Taberistani.
Iranic: a local dialect ofPersian.
Tablung.
Indo-Chinese:Nagadialect of E. frontier, Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Tacazze.
African: dialect ofShangalla.SeeTakazze.
Tachi.
American: tribe of the Caddo Confederation, from whom the word Texas is derived. Same asInies.
Tacunha,underTi.
Tadjik,Tajik.
Indigenous tribes of modern Persia. The name is also applied to the Persian population of Bokhara, Khiva, Kokand, and the Pamir table-land.
⁂ They are an oppressed race, subject to the dominant Turkish or Tatar hordes. See Vambéry’s “Travels in Central Asia.”G. R.
Tadmor,seePalmyrene.
Tafoe.
African: a name for theInta.
Tagal.
Javanese: dialect of Sumatra.
Tagala.
Malayan: dialect of the Philippine Islands, using an alphabet allied to theBatta. Dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,” and Dicty.
Tagorian.
Caucasian: dialect ofOsset. It is the same asDugorian.
Tagul-ang-dang,Taheang.
Malayan: dialects ofMenadu.
Tahitian.
A dialect of Eastern Polynesia, spoken by the natives of Tahiti and of the Society Islands. It is also spoken in the Austral Islands, a group of five islands to the south of Tahiti.W. G. L.
Tahlewah.
American: dialect of R. Klamatl in U. California. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iii.
TaiorT’hay.
That is phasa-t’hay, “language of the free.”Turanian: native name for the vernacular speech of Siam. It includes theSiamese,Ahom,Laos,Khamti, andKassiadialects; it is monosyllabic, and destitute of inflections. The people called Ahom were formerly the dominant race.
Taiemala.
African: tribe of the Danakil.
Taiginski.
Ugrian: a class of Samoied, allied toMotorian.
TainiorTaino.
American: native name of the occupants of Hayti, Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, when first discovered; the Caribs called them Ygneri. Compare the word Inaina for “man” inAtna. ☞
Tai-Ping.
Chinese rebels; national party as opposed to the Moghol dynasty.
Tai-wan,seeSideia.
Tajik,seeTadjik.
Tak,Takpa,Takyul.
Thibetan: a dialect ofBhot. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Taka,Takue.
African: names for theBejaorBoje.
Takazze.
African: dialect ofAgau; also calledTscherat-Agaw.SeeTacazze.
Takeli,Tuklave.
African: dialect of the frontier of Kordovan. Rüppel’s vocabulary connects it with theShabun,Fertit, andKoldagimore closely than with theFurianandShiluk.R. G. L.
Takulli,Tahkali.
American: also calledCarrier,Nagail, andChin. It is theAthabaskanof New Caledonia, spoken on the upper part of Frazer’s River. Authorities—A. Mackenzie: “Voyages,” &c., London, 1801; D. W. Harmon: “A Journal of Voyages and Travels,” Andover, 1820; H. Hale: “Ethnology and Philology,” Philadelphia, 1846. The last of these uses the compound Tahkali-Umpqua as a class name for the ordinary Takulli, and the outlying members of the Athabaskan class in the south of Oregon.R. G. L.
Takun.
Used in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” for the orang-benua of Malacca; apparentlyJakun.
Talain.
Same asMon. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”SeePeguese.
Talamanca.
District of Costa-Rica; languages unclassed.
Talatui.
American: dialect of U. California, spoken on the river Kassima; also calledMoquelumne, and allied toSan Rafael. Vocaby. in “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.
Talaur.
Malayan: sub-dialect ofMenadu.
Talaut,seeSalibaboo.
Talik.
Name ofPersianwritten characters, adopted fromNeshki Arabic; used also in Hindustani, Pushtoo, &c.SeeShikastah.
Talish.
Iranic: sub-dialect of modernPersian.
Talkee-Talkee.
American:Negro-Dutchof Guyàna.
Tallewitsu.
American: same asWacoe.SeeHueco.
Talmudic.
Semitic: name for the laterHebrew, as used by the Rabbins. It abounds withHellenisms.
Taluhet.
American: tribes of Puelches; Indians of the Pampas.
Tamanack(Tamanaque).
American: dialect of theCaribclass, spoken on the Orinoco, near the mission of Encamarada. The compound Caribi-Tamanak, and by some Tamanak alone, has been used as a class name.R. G. L.
Tamazight,Tamashight,Tamachek’.
The language of the Tawâriq (Fr. Touâreg), as the Arabs name the people who dwell over an immense space of Africa, south of the Atlas. (SeeLibyanfor the class.) Dr. Richardson calls the languageTouarghee; Duveyrier calls itTargisch. It is remarkably free from Arabic importations, and has an alphabet of its own, highly peculiar, called the Tefínagh; only consonants are written, so that the writing is a shorthand, difficult to read; the more so, because the laws of grammar help little to the vowels. Hanoteau defines the language as “limited to the West by a curve line drawn from Waregla (Wergela) through the oasis of Touât towards Timbuctoo; to the South by the Niger and the kingdoms of Bornou and Haussa; to the East by Fezzan and the country of the Tibboos; to the North by Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers.” This vast extent, as well as its purity, makes it the chief of theLibyanlanguages. Its consonant sounds are fewer than those of the Zouave, which has borrowed from Arabic. In the fifth volume of Barth’s African Travels are words and sentences of considerable extent in Tamashight; but the publication of Hanoteau’s ample Grammar somewhat lessens their importance.F. W. N.
Tambactu,seeWun.
Tambi.
African: same asAdampi.
Tambora,Tembora.
Malayan: dialect ofSumbawa.
Tamil,Tamul.
Dravidian: dialect of theCarnatic, South India, and closely allied toCanarese,Malayalim, andTeluguorTelinga; it is also spoken in parts of Ceylon. It is agglutinative, is spoken in dialects calledHighandLow Tamil, and uses an alphabet said to be derived from theDevanagri. There is also an archaic dialect, now extinct. Grammar by Pope, Madras, 1859; Dictionary by Winslow, Madras, 1862.
Tamoiae,Tamoyo.
American: Tupi Indians of Brazil, near Rio de Janeiro. Also calledTummimioi(Tummimivi in Jülg’s “Vater.”)
⁂ This belongs to theGuaraniandAgawclass.H. C.
Tamulic.
A name for the entire class ofDravidianorNishadadialects, including, besidesTamil, theMalayalam, theTuluva, theTelingaorTelugu, and theCanarese.G. R.
TanaorTanna.
(1) Negrito:Papuandialect of the New Hebrides.
(2)SeeBhasa.
Tanawanko.
Malayan:Alfurudialect of Celebes; Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago,” vol. ii.
Tanaynthari,Tanengsari.
Monosyllabic: dialects of Tennaserim.
Tandia.
Negrito: dialect ofPapuan.
Tanema,Taneanu.
Negrito: dialects of Vanikoro, an island of the South Seas.
Tangata.
Polynesianword for “man.”SeeKanaka.
Tanguhti.
Indo-Chinese: dialect ofBhot. Tangut is the local name for the Tibetan people; applied by Moghols.
Tankhul.
Indo-Chinese: aNagadialect.
Tanti Calleru.
Indian:Canaresename for the Thugs.
Tao.
American: Pueblo Indians of New Mexico.
Ta-oungurong.
Australian: cf. “orang,”Malayword for man. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
Taparita.
American: dialect ofOttomaku.
Tapiguae.
American: Tupi Indians of Brazil, about Pernambuco.
Tapii.
American: dialect ofChiquitos.
Tappa,Tapua.
African: names for theNufi.
Tappen.
American:Germanname for theTupis; Brazilian Indians of the Rio Grande.
Tarahumara.
American: spoken in New Biscay, and closely allied toPima. Dictionary by Steffel, Brünn, 1791.
Tarakai.
Aino: a dialect of the Kurile Islands, E. Asia.
Taraska,Terasco.
American: a dialect of Michoacan in Mexico. It is stated, on doubtful authority, to be the same asPirinda.
Tarawan.
Micronesian: dialect of N. Pacific, allied toGuaham.
Taremuki.
Indian:Hindustanidialect, mingled withCanarese, spoken by wandering tribes; also calledGhissaris,Lohars, andBail-Kumbars.
Tariana.
American: dialect of the Rio Negro, allied toBarreeandBaniwa. Vocabulary in Wallace’s “Amazons.”
Tarnata.
Malayan: extinct dialect of the Moluccas.SeeTernati.
Tartar(correctlyTatar).
Turanian: language of the Alatys, a race much scattered over N. Asia; it is used in two senses: first as a collective name for all the languages spoken by the nomadic races of Northern Asia; and secondly for that class of them which is now represented byTurkishas its most polished form.
⁂ Turkish is sometimes applied to the Osmanli or Western Turkish, and Tartar to Eastern Turkish.H. C.SeeAlatyan.
Taruma.
American: unclassed; it is spoken in British Guyana.
Tas.
Ugrian: a name forSamoied(Klaproth).
Tasmanian.
Negrito: original dialect of Van Diemen’s Land; now spoken only in Flinders’ Island; it is allied toPapuan,Australian, and otherMelanesianlanguages. Vocaby. by Lhotsky, “Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,” 1839.
Tat.
Iranic:Persiansub-dialect of Daghestan, &c.
Tatar,seeTartar.
Tater.
Romany: variety ofNorwegian Gipsy.
Tati-molo,Tati-Quilhati.
American: dialects ofTotonaka.
Tavastrian.
Tchudic: same as Hamalaiset; one of the two divisions of theFinof Finland, &c.:Karelianbeing the other. The term, in geography, applies to the parts about Tavastahus, in the south-west of Finland, between 60° and 62° N. lat., where the division to which it applies touches the Baltic. From 62° to 64°, the language is mainly Swedish. The language of this district is called by the Fin philologues,Tavastrian, as opposed toKarelian.R. G. L.SeeQuain.
Tawgi,seeTuruchanski.
Ta-Yue-tchi.
Thibetanname for the Indo-Scythic race.
Tcherkess,seeCircassian.
Tchinghianes.
Romany: name forGipsy; used in Turkey. See “Etudes,” par Paspati, Constantinople, 1870.
Tchokoyem, }Tchudic, }underTs.Tchuktchi, }
⁂ These words in “Ts” may also be written “Ch” in English.
Teapy.
Polynesian: dialect of Easter Island, called by the nativesRapa-nuii.e., “Great Rapa.”
Tebo.
African: same asIbo.
Teda,Tibbu.
African: a dialect of theKanuri.
⁂ Placed by Barth and others in the same class, and with theKanuri, but originally considered to beBerberorAmazigh. R.G.L. ☞
Teerhai,seeTirhai.
Teesdale.
Provincial dialect of England, belonging to the county of Durham. Glossary, London, 1849.W. W. S.
Tehuelet.
American: Indians of E. Patagonia, classed asAraucanian. Tribes are—(1) Tehuel Cunny, including Yacana Cunny, Sehusk Cunny, Culilan Cunny. (2) The Callilehet, or Serranos. Muster’s “Patagonians,” London, 1871.
Tehulate,Teluti.
Malayan: dialect of Ceram. Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”
Teke,Tekkes.
Turcomans: Tátar tribes of the Attrek, between Merv and the Caspian. Tekke is theBukharistword for a Mohammedan convent.
Tekeenika.
American:i.e., Te-Kennekas; Indians of Tierra del Fuego.
Tekeza.
African: one of the three species assigned by Bleek to the south-eastern branch of the centralKafirs. It is only known through short vocabularies, the most important of which is for the dialect of the Lourenzo Marques of Delagoa Bay.R. G. L.
Teleut,Telengut.
Alatyan: a form ofTurkeespoken in Siberia. Ethnologically they are classed asMoghols, and calledWhite Kalmuksof the Upper Obi, alsoUriats. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 107.
Teling.
Indian: wandering tribes of Korawa.
Telinga,Telugu.
Dravidian: the vernacular speech of Hyderabad in the Dekhan, and of part of the east coast in Madras. It is closely allied toTamil, with a cursive alphabet like theCanarese. Grammar (1857), Dictionary (1853), by Brown, Madras.
Teluti,seeTehulate.
Temahuq,seeTuarik.
Tembora,seeTambora.
Tembu.
African: same asAttembu, a dialect ofNigritian.
Tembuktoo,underTi.
Tempio.
Romance:Italiandialect of Sardinia.
Teneriffe.
African: dialect of the Canary Islands.
Tengsa.
Indo-Chinese:Nagadialect of E. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Tenimber,seeTimorlaut.
Teor.
Negrito: dialect ofPapuan. Vocaby. in Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”
Tepanechi.
American: dialect ofNahuatlac.
Tepeguana.
American: dialect of Sinaloa in Mexico.
Tepozkolula,Tlahiako.
American: dialect ofMixteca. Mexican Indians of Oajaca.
Terasco,seeTaraska.
Teressa.
Malayan: dialect of the Nicobar Islands.
Ternati.
Malayan: dialect of the Moluccas, spoken in the Islands of Ternate and Tidor; it is allied toBugis, and includesNegritoaffinities.
Teshu-Lumbu.
Bhot: local dialect ofTibetan.
Tesuque.
American: Pueblo Indians, closely allied toPima.
Teto.
Negrito:Belonesedialect of E. Timor. Vocaby. by Wallace.SeeBrissi.
Teton.
American: tribe of Sioux or Dacotah Indians, living between the Missouri and the Mississippi.
Tette.
African: dialect of the Mozambique coast.
Teutonic.
Germanword “thiod” = “people”; corrupted toDeutschorDutch, and Latinised asTeutonic. Generic term for German: (1) Low-German, or Saxon, is theDeutschof N. Germany. (2) High-German is Alemannic—i.e., theDeutschof S. Germany and the upper Rhine. The earliest specimen is, perhaps, the “Rules of St. Benedict,” belonging to the eighth century. (3) Bavarian is theDeutschof the upper Danube. (4) Frankish is theDeutschof the middle Rhine; the earliest specimen is “Isidore,” of the eighth century.
Modern dialects are: (1)Swiss, (2)Rhenish, (3)Danubianof Austria, Bavaria, the Tyrol, &c.SeeScandinavian.
Teutonic Saxon.
Class-name for the combined lines ofHighandLow-German, excluding the Scandinavian, or northern branch.
Texan.
American: tribes of Caddoes, &c. Dr. Latham classifies the languages thus: (1)Adahi, (2)Attakapa, (3)Caddo, (4)Choktah, (6)Cumanch, (6)Witshita. The tribes are very numerous, comprising: Acossesaws, Adahi, Aliche or Eyish, Andarcos or Unataquas, Attacapa, Avoyelles, Aynic, Bidias, Caddo, Caicaches, Cances, Carankahuas, Chikkasahs, Choktah, Coke, Comanch or Cumanch, Coshattas, Iawanis or Ionis, Ketchi or Kichai, Lipans or Sipans, Mascovie, Mayes, Nabaduches, Nacodocheets, Navaosos, Sioux, Tawacani, Toncahuas or Toukaways, Towakenos, Towiachs or Towecas, Tuhuktukis, Xaramenes, Waco or Wico, Washitas, Witshita.SeeTachi.
T’hai,seeTai.
Thaksya.
Indo-Chinese:Bhotdialect of Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Thami.
Non-Aryan: olderDravidiandialect of Nipal.
Tharoo.
Indian: dialect ofHindi, spoken in Nipal Surai.A. C.
Tharu.
Non-Aryan: dialect of Nipal. See Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Thaumpe.
Indo-Chinese:Shandialect of Ava.
Thebaic.
Egyptian: oldCopticdialect of the upper Nile, in S. Egypt.
Theban.
Hellenic: extinct dialect of ancient Greece. Orionis et Sturzius: “Thebani Etymologicon,” Leipsic, 1820.
Theburskud,Thoburskid.
Indo-Chinese: name for theSungnumof Koonawar.
Thengais.
Indo-Chinese: tribe of Singpho.
Thervings.
A tribe of so-called Goths.
Thibetan,Tibetan.
BhotorBhotiya: the vernacular language of Tibet; originally monosyllabic, and somewhat resemblingChinese; it has now almost lost that characteristic. Tibet is also called Bhotan—i.e., Tih-bot, “Land of the Bot.” There are local dialects of Butan, Lhassa, and Ladak; it is classed asIndo-Chinese, and the written characters are founded on theDevanagarialphabet, and written from left to right. Grammar by Jaeschke, Kyelang, 1865; and Dictionary, 1866; also by Csoma de Korös, Calcutta, 1834.SeeSuri-Butan.
Thochu.
Indo-Chinese: dialect ofBhot. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Thoung-lhu.
Dialect ofBurmese, somewhat allied toKaren.
Thraco-Illyrian(Pelasgic).
Class-name for the languages illustrated byAlbanian.
Thug,Thuggee.
Indian: a cant or slang form ofHindostani, used by homicidal tribes of India; they are called Phansigars by the Hindus, Ari Tulucar in Tamil, and Tanti Calleru in Canarese. Vocaby. by Sleeman, Calcutta, 1836.
⁂ This dialect contains some curious remains, allied toKoriakandKamchatkan.H. C.SeeRamasi.
Thugga.
Inscriptions; bilingual:LibyanandPhœnician. Found in N. Africa, and preserved in the British Museum; also at Lyons, in France. They are allied to theHimyaritic, and have affinities with the Hamath stones of Syria.H. C.
Thulungya.
Non-Aryan: dialect of theKirantigroup, in E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Thuringian.
Teutonic: sub-dialect of oldHigh-German. See “Volks-dialektes, &c.” by Wendel, Coburg, 1822.
Tibboo,seeTeda.
Tiberacottes.
American: Indians of British Guyana.SeeTiverighotto.
Tibetan,underTh.
TicinoorTicinese.
Romance: dialect ofItalianspoken in southern Switzerland.
Ticopia.
Polynesian: closely allied toMayorga.
Ticuna,Tucano,Tacuna,Tikuna.
American: Chimanos Indians of New Granada. It is a name applied from the use of poisoned arrows.
Tidore.
Malayan: dialect of the Moluccas, spoken in the island of Tidor, and nearly the same asTernati.
Tie-chew.
Local dialect ofChinese. First lessons by Dean, Bangkok, 1841.
Tiemba.
African: dialect ofAshantee.
Tierra Del Fuego,underFuegian.
Tigre,Tigrinna.
Sub-Semitic: modern dialect ofEthiopic, called “lisana Gheez.” It is spoken in N. Abyssinia, and closely resemblesAmharic. Grammar by Prætorius, Halle, 1871; Vocaby. by Beurmann, 1868.
Tihuex.
American: Keres Indians of New Mexico.
Tikomeri.
American:Moxosdialect spoken in the S. Xaverio Mission, Bolivia. It is allied toMaipur.
Tilangang,Tilanjang.
Malayan: same asEngano, an island west of Sumatra.P. J. V.
Timbiras.
American: tribes of Brazil, known as—(1) de Mata, (2) de Canella fina, (3) de Bocca furada. The language is closely allied toGeikoandTokantin.
Timbora,Timboro.
Malayan: dialect ofJavanese, somewhat allied toSasak.
Timbuktoo.
African: typical language ofNigritia, pure Negro of the Soudan.SeeWun.
Timmani.
African: A language spoken near Sierra Leone; dialects areKrangosandLogos.
⁂ It is allied toBullom,Bago, andLandoma.H. C.
Timor,Timur(Timorese).
Malayan: language of Timor, the largest island of the lesser Sunda group; it isJavanese, inclining toNegrito. Diss. in Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar.
⁂ There are three chief dialects of Timorese: (1) TheBelonese, in Eastern Timor; (2) theTimorese“arctiori sensu;” (3) the dialect ofKupang.P. J. V.
Timorlaut.
Malayan: largest island of the Tenimber group; peopled with straight-haired Polynesians.
Timuaca,Timuicana,Timuiquana.
American: dialect of Florida, spoken in the neighbourhood of St. Augustin.
Tingua.
American: extinct dialect of Florida.
Tinne.
American: native name forAthabascan; the Tinnes proper use a native alphabet of linear character, resembling theCree.
Tirhai.
Indian: dialect ofSwauti, closely allied toDeer. Vocaby. by Leech, “Journal of the A. S. of Bengal,” 1838.
Tirhitiya,seeMithili.
Tirol,underTy.
Tiverighotto.
American: Carib-Tamanaque Indians of British Guyana.
Tiwi.
African: dialect of the Gaboon.
T-ka.
American: native name of the Hamburgh Indians, inhabiting the mouth of the Otte-tie-e-wa, or Scott’s River. They speak a dialect ofShasta.SeeIddoa.
Tlahuici,Tlahiako.
American:Mixtecadialect of Oajaca in Mexico.
Tlamatl,seeLutuami.
Tlaoquatsh.
American: dialect ofWakash, spoken in the S.W. of Vancouver’s Island.
Tlapaneka.
American: Pueblo Indians of Tlapa, in Mexico. (Humboldt.)
Tlaskalteca.
American:Nahuatlof the Balsam coast, San Salvador. (Scherzer.)
Tlatsap.
American: same asClatsop; a division ofChinook.
Tlatskanai.
American: Athabascan Indians of R. Columbia; classed asTacullie-Umpqua. (Hale.)
Tnaina.
American: native name for theKenai.SeeAtna.
Toba(Tobasche).
Malayan:Battadialect of Toba Lake in Sumatra.SeeGrammar by Van der Tuuk, Amsterdam, 1864.P. J. V.
Tobi.
Micronesian: dialect of Negrito, allied toPelew.
Tobo.
Malayan: dialect of Ceram. Vocaby. by Wallace.
Tobolsk.
Ugrian:Turkeedialect of Siberia, closely allied toTshulim. Dicty. by Giganow, St. Petersburg, 1804.
Tocantin.
American: branch of theOmaguastem; it is spoken in the Provinces of Goyaz and Para, Brazil.
Toda,Toduva.
Non-Aryanlanguage of S. India, mostly spoken in the Nilgherries and Coorg. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”SeeTuda.
Toka,seeLoyalty Islands.
Tokistine,Tonokoto.
American: Lule Indians of Paraguay; allied toVilela.
Toltek.
American: Mexican Indians, intrusive at the date of their subjection by the Spaniards, and then speaking theNahuatlaclanguage.
Toma,Tomo.
American,i.e., Tomo-Maroa;BaniwaIndians, quoted by Wallace, “Travels on the Amazon,” London, 1853.
Tombara,seeNew Ireland.
Tomohon,Tomore.
Malayan: dialects of Macassar or Celebes. (Wallace.)
Tomski,Timski.
Ugrian:Samoieddialect of Asiatic Russia. (Klaproth.)
Tondano.
Malayan: dialect ofMenadu.
Tongan.
Polynesian: a dialect spoken by natives of the Friendly Islands, a large group in Eastern Polynesia, comprising Tongataboo, Hapai, Vavau, and many smaller islands. The group is situated in 15° 50′ to 21° 7′ S. lat., and 173° to 175° W. long. It is closely allied toSamoan.W. G. L.
Tonkinese(Tonquin).
Indo-Chinese: dialect of S.E. Asia, closely allied toAnamite,Cambojan, andCochin-Chinese.
Tonocote.
American: dialect of Lule or Villela, in Paraguay.
Tonsea.
Malayan: dialect ofMenadu.
Tookpa,Tukpa.
Indo-Chinese; dialect of Eastern Tibet.
Toon-paooh.
American: Turtle-tribe of Mohighans.
Toorks.
Tribes of Turkestan.SeeUzbek.
Torgot,seeKerat.
Tosk.
(1) Illyric: a dialect ofAlbanian. Vocaby. and Grammar in Von Hahn.
(2) Italic.SeeTuscan.
Totonaca.
American:Mexicandialect of Puebla and Vera Cruz.
Toucoulor.
African: same asFula.
Toulouse.
Romance: modern dialect ofLangue d’Oc, spoken in S.W. France.
Toun-baririg.
Malayan: quoted by Mr. Wallace as a local dialect ofMenaudu; including alsoTounbassian,Tounpasso,Tournshon, andTouwasang. See “Malay Archipelago.”SeeMinahassa.
Toung,seeTung.
Toung-Lhu.
Monosyllabic language of Burmah and Tennaserim. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Towarek,seeTuarik.
Trans-Caucasian Tatar.
Ugrian: class-name for several local dialects ofTurkish, spoken in Russia. It is the same asTurko-Tatar.
Trans-Gangetic.
Class-name forChineseandIndo-Chinese, and allied languages.
Trans-Himalayan.
Class-name: used forSub-Turanian, or earlyDravidian.SeeIndo-Chinese.
Transylvanian,seeSiebenburgisch.
Traugan,seeAroo.
Treconian.
Keltic: sub-dialect of Bas-Breton, calledBreton-Bretonnant.
Tredeci-Communi.
Teutonic: a local dialect of Italy, classed asHigh-german. The people have been considered to be descendants of the ancientCimbri; see “Ueber die ... Venedischen Alpen,” &c., by Schmeller, Munich, 1838.
Triton-Bay.
Negrito:Papuandialect of New Guinea.
Troglodytes.
Dwellers in caves, &c., as the early settlers at Nottingham, in Kent’s Hole, &c.; used as a class-name for some languages of Africa, asBeja,Bishari, &c.
Trojan,seePhrygian.
Troubadours.
Romance; name for the mediæval poets of Provence, in S. France, who used theLangue d’Oc. Grammar and Dicty., by Raynouard, Paris, 1844.SeeTrovatore.
Trouvères.
Romance; name for the mediæval poets of Normandy, who used theLangue d’Oil. See de Gembloux, “Trouvaires de Berry,” &c., Moulins, 1841.
Tsagatai.
Alatyan: written dialect ofTurkee, formerly spoken by Uighur Tatars, the Tshagatai, who founded the Moghol dynasty in India. It is also writtenChagatai,Jagatai.
Tsamak.
American: Sacramiento Indians of California; closely allied toPujuni. Vocaby. in “Amer. Ethnol.” vol. ii.
Tschagrai.
Caucasian: sub-dialect ofAbkass.
Tschamba.
African: a name for theKouriclass. A word which appears asTiemba,Kiamba, &c., applied to at least six dialects, languages, or vocabularies of W. Africa; it has been supposed to be a salutation mistaken for the name of a language. See Latham’s “Elements,” p. 582.
Tschari-Kabutsch.
Caucasian: sub-dialect ofLesghian.
Tschekh,seeBohemian.
Tscherat,seeTakazze.
Tscherdyn.
Ugrian: dialect of Wogul.
Tscheremissian(Cheremiss).
Ugrian: a dialect ofFinnish, spoken along the course of the R. Volga. Grammar by Castrén, Kuopio, 1845.
Tschinkitan.
American:Kolushof Sitka-bay.
Tschirokese,seeCherokee.
Tschudic,orTshud.
Alatyan: the same asChudic. It is the Slavonian name for the Fins. Used either as a class-name for theFinclass of languages, or as one special division of the Finnic stock, includingLap,Suomian, andEsthonian. (So Castrén and Max Müller.) Also calledVesp.
Tschugatschi.
American:Eskimoof Prince William’s Sound.
Tschussowaja.
Ugrian: a dialect of Wogul. (Klaproth.)
Tschuwaschian,Tschuwassian.
Same asChuvasch; an unclassed language spoken in Kazan and the neighbouring governments; considered by some asUgrian, by others asTurk.R. G. L.
Tshamba,seeTschamba.
Tshampa.
Malayan: dialect of Kambojia, classed by some as monosyllabic.
Tshapodzhir,Tshapogiren.
Alatyan: same asChapogir, a dialect ofTungus.
Tshari.
Caucasian:Lesghiandialect of Daghestan.
Tshek,Tschekh.
Slavonic: same asCzechorCheck.SeeBohemian.
Tsheremis,seeTscheremissian.
Tsherkess,seeCircassian.
Tshetsh,Tshetschents(Russian).
Caucasian: same asLamurandGalgai, orHalhai, and adjoining theLesgians. It is also writtenChechorChechents, and is used as a class-name for the most central division, closely allied toGeorgianandCircassian, including also theArshteorAristoiai,Ingush,Kistic,Tushi, andMizhdzedzhi; the last is Klaproth’s term.