H.

Haidah.

American: an insular dialect ofAtnaorSelish, spoken in Q. Charlotte Archipelago, off the N.W. coast. See Vocaby. by Scouler: “Jnl. Roy. Geog. Socy.,” vol. xi., London, 1841.

⁂ The Skittegat, Masset, Kumshala, and Kyganie, who speakHaidah, are a remarkable people.H. C.

Hailha.

Caucasian: a sub-dialect ofIngush.

HailtsaorHaeeltzuk.

American: spoken on the coast of the Pacific, between 50° and 53° N.L. See Vocaby., “Trans. Amer. Ethnol.,” ii., 103.

Hainambeu,underU.

Haioo.

Dravidian: dialect of a tribe inhabiting the valleys of E. Nipal.A. C.

Haiti,seeTaino.

Hajong.

A dialect of olderDravidian, vernacular in Nipal.

Hakka,Hakari.

A dialect ofKurdish, written in Arabic characters, vernacular on the course of R. Hakarim, Lake Van, Asiatic Turkey, and at Tabreez, in the Persian province of Azerbaijan.

Halifax,Hallamshire.

Dialects of England, spoken in Yorkshire. See Hunter’s “Hallamshire Glossary, with the Words used in the W. Riding and Halifax,” new edition by Gatty, 1869.

Ham.

African: dialect of theOtam. See Köelle: “Pol. Af.”

HamahorHamath.

Inscription: interesting series of incised stones found in N. Syria, probably by the ancient Chetas or Hittites. They occupy an intermediate position between picture writing, allied to Egyptian hieroglyphs, and earlySemiticcharacters. They have not been deciphered. See Burton: “Unexplored Syria,” Burckhardt’s “Travels.” ☞

Hamalaiset,seeTavastrian.

Hamarua,Adamowa.

Two large districts in W. Africa, as far S. as 9° N.L. Dr. Barth, with his Batta Vocabulary, gives a list of thirty-two languages for these parts, all represented as mutually unintelligible forms of speech, and all names ending in “ntshi,” “nji,” or “nchi.”

Hamburg.

A sub-dialect ofLow-German. Richey: “Idioticon,” Hamburgh, 1755.

Hamiar.

A primitive dialect ofArabic.

Hamitic.

A name for the primitive languages of N.E. Africa and S.W. Asia, including theEgyptian,Ethiopic,S. Arabian,Akkadian, or earlyBabylonian, &c. The root of this word is supposed by some to survive inAmharicandAmazig, names for Abyssinian and Berber dialects; “Ham” or “Cham,”quasi“dark.”SeeHebræo-African.

Hampshire,Hants.

A provincial dialect ofEnglish. Vocaby. in “Warner’s Collec.,” 1795.

Hanau.

A sub-dialect ofHigh-German.

Handuri.

A dialect ofPunjabi.

Hanover.

A dialect ofLow-German.

Harafora,seeAlfuros.

Haraya.

Malayan: a dialect of the Philippine Is. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841.

Harpa.

Bhot: a dialect of N. and S.E. Thibet.

Harroti.

A dialect ofHindi, spoken in the State of Kotah, Rajpootana, N.W. India.

HarzorHartz.

A dialect ofLow-German. Schulze: “Harzgedichte,” Clausthal, 1833.

Hatigor.

A dialect of Assamese, classed asSinghpo.

Hatusua.

Malayan: dialect of Ceram.

Haussa,Houssa,orHawsa.

A native dialect of African, largely infused withArabic, vernacular along the R. Chadda, a tributary of the Niger. See Schön: “Grammar,” London, 1862; “Vocaby.,” London, 1843; “Primer,” Berlin, 1857.

⁂Bodo, &c., are related toHaussa; this language has vocalic euphony.H. C.

Havaiian,Hawaiian,Hawaian.

A dialect ofE. Polynesian, spoken by natives of Owhyhee and other of the Sandwich Is., in the N. Pacific Ocean; it is similar in form and construction toTahitian, and theMaoriof New Zealand. It is now a written language. See Dicty. by Andrews, Honolulu, 1865.R. G. L.(2.)

Hayu,seeVayu.

Hebræo-African.

An epithet invented by Dr. J. Cowles Prichard, in imitation of Indo-European, to include a group of African languages which have definite relations to theHebrew. These are especially the Abyssinian languages, theGalla, theCoptic, and theLibyan. Within the limits of an article we cannot state all the points of relationship, but we may note the remarkable similarity of the first and second pronouns, the mode of conjugating, the principal tense of the verb, the facility of forming derivative verbs from a primary (but the languages connected with Turkish have this), the inaptitude in compounding words, even so far as not even to prefix prepositions to verbs. The Abyssinian languages come nearest to Hebrew, and next the Libyan. Tutscheh notes the singular approximation of the Galla to the Arabic in the syntax used with the plural of nouns. The Coptic is of all the most distant from Hebrew.F. W. N.

Hebrew.

Semitic: closely allied toAramaicandPhœnician. It is an extinct dialect spoken by the ancient Jews of Palestine, and preserved to us in their sacred writings known as the Old Testament Scriptures. The old Hebrew character, as found on coins, &c., has much resemblance to Phœnician. The Biblical alphabet, called Square Hebrew, has been traced by some to the captivity at Babylon,B.C.603-536, but is regarded by others as much more recent. The Rabbinic characters are of a more cursive form, and the modern Jews of Germany and Poland used running hands of somewhat differing forms. ForLater Hebrew,seeTalmudic, and forModern Hebrew,seeJewey. Lexicons by Fürst; Gesenius: Grammar, Lex.; Thesaurus, &c.

Hebrides, New,seeMallicollo.

Heilbronn.

A sub-dialect ofHigh-German.

Helebi.

A name for the Gipsies of Egypt; perhaps from Heleb or Halib, theArabicform of Aleppo, in N. Syria.W. E.

Heligoland.

A sub-dialect ofFrisian. See Oelrich’s “Kleines Wörterb.” 1846.

Hellenic.

Indo-European: class name for the Greek language and its dialects.

Helsinga.

A sub-dialect ofSwedish. See Lenström: “Ordbok,” Upsala, 1841.SeeHelsingic.

Henneberg.

A sub-dialect ofHigh-German. See Brücker: “Beitrag,” Meiningen, 1843.

Herefordshire.

A provincial dialect ofEnglish. “Glossary” by Sir G. C. Lewis, London. 1839.W. W. S.

Herero.

African: classed by Barth and Bleek asS.W. Bantu, withBenga,Benguela, andBunda. The name of the language is “O Tyi-hereró,” that of the speakers is “O Va-hereró”; it is now nearly extinct. See Hahn: “Grammatik,” Berlin, 1857; Kolbe: “Vowels,” 1868; specimens collected by Dr. Rath.

Herevi,Hetzvi.

An extinct dialect ofOld Persian, formerly vernacular at Herat.

Herzegovinic.

Slavonic: a sub-dialect ofServian.

Hessian.

A sub-dialect ofHigh-German.

Heuma,seeShendu.

Heve.

A native dialect of the aborigines of Central America, vernacular in Mexico; it is also calledEudeve, and closely allied toPima. See Smith’s “Grammatical Sketch,” 1862.

Hhamara,seeWaag.

Hiang-Yan.

A name for the common colloquial language ofChinese.

Hiaqui.

American: spoken in Sonora and Sinaloa; also calledIbequiandYaqui.

Hieratic.

Greekname for the cursive alphabet used by the ancient priestly caste of Egypt; it is from the word “hieros,” “sacred.” ☞

Hieroglyphic.

Greek name for the symbolic alphabet or figure painting which constituted the most formal writing of ancient Egyptians, from “hieros” and “grapho.” The Aztecs of Mexico also had a system of hieroglyphic writing. Brugsch: “Hierog. Demot. Wörterb.,” 4 vols., Leipsig, 1867-8.SeeNahuatl.

Hieronymic.

Slavonic: name for the Glagolitic characters.

Highland.

Highland-Scottish: name sometimes used forGaelic.

Hildesheim.

A sub-dialect ofLow-German.

Hiligueina.

Malayan: a dialect of the Philippine Is.SeeIlocana.

Himalayan.

Name for a class of native aboriginal languages of Hindostan, comprisingKooch,Dhimal,Bodo, all closely allied toNipaleseandBhot. See “Essays by Hodgson,” Calcutta, 1847.

HimyariticorHimjarite.

Name for the characters used in some early inscriptions of S. Arabia in a dialect allied to theMahariof Abyssinia. Mr. Palgrave, “Central and E. Arabia,” vol ii., p. 240, states that the modern Himyarites, who speak a dialect of modern Arabic, are called the “reds”: “ahmar” in Arabic; but it seems more probable that they are the Hi or Hy-Mahari: “Hy” being a tribal prefix in Africa as in Ireland. Compare the Hi-breasail, the Hy-Many, or O’Kelly people; the Hy-Fiachrach or O’Dowdy people. The use of the same prefix in Africa is proved by the Ki-Suaheli, the Hi or Ki-Kamba, Ki-Sambala; cf. the Heb. ‏ה‎; ‏ח‎; which gives the transition from “h” to “ch” or “k”; thus also we may have Ki-Afer for the people of Africa, the original Kaffirs: indeed we have the mature word in Ke-Kuafi,see underU. Hy-mahari would mean “the shore-people.”SeeEkhkili.

HinantshiorHina.

African: assigned by Barth toHamarua.

HindiorHinduwi.

The vernacular language of native Hindoos; it is derived fromSanskrit, and closely adhered to by all the Brahmin castes. It was probably the court tongue of Canaug or Kanoj, a chief city of Hindostan when Alexander the Great crossed the Indus and defeated Porus,B.C.327. The language has many branches or sub-dialects, and is written in the Devanagri, or sacred alphabet used in the Vedas; also in Kyt’hí, a sort of running hand. Ballantyne: “Elements,” London, 1869; “Chrestomathie,” Garcin de Tassy, Paris, 1849.

Hindoo.

Class name for theIndianbranch of theAryanfamily of languages, derived, according to some, from “Hapta Hendu,” “Seven Rivers,” old name for the Punjaub.

HindostaniorUrdu.

The vernacular tongue of the Indian Moslemim, or Mussulmen; first originated by the Muhammadan invaders,circaA.D.1004. It is a compound ofArabicandPersianwithSanskrit, calledUrdu-zaban, or “camp lingo,” and written in a cursive character, called Taghlik, derived from Arabic; also in uncial letters formed from Sanskrit. N.B.—Hindu-stan means the “land of the Hindoos.” Forbes: “Dicty. H. and Eng.,” 1859; “Grammar,” 1849.

Hinzuan.

African: aKaffirform of speech; language of the Comorn Is., off the E. coast.

Hitchittee.

American: spoken by a division of the Creeks. “Arch. Amer.,” vol. ii., p. 377.

Hoch-Deutsch,seeGerman.

Hochelaga.

American: sub-dialect ofMohawk, formerly spoken in the locality now known as Montreal, Canada.

Hochungorah.

American: native name for the Winnebagos.

Hohen-lohe,Hohen-schwangau,Hohen-stein.

Sub-dialects ofHigh-German.

Hok-keen.

Dialect ofChinese. Dicty. by Medhurst, Macao, 1832-9.

HollandorHollandish.

(1) A name for theNetherlandish, a dialect ofPlatt-Deutsch.

(2) For provincial Dialects. See Latham’s “Opuscula,” London, 1860.

Holophrasis.

Grammatical term; mode of analysis; reducing whole sentences into words.SeePolysynthetic.

Holstein.

Sub-dialect ofLow-German. See Schütze: “Holsteinisches Idiotikon,” Hamburgh, 1800-6.W. W. S.

Honduras.

American: geographical term for theLencaclass.

⁂ The languages are allied to theKouma,Legba, &c., of W. Africa.H. C.

Hoopah.

American: a variety ofAthabaskan, spoken so far S. as U. California.

HororHorpa.

Thibetan: a local dialect ofBhot, called also (1)Khache: ChineseKoatse; (2)Igur, the native name, which appears to be the same asUighur, a Turkish dialect. The affix “pa” in “Horpa” is Bhot, as quoted by Mr. Hodgson, who gives W. Thibet along with Dzungaria and Chinese Turkestan as the area over which it is spoken.R. G. L.

Hotontalo.

Polynesian; a sub-dialect ofMenadu.

Hottentot.

African: name for a large number of S. dialects, spoken by the Quaiquai or K’hoè Khoep, and distinguished by a peculiar sound in utterance, known as the Hottentot “click.”

⁂ According to Dr. Bleek they are a widely different class from theKaffir.R. G. L.

Hova.

Native term “ank′ova”; used for the central tribes of Madagascar, said to be a fair race. It is, apparently, of African origin, as underHerero.SeeMalagasy.

Hoya.

Malayan: a dialect ofCeram, allied toTeluti.

Huachi,Huancas.

American: Indians of Bolivia.

Huasteca.

American: dialect of Mexico, and apparently the same word as “Aztec.” It is spoken in the province of Tamaulipas, and is a language of theMayaclass. See De Olmoz: “Grammatica,” &c., Mexico, 1560.

HuecoorWaco.

American: name for theTallewitsus. It is vernacular in Texas, and allied toKechai,Pawnee, &c.

Huilliche.

American: name for tribes of Araucans, the aborigines of Chili. The “che” here means “men,” being a Chileno word, so we have “men of the south.” It is applied also to the Patagonians.SeeVuta.R. G. L.

Humming-bird Indians.

American: name for the Uaenambeu tribe in the province of Rio Negro, Brasil.

HungarianorMagyar.

Ugrian: dialect of an Asiatic race, derived from theOstiakof the R. Ob or Oby in Siberia, and closely allied toFinnish. The Magyars are now the dominant race in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, which they subdued aboutA.D.900. It has a copious modern literature. See Ballagi: “Wörterbuk,” Pesth, 1864; Ollendorff: “Newe Methode,” Pesth, 1869.SeeUngarn.

Hungarian-Wendish.

Slavonic: a local dialect of Hungary, allied to theWendishof Lusatia.

Hunza,seeKhajuna.

Huron.

American: classed asIroquois; language of the Huron Indians, spoken on the shores of the lake so named.

Hurriana.

A dialect ofHindispoken in a fertile district of N.W. India, an oasis on the Jumna, near Delhi. The word “Hurya” signifies “green.”

Hurur.

Abyssinian, dialect ofAmharic. See Salt’s “Voyage,” appendix, vol. i., p. 6.

Huzvaresh.

Iranic: same asPehlevi. See Spiegel: “Grammatik,” Wien, 1856.

Hymiaritic,see underHi.

Hyperborean.

Dr. Latham’s class-name at one time proposed for theDzhukaghir,Samoyed, andYeniseiangroup of languages.

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