CHAP. IX.Shewing how great devotion fills our lives with the greatest peace and happiness that can be enjoyed in this world.1.SOME people will perhaps object, that this living unto God in all that we do, is too great arestraintupon human life; and that, by depriving ourselves of so many innocent pleasures, we shall render our lives,dull,uneasy, andmelancholy.*It will produce just the contrary effect. Instead of making our lives dull and melancholy, it will render them full of content and strong satisfactions; as by these rules we only change the childish satisfactions of ourvainandsicklypassions, for the solid enjoyments, and real happiness of asound mind.For as there is no true foundation for comfort in life, but in the assurance that a wise and good God governeth the world: so the more we find out God in every thing, the more we apply to him in every place, the more we look up to him in all our actions, the more we conform to his will, the more we act according to his wisdom, and imitate his goodness, by so much the more do we enjoy God, and increase all that ishappyandcomfortablein human life.And it is plain, he that is endeavouring to subdue all those passions ofpride,envy, andambition, which religion opposes, is doing more to make himself happy, even in this life, than he that is contriving means to indulge them.*For these passions are the causes of all the disquiets of human life: they are thedropsiesandfeversof our minds, vexing them with false appetites, and restless cravings after such things as we do not want, and spoiling our taste for those things which are our proper good.2. *Do but imagine that you some where or other saw a man, that proposedreasonas the rule of all his actions; that had no desires but after such things asnaturewants, andreligionapproves; that was as pure from all the motions ofpride,envy, andcovetousness, as from thoughts ofmurder; that in this freedom from worldly passions, he had a soul full of divine love, wishingand praying that all men may have what they want of worldly things, and be partakers of eternal glory.Do but fancy a man living in this manner, and your own conscience will immediately tell you, that he is the happiest man in the world, and that it is not in the power of the richest fancy to invent any higher happiness in the present life.And, on the other hand, if you suppose him to be in any degreeless perfect; if you suppose him but subject to one foolish fondness, or vain passion, your own conscience will tell you, that he so far lessens his own happiness, and robs himself of the true enjoyment of his other virtues. So true is it, that themorewe live by the rules of religion, the more peaceful and happy we are.3. Again, as it thus appears that real happiness is only to be had from religion; so the same truth will appear from a consideration ofhuman misery. If we look into the world, and view the troubles of human life, we shall find that they are all owing to our irreligious passions.Now all trouble and uneasiness is founded in thewantof something or other; would we therefore know the true cause of our troubles and disquiets, we must find out the cause of our wants; because that which creates and increasesour wants, does in the same degree create and increase our troubles and disquiets.God Almighty has sent us into the world with very few wants:meat, anddrink, andcloathing, are the only things necessary in life; and as these are only our present needs, so the present world is well furnished to supply these needs.If a man had half the world in his power, he can make no more of it than this; as he wants it only to support ananimallife, so is it unable to do any thing else for him, or to afford him any other happiness.4. This is the state of man, born with few wants, and into a large world, very capable of supplying them. So that one would reasonably suppose, men should pass their lives in content and thankfulness to God; at least, that they should be free from violent disquiets and vexations, as being placed in a world that has more than enough to relieve all their wants.But if to all this we add, that this short life, thus furnished with all that we want in it, is only a short passage to eternal glory, where we shall be cloathed with the brightness ofangels, and enter into the joys of God, we might still more reasonably expect, that human life should be a state of peace, and joy, and delight in God. Thus it would certainly be, if reason had its full power over us.*But alas, though God, and nature, and reason, make human life thus free from wants; yetour passions, in rebellion against God, againstnatureandreason, create a new world of evils, and fill human life with imaginary wants, and vain disquiets.*The man ofpridehas a thousand wants, which only his own pride hascreated; and these render him as full of trouble, as if God had created him with athousand appetites, without creating any thing that was proper to satisfy them.Envyandambitionhave also their endless wants, which disquiet the souls of men, and by their contradictory motions render them as foolishly miserable as those that want toflyandcreepat the same time.Let but any complaining, disquieted man, tell you the ground of his uneasiness, and you will plainly see that he is the author of his own torment; that he is vexing himself at some imaginary evil, which will cease to torment him as soon as he is content to be that which God, and nature, and reason, require him to be.5. *If you should see a man passing his days in disquiet, because he could notwalkupon thewater, orcatch birdsas they fly by him, you would readily confess that such an one might thank himself for such uneasiness. But now, if you look into the most tormenting disquiets of life, you will find them all thus absurd. People are only tormented by their own folly, and vexing themselves at such things as no more concern them, nor are any more their propergood, thanwalkingupon thewater, orcatching birds.*What can you conceive more silly and extravagant, than a man racking his brains, and studying night and day how to fly? Wandering from his own house and home, wearying himself withclimbingupon every ascent,cringingandcourtingevery body he meets, to lift him up from the ground, bruising himself with continual falls, and at last breaking his neck? And all this, from an imagination that it would be glorious to have the eyes of people gazing up at him, and mighty happy toeat, anddrink, andsleep, at the top of the highest trees in the kingdom. Would you not readily own that such a one was only disquieted at hisown folly?If you ask, what it signifies to suppose such silly creatures as are no where to be found in human life?It may be answered, that wherever you see anambitiousman, there you see thisvain and senseless flyer.6. *Again, if you should see a man that had a largepondofwater, yet living incontinual thirst, not suffering himself to drinkhalf a draught, for fear of lessening his pond; if you should see him wasting his time and strength, infetching morewater to his pond, alwaysthirsty, yet always carrying abucketof water in his hand, watching early and late to catch thedropsofrain, gaping after every cloud, and running greedily into everymireand mud, in hopes of water, and always studying how to make everyditchempty itself into hispond. If you should see him growgreyandoldin these anxious labours, and at last end acareful,thirstylife, by falling into his ownpond: would you not say, that such a one was not only the author of his own disquiets, but was foolish enough to be reckoned amongstideotsandmadmen? But yet foolish and absurd as this character is, it does not represent half the follies and absurd disquiets of thecovetous man.I could now easily proceed to shew the same effects of all our other passions, and make it plainly appear, that all our miseries, vexations, and complaints, are entirely of our own making, and that in the same absurd manner, as in these instances of thecovetousandambitiousman. *Look where you will, you will see allworldly vexations, but like the vexation of him that was always inmireandmudin search of water to drink, when he had more at home than was sufficient for anhundred horses.7. *Cæliais always telling you howprovokedshe is, whatintolerable shockingthings happen to her, whatmonstroususage she suffers, and whatvexationsshe meets with every where. She tells you that her patience is quite worn out, and there is no bearing the behaviour of people. Everyassemblythat she is at, sends her homeprovoked; something or other has been said or done, that no reasonable, well bred person ought to bear.Poor peoplethat want her charity, are sent away with hasty answers; not because she has not a heart to part with any money, but because she istoo fullof some trouble of her own, to attend to the complaints of others.Cæliahas no business upon her hands, but to receive the income of a plentiful fortune: but yet by the doleful turn of her mind, you would be apt to think that she had neitherfoodnorlodging. If you see her look more pale than ordinary, if her lips tremble when she speaks to you, it is because she is just come from avisit, whereLupustook no notice at all of her, but talked all the time toLucinda, who has not half her fortune. When cross accidents have so disordered her spirits, that she is forced to send for thedoctorto make her able to eat; she tells him, in great anger at providence, that she never was well since she was born, and that she envies every beggar that she sees in health.This is the unquiet life ofCælia, who has nothing to torment her but her ownspirit.If you could inspire her withChristian humility, you need do no more to make her happy. This virtue would make her thankful to God for half so much health as she has had, and help her to enjoy more for the time to come. This would keep offtremblingsandlossof appetite, and her blood would need nothing else to sweeten it.8. I have just touched upon these absurd characters, to convince you in the plainest manner, that religion is so far from rendering a lifedull,anxious, anduncomfortable, that on the contrary, all the miseries, vexations, and complaints that are in the world, are owing to the want of religion; being directly caused by those absurd passions, which religion teaches us to deny.9. Most people indeed confess, that religion preserves us from many evils, and helps us in many respects to a more happy enjoyment of ourselves; but then, they imagine, this is only true of such amoderate shareof religion, as restrains us from the excesses of our passions. They suppose that thestrict rulesof piety must make our livesdullanduncomfortable.This objection supposes, that religion,moderatelypractised, adds to our happiness; but that heights of religion have a contrary effect.*It supposes therefore, that it is happy to be kept from theexcessesof envy, but unhappy to be kept fromotherdegrees ofenvy; that it is happy to be delivered from aboundlessambition, but unhappy to be without amoderateambition. It supposes also, that the happiness of life consists in amixtureof virtue and vice, of ambition and humility, charity and envy, heavenly affection and covetousness. All which is as absurd, as to suppose that it is happy to be free from excessive pains, but unhappy to be without moderate pains;or that the happiness ofhealthconsisted in being partly sick, and partly well.But if humility be the peace and rest of the soul, then no one has so much happiness from humility, as he that is the most humble. If excessive envy is a torment of the soul, he is most happy who extinguishes every spark of envy.Thus it is in every virtue: the more you act up to every degree of it, the more happiness you have from it. And so of every vice: if you only abate its excesses, you do but little for yourself; but if you reject it in all degrees, then you feel the true ease of areformedmind.10. And, as to those enjoyments which piety requireth us to deny ourselves, this deprives us of no real comfort.For,1st, Piety requires us to renounce no ways of life, where we can actreasonably, and offer what we do to God. All ways of life, all enjoyments that are within these bounds, are no way denied us by the strictest rules of piety. Whatever you can do, or enjoy, as in the presence of God, as his servant, as his rational creature; all that you can perform conformably to a rational nature, is allowed by the laws of piety. And will you think that your life will be uncomfortable, unless you may displease God, and act contrary to that reason and wisdom which he has implanted in you?As for those satisfactions, which we dare not offer to a holy God, which are only invented bythe folly and corruption of the world, which inflame our passions, and sink our souls into grossness and sensuality, and render us incapable of the divine favour either here or hereafter, surely it can be no uncomfortable thing to be rescued by religion from such self-murder, and to be rendered capable of eternal happiness.11. *Let us suppose apersonplaced somewhere alone, in the midst of a variety of things which he did not know how to use; that he has by himbread,wine,water,golden dust,iron chains,gravel,garments,fire. Let it be supposed, that he has no knowledge, nor any directions from hissenses, how to quench histhirst, or satisfy hishunger, or makeany useof the things about him. Let it be supposed, that in his drought he putsgolden dustinto his eyes; when hiseyessmart, he putswineinto hisears: that in his hunger, he putsgravelin his mouth; that in pain, he loads himself withiron chains; that feeling cold, he puts his feet in the water; that being frighted at the fire, he runs away from it; that being weary, he makes aseatof hisbread. Let it be supposed, that thro’ his ignorance of the right use of the things that are about him, he will vainly torment himself whilst he lives; and at last die,blindedwithdust,choakedwithgravel, and loaded withirons. Let it be supposed, that some good being came to him, and shewed him the nature and use of all the things that were about him, and gave him suchstrict rulesof using them, as would certainly, if observed, make him the happier for all that he had, and deliver him from the pains of hunger, and thirst, and cold.Now, could you with any reason affirm, that those strict rules of using those things that were about him, had rendered that poor man’s lifedullanduncomfortable?12. This is, in some measure, a representation of thestrictrules of religion; they only relieve our ignorance, save us from tormenting ourselves, and teach us to useevery thingabout us to our advantage.Man is placed in a world full of variety of things; his ignorance makes him use many of them as absurdly, as the man that putdustin hiseyesto relieve histhirst, or put on chains to remove pain.Religion therefore here comes in to his relief, and gives himstrict rulesof using every thing that is about him; that by so using them suitably to his own nature and the nature of the things, he may have always the pleasure of receiving benefit from them. It shews him what is strictly right in meat, and drink, and cloaths; and that he has nothing else to expect from the things of this world, but to satisfy such wants of his own; and then to extend his assistance to all his brethren, that, as far as he is able, he may help all his fellow-creatures to the same benefit from the world that he hath.13. *It tells him, that this world is incapable of giving him any other happiness; and that all endeavours to be happy inheapsofmoney, oracresofland, in finecloaths, richbeds, statelyequipage, andshewandsplendour, are only vain endeavours, ignorant attempts after impossibilities; these things be no more able to give the least degree of happiness, thandustin the eyes can cure thirst, orgravelin the mouth satisfy hunger; but, like dust and gravel misapplied, will only serve to render him more unhappy by such an ignorant misuse of them.It tells him, altho’ this world can do no more for him, than satisfy these wants of the body; yet there is a much greater good prepared for man, than eating, drinking, and dressing; that it is yet invisible to his eyes, being too glorious for the apprehension of flesh and blood; but reserved for him to enter upon, as soon as this short life is over; where, in a new body, formed to an angelic likeness, he shall dwell in the light and glory of God to all eternity.*It tells him, that this state of glory will be given to all those that make aright useof the things of this present world; who do not blind themselves withgolden dust, or eatgravel, or groan under loads ofironof their own putting on; but usebread,water,wine, andgarmentsfor such ends as are according tonatureandreason; and who with faith and thankfulness worship thekind giver of all that they enjoy here, and hope for hereafter.14. Now can any one say, that the strictest rules of such a religion as this, debar us of any of the comforts of life? Might it not as justly be said of those rules, that only♦hindered a man fromchoakinghimself withgravel? For the strictness of these rules only consists in the exactness of their rectitude.♦‘hindred’ replaced with ‘hindered’*Who would complain of the severe strictness of a law, that without any exception forbad the putting of dust into our eyes? Who could think it too rigid, that there were no abatements? Now this is thestrictnessof religion; it requires nothing of us strictly, or without abatements, but where every degree of the thing is wrong, where every indulgence does us hurt.*If religion forbids all instances ofrevengewithout exception, ’tis because all revenge is of the nature ofpoison; and though we don’t take so much as to put an end to life, yet if we take any at all, it corrupts the mass of blood, and makes it difficult to be restored to our former health.If religion commands anuniversal charity, to love our neighbour as ourselves, to forgive and pray for all our enemies without anyreserve, ’tis because all degrees of love are degrees of happiness, that strengthen and support the divine life of the soul, and are as necessary to its healthand happiness, as proper food is necessary to the health and happiness of the body.*If religion has laws againstlaying up treasures upon earth, and commands us to be content with food and raiment; ’tis because every other use of the world is abusing it to our own vexation, and turning its conveniences into snares and traps to destroy us. ’Tis because thisplainnessandsimplicityof life, secure us from the cares and pains of restless pride and envy, and make it easier to keep that strait road that will carry us to eternal life.15. If religion requires us sometimes tofastanddenyour natural appetites, ’tis to lessen that struggle and war that is in our nature; ’tis to render our bodies fitter instruments of purity, and more obedient to the good motions of divine grace; ’tis to dry up the springs of our passions that war against the soul, to cool the flame of our blood, and render the mind more capable of divine meditations. So that altho’ these abstinences give some pain to the body, yet they so lessen the power of bodily appetites and passions, and so increase our taste of spiritual joys, that even these severities of religion, when practised with discretion, add much to the comfort of our lives.If religion calleth us to a life of watching and prayer, ’tis because we live amongst a crowd of enemies, and are always in need of the assistance of God. If we are to confess and bewail our sins, ’tis because such confessions relieve themind, and restore it to ease; asburdensandweightstaken off the shoulders, relieve the body, and make it easier to itself. If we are to be frequent and fervent in holy petitions, ’tis to keep us steady in the sight of our true good, and that we may never want the happiness of a lively faith, a joyful hope, and well-grounded trust in God. If we are to pray often, ’tis that we may be often happy in such secret joys as only prayer can give; in such communications of the divine presence, as will fill our minds with all the happiness that beings not in heaven, are capable of.If religion commands us to livewhollyunto God, and todo allto his glory, ’tis because every other way is livingwhollyagainst ourselves, and will end in our shame and confusion of face.16. *As every thing isdark, that God does not enlighten; as every thing issenseless, that has not its share of knowledge from him; as nothinglivesbut by partaking of life from him; as nothingexists, but because he commands it to be; so there is nogloryorgreatness, but what is the glory or greatness of God.We indeed may talk ofhuman glory, as we may talk ofhuman lifeorhuman knowledge; but as we are sure that human life implies nothing of ourown, but a dependent living in God, or enjoying so much life in God; so human glory, whenever we find it, must be only so much glory as we enjoy in the glory of God.*This is the state of all creatures, whether men or angels; as they make not themselves, so if they are great, they are only great receivers of the gifts of God; theirpowercan only be so much of the divine power acting in them; theirwisdomcan be only so much of the divine wisdom shining within them; and theirlightandglory, only so much of the life and glory of God shining upon them.17. *As they are notmenorangels, because they had a mind to be so, but because the will of God formed them to be what they are; so they cannot enjoy this or that happiness of men or angels, because they have a mind to it, but because it is the will of God, that such things be the happiness of men, and such things the happiness of angels. But now, if God be thus all in all; if his will is thus the measure of all things and all natures; if nothing can be done, but by his power; if nothing can be seen, but by a light from him; if we have nothing to fear, but from his justice; if we have nothing to hope for, but from his goodness; if this is the nature of man, thus helpless in himself; if this is the state of all creatures, as well those inheaven, as those onearth; if they are nothing, can do nothing, can suffer no pain, nor feel any happiness, but so far, and in such degrees, as the power of God does all this: if this be the state of things, then how can we have the least glimpse of joy or comfort? How can we have any peacefulenjoyment of ourselves, but by living wholly unto God, using and doing every thing conformably to his will? A life thus devoted unto God, looking wholly unto him in all our actions, and doing all things suitable to his glory, is so far from being dull, and uncomfortable, that it creates new comforts in every thing that we do.18. On the contrary, would you see howhappythey are who live according to their own wills, who cannot submit to thedullandmelancholybusiness of a life devoted to God? Look at the man in theparable, to whom his Lord had given one talent.He could not bear the thoughts of using his talent according to the will of him from whom he had it, and therefore he chose to make himself happier in another way of his own.Lord, says he,I knew thee, that thou art an hard man, reaping where thou hadst not sown, and gathering where thou hadst not strawed. And I was afraid, and went and hid thy talent in the earth. Lo there thou hast that is thine.Matt.xxv.24.Here you see how happy this man made himself by not actingwhollyaccording to his Lord’s will. It was, according to his own account, an happiness ofmurmuringanddiscontent;I knew thee, says he,that thou wast an hard man: it was an happiness offearsandapprehensions;I was, says he,afraid: it was an happiness ofvain laboursandfruitless travels:I went, says he,and hid thy talent; and after having been awhile thesport of foolish passion, tormenting fears, and fruitless labours, he is rewarded with darkness, eternal weeping and gnashing of teeth.19. Now this is the happiness of all those, who look uponstrictpiety, that is, a right use of their talent, to be a dull and melancholy thing.They may live awhile free from the restraints and directions of religion; but instead thereof, they must be under the absurd government of their passions: they must, like the man in theparable, live inmurmuringsanddiscontents, infearsandapprehensions. They may avoid the labour of doing good, of spending their time devoutly, of laying up treasures in heaven, of cloathing the naked, of visiting the sick; but then they must, like this man, havelaboursandpainsin vain, that tend to no use or advantage, that do no good either to themselves, or others; they musttravel, andlabour, andwork, anddig, to hide their talent in the earth. They must, like him, at their Lord’s coming, be convicted out of their own mouths, be accused by their own hearts, and have every thing that they have said and thought of religion, be made to shew the justice of their condemnation to eternal darkness, weeping and gnashing of teeth.This is the purchase that they make, who avoid the strictness of religion, in order to live happily.20. On the other hand, would you see a short description of the happiness of a life rightly employed, wholly devoted to God, you must look at the man in theparable, to whom his Lord had given five talents.Lord, says he,thou deliveredst unto five talents: behold, I have gained besides them five talents more. His Lord said unto him, well done thou good and faithful servant; thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many things; enter thou into the joy of thy Lord.Here you see a life that is wholly intent upon the improvement of the talents, that is devoted wholly unto God, is a state of happiness, prosperous labours, and glorious success. Here are not, as in the former case, anyuneasy passions,murmurings,vain fearsandfruitless labours. The man is not toiling, and digging in the earth for no end or advantage; but his labours prosper in his hands, his happiness increases upon him, the blessing of five becomes the blessing of ten talents; and he is received with aWell done good and faithful servant, enter thou into the joy of thy Lord.21. Now, as the case of these men in theparableleft nothing else to their choice, but either to be happy in using their gifts to thegloryof their Lord, or miserable by using them according to theirown humoursandfancies; so the state of Christianity leaves us no other choice.*All that we have, all that we are, all that we enjoy, are only so many talents from God: if we use them to the end of a pious and holy life, our five talents will become ten, and our labours will carry us into the joy of our Lord; but if we abuse them to the gratification of our own passions, sacrificing the gifts of God to our own pride and vanity, we shall live here in vain labours and foolish anxieties, shunning religion as a melancholy thing, accusing our Lord as a hard master, and then fall into everlasting misery.We may for awhile amuse ourselves withnames, andsounds, andshadowsof happiness, we may talk of this or that greatness and dignity; but if we desire real happiness, we have no other possible way to it, but by improving our talents, by so holily and piously using thepowersandfacultiesofmenin this present state, that we may be happy and glorious in thepowersandfacultiesofangelsin the world to come.How ignorant therefore are they of the nature of religion, of the nature of man, and the nature of God, who think a life ofstrict pietyto be adullanduncomfortablestate, when it is so plain and certain, that there is neither comfort nor joy to be found in any thing else?
Shewing how great devotion fills our lives with the greatest peace and happiness that can be enjoyed in this world.
1.SOME people will perhaps object, that this living unto God in all that we do, is too great arestraintupon human life; and that, by depriving ourselves of so many innocent pleasures, we shall render our lives,dull,uneasy, andmelancholy.
*It will produce just the contrary effect. Instead of making our lives dull and melancholy, it will render them full of content and strong satisfactions; as by these rules we only change the childish satisfactions of ourvainandsicklypassions, for the solid enjoyments, and real happiness of asound mind.
For as there is no true foundation for comfort in life, but in the assurance that a wise and good God governeth the world: so the more we find out God in every thing, the more we apply to him in every place, the more we look up to him in all our actions, the more we conform to his will, the more we act according to his wisdom, and imitate his goodness, by so much the more do we enjoy God, and increase all that ishappyandcomfortablein human life.
And it is plain, he that is endeavouring to subdue all those passions ofpride,envy, andambition, which religion opposes, is doing more to make himself happy, even in this life, than he that is contriving means to indulge them.
*For these passions are the causes of all the disquiets of human life: they are thedropsiesandfeversof our minds, vexing them with false appetites, and restless cravings after such things as we do not want, and spoiling our taste for those things which are our proper good.
2. *Do but imagine that you some where or other saw a man, that proposedreasonas the rule of all his actions; that had no desires but after such things asnaturewants, andreligionapproves; that was as pure from all the motions ofpride,envy, andcovetousness, as from thoughts ofmurder; that in this freedom from worldly passions, he had a soul full of divine love, wishingand praying that all men may have what they want of worldly things, and be partakers of eternal glory.
Do but fancy a man living in this manner, and your own conscience will immediately tell you, that he is the happiest man in the world, and that it is not in the power of the richest fancy to invent any higher happiness in the present life.
And, on the other hand, if you suppose him to be in any degreeless perfect; if you suppose him but subject to one foolish fondness, or vain passion, your own conscience will tell you, that he so far lessens his own happiness, and robs himself of the true enjoyment of his other virtues. So true is it, that themorewe live by the rules of religion, the more peaceful and happy we are.
3. Again, as it thus appears that real happiness is only to be had from religion; so the same truth will appear from a consideration ofhuman misery. If we look into the world, and view the troubles of human life, we shall find that they are all owing to our irreligious passions.
Now all trouble and uneasiness is founded in thewantof something or other; would we therefore know the true cause of our troubles and disquiets, we must find out the cause of our wants; because that which creates and increasesour wants, does in the same degree create and increase our troubles and disquiets.
God Almighty has sent us into the world with very few wants:meat, anddrink, andcloathing, are the only things necessary in life; and as these are only our present needs, so the present world is well furnished to supply these needs.
If a man had half the world in his power, he can make no more of it than this; as he wants it only to support ananimallife, so is it unable to do any thing else for him, or to afford him any other happiness.
4. This is the state of man, born with few wants, and into a large world, very capable of supplying them. So that one would reasonably suppose, men should pass their lives in content and thankfulness to God; at least, that they should be free from violent disquiets and vexations, as being placed in a world that has more than enough to relieve all their wants.
But if to all this we add, that this short life, thus furnished with all that we want in it, is only a short passage to eternal glory, where we shall be cloathed with the brightness ofangels, and enter into the joys of God, we might still more reasonably expect, that human life should be a state of peace, and joy, and delight in God. Thus it would certainly be, if reason had its full power over us.
*But alas, though God, and nature, and reason, make human life thus free from wants; yetour passions, in rebellion against God, againstnatureandreason, create a new world of evils, and fill human life with imaginary wants, and vain disquiets.
*The man ofpridehas a thousand wants, which only his own pride hascreated; and these render him as full of trouble, as if God had created him with athousand appetites, without creating any thing that was proper to satisfy them.Envyandambitionhave also their endless wants, which disquiet the souls of men, and by their contradictory motions render them as foolishly miserable as those that want toflyandcreepat the same time.
Let but any complaining, disquieted man, tell you the ground of his uneasiness, and you will plainly see that he is the author of his own torment; that he is vexing himself at some imaginary evil, which will cease to torment him as soon as he is content to be that which God, and nature, and reason, require him to be.
5. *If you should see a man passing his days in disquiet, because he could notwalkupon thewater, orcatch birdsas they fly by him, you would readily confess that such an one might thank himself for such uneasiness. But now, if you look into the most tormenting disquiets of life, you will find them all thus absurd. People are only tormented by their own folly, and vexing themselves at such things as no more concern them, nor are any more their propergood, thanwalkingupon thewater, orcatching birds.
*What can you conceive more silly and extravagant, than a man racking his brains, and studying night and day how to fly? Wandering from his own house and home, wearying himself withclimbingupon every ascent,cringingandcourtingevery body he meets, to lift him up from the ground, bruising himself with continual falls, and at last breaking his neck? And all this, from an imagination that it would be glorious to have the eyes of people gazing up at him, and mighty happy toeat, anddrink, andsleep, at the top of the highest trees in the kingdom. Would you not readily own that such a one was only disquieted at hisown folly?
If you ask, what it signifies to suppose such silly creatures as are no where to be found in human life?
It may be answered, that wherever you see anambitiousman, there you see thisvain and senseless flyer.
6. *Again, if you should see a man that had a largepondofwater, yet living incontinual thirst, not suffering himself to drinkhalf a draught, for fear of lessening his pond; if you should see him wasting his time and strength, infetching morewater to his pond, alwaysthirsty, yet always carrying abucketof water in his hand, watching early and late to catch thedropsofrain, gaping after every cloud, and running greedily into everymireand mud, in hopes of water, and always studying how to make everyditchempty itself into hispond. If you should see him growgreyandoldin these anxious labours, and at last end acareful,thirstylife, by falling into his ownpond: would you not say, that such a one was not only the author of his own disquiets, but was foolish enough to be reckoned amongstideotsandmadmen? But yet foolish and absurd as this character is, it does not represent half the follies and absurd disquiets of thecovetous man.
I could now easily proceed to shew the same effects of all our other passions, and make it plainly appear, that all our miseries, vexations, and complaints, are entirely of our own making, and that in the same absurd manner, as in these instances of thecovetousandambitiousman. *Look where you will, you will see allworldly vexations, but like the vexation of him that was always inmireandmudin search of water to drink, when he had more at home than was sufficient for anhundred horses.
7. *Cæliais always telling you howprovokedshe is, whatintolerable shockingthings happen to her, whatmonstroususage she suffers, and whatvexationsshe meets with every where. She tells you that her patience is quite worn out, and there is no bearing the behaviour of people. Everyassemblythat she is at, sends her homeprovoked; something or other has been said or done, that no reasonable, well bred person ought to bear.Poor peoplethat want her charity, are sent away with hasty answers; not because she has not a heart to part with any money, but because she istoo fullof some trouble of her own, to attend to the complaints of others.Cæliahas no business upon her hands, but to receive the income of a plentiful fortune: but yet by the doleful turn of her mind, you would be apt to think that she had neitherfoodnorlodging. If you see her look more pale than ordinary, if her lips tremble when she speaks to you, it is because she is just come from avisit, whereLupustook no notice at all of her, but talked all the time toLucinda, who has not half her fortune. When cross accidents have so disordered her spirits, that she is forced to send for thedoctorto make her able to eat; she tells him, in great anger at providence, that she never was well since she was born, and that she envies every beggar that she sees in health.
This is the unquiet life ofCælia, who has nothing to torment her but her ownspirit.
If you could inspire her withChristian humility, you need do no more to make her happy. This virtue would make her thankful to God for half so much health as she has had, and help her to enjoy more for the time to come. This would keep offtremblingsandlossof appetite, and her blood would need nothing else to sweeten it.
8. I have just touched upon these absurd characters, to convince you in the plainest manner, that religion is so far from rendering a lifedull,anxious, anduncomfortable, that on the contrary, all the miseries, vexations, and complaints that are in the world, are owing to the want of religion; being directly caused by those absurd passions, which religion teaches us to deny.
9. Most people indeed confess, that religion preserves us from many evils, and helps us in many respects to a more happy enjoyment of ourselves; but then, they imagine, this is only true of such amoderate shareof religion, as restrains us from the excesses of our passions. They suppose that thestrict rulesof piety must make our livesdullanduncomfortable.
This objection supposes, that religion,moderatelypractised, adds to our happiness; but that heights of religion have a contrary effect.
*It supposes therefore, that it is happy to be kept from theexcessesof envy, but unhappy to be kept fromotherdegrees ofenvy; that it is happy to be delivered from aboundlessambition, but unhappy to be without amoderateambition. It supposes also, that the happiness of life consists in amixtureof virtue and vice, of ambition and humility, charity and envy, heavenly affection and covetousness. All which is as absurd, as to suppose that it is happy to be free from excessive pains, but unhappy to be without moderate pains;or that the happiness ofhealthconsisted in being partly sick, and partly well.
But if humility be the peace and rest of the soul, then no one has so much happiness from humility, as he that is the most humble. If excessive envy is a torment of the soul, he is most happy who extinguishes every spark of envy.
Thus it is in every virtue: the more you act up to every degree of it, the more happiness you have from it. And so of every vice: if you only abate its excesses, you do but little for yourself; but if you reject it in all degrees, then you feel the true ease of areformedmind.
10. And, as to those enjoyments which piety requireth us to deny ourselves, this deprives us of no real comfort.
For,1st, Piety requires us to renounce no ways of life, where we can actreasonably, and offer what we do to God. All ways of life, all enjoyments that are within these bounds, are no way denied us by the strictest rules of piety. Whatever you can do, or enjoy, as in the presence of God, as his servant, as his rational creature; all that you can perform conformably to a rational nature, is allowed by the laws of piety. And will you think that your life will be uncomfortable, unless you may displease God, and act contrary to that reason and wisdom which he has implanted in you?
As for those satisfactions, which we dare not offer to a holy God, which are only invented bythe folly and corruption of the world, which inflame our passions, and sink our souls into grossness and sensuality, and render us incapable of the divine favour either here or hereafter, surely it can be no uncomfortable thing to be rescued by religion from such self-murder, and to be rendered capable of eternal happiness.
11. *Let us suppose apersonplaced somewhere alone, in the midst of a variety of things which he did not know how to use; that he has by himbread,wine,water,golden dust,iron chains,gravel,garments,fire. Let it be supposed, that he has no knowledge, nor any directions from hissenses, how to quench histhirst, or satisfy hishunger, or makeany useof the things about him. Let it be supposed, that in his drought he putsgolden dustinto his eyes; when hiseyessmart, he putswineinto hisears: that in his hunger, he putsgravelin his mouth; that in pain, he loads himself withiron chains; that feeling cold, he puts his feet in the water; that being frighted at the fire, he runs away from it; that being weary, he makes aseatof hisbread. Let it be supposed, that thro’ his ignorance of the right use of the things that are about him, he will vainly torment himself whilst he lives; and at last die,blindedwithdust,choakedwithgravel, and loaded withirons. Let it be supposed, that some good being came to him, and shewed him the nature and use of all the things that were about him, and gave him suchstrict rulesof using them, as would certainly, if observed, make him the happier for all that he had, and deliver him from the pains of hunger, and thirst, and cold.
Now, could you with any reason affirm, that those strict rules of using those things that were about him, had rendered that poor man’s lifedullanduncomfortable?
12. This is, in some measure, a representation of thestrictrules of religion; they only relieve our ignorance, save us from tormenting ourselves, and teach us to useevery thingabout us to our advantage.
Man is placed in a world full of variety of things; his ignorance makes him use many of them as absurdly, as the man that putdustin hiseyesto relieve histhirst, or put on chains to remove pain.
Religion therefore here comes in to his relief, and gives himstrict rulesof using every thing that is about him; that by so using them suitably to his own nature and the nature of the things, he may have always the pleasure of receiving benefit from them. It shews him what is strictly right in meat, and drink, and cloaths; and that he has nothing else to expect from the things of this world, but to satisfy such wants of his own; and then to extend his assistance to all his brethren, that, as far as he is able, he may help all his fellow-creatures to the same benefit from the world that he hath.
13. *It tells him, that this world is incapable of giving him any other happiness; and that all endeavours to be happy inheapsofmoney, oracresofland, in finecloaths, richbeds, statelyequipage, andshewandsplendour, are only vain endeavours, ignorant attempts after impossibilities; these things be no more able to give the least degree of happiness, thandustin the eyes can cure thirst, orgravelin the mouth satisfy hunger; but, like dust and gravel misapplied, will only serve to render him more unhappy by such an ignorant misuse of them.
It tells him, altho’ this world can do no more for him, than satisfy these wants of the body; yet there is a much greater good prepared for man, than eating, drinking, and dressing; that it is yet invisible to his eyes, being too glorious for the apprehension of flesh and blood; but reserved for him to enter upon, as soon as this short life is over; where, in a new body, formed to an angelic likeness, he shall dwell in the light and glory of God to all eternity.
*It tells him, that this state of glory will be given to all those that make aright useof the things of this present world; who do not blind themselves withgolden dust, or eatgravel, or groan under loads ofironof their own putting on; but usebread,water,wine, andgarmentsfor such ends as are according tonatureandreason; and who with faith and thankfulness worship thekind giver of all that they enjoy here, and hope for hereafter.
14. Now can any one say, that the strictest rules of such a religion as this, debar us of any of the comforts of life? Might it not as justly be said of those rules, that only♦hindered a man fromchoakinghimself withgravel? For the strictness of these rules only consists in the exactness of their rectitude.
♦‘hindred’ replaced with ‘hindered’
*Who would complain of the severe strictness of a law, that without any exception forbad the putting of dust into our eyes? Who could think it too rigid, that there were no abatements? Now this is thestrictnessof religion; it requires nothing of us strictly, or without abatements, but where every degree of the thing is wrong, where every indulgence does us hurt.
*If religion forbids all instances ofrevengewithout exception, ’tis because all revenge is of the nature ofpoison; and though we don’t take so much as to put an end to life, yet if we take any at all, it corrupts the mass of blood, and makes it difficult to be restored to our former health.
If religion commands anuniversal charity, to love our neighbour as ourselves, to forgive and pray for all our enemies without anyreserve, ’tis because all degrees of love are degrees of happiness, that strengthen and support the divine life of the soul, and are as necessary to its healthand happiness, as proper food is necessary to the health and happiness of the body.
*If religion has laws againstlaying up treasures upon earth, and commands us to be content with food and raiment; ’tis because every other use of the world is abusing it to our own vexation, and turning its conveniences into snares and traps to destroy us. ’Tis because thisplainnessandsimplicityof life, secure us from the cares and pains of restless pride and envy, and make it easier to keep that strait road that will carry us to eternal life.
15. If religion requires us sometimes tofastanddenyour natural appetites, ’tis to lessen that struggle and war that is in our nature; ’tis to render our bodies fitter instruments of purity, and more obedient to the good motions of divine grace; ’tis to dry up the springs of our passions that war against the soul, to cool the flame of our blood, and render the mind more capable of divine meditations. So that altho’ these abstinences give some pain to the body, yet they so lessen the power of bodily appetites and passions, and so increase our taste of spiritual joys, that even these severities of religion, when practised with discretion, add much to the comfort of our lives.
If religion calleth us to a life of watching and prayer, ’tis because we live amongst a crowd of enemies, and are always in need of the assistance of God. If we are to confess and bewail our sins, ’tis because such confessions relieve themind, and restore it to ease; asburdensandweightstaken off the shoulders, relieve the body, and make it easier to itself. If we are to be frequent and fervent in holy petitions, ’tis to keep us steady in the sight of our true good, and that we may never want the happiness of a lively faith, a joyful hope, and well-grounded trust in God. If we are to pray often, ’tis that we may be often happy in such secret joys as only prayer can give; in such communications of the divine presence, as will fill our minds with all the happiness that beings not in heaven, are capable of.
If religion commands us to livewhollyunto God, and todo allto his glory, ’tis because every other way is livingwhollyagainst ourselves, and will end in our shame and confusion of face.
16. *As every thing isdark, that God does not enlighten; as every thing issenseless, that has not its share of knowledge from him; as nothinglivesbut by partaking of life from him; as nothingexists, but because he commands it to be; so there is nogloryorgreatness, but what is the glory or greatness of God.
We indeed may talk ofhuman glory, as we may talk ofhuman lifeorhuman knowledge; but as we are sure that human life implies nothing of ourown, but a dependent living in God, or enjoying so much life in God; so human glory, whenever we find it, must be only so much glory as we enjoy in the glory of God.
*This is the state of all creatures, whether men or angels; as they make not themselves, so if they are great, they are only great receivers of the gifts of God; theirpowercan only be so much of the divine power acting in them; theirwisdomcan be only so much of the divine wisdom shining within them; and theirlightandglory, only so much of the life and glory of God shining upon them.
17. *As they are notmenorangels, because they had a mind to be so, but because the will of God formed them to be what they are; so they cannot enjoy this or that happiness of men or angels, because they have a mind to it, but because it is the will of God, that such things be the happiness of men, and such things the happiness of angels. But now, if God be thus all in all; if his will is thus the measure of all things and all natures; if nothing can be done, but by his power; if nothing can be seen, but by a light from him; if we have nothing to fear, but from his justice; if we have nothing to hope for, but from his goodness; if this is the nature of man, thus helpless in himself; if this is the state of all creatures, as well those inheaven, as those onearth; if they are nothing, can do nothing, can suffer no pain, nor feel any happiness, but so far, and in such degrees, as the power of God does all this: if this be the state of things, then how can we have the least glimpse of joy or comfort? How can we have any peacefulenjoyment of ourselves, but by living wholly unto God, using and doing every thing conformably to his will? A life thus devoted unto God, looking wholly unto him in all our actions, and doing all things suitable to his glory, is so far from being dull, and uncomfortable, that it creates new comforts in every thing that we do.
18. On the contrary, would you see howhappythey are who live according to their own wills, who cannot submit to thedullandmelancholybusiness of a life devoted to God? Look at the man in theparable, to whom his Lord had given one talent.
He could not bear the thoughts of using his talent according to the will of him from whom he had it, and therefore he chose to make himself happier in another way of his own.Lord, says he,I knew thee, that thou art an hard man, reaping where thou hadst not sown, and gathering where thou hadst not strawed. And I was afraid, and went and hid thy talent in the earth. Lo there thou hast that is thine.Matt.xxv.24.
Here you see how happy this man made himself by not actingwhollyaccording to his Lord’s will. It was, according to his own account, an happiness ofmurmuringanddiscontent;I knew thee, says he,that thou wast an hard man: it was an happiness offearsandapprehensions;I was, says he,afraid: it was an happiness ofvain laboursandfruitless travels:I went, says he,and hid thy talent; and after having been awhile thesport of foolish passion, tormenting fears, and fruitless labours, he is rewarded with darkness, eternal weeping and gnashing of teeth.
19. Now this is the happiness of all those, who look uponstrictpiety, that is, a right use of their talent, to be a dull and melancholy thing.
They may live awhile free from the restraints and directions of religion; but instead thereof, they must be under the absurd government of their passions: they must, like the man in theparable, live inmurmuringsanddiscontents, infearsandapprehensions. They may avoid the labour of doing good, of spending their time devoutly, of laying up treasures in heaven, of cloathing the naked, of visiting the sick; but then they must, like this man, havelaboursandpainsin vain, that tend to no use or advantage, that do no good either to themselves, or others; they musttravel, andlabour, andwork, anddig, to hide their talent in the earth. They must, like him, at their Lord’s coming, be convicted out of their own mouths, be accused by their own hearts, and have every thing that they have said and thought of religion, be made to shew the justice of their condemnation to eternal darkness, weeping and gnashing of teeth.
This is the purchase that they make, who avoid the strictness of religion, in order to live happily.
20. On the other hand, would you see a short description of the happiness of a life rightly employed, wholly devoted to God, you must look at the man in theparable, to whom his Lord had given five talents.Lord, says he,thou deliveredst unto five talents: behold, I have gained besides them five talents more. His Lord said unto him, well done thou good and faithful servant; thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many things; enter thou into the joy of thy Lord.
Here you see a life that is wholly intent upon the improvement of the talents, that is devoted wholly unto God, is a state of happiness, prosperous labours, and glorious success. Here are not, as in the former case, anyuneasy passions,murmurings,vain fearsandfruitless labours. The man is not toiling, and digging in the earth for no end or advantage; but his labours prosper in his hands, his happiness increases upon him, the blessing of five becomes the blessing of ten talents; and he is received with aWell done good and faithful servant, enter thou into the joy of thy Lord.
21. Now, as the case of these men in theparableleft nothing else to their choice, but either to be happy in using their gifts to thegloryof their Lord, or miserable by using them according to theirown humoursandfancies; so the state of Christianity leaves us no other choice.
*All that we have, all that we are, all that we enjoy, are only so many talents from God: if we use them to the end of a pious and holy life, our five talents will become ten, and our labours will carry us into the joy of our Lord; but if we abuse them to the gratification of our own passions, sacrificing the gifts of God to our own pride and vanity, we shall live here in vain labours and foolish anxieties, shunning religion as a melancholy thing, accusing our Lord as a hard master, and then fall into everlasting misery.
We may for awhile amuse ourselves withnames, andsounds, andshadowsof happiness, we may talk of this or that greatness and dignity; but if we desire real happiness, we have no other possible way to it, but by improving our talents, by so holily and piously using thepowersandfacultiesofmenin this present state, that we may be happy and glorious in thepowersandfacultiesofangelsin the world to come.
How ignorant therefore are they of the nature of religion, of the nature of man, and the nature of God, who think a life ofstrict pietyto be adullanduncomfortablestate, when it is so plain and certain, that there is neither comfort nor joy to be found in any thing else?