Pacaguara.
American: language of Bolivia, belonging to the missions of Moxos. Allied toQuichuaandPanos.H. C.
Pacasas,seePakasa.
PadaorPodo.
Javanese: marks of punctuation and modes of address used in composition.
Paderborn.
Teutonic: sub-dialect ofLow-German.
Padovani,Paduese.
Italic: dialect of Padua. “Tratta,” by Brunacci, Venice, 1759.
Padsade.
African: somewhat allied toBiafada.
Paduca.
American: Dr. Latham’s class name for theComanche,Shoshoni,Utah, and other allied languages, including theNetelaandKij.
Paegan.
American: same asPieds-noirs.
PahiorPahri.
Dialect ofNewari. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Pahlavi,seePehlevi.
Pahoja.
American: sub-dialect ofOto.
Paicotschi.
Indic: a dialect ofPrakrit.
Paioconeca.
American: language of Bolivia, belonging to the Mission of Chiquitos.SeePaunaca.
Paiure.
American: tribe of Tamanaque.
Pakasa.
American: sub-dialect ofAymara.
Pakhya.
Non-Aryan: a dialect of Nipal, allied toTharuVocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Pakpak.
Malayan: sub-dialect ofBatta.
Palæo-Georgian.
Class name for primitive languages of the Caucasus, and for others resembling them, includingAmazonandEtruscan.H. C.
Palæography.
The science which deals with ancient forms of writing in inscriptions, MSS., &c., and sometimes applied to the ancient forms of writing themselves.G. R.
Palæo-Slavic,seeCyrillic.
Palæotype,seeGlossotype.
Palaik.
American: dialect of Oregon and California (frontier), allied toLutuami,Shasti, and more remotely toSahaptin. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 98.
Palaong.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of Siam, allied toAhom.
Palaos,seePelew.
Palembang.
TheMalaylanguage, as it is spoken at Palembang, on the eastern coast of Sumatra, where it is mixed with a good deal ofJavanese, in consequence of the Javanese having anciently colonised this country. It is written partly with theArabic, partly with an indigenous alphabet; also used for theRejangandPassumahdialects, and called “Satra renchong.”P. J. V.
Palenca.
American: dialect of the R. Orinoco, allied toTamanaque.
Pali.
Indic: an extinct dialect ofSanskrit, derived throughPracrit, forming the sacred language of the Buddhists; it has a peculiar alphabetic character of its own.BaliandLanka-Bhasa(ancientSinhalese) are derived from it, and it has very largely influenced modernCinghalese. Dicty. by Thero and Subhuti, Colombo, 1865; and one now in progress by R. C. Childers; Kachcháyana’s “Grammar,” by Mason, London, 1870.
Palimpsest.
Palæographic: “written-over”; used of MSS. having a second inscription laid over a previous one.
⁂ A term signifying “twice-rubbed,” or “scratched,” and applied properly to parchments which, after having been written on, have been prepared for a fresh writing by an erasure of the original one. In the middle ages, when parchment came to be scarce and dear, many valuable MSS. were thus used, and a second worthless writing placed over one infinitely more precious. In some cases the original MS. has been recovered by careful examination,e. g., the text of Cicero’s treatise, “De Republica.”G. R.
Palla.
Sub-Turanian: tribe of Awalias in Nipal.
Palmyrene.
Semitic: theSyriacof Tadmor or Palmyra, with an alphabet of very ornamental character derived fromOld Aramaic, but not earlier than the third centuryA.D., and connected with lapidarySassanian.W. S. W. V.
Palpa.
Indic:Sanskritof Nipal.
Pampanga.
Malayanof the Philippine Islands: classed withBissayanandTagala.
Pampas.
American:Quichuaword for “field” or “plain,” applied to the district of roving tribes who occupy vast level regions between Buenos-Ayres and Chili. The Spanish limit the appellation to theDivihetandTaluhet.SeePuelche.
Pampticough.
American:Algonkindialect of N. Carolina.
Panch.
Indian term signifying “five”: (1)Panch Gaura, used for the five northern languages of India, taken collectively, includingBengali,Guzarati,Hindi,Scindi, andUrya. (2)Panch Dravida, used for the five southern dialects, includingCanarese,Malayalim,Tamil,Telugu, andTulu.W. E.
Pani,seePawnee.
PanjabiorPunjabi,seeSikh.
Panos.
American: dialect of the R. Apurimac or Ucayale in Peru. Somewhat allied to theBaureof Moxos, to thePacaguaraandQuichua.H. C.
Pan T’hai.
Mohammedans of Yunnan, W. China; also writtenPanthay.
Papaa.
African: same asPopo. ANigritiandialect of the Slave-coast.SeeNagoe.
Pape.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of theMong-Jungin Assam.
Papel.
African: dialect of the Bejugas or Bissagos Is.; it is allied toKanyop, toFelup,Bagnon,Sarar,Bolar, &c., and spoken also on the coast S. of the Cacheo.H. C.
Papiah.
African: dialect ofKaffir.
Papoloka.
American: thePokomanof Oajaca. A dialect of theMayaclass.
Papuan.
Negritic: typical language of dark-skinned Polynesians. It is the vernacular speech of New Guinea, and spread through many smaller islands. “Papua” is said to be a Malay word for “frizzled hair,” but see the Greek πάππος (lanugo carduorum), and our own “pappous” = “woolly.” See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago,” and Dissertation: Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar.SeeAlfuros.
Param.
African: a dialect ofKaffir.
Paranapura,seeXebero.
Parauana,seeWapisian.
Parbuttia.
This word means “the language of the hills”—“purbut” “a hill.” It is a dialect ofHindi, the Court language of Nipal, and is spoken generally by the Khus, a military tribe of Nipal, and generally by all the Nipalese people, as Hindustani is in British India.A. C.
Parechi.
American: tribe of Tamanaque.
Pareni.
American: spoken by tribes of Maypur Indians on the R. Mataveni in Venezuela.SeeBarre.
Paria,Pariagoto.
American: classed withTamanaque.
Pariah.
Indian term: “an outcast,” lower than a Sudra; from a word in theTamullanguage, signifying “mountaineer.”SeeNishada.
Parigi.
Malayan: sub-dialect ofMenadu.
Parita,seePiede.
Parma,Parmesan,Parmigiano.
Romance: sub-dialect ofItalian. Dicty. by Peschieri, Parma, 1840.
Parnkalla.
Australian: dialect of Spencer’s-gulf and Port Lincoln. Vocaby. by Schürmann, Adelaide, 1844; Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
Paropamisan.
Dr. Latham’s class name for theHindu-Kushdialects, asDard,Shina, &c.
Parsee.
(1) Indians of Persian descent. The modern Parsees or fire-worshippers speakGujerattee.
(2) Fire-worshippers of Persia.SeeGuebre.
Parsi.
Iranic: extinct dialect ofOld Persian, belonging to the province of Farsistan; it is the same asPazend, and is derived fromPehlevi, being the third stage ofOld BactrianorZend, and was the dialect used by Firdusi, the poet (Farrar: “Families of Speech,” p. 104). See Spiegel: “Grammatik der Parsi Sprache.”
Parthian.
The Parthians have been classed asMedo-Scythic, but few words remain of their original language; the later dialect on their coins is akin to thePehlevi. Prof. Rawlinson regards them asTuranian. See “The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,” London, 1873.
Pasaine.
American: tribes of Vilela.
Pasanbangko,seeBentenang.
Paschai,Pashai.
Kafirs of Kohistan; the dialect is allied toLughman. See “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal,” 1838.
Passamaquodds.
American: Indians of St. John’s, N. Brunswick, classed asAbenaki.
Passang.
Malayan: a sub-dialect ofMenadu.
Passumah,seeSarawi.
Pasuku.
Monosyllabic: dialect ofPeguese, classed asKaren.
Pasummah.
Malayan: same asLemba.
Patacho.
American: dialect of Brasil, classed asCamacan.
Patagonian,seeTehuelet.
Patani(Pathan).
The language of Affghanistan. The Affghan rulers of Delhi were called Patans.W. S. W. V.SeePushtoo.
Paternosters.
Derived from theLatinfor “Our Father”; versions of the Lord’s Prayer in polyglot. See “Linguarum duodecim introductio,” by Postel, 1538; De Mofra’s “Exploration,” Paris, 1840-2; “The Lord’s Prayer in 100 Languages,” by Apostolides; and the large works by Pallas and Adelung.SeeBibliography.
Pati.
African: a dialect ofKaffir.
Patois.
Frenchword for local or provincial dialects.
Patos.
Malayan: sub-dialect ofMenadu.
Paumotu.
Polynesian: somewhat allied toKanaka.
Paunaca.
American: sub-dialect ofPaioconeca.
Paunch Indians(Ventrus).
American: name for the Allakaweah; Crow Indians of Snake R. For Big-bellies (Gros Ventres).SeeMinetari.
Pa-uta,seePaduca.
Pavia.
Romance: sub-dialect ofItalian. “Dizionario Domestico,” Pavia, 1829.
Pawnee.
American: typical dialect of the Riccaree Indians, spoken between the R. Quicourre or Running Water and R. Platte or Shallow, W. of the Missouri. BothPawneeandRicareeare classed together by Dr. Latham as allied sub-dialects ofCaddo. “Amer. Ethnol.,” ii. 96.
Paya.
Malayan: dialect of Malacca.SeeSemang.
Payagua.
American: dialect of Brasil, at present only spoken by a small remnant, removed to the town of Assuncion in Paraguay, somewhat allied toBororo.
Paycobge,Paykoge.
American: tribe of Jahyco in Brasil.
Pays de Vaud,underV.
Pazand,Pazend.
Iranic: same asParsi. Glossary by Haug and Asa, London, 1870.
Peagans.
American: same asPieds-noirs.
Peba.
American: dialect of the Amazons, spoken in N.W. Brasil, and probably allied toOregones.
Pedro, San.
American: missions of Brasil of theAlmeidaclass. See Da Silva’s Dicty., Bahia, 1854.
⁂ It is allied toGuaraniandAgaw.H. C.
Peguese.
Indo-Chinese: a monosyllabic dialect, calledTalainorMon, allied toBurmese, and spoken in Pegu.
PehlviorPehlevi.
Iranic: extinct dialect ofOld Persian, belonging to the Pahlav district of Western Iran or Media, but with large Semitic infusion. It is the language of the Sassanian coins, of several inscriptions of early Sassanian kings, and of the earliest comments on the Avesta, closely allied to theZendandOld Persic; it is also calledHuzvaresh, a suggestion of Spiegel’s. See Spiegel’s “Grammatik der Huzvareschen Sprache;” Haug’s Old Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary, by Asa, Bombay, 1870.
Pehuenche.
American: tribes of Araucans.
Pekinese,seeKhum.
Pelasgian.
An aboriginal tribe of Greece. Herodotus states that their speech was “barbarous”—i.e., distinct from or unintelligible to the Hellenes; but it seems to have been the basis out of which was developed classicalGreek. Later writers propose to class the pre-historic dialects of Greece with theIllyrian.
Pelasgic.
Class name for combinedGreekandLatinstems, sometimes calledGræco-Italic, otherwiseIllyrianorThraco-Illyrian.
Pelew,Pelu.
Dialects of the Palaos or Pelew Is., allied toTobi, and classed asMicronesian.
Pelu.
Moghol: dialect of N. W. tribes.
Pend d’Oreilles.
American:Frenchname for theKullespelm.
Pendschabi.
Same asPunjabi; German form.SeeSikh.
Pennsylvanian.
American: State formerly called New Sweden, and inhabited by Algonkin and Iroquois. See “Thomas’ Account,” N. York, 1848.
Penobscot.
American: language of Indians in the States of Maine and N. Brunswick; classed as a dialect ofAbenaki.
PequodorPequot.
American: dialect ofAlgonkinspoken in Connecticut.
Periods of Language.
Successive stages in the development of a language, each occupying a certain interval of time. The changes sometimes indicate growth, sometimes decay and approaching extinction.G. R.
PermianorPermic.
Tchudic:Ugriandialect of Perm in Russia, closely allied toWotiakandZirianian. Also calledBiarmian. The Permians were the first of their race converted to Christianity by St. Stephen, apostolic King of Hungary, 997 or 1000A.D.Dicty. by Rogord, 1869.
Persian.
Iranic: modern dialect of Persia, derived fromOld Persian, but with a large infusion ofArabicwords, and written in a modification of the Nishki-Arabic characters, calledTaalic, and in a running hand calledShikestah. Grammar by Vullers, Gissæ, 1870; Dictys. by Johnson and Richardson. Dialects areMazenderan; see Klaproth’s “Beschreibung,” Berlin, 1814.Tatt, the dialect of Baku in Daghestan; see Eichwald’s “Reise,” Stuttgart, 1834. Twelve are specified by Von Hammer, “Asiatic Jl.,” 1833.SeeTajik.
Persic.
Under this term are comprehended all the various forms of the Persian language, with the exception of the dialect now spoken. The Persic is known to us in three stages:—
(1) The language of the Achæmenian dynasty, recovered from the cuneiform inscriptions of Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, and other kings. See Spiegel: “Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften,” Leipzig, 1862.
(2) ThePehleviorHuzvaresch, the language of the Sassanian period (A.D.226-650).Iranic, with considerableSemiticinfusion; known from coins, inscriptions, and literary productions.
(3)ParsiorPazend; the language as it reappears subsequently to the Arab conquest; purified to a great extent of the Semitic ingredients, and once more thoroughlyIranic. Known from translations of the Avesta, &c.
ThePersic, in its earliest form, is closely allied toOld BactrianorZend. Latterly it branched out into several dialects, as theDeri, theHerevi, theParsi, orPazend, theSegzior dialect of Seistan, theSogdiof Sogdiana or Bokharia, and theZavuliof Zabulistan.G. R.
Perth.
Native dialect of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. by Capt. Grey, 1841.
Peruvian.
This is a geographical rather than a philological term. The Peruvian area, nearly coinciding with the present republic of Peru, reaches along the coast from the north of Quito, on the boundaries of the Ecuador and New Grenada, to Chili,i.e.from the Equator to 24° S.L. Its most eastern extension is in Tucuman; its general run, however, is from north to south. The two (allied) languages which most especially belong to it are theQuichuaandAymara. Notices of ruder tribes within the same area we have many, but with few and exceptional vocabularies.Juracares,Mayoruna, andCalchaqui,Atacama,Changos. Lopez: “Les races Aryenne de Peru,” 1872.R. G. L.
Pescherai.
American: language of Terra del Fuego, belonging to thePygmeanorMincopieof Tickell.H. C.SeeYakanaku.
Peshito.
Semitic: “faithful or exact”; used of a so-called literal version of the scriptures inSyriac.
Pessa.
African: dialect of theManaclass.
Petiguaren.
American: anthropophagi of Ceara and Paraiba in Brasil.
Peul,seePulah.
Pey.
Indo-Chinese: language of the Lok-tai in Siam.
Peyes,seePoyus.
Pfalz.
High-German: dialect of the U. and L. Palatinate.
P’hansigars.
Name for the Thugs of India, applied by Hindoos.
Pharsmanic.
Caucasian: dialect of theMizdeghenorTshetsh.
Phellata.
African: same asFulah.
Philip(Port).
A native Australian dialect, allied toMena.
Philippine.
Polynesian: dialects of the Philippine Islands.Bissayan,Haraya,HiligueinaorIlocana, all classed asMalayan. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841.SeeNegritic.
Philology.
Science of words and language.SeeComparative.
Phœnician.
Semitic: extinct language of Tyre, Sidon, and other towns in ancient times, and closely allied to BiblicalHebrew; the alphabetic characters are similar to those found upon Hebrew coins, and having been adopted in Greece and Italy, have originated those of modern Europe. Gesenius: “Scripturæ Phœniciæ Monumenta,” 4to, 1837; “Die Phönizische Sprache,” by Schröder, Halle, 1869: Levy: “Phöniz. Lexicon,” 8vo, 1866.SeePunic.
Phonetics,Phonology.
Writing by sound. See “Early English Pronunciation,” by Ellis, containing a pronouncing vocabulary of all leading dialects, London, 1867-71; Philosophy of Utterance in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. v.SeeMaya.
Phrisones,underF.
Phrygian.
Vernacular speech of Phrygia, a large country in the interior of Asia Minor, known only by inscriptions, but classed asIndo-European. See Rawlinson’s “Herodotus,” vol. i., p. 666; “Asiatic Review,” vol. 12.
Piacentino,Piacenza.
Sub-dialect ofItalian. Vocaby. by Foresti, 1837-8.
Piankeshaw.
American:Algonkindialect of Illinois.
Pianoghotto.
American:Caribdialect of Venezuela and Demerara.
Piaroas.
American: name forMacos.
Picaneux.
American: same asPieds-noirs.
Picard.
Romance: (1)Old Picardis a sub-dialect ofLangue d’oil. Dicty., Rouen, 1500.
(2)Patoisof modernFrench. De Soilly: “Idiome Picard,” Abbeville, 1833.
Pictish.
Unclassed dialect of N. Britain in ancient times, but most probably a form ofCeltic, with close affinity toWelsh.
Picture-Writing,seeHieroglyphic.
Piede.
American: same asPa-Utah.SeePaduca.
Piedmontese,Piemont.
(1) Romance: sub-dialect ofItalian. Vocaby. by Ponza, Turin, 1843.
(2) Teutonic: sub-dialect ofHigh-German. Schott: “Die Deutschen Colonien, &c.,” Stuttgart, 1842.
Pieds-noirs,seeBlackfoot.
Piekanns.
American: same asPieds-noirs.
Pika.
African: allied toKarekare.
Pikunche.
American: tribes of Araucans; same asPuelche.
Pilu,seePelew.
Pima.
American: spoken in Sonora and U. California; it is closely allied toEudeveorHeve, and is also calledNevome. Grammar by Smith, 1862.
⁂ In Sonora the Pima area is divided into theAlta, “upper,” andBaja, “lower,” Pimeria. In California the Pima villages, along with those of the Coco-maricopas, in the valley of the Gila.R. G. L.
Pinaleno,Pinol.
American: dialect ofAthabaskanspoken in N. Mexico, and classed asApache.
Pindarees.
Roving tribes of Hindustan.
Pinegorine.
Australian: dialect ofGoulburn. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
Pinoco.
American: classed asChiquito.
Pinol,seePinaleno.
Piqua.
American: tribe of Shawnees.
Pirinda.
American: a dialect of Mechoacan in Mexico.SeeTaraska.
Pis.
A dialect of the Carolines, classed asMicronesian.
Piskaw,Piscous,Piskwaus.
American: classed by Hale in the N. branch ofSelish. Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., 118.
Pitan,seePatani.
Plaau.
Native name forShan.
Platt-Deutsch,underD.
Play.
Indo-Chinese: name for theKaren.
Pocomam,Poconche.
American: same asPokoman.SeeMame.
Poenulus.
Latin: a play written by Plautus, of great interest to philologists from its so-calledPunicdialogues. Treatises by Gesenius, Ewald, Lindemann, Movers, and Wex.
Poggy(Pagei).
Malayan: dialect of the I. of Poggy or Nassau.
Poignavi,seeBaniwa.
Poitou,Poitevine.
PatoisofFrench. Vocaby. in “Mém. de l’Acad. Celtique,” vol. iii.
Pojuaque.
American: San Aldefonso Mission, New Mexico.
Pokomam,Pokoman,Pokonche,seeMame.
Polabian,Polatian.
Wendic: (1) Polatian, extinct dialect ofSlavonic.
(2) Polabian, modern sub-dialect ofPolish.
⁂ Forms ofSlavonicspoken along the River Elbe.
Polen,seePosen.
Polish.
Wendic: a dialect ofSlavonic, somewhat allied toCzechorBohemian, vernacular in Poland. Dicty., Polish and English, Berlin, 1851.
ForPolish-Lithuanic,seeSamogitian.
Polynesian.
(1) Eastern: the language of the brown Polynesians of the S. Pacific. It is spoken in many dialects, such asMaori,Samoan,Tongan,Tahitian,Hawaian,Niuen. A large percentage of words in Eastern Polynesian are identical withMalayan, to which family it undoubtedly belongs.W. G. L.
(2) Western: the language spoken by the black Polynesians or those of Papuan origin. The different dialects are very numerous, and widely distributed over the New Hebrides, Loyalty Is., New Caledonia, &c.W. G. L.SeeKelænonesian,Micronesian. ☞
Polysyllabic.
“Of many syllables,” used of languages “when roots are modified by the addition of prefixes and suffixes.”Japaneseis a typical language of polysyllabic character.
Polysynthetic.
Said of languages thatincorporatemany distinct words into one compound; the native languages of America are essentially incorporating.SeeAgglutinative.
Pome.
Papuan: dialect of N. Guinea.
Pommern,Pomeranian.
Sub-dialect ofLow-German. See “Baltische Studien ... für Pommern,” Stettin, 1833.
Poncar,Poncha,seePunca.
Ponderay.
American: tribes of Flat Heads.SeePend d’Oreilles.
Pongo,Pongua,seeMpongwe.
Ponkatage.
American: tribes of Jahyco.
Ponosaken.
Malayan: sub-dialect ofMenadu, classed asAlfuru.
Poulains,Pullani.
Ethnological term: mixed race;FrankandSyrianduring the Crusades.
Popo,seePapaa.
Popoluca,seePapoloka.
Port Doreh,underD.
Port Jackson.
Australian: See Flinder’s “Voyage,” London, 1814; King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.
Port Lincoln,seeParnkalla.
Port Macquarie,underM.
Porto Rico,seeW. Indies.
Portuguese.
Romance: a language derived fromLatin, and closely allied to the SpanishGallician; it is the vernacular speech of Portugal, and much spread by colonization in both hemispheres. Dicty. by Fonseca and Roquette, Paris, 1869; by Vieyra (a very handy book); Grammar by D’Orsey, London, 1868.SeeBrazilian.
Posen.
Teutonic: (1, 2) sub-dialects ofHighandLow-German. See Bernd: “Die D. S. in ... Posen und ... Polen,” Bonn, 1820.
Pottawattomie.
American:Algonkinof Lake Michigan (S.).
Poula(Poule).
African:Frenchform ofFoulah.SeeFula.
Powhattan.
American: extinct dialect ofAlgonkin, formerly spoken in Maryland and Virginia.
Poyes,Poyus.
American: tribes of Vuta-Huilliche.
Pracrit,Prakrit.
Indic: a later form ofSanskrit, also calledSarawasti; formerly vernacular in the Punjab. The word “prakrit” means “derived.” It was the more popular form of speech, as opposed to the cultivated dialect. Inaccurately used as a class-name for all families of Indian languages. Grammar by Cowell, London, 1868.
Prairie.
Frenchword: thePampasof N. America. Not used now as a class-name.
Praslin.
Malayan: dialect of the Indian Archipelago.
Precopensian.
Teutonic: sub-dialect ofGothic.
Pressburg.
Teutonic: dialect ofHigh-German. See “Description,” by Korabinski, Presburg, 1784.
Preussisch,seePrussian.
Princes Is.
Javanese: island in the Straits of Sunda.
Prince William’s Sound.
American:Eskimoof the W. Coast.
Priyadasi.
Inscriptions in the earlySanskritof W. India, known as the Edicts of Priyadasi.
Provençal.
Romance: early language of S. France, derived fromLatin, and originated in the district known as the Roman “Provincia”: the modern Provence. It is also calledLangue d’oc,Limousin,Occitanian, andRomaunt. It was the dialect used by the poets called Troubadours. Allied dialects areChurwalscheorEngadine,Rhæto-Roman,RomaneseorRomansch. Grammar by Bartsch, Elberfeld, 1868.SeeRomaunt.
Prussian.
(1) Old-Prussian: an extinct dialect ofLithuanic. See Nesselmann: “Die ... alten Preussen,” Berlin, 1845.
(2) Teutonic: a sub-dialect ofLow-German. See Dicty. by Henning, Königsberg, 1785.
(3) Slavonic: a sub-dialect ofPolish. Spoken in Prussia. ☞
PuanorPuant.
American:Frenchname for the Winnebago.
Puctunc.
American: language of theMayaclass spoken in Yucatan.
Pueblo.
American:Spanishterm “town or village” used for “settled”—i.e.“civilised”—Indians. See Davis’s “New Mexico,” N. York, 1857.
⁂ The chief missions among the Pueblo Indians are San Aldefonso (Pojuaques), Santa Anna, Santa Clara, San Domingo, San Felipe (Sillas), San Juan.SeeKeres.
Puelche.
American:Chilenoname for Indians of the Pampas; tribes are named Chechehet, Divihet, and Taluhet. Allied toBodeandHoussa. H.C.
Puemaja.
American: same as Camoyes, a sub-tribe of Cuchans.SeeYuma.
Puerto Rico,seePorto.
Puinipet.
Micronesian: dialect ofUlea.
Pujuni.
American: dialect of U. California, spoken on the R. Sacramento, and somewhat allied toTsamak. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 124.
⁂ Related toAtna,Attakapa,Galela, and theAgawgroup.H. C.☞
Pukhtu,seePushtoo.
Pule,Pulen,Pulah.
African: same asFulah. ☞
Pullani,seePoulains.
Pumpopolsk.
Ugrian: a dialect ofOstiakallied toInbazk. Vocaby., Klaproth’s “Asia P.,” p. 171.
Punca,Puncaw.
American: dialect ofSioux, closely allied toOmaha.
Pundrabee.
Indo-Chinese: tribes speaking one of the languages ofKunawar.
Punic.
Semitic: the dialect ofPhœnicianbelonging to ancient Carthage, in N. Africa, sometimes calledCarthaginian; it is known only by inscriptions and some dialogues in Plautus. Kopp’s “Bemerkungen,” Heidelberg, 1824.SeePoenulus.
Punjabi,seeSikh.
Punti.
Sub-dialect ofChinese. Dicty. by Lobscheid, 1866-9.
Puquina.
American: dialect of Peru, E. of the Andes, sometimes classed withQuichua.
Puranas.
Sanskritic: ancient poetry, explanatory of the Hindoo faith.
Purbi-Bhaka.
Hindi: dialect of Oude and Benares.
Purugoto.
American: classed by Humboldt with theCarib.
Purus,Purys.
American: Indians of Brasil; the dialect is spoken in Rio Janeiro and Espiritu Santo.
Pushtoo,Pushtu,orPukhtu.
The native dialect of Afghanistan, an important district of Asia, W. of the Indus; it is also calledPatanandShia-push, has lately been classed, with other Caucasian languages, asArmenic, and is closely allied toKurdishandOssetic; it is written in theTaâlikcharacter. Dicty. and Grammar by Ravesty, London, 1860.
Pustosersk.
Ugrian: a dialect ofSamoied.
Puttoos.
Indian: a name for the Juanga, a very barbarous tribe in the tributary Mahals of Cuttack, wearing only a covering of leaves, and speaking a peculiar dialect. Specimens are given by Mr. Samuel in the “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal.”W. E.
Pwo Karen.
Indo-Chinese: monosyllabic dialect ofBurmah. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Pygmean.
The people known as Mincopie belong to the most remarkable ancient race of short, small people with glossy skins, called Negrito; as the affinities of their dialects are with the languages of other short races, I propose the namePygmean: (1) TheSeptentrional Pygmeanincludes Colebrooke’s Mincopie; in N. America,Utah,Comanche, &c.; in S. America,Kiriri; in N.E. Africa,Conga,Dalla, &c. (2) TheAustral Pygmeanincludes the languages of Terra del Fuego; in N. America, theNatchezandCreek; in Australia theTasmanian.H. C.