213. The Paulikian exiles inspired the South-Slavonic Bogomils; the Bogomils inspired the Albigenses of Languedoc, and possibly sowed some of the seeds of the Hussite movement among the Tchechs and Slovaks.
213. The Paulikian exiles inspired the South-Slavonic Bogomils; the Bogomils inspired the Albigenses of Languedoc, and possibly sowed some of the seeds of the Hussite movement among the Tchechs and Slovaks.
214. With the possible exception of the Bulgars.
214. With the possible exception of the Bulgars.
215. The Armenian Protestants have even been admitted to the Gregorian National Assembly—a notable departure from Near Eastern tradition.
215. The Armenian Protestants have even been admitted to the Gregorian National Assembly—a notable departure from Near Eastern tradition.
216. There is a flourishing colony of Armenian fruit-growers as far afield as Fresno, California.
216. There is a flourishing colony of Armenian fruit-growers as far afield as Fresno, California.
217. Though even in Irak there were Armenian settlers, especially at Baghdad.
217. Though even in Irak there were Armenian settlers, especially at Baghdad.
218. The nomadic Kurds, for that matter, are only skin-deep Mohammedans.
218. The nomadic Kurds, for that matter, are only skin-deep Mohammedans.
219. Excluding the district of Hakkiari.
219. Excluding the district of Hakkiari.
220. A Syrian sect whose doctrines diverged, like those of the Nestorians, from the creed of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, but in the contrary direction.
220. A Syrian sect whose doctrines diverged, like those of the Nestorians, from the creed of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, but in the contrary direction.
221. It appears to be uncertain whether this is really the literal meaning of the word, its current connotation being purely the political one.
221. It appears to be uncertain whether this is really the literal meaning of the word, its current connotation being purely the political one.
222. The word “Millet†means simply “religious sect†in the Arabic language, from which it was borrowed by the Turks.
222. The word “Millet†means simply “religious sect†in the Arabic language, from which it was borrowed by the Turks.
223. Erzeroum, Van, Bitlis, Diyarbekir, Mamouret-ul-Aziz, Sivas.
223. Erzeroum, Van, Bitlis, Diyarbekir, Mamouret-ul-Aziz, Sivas.
224. Article 61.
224. Article 61.
225. There was an equally vague clause to the same effect in the special “Cyprus Convention†between Turkey and Great Britain, but in neither treaty was there any guarantee of its observance. The Berlin Treaty merely provided that the Ottoman Government should communicate its measures of reform to the Powers, but, as they were never carried out they were never reported.
225. There was an equally vague clause to the same effect in the special “Cyprus Convention†between Turkey and Great Britain, but in neither treaty was there any guarantee of its observance. The Berlin Treaty merely provided that the Ottoman Government should communicate its measures of reform to the Powers, but, as they were never carried out they were never reported.
226. Russia began to acquire territory south of the Caucasus at the beginning of the nineteenth century, when the last King of Georgia ceded his Kingdom to the Tsar, to save it from the hands of the Turks and Persians.
226. Russia began to acquire territory south of the Caucasus at the beginning of the nineteenth century, when the last King of Georgia ceded his Kingdom to the Tsar, to save it from the hands of the Turks and Persians.
227. Tiflis, the former capital of the Georgian Kingdom and now the administrative centre of the Russian Provinces of the Caucasus, has become practically an Armenian city in the course of the nineteenth century, and Armenian settlements have spread far further into the interior of Russia.
227. Tiflis, the former capital of the Georgian Kingdom and now the administrative centre of the Russian Provinces of the Caucasus, has become practically an Armenian city in the course of the nineteenth century, and Armenian settlements have spread far further into the interior of Russia.
228. Though the British Government was the only Government that attempted to put pressure on the Turks to desist. In Germany it was themot d’ordrethat the massacres were a British invention with a political purpose, and the German Emperor shortly afterwards sent his portrait to Abd-ul-Hamid as a complimentary gift.
228. Though the British Government was the only Government that attempted to put pressure on the Turks to desist. In Germany it was themot d’ordrethat the massacres were a British invention with a political purpose, and the German Emperor shortly afterwards sent his portrait to Abd-ul-Hamid as a complimentary gift.
229. In such publications asVérité sur le mouvement révolutionnaire Arménien et les mesures gouvernementales(Constantinople, 1916); orDie Armenische Frage, von C.A. Bratter (Berlin, Concordia-Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1915).
229. In such publications asVérité sur le mouvement révolutionnaire Arménien et les mesures gouvernementales(Constantinople, 1916); orDie Armenische Frage, von C.A. Bratter (Berlin, Concordia-Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1915).
230. Doc.138.
230. Doc.138.
231. In the pamphletVérité sur le mouvement révolutionnaire Arménien et les mesures gouvernementales, the following passages occur: “The Imperial (Ottoman) Government abstained from exercising any pressure or adopting any repressive measures against the Armenians until the day the revolt broke out at Van towards the middle of April, 1915†(page 10); “No coercive measure was decreed by the Imperial Government against the Armenians until the date of their armed revolt, which took place at Van and in the other military zones in the course of the month ofJune, of the year 1915, and until they had made common cause with the enemy forces†(page 15). These statements are direct falsehoods, as is also the statement (page 12) that—“After the occupation of Van by the Russians and Armenians, the Moslem population of the town was pitilessly massacred.†We have authoritative neutral testimony (e.g., Docs.120,121,122and15) on both these points, by which the Turkish statements are refuted. Yet these lying statements are the pivot of the whole apologia presented in this pamphlet.
231. In the pamphletVérité sur le mouvement révolutionnaire Arménien et les mesures gouvernementales, the following passages occur: “The Imperial (Ottoman) Government abstained from exercising any pressure or adopting any repressive measures against the Armenians until the day the revolt broke out at Van towards the middle of April, 1915†(page 10); “No coercive measure was decreed by the Imperial Government against the Armenians until the date of their armed revolt, which took place at Van and in the other military zones in the course of the month ofJune, of the year 1915, and until they had made common cause with the enemy forces†(page 15). These statements are direct falsehoods, as is also the statement (page 12) that—“After the occupation of Van by the Russians and Armenians, the Moslem population of the town was pitilessly massacred.†We have authoritative neutral testimony (e.g., Docs.120,121,122and15) on both these points, by which the Turkish statements are refuted. Yet these lying statements are the pivot of the whole apologia presented in this pamphlet.
232. See Docs.68,82,94and122.
232. See Docs.68,82,94and122.
233. Doc.98.
233. Doc.98.
234. Doc.123.
234. Doc.123.
235. Docs.130and131.
235. Docs.130and131.
236. According to an official calendar, published at Alexandropol by authority of the Katholikos of Etchmiadzin, from which extracts have been communicated to the Editor by Mr. H.N. Mosditchian, the statistics of the Armenian population in Russia, up to date, are 1,636,486 for the Caucasus, and approximately two million for the Empire as a whole. For the Ottoman Empire, statistics compiled at the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1912 estimate the Armenian population at 2,100,000; Turkish official statistics, on the other hand, admit no more than 1,100,000, which on their own showing would give Russia a majority.
236. According to an official calendar, published at Alexandropol by authority of the Katholikos of Etchmiadzin, from which extracts have been communicated to the Editor by Mr. H.N. Mosditchian, the statistics of the Armenian population in Russia, up to date, are 1,636,486 for the Caucasus, and approximately two million for the Empire as a whole. For the Ottoman Empire, statistics compiled at the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1912 estimate the Armenian population at 2,100,000; Turkish official statistics, on the other hand, admit no more than 1,100,000, which on their own showing would give Russia a majority.
237. For evidence of this loyalty, seeAnnexe B. to this summary.
237. For evidence of this loyalty, seeAnnexe B. to this summary.
238. Docs.21and57.
238. Docs.21and57.
239. The 25 recalcitrants at Zeitoun do not come into question, for the Zeitounlis were excepted from military service by special charter, and the attempt to conscribe them was a violation by the Ottoman authorities of Ottoman law.
239. The 25 recalcitrants at Zeitoun do not come into question, for the Zeitounlis were excepted from military service by special charter, and the attempt to conscribe them was a violation by the Ottoman authorities of Ottoman law.
240.Die Armenische Frage, von C.A. Bratter, Berlin, Concordia Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1915. The reference is to pp. 9-10.
240.Die Armenische Frage, von C.A. Bratter, Berlin, Concordia Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1915. The reference is to pp. 9-10.
241. Reproduced in the Paris journalLe Matin, 6th May, 1916, in a special despatch dated Zürich, 5th May.
241. Reproduced in the Paris journalLe Matin, 6th May, 1916, in a special despatch dated Zürich, 5th May.
242. The vast majority of secondary schools in the Empire being, of course, American, Armenian or Greek, and practically none of them Turkish.
242. The vast majority of secondary schools in the Empire being, of course, American, Armenian or Greek, and practically none of them Turkish.
243. SeeAnnexe A.
243. SeeAnnexe A.
244. The Delegation of 1912 was nominated by His Holiness the Katholikos of Etchmiadzin. Its President was His Excellency Boghos Nubar Pasha.
244. The Delegation of 1912 was nominated by His Holiness the Katholikos of Etchmiadzin. Its President was His Excellency Boghos Nubar Pasha.
245. The Ottoman Government, for statistical reasons, added the Vilayet of Trebizond to the original Six, the Moslem element being here in a sufficient majority to balance, to some extent, the Armenian majority in the rest.
245. The Ottoman Government, for statistical reasons, added the Vilayet of Trebizond to the original Six, the Moslem element being here in a sufficient majority to balance, to some extent, the Armenian majority in the rest.
246. Doc.129.
246. Doc.129.
247. Proclamations announcing and justifying the deportation of the Armenians are quoted in Docs.83and120of this volume, while the alleged text of one of them has been published complete in the PhiladelphiaSaturday Evening Postof the 5th February, 1915, and is reproduced here asAnnexe C. to this summary. The latter document differs in its wording and in the order of its clauses from the versions quoted in the places mentioned above, but there is no reason to doubt its genuineness. Probably the Central Government communicated its instructions to the local authorities by telegraph or secret despatch, and the local authorities embodied these instructions, at their own discretion, in a printed proclamation to the inhabitants of their province.
247. Proclamations announcing and justifying the deportation of the Armenians are quoted in Docs.83and120of this volume, while the alleged text of one of them has been published complete in the PhiladelphiaSaturday Evening Postof the 5th February, 1915, and is reproduced here asAnnexe C. to this summary. The latter document differs in its wording and in the order of its clauses from the versions quoted in the places mentioned above, but there is no reason to doubt its genuineness. Probably the Central Government communicated its instructions to the local authorities by telegraph or secret despatch, and the local authorities embodied these instructions, at their own discretion, in a printed proclamation to the inhabitants of their province.
248. See, however, Doc.64.
248. See, however, Doc.64.
249. These Moslem immigrants were particularly in evidence in Cilicia, and in the Vilayets of Erzeroum and Trebizond.
249. These Moslem immigrants were particularly in evidence in Cilicia, and in the Vilayets of Erzeroum and Trebizond.
250. Docs.114and123.
250. Docs.114and123.
251. Docs.4and139.
251. Docs.4and139.
252. Doc.141.
252. Doc.141.
253. Docs.11and121.
253. Docs.11and121.
254. Doc.115.
254. Doc.115.
255. Doc.101.
255. Doc.101.
256. Though not more extreme than in other parts of the Near Eastern World, like Hungary, where statistics of nationality are a burning question of political controversy.
256. Though not more extreme than in other parts of the Near Eastern World, like Hungary, where statistics of nationality are a burning question of political controversy.
257. For Armenian statistical material see Annexes D. and E. to this summary.
257. For Armenian statistical material see Annexes D. and E. to this summary.
258. The former figure is taken from the American Relief Committee’s Fourth Bulletin, dated 5th April, 1916; the second from Doc.131.
258. The former figure is taken from the American Relief Committee’s Fourth Bulletin, dated 5th April, 1916; the second from Doc.131.
259. Doc.88
259. Doc.88
260. Doc.57According to Doc.53the most authoritative of all those relating to Erzeroum, the number was actually22.22.
260. Doc.57According to Doc.53the most authoritative of all those relating to Erzeroum, the number was actually22.22.
261. The western districts of Erzeroum, which the Turks still hold, may be written off against Trebizond.
261. The western districts of Erzeroum, which the Turks still hold, may be written off against Trebizond.
262. Bulletin of the 5th April, 1916.
262. Bulletin of the 5th April, 1916.
263. Doc.66
263. Doc.66
264. Doc.137
264. Doc.137
265. Doc.141
265. Doc.141
266. Doc.70
266. Doc.70
267. Doc.116
267. Doc.116
268. Doc.139.
268. Doc.139.
269. Doc.143.
269. Doc.143.
270. The items of this estimate are given in Doc.139(d).
270. The items of this estimate are given in Doc.139(d).
271. For further calculations seeAnnexe F.
271. For further calculations seeAnnexe F.
272. Doc.128
272. Doc.128
273. Doc.126]
273. Doc.126]
274. Doc.119
274. Doc.119
275. See Doc.87relating to the town of X.
275. See Doc.87relating to the town of X.
276. Docs.72and128.
276. Docs.72and128.
277. Doc.70
277. Doc.70