China and Japan; it is a compound ofJapanesewith theTatar.SeeGiliak.
Coretu.
A dialect of S. America, allied toTucano.
Vocabularies are given by Wallace (Travels on the Amazon), and by Balbi (“Atlas Ethnog.”)
Corio(1).
A native dialect of Australia.
Corio(2)orCureo.
A dialect ofItalian, defined asAlpine.
Corneilles.
American: French name for the Upsaroka or Crow Indians.
Cornish.
An extinct dialect ofCeltic, closely allied toWelshandBreton; formerly vernacular in Cornwall.
⁂ See “Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum,” by R. Williams, 4to, Llandovery, 1862-65; and Norris’s “Ancient Cornish Drama.”W. W. S.
Cornish, Modern.
The Modern Cornish is anEnglish, not a Celtic dialect; see “Specimens of Cornish Dialect,” by Treenoodle, 8vo, 1846. Another list has been given by Polwhele, Truro, 1808.W. W. S.
Cornouaillere.
Keltic: sub-dialect ofBas-Bretonspoken in the diocese of Quimper Corentin.
Coroado.
A dialect of S. American, allied toPurus, spoken in Brazil; a similar vocabulary is calledCoropos.
Coropo.
A dialect of S. American, vernacular in Rio Janeiro.
Correguaje.
American: language of New Grenada, spoken on the eastern slope of the Andes. See “Los Indios del Andaqui,” Popayan, 1855.
Corsican(1).
A dialect ofItalian, spoken in the Isle of Corsica. See Robert’s “Sketches of Corsica,” London, 1825.
Corsican(2).
A dialect of modernGreek, allied toMainot.
Costano.
A dialect of N. American classed asTalatui, spoken by the Olhones and Romonans, or Coast-men, in U. California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 494.
Costa-Rica,seeTularena.
Cotswold.
A dialect of Gloucestershire. See Huntley’s “Glossary of the Cotswold Dialect.”W. W. S.
Courland,seeCurish.
Covareca.
American: a tribe ofChiquitosmissions; see D’Orbigny, “L’Homme Américaine.”
Cowelits,underK.
Cowichan.
Language of Van Couver Is.; spoken in several dialects on the S.E. Coast, also on the mainland, up Fraser R. to Yale.R. B.
Craven.
A dialect of Yorkshire. See “The Dialect of Craven, with a copious Glossary,” by a Native (the Rev. W. Carr); 2nd ed., 2 vols., 1828.W. W. S.
Cree.
A dialect ofAlgonquinspoken by the Kristeneaux or Nehethowuck race of N. American Indians, widely spread along the tributaries of the R. Hudson in Canada. They use a system of characters greatly resembling our own stenographs. They are also found between the Red River and Rocky Mountains. See Butler’s “Great Lone Land:” London, 1873, p. 385. Grammar by Howse, London, 1805.
Creek.
The dialect of theMuskogulgerace of N. American Indians, allied toChocktaw. Spoken in Florida.
Cremonese.
Romance: dialect of Cremona, in Italy.
Creole.
Spanish word “criòllo,” from “creár” “to nourish”; it is a diminutive of “cría,” a “brood” or “suckling,”i.e.“a native.” A true Spaniard, one of the same breed; but brought up in America or the W. Indies; but applied also to any W. Indians of European extraction. In Creole forms of speech the basis isEuropean; in Jargon it isAmerican. Grammar by Thomas, Port of Spain, 1869.SeeJargon.
Creolese.
A name given to the corrupted dialects of European languages spoken by negroes in S. America and the W. Indies.
⁂ (1.) English and Negro in Surinam. See Grammar (Neger-Englische) Bautzen, 1854; Dicty. (Dutch and Neger-Englische) Löbau, 1856.
(2.) Portuguese and Negro in Surinam.SeeSaramacca.
(3.) Dutch and Negro in St. Thomas (Danish.) Grammar by Magens, Kjobenhavn, 1770.
(4.) Spanish and Negro. Putman, “Gemeenzame Zamenspraken,” Santa Rosa, 1853.
(5.) French and Negro in Trinidad. Vocaby. by Joly, Paris, 1802.
Cretan.
Hellenic: a sub-dialect ofGreek;see underK.
Cristeneux,underK.
CrivingianorCrivonian.
Mixed dialect ofLettandFin. It is sometimes calledCrivono-Lithuanic.SeeLief.
Croatian.
Slavonic: a dialect ofServianspoken in Croatia and Dalmatia, Austrian provinces bordering on the Adriatic. It is closely allied toIllyrian, and is written withLatinand also withGlagoliticcharacters. See Dicty. by Sulek, “Deutsch-Kroatische,” Agram, 1854-60.
Crow.
A dialect of theSiouxclass of native N. American dialects. The native name isUpsaroka.
Cuba,seeW. Indies.
Cuchan.
The dialect of the Yuma Indians, in N. America, vernacular on the R. Colorado.
Cuciquia.
American: same asChiquitos.
Cufic.
The most ancient mode of writingArabic, so named from Kufah, in Irak, originally a province of Persia; the alphabet is modified from theSyriac, and is found in the earliest copies of the Koran and on coins of the first three centuries after Mohammed’s flight from Mecca,A.D.622; now superseded by theNishki, since adopted by Turks and Persians.W. S. W. V.☞
Culino.
American: dialect of Brazil.
Cumana,Cumanagota.
American: dialects ofCarib, closely allied toChayma.SeeTamanaque.
Cumanch.
A dialect of N. American, allied to theShoshone, vernacular in Texas.SeeComanch.
Cumanian.
An extinct dialect ofTurkish.
CumberlandorCumbrian.
A dialect of England. See Ballads and Poems by J. Relph, T. Sanderson, Rev. R. Nelson, E. Clarke, J. Stagg, Miss Blamire, A. C. Gibson, &c.; especially Cumberland Ballads, by R. Sanderson, with a Glossary by S. Gilpin.W. W. S.
Cunacuna.
A dialect of central American, allied toDarien.
Cuneiform,seeArrow-Head.
Cuneo,seeCorio.
Cunipusana.
American: dialect of theBarreorBaniwaclass.
Curacoa.
A compoundedNegro-Dutch, spoken in the Caribbean Is., W. Indies.
Curaves.
American: a tribe of the Chiquitos missions. See D’Orbigny: “L’Homme Américaine.”
Curdish,underK.
Curgi.
A dialect ofMalayalim, calledKodugu, and allied toTulu.
Curish,Curlandish.
Lithuanic: dialect of Courland or Kurland.SeeLief.
Cursive.
So-calledrunninghand; applied to alphabets of small, rounded orconnectedletters, that may be rapidly formed; from the Latin, “curro,” “I run.”
It is generally contrasted with (1) monumental or lapidary; (2) printing.
Curuminaca.
American: a tribe of the Chiquitos missions. See D’Orbigny: “L’Homme Américaine.”
Cushna.
American: dialect of U. California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii.
Cutchi.
A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken over the district known as the Runn of Cutch, N. W. India.
Cuzco,Cuzcucano.
American: dialect ofQuichua.
Cymraig,seeWelsh.
Cynurian.
A name for certain forms of ancientGreek.
CyprianorCypriote.
An extinct dialect, formerly vernacular in the Isle of Cyprus, not fully understood, but perhaps allied to ancientGreek, and expressed by a peculiar alphabet having some analogies with theLycian. Inscriptions found at Citium, &c.; “Jl. of Biblical Archæology,” January, 1873.G. R.
Cyrillic.
A name applied to the written characters ofSlavonianandWallachian, ascribed to Constantine the philosopher, known as St. Cyril, the apostle of the Slaves,circa850A.D.
⁂ These characters are chiefly taken from the Greek, with many additions, and the number of distinct characters exceeds forty. TheRussianalphabet is derived from it, but is simpler.G. R.
The name is also used forOld Bulgarian, the ecclesiastical dialect ofOld Slavonic.SeeChurch-Slavic.
Czech,seeBohemian.