PHYSIOLOGY.GENERAL VIEW OF THE CIRCULATING APPARATUS OF MAN.
The course and relative positions of the principal arteries and veins of the Systemic circulation are shown in this plate. The arteries commence from the great arterial trunk, called the aorta, and their branches are distributed to all parts of the system. The venous branches, which accompany the arteries, unite into two great veins, the superior and inferior vena cava, which convey the blood back to the heart.
a, The left ventricle of the heart.b, The right auricle.c, The superior vena cava.d, The root of the pulmonary artery.e, e, The aorta, which is seen arching backward over the heart, and passing downward into the abdomen, where it divides into its two great branches, the iliac arteries, through which the blood passes to the lower extremities.f, The inferior vena cava, which accompanies the descending aorta and its branches, and returns the blood from the lower extremities. The dotted lines represent the outlines of the kidneys.
full body drawing
It should be remembered that most of the branches which spring from the great artery and vein are double—that is, each right branch has a corresponding one at the left side—so that there are, for instance, the right and the left carotid arteries, the right and the left jugular veins, etc.
From the arch of the aorta are sent off those arteries which are distributed to the head and arms. The principal ones among these are named as follows:
g, The carotid artery, which ascends in the side of the neck, and divides into the temporal artery,h, which is distributed in the temple, and the facial artery,i, which supplies the face; and also sends a branch, called the internal carotid, to the parts within the skull.
j, The sub-clavian artery, lying beneath the clavicle or collar-bone. That part of the continuation of this artery which passes through the axilla or arm-pit is called the axillary artery,k; that which lies in the upper arm, the brachial artery,l; and in the fore-arm it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries,m,n, which are distributed to the hand and fingers in the manner indicated in the plate.
The principal branches of the descending aorta are named as follows:
The iliac artery,o, on passing into the thigh becomes the femoral artery,p, and in the leg dividesinto the tibial and peroneal arteries,q,r, which form numerous branches for the supply of the leg and foot.
Before dividing into the iliac arteries, the descending aorta gives off several important branches, as the cœliac artery, from which the stomach and liver are supplied; the renal artery, which goes to the kidneys, and the mesenteric artery, to the intestines; besides many other sub-divisions in various parts of its course.
The branches of the vena cava generally accompany those of the aorta in their distribution, as shown in the figure, and are often called by the same names. The principal divisions of the superior vena cava are: The jugular vein,s, which accompanies the carotid artery the sub-clavian vein,t, which accompanies the artery of the same name, and receives the blood from the arm and hand.
The inferior vena cava, like the aorta, divides into two great branches, the iliac veins,u, the sub-divisions of which accompany those of the arteries, and are called by the same names. The manner in which the superficial veins ramify and anastomose with each other is shown on the upper and lower extremity of the left side.
Figure 1.—General View of the Digestive Organs of Man.—This figure is intended to give a general idea of the forms and relative positions of the organsof digestion.—a, The œsophagus.b, The stomach.c, The duodenum,d,d,d, Convolutions of the small intestine.e, The cœcum.f, Appendix of the cœcum.g, Opening of the small into the large intestine.h, The ascending colon.i, i, Transverse arch of the colon.j, The descending colon.k, The liver.l, The gall-bladder.m, The pancreas, mostly covered by the stomach.o, The spleen.—In this figure, the liver is raised up and the transverse arch of the colon drawn down, in order to show parts which they cover when in their natural situation.
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Figure 2.—General Aspect of the Abdominal Viscera.—In this figure, the anterior walls of the abdomen are removed, so as to show the organs in their natural positions. The small intestine is removed.—a, The liver, situated beneath the right arch of the diaphragm.b, The stomach.c, Epiploa, or floating folds of the peritoneum.d, Summit of the gall-bladder.e,e, Large intestine, showing all its courses.
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Figure 1.—Front View of Heart and Lungs.—Both organs are stripped of their envelopes, the pleura and pericardium. The right lung is drawn aside, so as to uncover the heart and large vessels. The left lung is deeply dissected, to show the distribution and mode of ramification of the air-tubes and blood-vessels.
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a, The larynx.b, The trachea.—The right lung is somewhat shorter than the left, and is divided intothree lobes,c,d,e; while the left lung has but two lobes,f,g. The surface of the lobes is sub-divided into lobules, by the intersection of great numbers of depressed lines.h, Right auricle of the heart.i, Right ventricle.j, Left auricle.k, Left ventricle.l, The aorta.m, The pulmonary artery.n, Left pulmonary veins.—These veins are four in number, two for each lung; and they return to the heart the blood which has been conveyed into the lungs by the pulmonary artery. The division of the pulmonary artery into right and left branches cannot be seen in this figure, being hidden by the aorta.o, The superior vena cava.p, Root of the right innominate artery, springing from the arch of the aorta.q, Root of the left sub-clavian artery.r, Root of the left carotid artery.
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Figure 2.—Back View of the Heart and Lungs.—a, Larynx.b, Trachea.c, Right bronchus.d, Left bronchus.e, Left auricle of the heart.f, Left ventricle.g, Right pulmonary veins.h, Left pulmonary veins.i, Left pulmonary artery.j, Section of the aorta.k, Trunks of the brachio-cephalic veins (those which belong to the arms and head).l, The opening of the inferior vena cava.—The sub-divisions of the pulmonary arteries and veins, and of the air-tubes or bronchi, are seen accompanying each other in the left lung in both figures.