Oampi,seeOyapok.
Ob,Obi,Obdorsker.
Ugrian: dialects ofSamoyed: trueOstiak. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 134.SeeOdh.
ObaneorObany.
African: a form of the wordBonny. The class includesOkulomaandUdso, and is allied toSobo,Egbele,Bini, andOlomo. Vocaby. by Köler in the “Geographical Journal of Berlin,” 1843.H. C.
Oberland.
Romance: name forUpper Engadine.SeeRomana.
Ober Sachsen.
Germanof Switzerland.
Obispo,underLuis.
Obotritian.
Slavonic: Spoken in Mecklenburg.SeeLuitizian.
Occitanian.
Romance: name forProvençalorLangue d’oc.SeeOsset.
Oceanic.
General name for all classes ofPolynesian, taken collectively.SeeIntroduction.
Ocoles.
American: tribe of Vilela.
Odh.
Ugrian: in full,Odh-Shosh; name for theDenkaor Sable Ostiaks.
Odjii,seeAshantee.
Oezbeg,underU.
Ogham(Tree Alphabet).
Name of ancient linear characters found in someIrishlapidary inscriptions. See Prospectus of Vallancey’s Dicty., Dublin, 1802.
Oje.
American: tribe ofTamanaque.
Ojibwa,Ojibway.
American: name forChippewayan.
Chief dialect ofAlgonkin: tribes with dialectical variations are distinguished at St. Mary’s, Grand Traverse Bay, Saganaw, Michilimackmac, Chegoimegon; the name is also writtenOtchipwe.SeeOgibois.
Okanagan.
American: (1) Tribe ofAtnah: “chin” or “flat heads.”
(2) Tribe ofSahaptin, or “nez-percées,” on the upper part of Frazer’s river.
Ok-kow-ish.
American: native name of the Moadocs; the latter word means “alien” in theShastalanguage.
Okshee.
American: name applied to the Klamath-Lake Indians; they are allied to theModocs.
Oktolakto.
American: a name for the Oto Indians of Platte river.
Okuloma.
African: dialects ofBonny, allied toEgbele,Udso,Zobo,Bini, andOlomo.H. C.
Olamentke.
American: native name for the Bodega Indians of California.SeeTchokoyem.
Old Bactrian,seeZend.
Old English,seeAnglo-Saxon.
Old High-German.
Teutonic: period of language till 12th century.
Old Norse,seeIcelandic.
Old Persian,underP.
Old-Prussian,underP.
Old Saxon.
Teutonic: extinct dialect ofLow-German; allied toFrisianandAnglo-Saxon. See Heyne’s edition of the “Heliand.”
Old Slavonic,seeCyrillic.
Oldenburg.
Teutonic: dialect ofLow-GermanorDutch. See Work by Wolke, Leipzig, 1804.
Olhones.
American: Costanos; Indians of the coast in N. California.
Olomo.
African: dialect of the Niger, with the same affinities asOkuloma.H. C.
OlonetsorOlonetzian.
(1) Finnish: a sub-dialect ofKarelian.
(2) Slavonic: provincial dialect ofRussian.
Olot,seeUlut.
Omagua.
American: dialect of the Amazons; allied to theGuaraniand theTupi.
Omaha.
American: dialect of Sioux. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 117. Vocaby. by Dr. Hayden.H. C.
Omar.
Papuan: dialect of New Guinea.
Ombay.
Negrito: insular dialect ofPolynesian.
Onega,Oniga.
American: a form of “Ongwe,” speech of the Irokese; it becameMaquawith the Dutch,Mingowith the French.
Oneida.
American: a dialect ofIroquois, closely allied toMohawk, and spoken in the W. of N. York State. See Schoolcraft’s “Ind. Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 482.
Onim.
Papuan: dialect of New Guinea.
Onolascha,underU.
Onomatopœia.
Mimeticspeech; treats of the formation of words in imitation of natural sounds. It is the origin of many reduplicated words, and, when applied to the science of language, has sometimes been called “the bow-wow theory.”
Onondaga.
American: dialect ofIroquois, closely allied toMohawkandOneida. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 482; Dicty. by Shea, London, 1860.
Onthagamies,Ottogami.
American: a name for the Fox-Indians.SeeSac.
Ontoampa.
American: tribe of Vilela.
Oodeypoora.
Hindiof Mewar or Chitore in Rajpootana. The Rajah of Oodeypoor is said to hold the most ancient hereditary sovereignty in the world.
Oojeini.
Hindiof Malwa.
Oordu.
Same asUrdu.SeeHindostani.
Opata.
American: dialect of Sonora, in Mexico. Classed withPimaandEudeve.
Opatoro.
American: dialect of Honduras.
Opulu.
Polynesian: dialect ofSamoan.
Orang.
Malayword for man; hence “orang-benua,” “orang-laut,” “orang-utan,” &c.
Oregones,Orejones.
(1)American: dialects of large-eared tribes on the R. Amazon and the Iça or Putumayo and the Negro. Castelnau V., appdx.
(2) Indians of Texas.
⁂ The State of Oregon, N. America, is said to have been named from the abundance oflabiatæ, called “Oregano” or “Wild marjoram,”i.e., “mountain-joy.”SeeOrelhudos.
Orenburg-Tatar.
Dialect ofKirghis: closely allied toKaragas; it is spoken in the Ural provinces of Russia.
Orinoko.
American: geographical class name for a group of languages includingBetoi,Otomaka,Yarura, &c.
Oristine.
American: dialect ofLule; it is closely allied toVilela.
Oriya,Orissa,Uriya.
Indic: closely allied toBengali; spoken in the sacred city of Jugganath. The alphabetical character only faintly resembles theDevanagari. Grammar by Lacey, Calcutta, 1861.
Orkney Is.
Language of the Orkney Isles, N. Britain, containing many words ofIcelandicorOld Norse; also calledOrcadian.
Orne.
Romance: Frenchpatois, Dept. de l’Orne.
Oro,seeOru.
Orosz.
Slavonic: dialect of the Carpathians; a form of Russ.SeeRussniack.
OrotongorOrotshong.
Turanian: dialects ofTungus.
Orthography.
The proper spelling of words. In the present work all various spellings are treated as synonyms. Some difficulty will always be found in trans-literating proper names from foreign languages; modes of spelling fluctuate rapidly, becoming in general a mere matter of habit or fashion. It would be impossible to ignore the long-established usage in such words as Mongol and Tartar; but an attempt has been made to give the most recent forms in addition.
Oru(Ejo).
African: native dialect of Brass-Town. It belongs to the Ashantee group, and as a class name, includesAro,Ebo, andMbofia, and is allied toIsoamaandIsiele.H. C.
Osage,Osawses,Ous.
American: Sioux Indians of Arkansas, on the R. Osage. It is also writtenHuzzawandWashas. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv., p. 275; Bradbury’s “Travels,” London, 1817.
Oscan.
Italic: early dialect of Italy, allied toLatin,Umbrian, &c.; but belonging especially to Central and S. Italy. Known by archaic inscriptions. See Mommsen’s “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipzig, 1851; “Versuch,” &c., by Enderis, Zürich, 1871.
Osmanli.
Alatyan: dialect ofWestern Turkish; it is the typical literary language of the family, spoken by the Oghuz or Ottoman Turks; it is closely allied toTshuvash,Kirghiz,Turcoman, andIgurorUigurandJagatai, but very much softened.
Osnabrück,Osnaburg.
Teutonic: dialect ofLow-German. See Strodtmann: “Idioticon,” Leipzig, 1756.
Osset,Ossetian,orOssitinian.
Caucasian: modern dialect of Abascia, classed asArmenic. Also calledIron(i.e., Irân), from the name of the Caucasian people who speak it. See Klaproth: “Asia P.,” p. 89; Dicty. by Sjögren, St. Petersburg, 1844; Grammar by Rosen, St. Petersburg, 1846.
Ostiak.
Ugrian: dialect ofFinnishspoken in Asiatic Russia, on and between the R. Obi and the Yenisey. Chief divisions are the Lake and Sable Ostiaks. (Klaproth.) Vocaby. by Castrén and Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1858.SeeDenka.
Otaheite.
Polynesian: an erroneous spelling of Tahiti.W. G. L.SeeTahitian.
Otakapa,underA.
Otam.
African: dialect ofKaffir, spoken on the Old Calabar R. Used also as a class name for the languages of that district. It is also writtenUdom.R. G. L.
Otchagras.
American: same asWinnebago. French spelling ofHochungorah.
OthomiorOtomi.
American: monosyllabic dialect spoken in Sonora, to the frontier of Guatemala, 24° N.L. to 16° W.L. Grammar and Vocabulary, Paris, 1863.
⁂ Much has been written of this language on the strength of its real or supposed monosyllabic structure—indeed, it has been compared with theChinese. It is, however, truly American, differing, so far as it indeed does differ from the others, in the fact of its agglutination being either less, or less represented in the grammars and vocabularies. See Grammar by Piccolomini, Rome, 1841.R. G. L.
Oto,Otouez.
American:Siouxdialect of the Platte R. Vocaby. in Long’s “Expedition,” &c., Philadelphia, 1822.
Otshi.
African: name forAshantee, the dialect of the Gold Coast; otherwise calledOdjii,Oji, orOchi. See Riis: “Elemente ... der Odschi-sprache,” Basel, 1853.
⁂Ashanteeis much likeFantee, and is allied toWhydah,Dahomey,Oro,Ebo,Dzelana, &c.H. C.
Ottare.
American: Mountain Cherokees.
Ottawa,Ottoway.
American: dialects ofAlgonkin, closely allied toChippewayan, spoken by tribes now located in Michigan and Ohio, but formerly belonging to the R. Ottaway, a confluent of the St. Lawrence. See Tanner’s “Narrative,” N. York, 1830; “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 107.
Ottogami,seeOnthagamies.
Ottomaca.
American: spoken by Indians of Venezuela, on the Meta and Orinoco.SeeTaparita.
Otuke,Otugue.
American: a tribe of Chiquitos missions.
Otyiherero.
African: allied toNano.SeeHerero.
Ougia,seeAroo.
Ouigour.
Most ancient form of the alphabetic character used by the Turks; it is still used in a modified form inMogholandManchu, which are written in vertical columns, from top to bottom, but not the olderOuigour.SeeUigur.
Ouloff(Ouolofe).
African: French spelling ofWoloft. Vocaby. by Faidherbe, St. Louis (Africa), 1860.SeeJalloof.
Oulx.
Romance: intermediate betweenFrenchand theItalian.
Ous,seeOsage.
Owyhee.
Polynesian: properly spelledHawaii.
Oyampis,Oyapok.
American: Carib of French Guiana; also calledOampi. See “Bulletin de la Soc. de Géographie,” Paris, 1834.R. G. L.SeeEmerillon.
Ozbeg,underU.